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Pius III (1503)     217th Pope

His ill health forced him to celebrate Mass while sitting

 

 

 

 

 

Julius II (1503-1513)     218th Pope

Though not too pastoral, he was an energetic pope

He led a series of campaigns to retake the Papal States

He established the first diocese in Latin America

He declared that bribery nullified papal elections

He was a patron of the arts

He commissioned Michangelo’s frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

He completed the construction of St. Peter’s

Leo X (1513-1521)     219th Pope

He was generous to a fault

He had a love of secular amusements of all kind

Rome became a haven for artists, scholars, poets, playwright, musicians

He emptied the treasury. He created offices and sold them

He was loved in Rome and by the Humanists

Priests were living in sin. Clerics of all sorts were no longer wearing clerical garb. Many bishops and abbots were more concerned with revenue collection. Many places neglected catechetical teaching. Knowledge of church dogma hardly existed.

This vacuum caused heresy and witchcraft to flourish

Pawn shops for the poor were created for the issuance of low interest loans’

Luther nailed his 95 Theses. Luther was initially annoyed with the Church’s abuse of indulgences

Luther preached salvation through faith alone. He preached private judgment that the Holy Spirit will tell each person what the bible means (sola scriptura). This would provide the starting point for New Age philosophy (create your own reality)

Luther called upon princes to reform the Church by taking over complete control of it in their respective realms

The Reformation merged private judgment and state control.  Anyone may believe what they like, so long as it is private. The state maintains absolute power to legislate right and wrong.

The power of the papacy was destroyed in virtually all countries in Europe

Adrian VI (1522-1523)     220th Pope

He would be the last non-Italian pope elected until 1978

He immediately set to reform the curia

He could do little about the Protestant threat

 

 

 

Clement VII (1523-1534)     221st Pope

He was a very indecisive person

He wanted to convert all the Americas, reform the Church conciliate the Lutherans, reunite with the Eastern Church and launch a crusade

All over the Protestant world, enemies devastated churches, desecrated the Blessed Sacrament, and destroyed priceless artwork

Nuns were raped and clerics were killed

The Reformation was spreading beyond imperial boundaries

He refused to approve of King Henry VIII’s marriage

He commissioned Michaelangelo to do the famous last judgment for the Sistine Chapel

He approved formation of the Capuchins

Paul III (1534-1549)     222nd Pope

He was very pious

He faced opposition with the reform he put into place

He wanted to reaffirm the Church’s teachings as clearly as possible

The council of Trent defined the Catholic teaching on scriptures, the sacraments, and other matters

He approve the formation of the Jesuits

He was a great patron of culture and the arts

Julius III (1550-1555)    223rd Pope

Reform had progressed

The Jesuits flourished

 

 

 

 

Marcellus II (1555)     224th Pope

He was renowned for his love of piety and learning

He stamped his own sense of austerity and justice to the curia

 

 

 

Paul IV (1555-1559)     225th Pope

He joined the Dominican orders

He continued the work of reform

He used the Inquisition to oppose the Lutheran heresy

 

 

 

 

Pius IV (1559-1565)     226th Pope

He issued a bull summarizing the doctrines Catholics must believe

He pardoned all sinners

 

 

 

 

 

St. Pius V (1566-1572)     227th Pope

He help to spread liturgical reform

As a Dominican, he continued to wear the white habit of his order. The popes have worn white ever since

He issued the Catechism of Trent

Some say he launched the Counter-Reformation, a movement of orders that reformed and purified the Church

Preaching and doctrinally rich hymns became a priority

Baroque architecture would develop

He promoted culture among people to prevent the spread of heresy

He decreed the use of the Roman missal

Gregory XIII (1572-1585)     228th Pope

His major goals were to combat the spread of Protestantism, reconvert those nations fallen to it, evangelize the Americas, Asia, and Africa

He further the work of reform in the Church

He appointed a commission to correct the Julian calendar, creating the Gregorian calendar

He opened seminaries throughout Europe

 

 

 

 

 

Sixtus (1585-1590)     229th Pope

He made many improvements in the Roman infrastructure

He organized the system of congregations

 

 

 

 

 

 

Urban VII (1590)     230th Pope

He ordered that a list of all the poor in Rome be made up in order to relieve them

He required his entourage make sacrifices to pay for these expenses

He left all his wealth for works of charity

 

 

Gregory XIV (1590-1591)     231st Pope

He was known for his piety

He confirmed an order whose special vocation was to assist the dying

He ordered the freedom of all slaves made by the Spanish in the Phillipines

He is partly responsible for the Phillipines being a Catholic nation

 

Innocent IX (1591)     232nd Pope

He wrote many writing attacking Machiavelli’s idea of pragmatism

 

 

 

 

 

Clement VIII (1592-1605)     233rd Pope

He was know for his personal holiness

He immediately began visiting all the churches, hospitals, charitable and educational institutions in Rome

He instituted 40 hours devotion before the Blessed Sacrament

He fought the lawless Roman nobility

 

 

The Papacy (1500-1600 A.D) Part 16

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