Exegesis

[Greek] ἀποδέχομαι (apodechomai), [Latin] exipere, [Latin] suscipere, [French] adopter: to welcome, to accept, to receive, to receive; Lk.8:40, Acts 2:41, Acts 15:4, Acts 18:27, Acts 24:3, Acts 28:30 Jesus preaching: painting by James Tissot Background information: Greek Hellenism: This, having…

[Greek] ἀπαρνέομαι (aparneomai), [Latin] abnegare, [Latin] negare, [Latin] reprobare: to deny, to disown, to claim no knowledge; Mt.16:24, Mt.26:34-35, Mt.26:75, Mk.8:34, Mk.14:30-31, Mk.14:72, Lk.12:9, Lk.22:34,61   The Bidenadministration denies that there is an illegal immigration problem along the southern border.…

[Greek] ἀπάντησις (apantēsis), [Latin] obvius, [Latin] ocurrere:  meeting, encounter, encountering; Mt.25:1,6, Acts 28:15, 1Thess.4:17 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to make reference to, escort, meeting in argument, and steadfastness. This is a technical term for an ancient custom…

[Greek] τιμάω (timaō), [Latin] honorare, [Latin] adpretiare, [French] mythifier: to honor, to price, to fix the value, to show respect; Mt.15:4,6,9, Mt.19:19, Mt.27:9, Mk7:6,10, Mk.10:19, Lk.18:20, Jn.5:23, Jn.8:49, Jn.12:26, Acts 28:10, Eph.6:2, 1Tim.5:3, 1Pet.2:17 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term…

[Greek] αἰσχύνη (aischynē), [Latin] rubor, [Latin] confusio: shamefulness, what causes shame, disgrace, dishonesty; Lk.14:9, 2Cor.4:2, Php.3:19, Heb.12:2, Jud. 1:13, Rev.3:18 Scriptural passages are frequently highlighted in red as rubric Background information: Rubric: A rubric is a word or section of…

[Greek] ἐκλείπω (ekleipō), [Latin] deficere, [French] se detacher, [French] abandonner, [German] abfallen: to eclipse, to fail, to leave out, to cease, to die, to omit, to end; Lk.16:9, Lk.22:32, Lk.23:45, Heb.1:12 St. Augustine was speaking against scientists who lapse into pride without…

[Greek] τυφλόω (typhloō), [Latin] excaecare, [French] obscurer, [German] blind macken: to blind, to obscure, to dull (the intellect), to make not to understand; 2Cor.4:4, Jn. 12:40, 1Jn. 2:11 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to blind, to render ineffectual…

[Greek] στενοχωρέω (stenochōreō), [Latin] patere, [Latin] angustiare, [French] souffrir, [French] endurer: to make narrow, to compress, to restrain, to restrict, to distress; 2Cor.4:8, 2Cor.6:12 More and more govt. localities, businesses, and entertainment venues are now requiring proof of vaccinations. This…

‎‎[Greek] τρέχω (trechō), [Latin] currere: to run, to run a track race, to spread rapidly, to rush, to walk hastily, to rush into, to run well, having free run; Lk.15:20, Heb.12:1, Rev.9:9, Mt.28:9, Act.19:28, Rom.9:16, Gal.5:7, 2Thess.3:1 Runners’ sandals (trachodia)…

[Greek] ἀπιστέω (apisteō), [Latin] credere, [French] non confier: to disbelieve, to be faithless, to be an unbeliever, to not to rely on; Mk.16:11,16, Lk.24:11,41, Acts 28:24, Rom.3:3, 2Tim.2:1, 1Pet.2:7 Christ’s appearance to Mary Magdalene after the Resurrection:(painting by Alexander Andreyevich…

[Greek] ἀπειλή (apeilē), [Latin] loquere, [Latin] minare, [French] parler, [French] chasser: threat, threatening, harm to others; Acts 4:17,29, Acts 9:1, Eph.6:9 Jesus’ encounter with Saul on the road to Damascus (painting by Bartolome Esteban Murillo in 1601). Jesus asks Saul…

[Greek] ὑπερβαίνω (hyperbainō), [Latin] supergrediere: to sin against, to transgress, to wrong, to overstep; 1Thess.4:6 Threshold of Paradise: painting by Victor Vasnetsov (1885).  Many entering into the threshold of heaven. Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to step over,…

[Greek] δειλιάω (deiliaō), [Latin] formidare, [French] redouter: to be cowardly, to be fearful, to be timid; Jn.14:27 The blind Oedipus commending his children to the gods: painting by Beningne Gagneraux (1784). Oedipus willingly blinds himself to prevent himself from seeing…

[Greek] θαρσέω (tharseō), [Latin] confidere, [Latin] habere fiduciam, [Latin] constans esto: to take courage, to be of good courage, to cheer up, to take heart; Mt. 9:2,22, Mt.14:27, Mk.6:50, Mk.10:49, Lk.8:48, Jn.16:33, Acts 23:11 Jesus Walks on Water: painting by…

[Greek] ἀπαλλοτριόω (apallotrioō), [Latin] alienare: to alienate, to estrange, to exclude, to be a foreigner; Eph.2:12, Eph.4:18, Col.1:21 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to estrange, to alienate, to separate, to alter, and to remove. Polybius’ Histories 1.79.6 states…

[Greek] ἀπαλγέω (apalgeō), [Latin] desperare: to cease to feel pain, to be callous, to become apathetic, to lose feeling of shame, to be past feeling; Eph.4:19 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to put away sorrow for and to…

[Greek] λοιδορέω (loidoreō), [Latin] maledicere: to abuse, to revile, to vilify, to slander, to insult; Jn.9:28, Acts 23:4, 1Cor.4:12,1Pet.2:23 Christ Healing the Blind Man: painting by Nicolas Colombel (1682) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to speak disparingly, to…

[Greek] πίπτω (piptō), [Latin] cadere, [Latin] elidere, [Latin] concidere, [Latin] decider, [Latin] perire, [Latin] prostrare, [German] fallen, [French] ruiner: to fall, to fall prostrate, to kneel, to fall down; 92 scriptural references St. Matthias: painting by Peter Paul Reubens (1611)…

[Greek] ἀντιβάλλω (antiballō), [Latin] conferere: to discuss, to throw back and forth, to argue about, to exchange (words), to debate; Lk.24:17 Supper at Emmaus: painting by Caravaggio (1602) Background information: Supper at Emmaus: The two disciples, walking with Jesus, failed…

[Greek] παροξύνω (paroxynō), [Latin] incitare, [Latin] irritare: to upset, to anger, to irritate, to distress; Acts 17:16, 1Cor.13:5 The Aeropagus is a prominent rock outcropping as seen from the Acropolis in Athens Background information: Aeropagus: This rocky outcrop, just northwest…

Greek] ἐλεέω (eleeō), [Latin] miserere, [Latin] misericordia: to have compassion (pity), to show mercy, to feel sympathy for; 33 scriptural references The Transfiguration: painting by Raphael (1520) Background information: The Transfiguration: This picture is divided into two parts: the upper…

[Greek] ἀποβάλλω (apoballō), [Latin] proiectare, [Latin] (amittere), [Latin] abicere, [French] lasser partir: to throw off, to throw away, to let go, to cast off, to throw aside; Mk.10:50, Heb.10:35 St. Augustine also reminds us not to throw away our confidence…

[Greek] ἐκλείπω (ekleipō), [Latin] deficere: to eclipse, to fail, to leave out, to cease, to die, to omit, to end; Lk.16:9, Lk.22:32, Lk.23:45, Heb.1:12 Parable of the Unjust Steward: painting by Marinus van Reymerswaele (1540). This parable challenges one to…

[Greek] διασκορπίζω (diaskorpizō), [Latin] spargere, [French] disperser, [German] spritzen: to squander, to separate, to winnow, to scatter, to dissipate; Mt.25:24,26, Mt.26:31, Mk.14:27, Lk.1:51, Lk.15:13, Lk.16:1, Jn.11:52, Acts 5:37 The scorpion has become that iconic arachnid that scurries and scatters across…

[Greek] ἐγκαταλείπω (egkataleipō), [Latin] derelinquere, [Latin] deserere, [French] abandonner, [French] separer, [Old English] forsacan: to leave behind, to desert, to let remain, to abandon, to forsake, to leave in the lurch; Mt.27:46, Mk.15:34, Rom.9:29, 2Cor.4:9, 2Tim.4:10,16, Heb.10:25, Heb.13:5 Christian Martyrs…

[Greek] βαπτίζω (baptizō), [Latin] baptizare, [Latin] bibere calicem: to baptize, to wash, to dip, to purify, to cleanse; 86 scriptural references The Baptism of Christ: painting by Joachim Patinir (1510). After some reluctance, John baptizes Christ. Christ’ relation with the…

[Greek] ἐπιλανθάνομαι (epilanthanomai), [Latin] obliviscere: to forget, to neglect, to overlook; Mt.16:5, Mk.8:14, Lk.12:6, Php.3:13, Heb.6:10, Heb.13:2, Heb.13:16, Jas.1:24 Jacob Blessing Ephraim and Manasseh: painting by Antonio Maria Esquivel (1832). Manasseh means “God has made me forget entirely my troubles…

[Greek] ἀγνοέω (agnoeō), [Latin] ignorare, [Latin] ignorantes, [Latin] ignoramus, [Latin] ignotus: to not know, to ignore, to be ignorant, to pay no attention to, to be unaware, unknown; Mk.9:32, Lk.9:45, Acts 13:27, Rom.1:13, Rom.2:4, Rom.6:3, Rom.7:1, Rom.10:3, Rom.11:25, 1Cor.10:1, 1Cor.12;1,…

[Greek] χαρά (chara), [Latin] gaudium, [Latin] laetitia: joy, rejoicing, happiness, gladness; 59 scriptural references Joy can still be found as we move forward in our struggles and uncertainty. Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means joy, rejoicing, pleasure, delight, and…

[Greek] δόσις (dosis), [Latin] datum, [Latin] donum, [Old Norse] gift: gift, act of giving, thing given; Php.4:15, Jas.1:17 Did you bring your gift to Him? It’s His birthday after all! Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means gift, contribution, permission,…

[Greek] ποιμήν (poimēn), [Latin] pastor: shepherd, pastor, one who tends a flock, herdsman, shepherder; Mt. 9:36, Mt. 25:32, Mt.26:31, Mk.6:34, Mk.14:27, Lk.2:8,15,18,20, Jn.10:2,11-12,14,16, Eph.4:11, Heb.13:20, 1Pet.2:25 Adoration of the Shepherds: painting by Gerard van Honthorst (1622) Background Information: Ancient Orient/Greek…

[Greek] προσκυνέω (proskyneō), [Latin] adorare, [Latin] procidere: to worship, to prostrate oneself, to bow as an act of regard or allegiance; 65 scriptural references Adoration of the Child: painting by Gerard van Honthorst (1620). The infant is so adorable! ☺…

[Greek] ἄμωμος (amōmos), [Latin] inmaculati, [Latin] non habentam maculam: without blemish, unblemished, without blame, spotless, faultless, without fault; Eph.1:4, Eph.5:27, Col.1:22, Heb.9:14, 1Pet.1:19, Jud. 1:24, Rev.14:5 Adoration of the Mystic Lamb: painting by Hubert and Jan van Eyck (1430). This…

[Greek] ἀφυστερέω (aphustereo), [Latin] facere fraudem, [Latin] privare fraudem, [Latin] patere fraudem: to rob, to defraud, to deprive of, to despoil, to keep back by fraud, to be late, to be lacking, to become destitute; Mk.10:19, 1Cor.6:7-8, 1Cor.7:5, 1Tim.6:5, Jas.5:4…

[Greek] ἀποκαλύπτω (apokalyptō), [Latin] revelare: to reveal, to disclose, to manifest, to make fully known; 32 scriptural references Fresco of the Seven Sorrows of Mary at Santa Stefano Rotondo in Rome. The thoughts of many hearts will be revealed, resulting…

[Greek] συνέρχομαι (synerchomai), [Latin] convenire, [Latin] pravenire, [Latin] venerare, [Latin] exire, [Latin] concurre, [Latin] venire, [Latin] comitare, [Latin] discedere, [Latin] revertere: to come together, to go with, to have sexual intercourse, to cohabit, and to associate with; 30 scriptural The…

[Greek] ἀνθίστημι (anthistēmi), [Latin] contendere, [Latin] resistere: to cause to stand, to stand against, to oppose, to withstand, to set one’s self against, to hinder; Mt.5:39, Lk.21:15, Acts 6:10, Acts 13:8, Rom.9:19, Rom.13:2, Gal.2:11, Eph.6:13, 2Tim.3:8, 2Tim.4:15, Jas.4:7, 1Pet.5:9 Background…

[Greek] ἀνέχομαι (anechomai), [Latin] adferre, [Latin] sustinere, [Latin] subportare, [Latin] patere, [Latin] sufferere: to be patient with, to put up with (forbear), to bear, to endure, to persevere to tolerate; Mt.17:17, Mk.9:19, Lk.9:41, Acts 18:14, 1Cor.4:12, 2Cor.11:1,4,19-20, Eph.4:2, Col.3:13, 2Thess.1:4,…

[Greek] ἀναστρέφω (anastrephō), [Latin] revertere, [Latin] conversare, [Latin] tradere, [Latin] subvertere: to turn back, to overturn, to conduct one’s self, to abide, and to return; Mt.17:22, Jn.2:15, Acts 5:22, Acts 15:16, 2Cor.1:12, Eph.2:3, 1Tim.3:15, Heb.10:33, 1Pet.1:17, 2Pet.2:18 We all must…

[Greek] ἀγωνίζομαι (agōnizomai), [Latin] contendere, [Latin] certere, [Latin] decertere, [Latin] sollicitus: to contend for a prize, to compete, to strive, to endeavor to accomplish something; Lk.13:24, Jn.18:36, 1Cor.9:25, Col.1:29, Col.4:12, 1Tim.6:12, 2Tim.4:7 Carlos Acutis’ tomb is opened for public veneration…

[Greek] ἐκπλήσσω (ekplēssō), [Latin] admirare, [Latin] mirare, [Latin] stupere: to amaze, to astonish, to astound, to strike with panic, to frighten, to surprise; Mt.7:28, Mt.13:54, Mt.19:25, Mk.1:22, Mk.6:2, Mk.7:37, Mk.10:26, Mk.11:18, Lk.2:48, Lk.4:32, Lk.9:43, Acts 13:12 The Boy Jesus in…

[Greek] ὑπερβάλλω (hyperballō), [Latin] superare, [Latin] excellens, [Latin] eminens, [Latin] supereminens: to “throw beyond, to go too far, to surpass, to go beyond, to exceed, to overshoot; 2Cor.3:10, 2Cor.9:14. Eph.1:19, Eph.2:7, Eph.3:19 “Jumping the Shark”: When you know when you…

[Greek] ὑποβάλλω (hypoballō), [Latin] submittere: to “throw under”, to instigate, to bribe, to throw under (the bus), to be submitted to something, to introduce by collusion, to suborn, to put under, to hire for a dishonest purpose; Acts 6:11 Deceiving,…

[Greek] ἀναπληρόω (anaplēroō), [Latin] supplere, [Latin] implere: to fill up, to complete, to fulfill, to make complete, to provide, to occupy; Mt.13:14, 1Cor.14:16, 1Cor.16:17, Gal.6:2, Php.2:30, 1Thess.2:16 This cup is filled by following the law of Christ in loving and…

[Greek] ἀναπείθω (anapeithō), [Latin] persuadere: to persuade, to incite, to stir up, to induce; Acts 18:13 The Apostle Paul: painting by Rembrandt (1657). The Jews are incited by Paul’s teaching that Jesus is the Messiah in the synagogue. Background information:…

[Greek] ἀνακρίνω (anakrinō), [Latin] interrogare, [Latin] requirere, [Latin] scrutare, [Latin] cognoscere, [Latin] examinare, [Latin] iudicare: to examine, to investigate, to scrutinize, to ask, to study; Lk.23:14, Acts 4:9, Acts 12:19, Acts 17:11, Acts 24:8, 1Cor.2:14-15, 1Cor.4:3-4, 1Cor.9:3, 1Cor.10:25,27, 1Cor.14:24 Model…

[Greek] ἀνακαλύπτω (anakalyptō), [Latin] revelare: to reveal, to unveil, to uncover; 2Cor.3:14,18 Moses Receives the Tablets of the Law: painting by Joao Zeferino da Costa (1868). Upon his return from Mt. Sinai, Moses later wears a veil to protect the…

[Greek] ἀναδίδωμι (anadidōmi), [Latin] tradere: to hand over, to give up, to yield, to deliver; Acts 23:33 This image can represent both oral tradition (handing over the faith to others) or Christians being forced to give up their faith (bibles).…

[Greek] παραλογίζομαι (paralogizomai), [Latin] decipere, [Latin] fallere: to miscalculate, to delude, to deceive, to reason falsely, to lead astray, to reckon wrong; Col.2:4, Jas.1:22 Another “mostly peaceful protest” in Kenosha, Wisconsin Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means to defraud,…

[Greek] κοπιάω (kopiaō), [Latin] laborare, [Latin] fatigare, [German] anstrengen, [French] travailler: to work hard, to be weary, to toil, to tire, to be tired, to weary; 25 scriptures Carrying a burden can also be likened to carrying a cross. Circumstances…

[Greek] λογίζομαι (logizomai), [Latin] cogitare, [Latin] reputare, [Latin] deputare, [Latin] existimare, [Latin] arbitrare, [Latin] acceptare: to reckon, to take into account, to regard, to suppose, to count, to have books balanced, to reason, to conclude, to calculate, to compute, to set one’s…

[Greek] ἀνάγνωσις (anagnōsis), [Latin] lectionem, [French] lecture: recognition, reading, knowing again, public reading; Acts 13:15, 2Cor.13:15, 1Tim.4:13 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means recognition, reading, and persuasion. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.116 states “While the boy spoke, it seemed to…

[Greek] ἀναβλέπω (anablepō), [Latin] videre, [Latin] intinuere, [Latin] ascpicere, [Latin] respicere, [Latin] venire, [Latin] recipere, [Latin] suspicere: to look up, to recover sight, to gain sight; 26 scriptural references  Anablepus (“seeing again/more”): a large fish, having clearer vision, can see…

[Greek] ἀμφιάζω (amphiazō), [Latin] vestire, [French] areer: to clothe, to adorn; Mt.6:30, Mt.11:8, Lk.7:25, Lk.12:28 John the Baptist wears the simple garments (animal skins) of a prophet. Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term, meaning to clothe, can be used literally…

[Greek] παύω (pauō), [Latin] cessare, [Latin] desinere, [Latin] coercere: to stop, to pause, to cease, to quit, to come to an end, to end; Lk.5:4, Lk.8:24, Lk.11:1, Acts 5:42, Acts 6:13, Acts 20:1,31, Acts 21:32, 1Cor.13:8, Eph.1:16, Col.1:9, Heb.10:2, 1Pet.3:10,…

[Greek] προσδοκάω (prosdokaō), [Latin] expectare, [Latin] sperare, [Latin] existimare: to expect, to watch for, to think ahead, to await, to anticipate, to look forward to; Mt.11:3, Mt.24:50, Lk.1:21, Lk.3:15, Lk.7:19-20, Lk.8:40, Lk.12:46, Acts 3:5, Acts 10:24, Acts 27:33, Acts 28:6,…

[Greek] προπετής (propetēs), [Latin] temere agere, [Latin] proterere: acting fearful, falling forward, headstrong, rash, reckless, thoughtless; Acts 19:36, 2Tim.3:4 The angry mob with pitchforks and torches going after Frankenstein. This becomes a precursor to the modern day cancel culture mob. Background…

[Greek] ἑδραῖος (hedraios), [Latin] statuere, [Latin] firmus, [Latin] inmobiles: steadfast, firm, settled, sitting, support, moral fixidity, set in place; 1Cor.7:37, 1Cor.15:58, Col.1:23 Be firm and steadfast fully devoted to the Lord, knowing that in the Lord your labor is not…

[Greek] ἀμελέω (ameleō), [Latin] neglegere: to neglect, to be negligent, to be neglectful, to be careless, to pay no attention, to have no regard, to disregard, to not care; Mt.22:5, 1Tim.4:14, Heb.2:3, Heb.8:9, 2Pet. 1:12 Parable of the Royal Wedding…

[Greek] ἀντιλαμβάνω (antilambanō), [Latin] suscipere, [Latin] participare, [French] adopter: to help, to take in, to support, to take hold of in turn, to participate, to take upon oneself to, to partake, to come to the aid of, to take under…

[Greek] ἄμαχος (amachos), [Latin] non litigiosos, [Latin] percussio: peaceable, abstaining from fighting, not contentious, not a brawler, non-combatant; 1Tim.3:3, Tit.3:2 Remains of St. Titus Church in Gortys (municipality of Crete) Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means with whom no…

[Greek] ἅλυσις (halusis), [Old French] chaine, [Latin] catena, [Latin] quisquam poterat eum ligare,  [Latin] vinculum: chains, bonds, manacle, imprisonment, binding; Mk.5:3-4, Lk.8:29, Acts 12:6-7, Acts 21:33, Acts 28:20. Eph.6:20, 2Tim.1:16. Rev.20:1 The Release of St. Peter: painting by Bernardo Strozzi…

[Greek] τυφλός (typhlos), [Latin] caecus, [German] blind: blind, not able to understand, short-sighted, opaque; 53 scriptural references The Blind Leading the Blind: painting by Danish Renaissance painter Peter Bruegel (1568). Background information: The blind leading the blind: This painting reflects…

[Greek] καταφρονέω (kataphroneō), [Latin] contemnere: to show contempt for, to think little of, to despise, to look down upon; Mt.6:24, Mt.18:10, Lk.16:13, Rom.2:4, 1Cor.11:22, 1Tim.4:12, 1Tim.6:2, Heb.12:2, 2Pet.2:10 Mammon: painting by George Frederic Watts (1885) Bowing down and serving at…

[Greek] στάσις (stasis), [Latin] seditio, [Latin] dissensio, [Latin] status: standing up, strife, political unrest, riot, civil war, sedition, revolt, Mk.15:7, Lk.23:19,25, Acts 15:2, Acts 19:40, Acts 23:7, Acts 24:5, Heb.9:8 CHAZ (Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone) becomes a disaster (and failure)…

[Greek] ἐλευθερία (eleutheria), [Latin] libertas, [Latin] nolite iugare, [French] ne joindre: liberty, freedom, freedom from bondage, independence, absence of external restraint; Rom.8:21, 1Cor.10:29, 2Cor.3:17, Gal.2:4, Gal.5:1,13, Jas.1:25, Jas.2:12, 1Pet.2:16, 2Pet.2:19 The Declaration of Independence: painting by John Trumball (1819) Background…

[Greek] σιγάω (sigaō), [Latin] tacere, [French] etre silencieux: to keep silent, to be silent, to silence, to hold, to keep secret, to keep quiet, to hold peace: Lk.9:36, Lk.18:39, Lk.20:26, Acts 12:17, Acts 15:12-13, 1Cor.14:28,30,34 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This…

[Greek] ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος (allotriepiskopos), [Latin] alienus appetitor: one who meddles into other things (others’ affairs), meddler, one who oversees other’s affairs, busybody, one who infringes on others, one who strives or longs for something; 1Pet.4:15 Background information: A public “Lion’s Mouth” postbox…

[Greek] σκοτίζομαι (skotizomai), [Latin] obscuere: to darken, to cover with darkness, to be deprived of light, to be unable to understand (a mind that is darkened); Mt.24:29, Mk.13:24, Lk.23:45, Rom.1:21, Rom.11:10, Eph.4:18 Thomas Jefferson talks about the evil institution of…

[Greek] ἀνόητος (anoētos), [Latin] insipiente, Latin] stultus, [Latin] insensate: without understanding, insensitive, foolish, unwise, senseless; Lk.24:25, Rom.1:14, Gal.3:1,3, 1Tim.6:9, Tit.3:3 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means unintelligible, irrational, intellectually and ethically lacking in understanding, and having no judgment. Sophocles’…

[Greek] ἅλας (halas), [Latin] sal: salt, prudence, usefulness; Mt.5:13, Mk.9:50, Lk.14:34, Col.4:6 Background information: Greek influences: This term means salt, briny, and sea. The Greek used salt as an important trading commodity throughout the Mediterrnean region. Salt’s importance is indicated…

[Greek] ἀλαζονεία (alazoneia), [Latin] superbia: boastfulness, arrogance, self-confidence, braggadocio, boasting about one’s possessions; Jas.4:16, 1Jn.2:16 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means false pretension, imposture, boastfulness, and punishable by the gods. Theophrastus’ Characters 23.2 states “The boastful man is one…

[Greek] ἀκυρόω (akyroō), [Latin] irritare, [Latin] rescindere: to cancel, to revoke, to ‘irritate’ the laws (regulations), to invalidate, to disannul, to make void, to deprive of authority; Mt.15:6, Mk.7:13, Gal.3:17 Abraham and the Three Angels: painting by Gerbrand van den…

[Greek] ἀκροατής (akroatēs), [Latin] auditor: a passive hearer, a passive listener; Rom.2:13, Jas.1:22,23,25 Background information: Greek Hellenism: This term means hearer, jury, persons who come to hear a public speaker, disciple, pupil, and reader. Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.38 states…

[Greek] πειράω (peiraō), [Latin] temptare: to rob, to attempt, to make an attempt, to try, to test (someone or something), to put to the test, to strive, to make an effort; Acts 9:26, Acts 26:21, Heb.4:15 The Trial of the…

[Greek] διαμάχομαι (diamachomai), [Latin] pugnare: to protest strongly, to struggle against, to argue heatedly, to strive, to fight fiercely, to contend sharply; Acts 23:9 Joshua’s Battle: painting by J.H. Schonfeld (1635) This term occurs 9 times in Joshua 10 Background…

[Greek] ἄκακος (akakos), [Latin] innocens: guileless, innocent, unsuspecting, simple, without fault, blameless, naïve; Rom.16:18, Heb.7:26 Christ Before the High Priest: painting by Gerard van Honthurst (1557) Background information: Christ Before the High Priest: This painting depicts the moment when Christ…