Exegesis

[Greek] ἀναγκαῖος (anagkaios), [Latin] necessarior, [Latin] essentialis, [Latin] oportere: essential, necessary, close relatives, needful, indispensable; Acts 10:24, Acts 13:46, 1Cor.12:22, 2Cor.9:5, Php.2:25, Tit.3:14, Heb.8:3 The Doctor: painting by Sir Luke Fildes (1887). The doctor was essential in saving the child’s…

[Greek] ἀτενίζω (atenizō), [Latin] intendere, [Latin] attendere, [Latin] intueor: to look intently, to fix one’s eyes to, to fasten one’s eyes, to look steadfastly, to focus (stretch) one’s attention to, to stare at, to gaze intently, to focus one’s intent…

[Greek] χωρίζω (chōrizō), [Latin] separare, [Latin] segregare, [Latin], exitus, [French] partir: to separate, to divide, to asunder, to place room between, to isolate from one to another; Mt.19:6, Mk.10:9, Acts 1:4, Acts 18:1-2, Rom.8:35,39, 1Cor.7:10-11,15, Phil. 1:15, Heb.7:26 A page…

[Greek] θύρα (thyra), [Latin] foris, [Old English] dor: door, entrance, gate portal; Mt.6:6, Mt. 24:33, Mt.25:10, Mt.27:60, Mt. 28:2, Mk.1:33, Mk.2:2, Mk.11:4, Mk.13:29, Mk.15:46, Mk.16:3, Lk.11:7, Lk.13:25, Jn.10:1,2,7,9, Jn.18:16, Jn.20:19:26, Act: 3:2, Act:5:19,23, Act 12:6,13, Act 14:27, Act 16:26,27, Act…

[Greek] ἀνοίγω (anoigō), [Latin] apertare, [Latin] dilatare: to open; 77 scripture references [Greek] διανοίγω (dianoigō), [Latin] apertare, [Latin] cognoscere, [Latin] adapeire, [French] decouvrir: to make open (uncover), to explain; 7 scripture references The aperture is the hole or opening (in…

[Greek] αἰσθάνομαι (aisthanomai), [Latin] ignorare: to perceive, to be able to understand, to mentally grasp, to notice; Lk.9:45 Alcibiades Being Taught by Socrates: painting by Francois-Andre Vincent (1776) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to have a sensual perception,…

[Greek] βραδύνω (bradynō), [Latin] tardare: to be slow, to be tardy, to delay, to hesitate, to be slack, to tarry, to retard; 1Tim.3:15, 2Pet.3:9 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to make slow, to delay, to loiter, and to…

[Greek] αἰδώς (aidōs), [Latin] verecundia, [modestia], [Latin] pudentia: sense of shame, modesty, shamefacedness, bashfulness, reverence, decency; Heb.12:28, 1Tim.2:9 Fresco of a high-society Pompein woman, richly dressed with gold-threaded hair and gold earrings. She holds a wax stylus. (55-79 AD) Background…

[Greek] ἐπιστρέφω (epistrephō), [Latin] revertere, [Latin] convertere, [Latin] redire, [French] tourner, [French] se changer, [French] renverser, [French] retourner: to revert, to turn, to turn around, to return, to convert, to turn about; 44 scriptural references  The family remains in their…

[Greek] ἀετός (aetos), [Latin] aquila, [Latin] voltur: eagle, vulture; Rev.4:7, Rev.8:13, Rev.12:14, Mt.24:28, Lk.17:37 The eagle (aquila) was the standard of the Roman legion. The standard bearer (aquilifer) carries this standard. Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means eagle, bird…

[Greek] ἀδυνατέω (adynateō), [Latin] impossibilis: it is impossible; Mt.17:20, Lk.1:37 Annunciation: painting by  Fabrizio Boschi Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to lack strength, to be unable to do, to be impossible (things), and not to be able. Plato’s…

[Greek] ἐπιδημέω (epidēmeō), [Latin] advena, [Latin] hospites: to be at home, to be a visitor, to make oneself at home, to reside in a foreign country, to be a stranger, to live as a foreigner, to sojourn; Acts 2:10, Acts 17:21…

[Greek] ἀδάπανος (adapanos), [Latin] sin sumptus, [Latin] sin expensa: without expense, without charge, costing nothing, free, without payment; 1Cor.9:18 In Corinth Paul preached the gospel free of charge. He, along with Prisca and Aquila, provided for themselves as tent-makers in…

[Greek] ἀγρυπνέω (agrypneō), [Latin] evigilare, [Latin] vigilare, [Latin] vigilante, [German] wachen, [French] veiller: to be alert, to keep awake, to be on guard, to keep watch; Lk.21:36, Mk.13:33, Eph.6:18, Heb.13:17 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to lie awake,…

[Greek] ἀγράμματος (agrammatos), [Latin] inlitteratus, [Latin] ignorantia: without learning, uneducated, unlearned, illiterate; Acts 4:13 St. Peter Cures the Lame Beggar: painting by Bernardo Strozzi (1581-1644) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means illiterate, unable to read or write, unable to…

[Greek] ἀγοραῖος (agoraios), [Latin] cessator, [Latin] agitator: pertaining to the marketplace, agitator, loafer, idler, rabble-rouser, mob, men of the marketplace; Acts 17:5, Acts 19:38 The Preaching of St. Paul in Ephesus: painting by Eustache Le Sueur (1649). The silversmiths rioted…

[Greek] ἀγανακτέω (aganakteō), [Latin] indignari, [Latin] intolerandus: to grieve much, to be indignant, to be greatly afflicted, to have indignation, to be displeased; Mt.20.24, Mt.21:15, Mt. 26:8, Mk.10:14,41, Mk.14:4, Lk.13:14 Suffer Little Children Come to Me: painting by Rembrandt (1620)…

[Greek] ἀγαλλιάω (agalliaō), [Latin] exultare, [Latin] guadere: to make glorious, to exult, to rejoice greatly, to jump for joy, to be exceedingly glad, to be extremely joyful; Mt.5:12, Lk.1:47, Lk.10:21, Jn.5:35, Jn.8:56, Acts 2:26, Acts 16:34, 1Pet.1:6,8, 1Pet.4:13, Rev. 19:7…

[Greek] ἀγνόημα (agnoēma), [Latin] ignorantia, [Old Norse] mistaka: ignorance, sin of ignorance, shortcoming, error; Heb.9:7 The Last Communion of St. Jerome: painting by Sandro Botticelli (1495) “Our Lord Jesus Christ does not give communion with God only to one whom…

Greek] ἀθανασία (athanasia), [Latin] immortalitis: immortality, deathlessness, a state of not being able to die; 1Cor.15:53-54, 1Tim.6:16 Maccabees: painting by Woijciech Stattler (1842).  The Maccabees, by remaining faithful through persecution or martyrdom, will seek everlasting life (immortality). Background information: Greek…

[Greek] ἀνορθόω (anorthoō), [Latin] erecta est, [Latin] revertare: to build up again, to restore, to straighten up, to make erect (from a bent position, to set straight, to lift up, to encourage; Lk.13:13, Acts 15:16, Heb.12:12 Christ Healing an Infirm…

[Greek] στόμα (stoma), [Latin] os: mouth, body part, speech, voice, words; 79 scriptural examples Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means mouth, organ of speech, word, tongue, mouth of a passage (river), voice, orifice, and message. Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 1032…

[Greek] ἀποκλείω (apokleiō), [Latin] cludere, [Latin] excludere: to shut completely, to shut up, to close fully; Lk.13:25 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to shout out, to exclude from, to turn away from, to refuse, to imprison, and to…

[Greek] ἐκλύω (ekluō), [Latin] deficere, [Latin] solvere: to loose, to release, to grow weary, to grow faint, to relax, to unloose; Mt.9:36, Mt.15:32, Mk.8:3, Gal.6:9, Heb.12: Esparta sandals (5th-6th century B.C) found in Spain.  One rests when unloosing (removing) the…

[Greek] ἐπιστομίζω (epistomizō), [Latin] silere, [Latin] refrenare, [Latin] prohibere, [Latin] desistere: to bridle, to silence, to curb; Tit.1:11 Remnants of Agius Titus Basilica in Gortys, Crete. St. Titus was the first archbishop of Crete Background information: Hellenism: This term means…

[Greek] κραυγάζω (kraugazō), [Latin] clamare: to crow, to cry out, to clamor, to yell loudly; Mt.12:19, Mt.15:22, Lk. 4:41, Jn.11:43, Jn.18:40, Jn.19:6,15, Acts 22:23 Job 38:41: Who provides nourishment for the raven when its young cry out to God, wandering…

[Greek] καταπαύω (katapauō), [Latin] cessare, [Latin] desistere: Acts 14:18, Heb.4:4,8,10; to cause to cease, to resist, to desist, to settle down, to restrain, to stop Paul and Barnabas in Lystra: painting by Johann Heiss (1678). Despite Paul’s pleas, the crowd…

[Greek] συνθάπτω (synthaptō), [Latin] sepelire: to bury together with; Rom.6:4, Col.2:12 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to bury together and to join in burying. Lycurgus’ Against Alecestis 150 states “With the bodies of these men was buried the…

[Greek] ἐκτρέφω (ektrephō), [Latin] nutrire, [French] nourrir: to bring up, to nourish, to rear, to bring up a child; Eph.5:29, Eph.6:4 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to bring up, to nourish, and to rear. Herodotus’ Histories 1.122 states…

[Greek] βάσανος (basanos), [Latin] probatio, [Latin] temptatio, [Latin] tormentum: torture, torment, examination by torture, severe pain, Mt.4:24, Lk. 16:23,28 The Rich Man being led to Hell: painting by David Teniers the Younger (1647) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term, originally…

[Greek] καταρτισμός (katartismos), [Latin] aedificatio, [Latin] apparatus: restoration, equipment, complete furnishing, perfection; Eph.4:12 Simeon the Godreceiver: painting by Alexei Yegorov (1830-1840). The Presentation of the Lord confirms (aedifies) that Simeon has seen the Messiah of the Lord. Background information: Greek…

[Greek] εἶδος (eidos), [Latin] apparentia, [Latin] figura, [French] idee: form, appearance, shape; Lk.3:22, Lk.9:29, Jn.5:27, 2Cor.5:7, 1Thess.5:22 The Baptism of Christ: painting by Pietro Perungino (1482) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means what is visible, model, idea, essence, appearance,…

[Greek] ἀποκτείνω (apokteinō), [Latin] caedere: to kill, to destroy, to put to death, to do away with; 83 scriptural references A tropaion (monument) was erected to memorialize the Battle of Leuctra where the Phocians slayed the Thebans in 371 BC.…

[Greek] θάπτω (thaptō), [Latin] sepelire, [Latin] cremitare: to bury, to entomb, to celebrate funeral rites; Mt.8:21-22, Mt.14:12, Lk.9:59-60, Lk.16:22, Acts 2:29, Acts 5:6,9-10, 1Cor.15:4 The Death of Ananias: painting by Raphael (1515).  Ananias and Sapphira both lie to the Holy…

[Greek] βρέφος (brephos), [Latin] infans, [Latin] fetus, [German] kind: newborn child, unborn child, baby, toddler, infant, embryo; Lk. 1:41,44. Lk. 2:12,16, Lk. 18:15, Acts 7:19, 2Tim.3:15, 1Pet.2:2 It has to be said that MLK Jr. had a complicated relationship with…

[Greek] σπλάγχνον (splagchnon), [Latin] viscera, [Latin] intestina: gut, intestines, viscera, bowels, emotions, sympathy, inward parts; Lk.1:78, Acts 1:18, 2Cor.6:12, 2Cor.7:15, Php.1:8, Php.2:1, Col.3:12, Phl.7,12,20 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means inward parts (hearts, liver, kidneys), sacrificial offering, entrails, loin,…

[Greek] πλατύς (platys), [Latin] lata: wide, broad, flat; Mt.7:13 The Narrow Gate to Heaven and the Wicked Gate to Hell: painting by Cornelius de Bie (1627-1715) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means wide, broad, spread out, flat, and level.…

[Greek] σκληρύνω (sklērynō), [Latin] obdurare, [Latin] indurare, [French] perseverer, [French] persister, [German] hart machen (make hard): to be stubborn, to harden, to be hardened, to cause to be stubborn; Acts 19:9, Rom. 9:18, Heb.3:8,13,15, Heb.4:7 Hardness of heart: resistant attitudes…

[Greek] συμμιμητής (symmimētēs), [Latin] imitator: fellow imitator, one who mimics, one who imitates, to do what is seen to be done by someone else; Php.3:17 Plato’s concept of essence (the idea of the thing is the thing) becomes the inspiration…

[Greek] τόκος (tokos), [Latin] usura: interest, a bringing forth, usury, childbirth, offspring; Mt.25:27, Lk.19:23 The Madonna of the Incarnation: painting by Bernardino Luini (1515). Mary is the theotokos (God-bearer) or Mother of God. Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means…

[Greek] ἐνέργημα (energēma), [Latin] operatio: effect, operation, energy, activity; 1Cor.12:6,10 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means what is effected, act, action, operation, and labors. Cosmic or physical forces are at work in man or in the physical world. Polybius’…

[Greek] ἄνθραξ (anthrax), [Latin] carbones, [Swedish] kol: coal, charcoal, cause to be ashamed; Rom.12:20 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means charcoal, coal, precious dark stone, and malignant pustule (boil). Archanae, one of the regions of Greece, was the center…

[Greek] μωρός (mōros), [Latin] fatuus, [Latin] stultus, [Latin] imprudens, [Latin] stupidus: dull, insipid, foolish, stupid, unwise, dull-witted; Mt.5:22, Mt.7:26, Mt.23:17,19, Mt.25:2,3,8, 1Cor.1:25,27, 1Cor.3:18, 1Cor.4:10, 2Tim.2:23, Tit.3:9 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means dull, sluggish (of the nerves), stupid, folly,…

[Greek] βατταλογέω (battalogeō), [French] babiller: Mt. 6:7, to use many words, to babble, to speak much The Tower of Babel: painting by Peter Bruegel (1560) Background information: Old Testament: This term means to babble, to speak incoherently and to speak…

[Greek] κληρονόμος (klēronomos), [Latin] heres: heir, sharer by lot; Mt.21:38, Mk.12:7, Lk.20:14, Rom.4:13-14, Rom.8:17, Heb.1:2, Heb.6:17, Heb.11:7, Jas.2:5 The parable of the wicked tenants: painting by Maarten van Valckenborch (1580) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means natural heir, one…

[Greek] ἐμπτύω (emptuo), [Latin] sputare: to spit on; Mt.26:67, Mt.27:30, Mk.10:34, Mk.14:65, Mk.15:19, Lk. 18:32 The Mocking of Christ: painting by Fra Angelico (1440-1442) Background information: The Mocking of Christ: The painting shows an image of Christ sitting on a…

Greek] μάχαιρα (machaira), [Latin] pugio, [Latin] cultellus, [Latin] gladius: sword, dagger, knife, judicial punishment, weapon; Mt.10:34, Mt.26:47,51-52,55, Mk.14:43,47-48, Lk.21:24, Lk.22:36,38,49,52, Jn.18:10-11, Acts 12:2, Acts 16:27, Rom.8:35, Rom.13:4, Eph.6:17, Heb.4:12, Heb.11:34,37, Rev.13:10,14 A 14th century fresco in the Sacred Monastery of…

[Greek] εὐχαριστέω (eucharisteō), [Latin] agere gratiam, [Latin] participare cum gratiam: to give thanks, to express gratitude, to return thanks, to give thanks before meals, to express thanks, 41 scriptural references The people give thanks (eucharisteo) to the emperor. Background information:…

Greek] δαιμόνιον (daimonion), [Latin] diabolus, [Latin] spiritus: demon, spirit, god, malevolent force, supernatural being, devil; 60 scriptural references St. Paul delivering the Aeropagus Sermon in Athens: painting by Raphael (1515). The Areopagus was considered the cultural center of the learned…

[Greek] σκιά (skia), [Latin] umbra, [Old English] sceadwe: shade, shadow, foreshadowing; Mt.4:16, Mk.4:32, Lk.1:79, Acts 5:15, Col.2:17, Heb. 8:5, Heb.10:1 A solar eclipse. The moon is in shadow (penumbra). Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means shadow, shade, copy, unreality…

[Greek] τεχνίτης (technitēs), [Latin] structor, [Latin] artifex: craftsman, artisan, builder, artisan; Acts 19:24,38, Heb 11:10, Rev.18:22 Remnants of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus (near the present day town Selcuk in Turkey) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means artificer,…

[Greek] ἀναιρέω (anaireō), [Latin] demolire, [Latin] adoptare: to take up, to take away, to do away, to put to death, to slay; Mt.2:16, Lk.22:2, Lk.23:32, Acts 2:23, Acts 5:33,36, Acts 7:21,28, Acts 9:23,24,29, Acts 10:39, Acts 12:2, Acts 13:28, Acts…

[Greek] χαρίζομαι (charizomai), [Latin] donare: to show favor, to give freely, to hand over, to give graciously, to do a favor, to show kindness, to grant a favor, to give generously; Lk.7:21,42-43, Acts 3:14, Acts 25:11,16, Acts 27:24, Rom.8:32, 1Cor.2:12,…

[Greek] ὀσμή (osmē), [Latin] odor: scent, aroma, odor, smell, fragrance; Jn.12:3, 2Cor.2:14-16, Eph.5:2, Php.4:18 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means smell, odor, sense (of smell), scent, perfume, and mist (vapor). Odors (scents), coming from nature, often have the power…

[Greek] ἀδύνατος (adynatos), [Latin] impossibilis, [Latin] impotens: incapable, powerless, impossible; Mt.19:26, Mk.10:27, Lk.18:27, Acts 14:8, Rom.8:3, Rom.15:1, Heb.6:4,18, Heb.10:4, Heb.11:6 St. Paul Healing the Cripple at Lystra: painting by Karel Dujardin (1663) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means unable,…

[Greek] κριτής (kritēs), [Latin] iudex, [French] juge, [French] oumpere, [Latin] testis: judge, umpire, witness; Mt.5:25, Mt.12:27, Lk.11:19, Lk.12:58, Lk.18:2,6, Acts 10:42, Acts 13:20, Acts 24:10, 2Tim. 4:8, Heb.12:23, Jam.2:4, Jam.4:11, Jam.5:9 Parable of the Unjust Judge: painting by Pieter de…

[Greek] ἐρημόω (erēmoō), [Latin] desolare, [Latin] vastare, [Latin] perdere: to desolate, to lay waste, to put in a wilderness (desolation), to destroy, to bring to ruin, to make desolate; Mt.12:25, Lk.11:17, Rev.17:16, Rev. 18:17,19 Many of us are still wandering…

[Greek] λιθοβολέω (lithoboleō), [Latin] lapidare, [Spanish] lapidar: to pelt with stones, to cast stones, to execute someone by a mob or group throwing large stones; Mt.21:35, Mt.23:37, Mk.12:4, Lk.13:34, Jn.8:5, Acts 7:58,59, Acts 14:5, Heb.12:20 The Woman Taken in Adultery:…

[Greek] παρακοή (parakoē), [Latin] disobedentia, [Latin] diffidentia: disobedience, inattention, unwillingness to hear, hearing amiss; Acts 7:5, Rom.5:19, 2Cor.10:6, Heb.2:2 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term, rarely found, means hearsay, misunderstanding, hearing defect, disobedience, and unwillingness. Polybius’ The Histories 3.15 states…

[Greek] φανερόω (phaneroō), [Latin] manifestare, [Latin] revelare, [Latin] ostendere, [Latin] apparere: to reveal, to make known, to show, to make visible, to make clear, to make manifest, to display; 58 scriptural references The Final Judgment: painting by Franciso Pacheco (1614).…

[Greek] πιέζω (piezō), [Latin] compressare: to press down, to press together, to pack; Lk.6:48 A spice market in Istanbul, Turkey. God’s generosity is like that generous grain merchant who fills up your cup as much as possible. He presses the…

[Greek] εὐνοῦχος (eunouchos), [Latin] castratus: eunuch, celibate, court official, impotent male, servant; Mt.19:12, Acts 8:27, 34,36,38-39 Absalom’s Monument: Absalom set up a monument to himself because he had no son to perpetuate his name. (2Sam.18:18) Background information: Absalom’s Monument: This…

[Greek] νυμφίος (nymphios), [Latin] sponsus, [Latin] vir: groom, bridegroom, young husband, son-in-law; Mt.9:15, Mt.25:1,5-6,10, Mk.2:19-20, Lk.5:34-34, Jn.2:9, Jn.3:29, Rev.18:23 The Marriage Feast at Cana: painting by Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1672). Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means groom, bridegroom, and…

[Greek] κατήγορος (katēgoros), [Latin] accusator: accuser, one who accuses, prosecutor, one speaking against someone; Jn.8:10, Acts 23:30,35, Acts 24:8, Acts 25:16,18 The Woman Taken in Adultery: painting by Rembrandt (1644). Jesus appears in the light, while the Jews appear in…

[Greek] ὑβριστής (hybristēs), [Latin] insolens, [Latin] superbus: insolent person, arrogant person, insulter; Rom.1:30, 1Tim.1:13 Superbia (Pride): One part of the Mosaic of Sins in Basilique Norte-Dame de Fourviere (Lyon, France) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means one who overestimates…

[Greek] ἐμπαίζω (empaizō), [Latin] deridere: to mock, to ridicule, to jeer, to play with, to make fun of, to sport, to deride, to trifle with; Mt.2:16, Mt.20:19, Mt.27:29,31,41, Mk.10:34, Mk.15:20,31, Lk.14:29, Lk.18:32, Lk.22:63, Lk.23:11,36 The Maccabees: painting by Wojciech Korneli…

[Greek] συμβασιλεύω (symbasileuō), [Latin] conregnare: to reign with, to be king with; 1Cor.4:8, 2Tim.2:12 Triumph of Faith: Christian Martyrs in the Time of Nero, 65 AD: painting by Eugene Romain Thirion (1839-1910) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to…

[Greek] σφάζω (sphazō), [Latin] jugulare, [French] assassiner: to slay, to slaughter, to butcher, to kill, to wound; 1Jn.3:12, Rev.5:6,9,12, Rev.6:4,9, Rev.13:3,8, Rev.18:24 The central panel of the Ghent Altarpiece at St. Bavo’s Cathedral in Ghent, Belgium: painting by Hubert van…

[Greek] παραδειγματίζω (paradeigmatizō), [Latin] traducere: to set forth as an example, to put something to shame, to make a public example, to disgrace publicly, to hold up to contempt, to expose to infamy; Mt.1:19, Heb.6:6 The Dream of St. Joseph: painting…

[Greek] ἐκτενής (ektenēs), [Latin] fervens, [Latin] vehemens: stretched, extended, earnest, fervently, without ceasing, continuously, strained, deeply, vehement, resolute, zealous; Acts 12:5, 1Pet.4:8 St. Peter Released from Prison: painting by Gerard van Honthorst (1616) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means…

[Greek] στράτευμα (strateuma), [Latin] exercitus, [Latin] milites: army, division, soldiers, army division; Mt.22:7, Lk.23:11, Acts 23:10,27, Rev.9:16, Rev.19:14,19 The Roman soldiers mocking Jesus: painting by Dirk van Baburen (1623) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means army, campaign, expedition, armament,…

[Greek] σφάλλω (sphallō), [Latin] fallere: to slip, to stumble, to fall, to bring to a downfall; Mt.15:14 “Hola, Amigo! I’ve fallen into a cenote and I can’t get out! (Cenote in Valladolid Mexico) Background information: Old Testament: This term means…

[Greek] μαρτυρία (martyria), [Latin] memoria: witness, one who remembers, one who can tell about it, the bearing of witness, testimony, evidence, reputation; Mk.14:55-56,59, Lk.22:71, Jn.1:7,19, Jn.3:11,32-32, Jn.5:31-32,34,36, Jn.8:13-14,17, Jn.19:35, Jn.21:24, Acts 22:18, 1Tim.3:7, Tit.1:13, 1Jn.5:9-11, 3Jn.1:12, Rev. 1:2,9 Background information:…

[Greek] διπλοῦς (diplous), [Latin] duplus: double, two-fold, twice as much, folded; Mt.23:15, 1Tim.5:17, Rev.18:6 These two metal plates (diploma) were issued by the emperor Trajan on Oct 14, 109. The text on the plates announces the granting of military honors…

[Greek] βύσσος (byssos): linen, cloth, sea silk, fine linen; Lk.16:19, Rev.18:12 The parable of the rich man and Lazarus: painting by Jan Steen (1677) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means fine linen, bleached linen, flax, and sea silk. This…

[Greek] διαλύω (dialuō), [Latin] diluere, [Latin] dispergere, [French] disperser: to break up, to disperse, to dissolve, to scatter; Acts 5:36 A statue of St. Gamaliel appears on the upper niche of the altarpiece in Chapelle Saint Nicodeme en Plumeliau (Brittany…

[Greek] προσφορά (prosphora), [Latin] oblatio: offering, sacrifice, oblation, thing offered, presentation, something presented, that which is offered; Acts 21:26, Acts 24:17, Rom.15:16, Heb. 10:5,8,10,14,18 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term can mean application, benefit (that which is added), wedding present,…

[Greek] δάκτυλος (daktylos), [Latin] digitus: finger, digit, hand, toes; Mt.23:4, Mk.7:33, Lk.11:20,46, Lk.16:24, Jn.8:6, Jn.20:25,27 Nicknamed the “Hand of God’, this pulsar wind nebula was captured by NASA’s Nuclear Spectroscopic Array, or NuSTar. Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means…

[Greek] θροέω (throeō), [Old English] thrawan, [Latin] perturbari: to be alarmed, to be disturbed, to be troubled, to frighten, to wail, to clamor, to be terrified; Mt.24:6, Mk.13:7, 2Thess.2:2 The Throes of Creation: painting by the Russian impressionist painter Leonid…

[Greek] κίνησις (kinēsis), [Latin] motus: a moving, a stirring, agitation, movement, motion; Jn.5:3 Autokinesis: the visual illusion that stationary objects appear to be moving Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means motion, emotion, dance, political movement, revolution, change, army movement,…

[Greek] σχολή (scholē), [Latin] scola: school, assembly hall, group of students, lecture hall, leisure, idleness; Acts 19:9 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means leisure, rest, enjoyment, discussion, lecture, school, learning, and office. Plato’s Apology 36d states “Now what is…

[Greek] κόσμιος (kosmios), [Latin] compositus: well ordered, modest, of good behavior, orderly, respectable, decent, moderate, well arranged; 1Tim.2:9, 1Tim.3:2 St. Ignatius of Antioch Condemned by Trajan: a fresco at Church of St. Clement, Rome Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term…