Resounding The Faith

[Greek] σφάζω (sphazō), [Latin] jugulare, [French] assassiner: to slay, to slaughter, to butcher, to kill, to wound; 1Jn.3:12, Rev.5:6,9,12, Rev.6:4,9, Rev.13:3,8, Rev.18:24

The central panel of the Ghent Altarpiece at St. Bavo’s Cathedral in Ghent, Belgium: painting by Hubert van Eyck and Jan van Eyck (1432). Here is a gathering of saints, sinners, clergy and soldiers in adoration of the Lamb of God

Background information:

Ghent Altarpiece (Adoration of the Mystic Lamb: This altarpiece is set of panels (paintings) in St. Bavo’s Cathedral in Ghent, Belgium. These panels were finished in 1432 by the Dutch painters Hubert and Jan van Eyck. This altarpiece is considered a masterpiece of European art. This portrait is one of the lower central panels illustrating the clergy and soldiers in adoration of the Lamb of God. This painting makes reference to blood and water immediately flowing out of Jesus’ side  (Jn.19:34).

Greek Hellenism: This term, used in a profane (secular) and cultic sense, means to slay or slaughter with a sword. The Greek term for sword is spathi. Customarily, the slaying of the sword is aimed at the esophagus where the carotid artery is located. This allows for the quick pouring out of blood necessary for animal sacrifices. Sacrifices were offered to the gods for the purposes of celebrating feasts, seeking the gods’ intercession, and withholding the gods’ wrath. Slaughtering of man can result from murder, battle, civil wars, atrocities, passion, and suicide.

Slaying of men: Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 3.1.25 states “It is still clear what a burden fear is; some, for fear that they will be caught and put to death, in terror take their own lives before their time; some, by hurling themselves over a precipice, others by hanging themselves, others by cutting their own throats.  Euripides’ Andromache 315 states “And if you do not leave and vacate this precinct, the boy here will be slaughtered in place of you. So consider this, whether you prefer to die or have this boy killed for the misdeeds you are committing against me and against my daughter.

Slaying of animals: Homer’s Odyssey 10.532 states “But do thou thereafter call to my comrades, and bid them flay and burn the sheep that lie there, slain by the pitiless bronze, and make prayer to the gods.” Homer’s Odyssey 3.449 states “Thrasymedes, high of heart, came near and dealt the blow and the axe cut through the sinews of the neck, and loosened the strength of the heifer.” Herodotus’ The Histories 2.39 states “After leading the marked beast to the altar where they sacrifice it, they kindle a fire, then they pour wine on the altar over the victim and call upon the god, then they cut its throat.”

Old Testament:

Slaying of men: Slayings are also illustrated in profane (secular) and cultic ways. The righteous are sometimes butchered by God’s enemies through massacres, wars, or civil strife. The Ephramites (in Jordan) and the Maccabbeans (in Israel) were slaughtered. God’s enemies are also sometimes slaughtered. In a cultic sense, Abraham, being tested by God, offered to sacrifice his son Isaac. Samuel slays the Amalekite king Agag. The adulterous Jerusalem is accused of slaughtering her children to the idols she has made. The Hellenistic Jewish philosophers make frequent mention of the violent motivations for slaughtering.

Slaying of animals: Slaying of animals were provisionally permitted in isolated regions. Generally, animal sacrifices were forbidden outside the cultic sanctuary. It was forbidden to let the blood flow to the ground and for one to eat the flesh before the blood completely drained out. The thief occasionally stole or slaughtered cattle. A stone was used for ritual offerings to collect the blood. The blood and fat were set aside for God. Altars were also used to gather and place the blood.

New Testament: This term essentially means to slaughter (slay). This term is found in 1 John and Revelations. These scriptural examples refer to Cain slaughtering Abel, the slain Lamb of God, the martyrs (souls of those who had been slaughtered), and the beast (whose mortal wound was healed). The Johannine tradition presents the Passover lamb which bears the mark of slaughtering on its neck. The martyrs are compared to animal sacrifices being slain on the altar. The blood of the martyrs also flow out at the heavenly altar.

Scripture:

“Unlike Cain who belonged to the evil one and slaughtered his brother. Why did he slaughter him? Because his own works were evil, and those of his brother righteous.” 1Jn.3:12

Cain, out of jealousy, slayed his brother.

“Then I saw standing in the midst of the throne and the four living creatures and the elders, a Lam that seem to have been slain.” Rev.5:6

The Lamb of God, a sacrificial victim, achieves ultimately victory redeeming mankind.”

“When he broke open the fifth seal, I saw underneath the altar the souls of those who had been slaughtered because of the witness they bore to the word of God.” Rev.6:9

The martyrs, like sacrificial lambs, shed their blood in witness to God. These martyrs are also sacrificed on a heavenly altar.

Conclusion:

Esophagus, jugular, assassinate

To be honest, I was unsure if the word esophagus is related to this Greek term sphazo. Perhaps, it was just a coincidence that a sword is placed at esophagus at the location of the carotid artery. Even the threat of potential slaughter can wield great power.

In the Old Testament, God plays a more prominent in ordaining that sometimes people (God’s enemies) die by the sword. Other times, some (like Abraham) are put to the test in offering sacrifices (Isaac). Some Maccabeeans were slaughtered due to holding (adhering) to the Law. Some Zealots used the sword to attack the Roman Empire.

For the Jews (Hebrews), it was very important to have the blood completely drained from the animal. It was absolutely forbidden to partake of the blood (Lev.23:27). The life was in the blood.

In the New Testament, the Lamb of God provides a paradoxical image of a meek animal which achieves ultimate victory. It is also interesting to note that the bones of the martyrs were called trophies. These martyrs achieved the ultimate victory in being faithful to God.

When Jesus told His disciples that they must eat and drink His Body and Blood, many disciples walked away. Some walked away because they thought Jesus was referring to cannibalism. Yet Jesus never said, “Wait a minute. Come back. I was just speaking figuratively!” Jesus was not speaking figuratively or metaphorically. Others Jews walked away because they were brought up to believe that drinking the blood was forbidden. Since the life was in the blood, the Jews were prohibited by their faith in drinking the blood. Yet, Jesus was saying that they will not have everlasting life if they do not partake of His Body and Blood. The greatest and saddest irony is that their sincerely held Jewish beliefs prevented them from obtaining this everlasting life. Catholics believe that the Eucharist contains the real Body and Blood of Christ. Other Christians denominations have other varying beliefs about what He offered to His disciples.

No matter how you slice it, this Catholic belief continues today in the Mass.

[Greek] παραδειγματίζω (paradeigmatizō), [Latin] traducere: to set forth as an example, to put something to shame, to make a public example, to disgrace publicly, to hold up to contempt, to expose to infamy; Mt.1:19, Heb.6:6

The Dream of St. Joseph: painting by Anton Raphael Mengs (1774). The angel tells Joseph that it is through the Holy Spirit that Mary is with child.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make an example (spectacle) of, to make a show of, and to show by example. Polybius’ Histories 2.60.7 states “For such an act of treason what he deserved was not to be racked under cover of night and then put to death, he ought to have been taken from city to city in the Peloponnese and to have ended his life only after exemplary torture in each of them.” The Roman senate welcomed the Rhodian ambassador to negotiate a peace. However, the senate seized the opportunity to make an example of the Rhodians. The senate thought that Rhodes had no desire to end the ward, but to rescue and save Perseus to the best of their ability.”

Old Testament: This term, used both in an active and passive sense, generally conveys a negative sense. These meanings include to punish, to put to shame, to do wrong, to do violence, and to alienate. Beholding can used both in a positive and negative sense. However, the general negative sense of this term refers to making an example of a person. Gather all the leaders of the people and publicly execute them (Num.25:4). I made you a spectacle I in the sight of kings (Ezek.28:17). Turn their own country against them and make an example of the one who began this against us (Est C:22). They punished and put to a public and shameful death any whom they met of their compatriots who had become defiled (3Macc.7:14). How great is your goodness, Lord, stored up for those who fear you. You display it for those who trust You (Psa.30:20). Be warned, Jerusalem, or I will be estranged from you (Jer.6:8).

New Testament: This term means to disgrace publicly, to hold to contempt, and to put to shame. Joseph was legally entitled to publicly expose (shame) Mary for being with child. The penalty for proven adultery was death by stoning. Being a righteous man, Joseph was willing to divorce Mary quietly. However, Joseph would have a dream that this child was conceived by the Holy Spirit. Paul makes reference to believers who have fallen away from the faith. Those who have fallen away (to apostatize) are shaming and deriding the Son of God. They cannot be renewed to repentance. The Latin translation conveys the sense of making a visible example, spectacle, disgrace, or shaming of someone. In their willful malice of apostasy, the false teachers are again re-crucifying and deriding the Son of God.

Scripture:

“And the have fallen away, to bring them to repentance again, since they are re-crucifying the Son of God for themselves and holding Him to contempt.” Heb.6:6

These fallen ones seek to publicly shame Jesus.

“Joseph her husband, since he was a righteous man, yet unwilling to expose her to shame, decided to divorce her quietly.” Mt.1:19

This scripture mostly speaks to the character of Joseph in his relationship to Mary. Joseph would soon later understand that this was part of God’s plan for man’s redemption.

Paradigm Shift: This concept, identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn, is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. This term illustrates an important change that happens in the usual way of thinking or doing something. A paradigm is a pattern (model) which is shown side by side. Plato uses the term paradigm as the model (pattern) that God (as a creator) uses to create the Cosmos.

Conclusion:

Paradigm, paradigm shift, ostentation, ostentatious

In studying this term, I already had the word ‘paradigm’ in mind. I just wasn’t too sure how closely related these terms were. The original meaning of this term means to publicly shame or to have contempt for someone. Not surprisingly the expression ‘making an example’ refers to a paradigm (model). It is interesting to note that Plato alludes to God as an artisan who creates the cosmos. So it can be easily understood in seeing how shaming can be identified with making an example of someone.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on several meanings ranging from murder, violence, making an example, and shaming. The more nuanced meanings include beholding and alienating.

In the New Testament, Joseph was an honorable man who stood by Mary. Joseph perhaps had every legal right to publicly shame (or to make an example) of Mary. This speaks volumes about Joseph’s own character. Joseph becomes a great model for a spouse and also later for a father (and step-father). Christ becomes re-crucified and derided by apostates.

You can pick any decade or year in recent times to illustrate paradigm shifts in technology, science, and medicine. Pick any invention (smartphones, streaming, tablets, internet etc), and you can clearly see how a later technology has put other earlier inventions (VCRs) to shame.

WARNING –USELESS WORDS ALERT–!

Traduce: to speak evil of, to falsely accuse, to slander, to parade in disgrace  (The prepositon tra- means across. The verb ducere means to lead.)

Traduction: a bringing over into shame

Emerging or potential paradigm shifts (because of this pandemic):

Epidemiological models: These models frequently change due to inefficient, unclear, or changing data, leading to changing and/or ambiguous actions and recommendations.

Social distancing: How long do we maintain this? Is this handshake a thing of the past?

Constitutional rights of assembly: How much power should fed./state/local govt. officials should have on people’s rights?

Washing hands: We are now more frequently doing this.

Public venues, restaurants, sporting events: When and how can these venues resume?

Businesses/merchants: How many business will return?

Businesses/corporations: Will this lead to further investment (interest) in telecommuting (working from home)? How many companies have been slow to adapt to this technology?

Education: Will this lead to further home school and investment (interest) in on-line studies?

Churches/Religious gatherings: When can churches open up? How can sacraments/ministry be carried out?

Plastic or cloth bags: Plastic bags are now being used to prevent the spread of germs.

And there will be other examples!

Wishing you the very best as we enter into this brave new world! I, like many of you, feel uncertain, fearful, and afraid at this time. (However, we have nothing to be ashamed about that!)

[Greek] ἐκτενής (ektenēs), [Latin] fervens, [Latin] vehemens: stretched, extended, earnest, fervently, without ceasing, continuously, strained, deeply, vehement, resolute, zealous; Acts 12:5, 1Pet.4:8

St. Peter Released from Prison: painting by Gerard van Honthorst (1616)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means tension, desire (of the will), resolute, strained, friendly (willing to reach out), capable of extending, and abundant. Polybius’ Histories 8.19.1 states “At the first opportunity Cambylus laid the proposal before the king. In the first flush of his exultation, he promised everything he asked. Being eventually satisfied on these points, he repeatedly begged and prayed Cambylus to bring it to a conclusion.” Aeschylus’ Suppliant Woman 983 states “They heard from my lips the conduct of your cousins toward their own kinfolk, and were moved to bitterness against them.” Polybius’ Histories 21.22.4 states “The senate received both the king himself and the speech with every mark of favor, and were enthusiastic for doing everything in their power to gratify him.” Aeschylus’ Suppliant Women 983 states “They heard from my lips the conduct of your cousins toward their own kinfolk, and were moved to bitterness against them.”

Old Testament: This term is used to measure the fervor of prayers. So their entreaty ascended fervently to heaven (3Macc.5:9). Man and beast shall be covered with sackcloth and call loudly to God (Jon.3:8). Gather the elders into the house of the Lord and cry to the Lord (Joel.1:14). They cried out fervently to the God of Israel not to allow their children to be seized, the wives to be taken captive, the cities to be ruined, or the sanctuary to be profaned or mocked (Jdt.4:12). Their neighbors and friends were pledging to protect them and to exert more earnest efforts for their assistance (3Macc.3:10).

New Testament: This term means without ceasing, continuously, eagerly, and earnestly. Christians must have fervent and continuous love for one another. Only this love can and will cover the sins which rend the community. Christians are called to a pure will of heart. Peter’s imprisonment was made known throughout the Church. Unceasing prayer is made for Peter’s release from prison. The Church knows what it is praying for.

Scripture:

“Above all, let your love for one another be intense, because love covers a multitude of sins.” 1Pet.4:8

Christians are called show a fervent and enduring love for one another. These prayers are needed in response to the community’s sins.

“Peter thus was being kept in prison, but prayer by the church was being fervently being made to God on his behalf.” Acts 12:5

The Church community was praying fervent for Peter’s release from prison.

Early Church: In the early Church, this term makes reference to the Christian’s attitude rather than an action (fervent request for prayers). Prayer itself is thus changed into an attitude. The Christians begin to have a future-looking view in reaching heaven. Clement’s 1^st epistle 34.7 states “And let us therefore, conscientiously gathering together in harmony, cry to Him earnestly, as with one mouth, that we may be partakers of His great and glorious promises”.

Conclusion:

Extend, extension, extent, extensive, vehement, fervent

At first glance, it may not seem clear how this Greek term can mean extending. In a sense, one needs to “extend” their understanding of this term in a more nuanced manner. Those, who are enthusiastic and eager, often times extend or heighten their feelings and desires. Those, who are are compassionate and friendly, extend themselves in reaching out in helping others.

In the Old Testament, although not insignificant, this term is narrowly focused on the fervor of prayer. The primary focus is on one’s relationship with God.

In the New Testament, this term, used only twice, is used both in a general and narrow sense. Christians are called to fervently and constantly pray for others. It is interesting to discover this new attitude in focusing on getting into heaven. Not surprisingly, we all hear many instances (anecdotes) of ordinary people, in their respective vocations, trying to help get their loved ones into heaven. (Spouses praying for each other to get into heaven. Parents praying for the children to get into heaven).

In recent times, many have prayed fervently for justice for the victims and perpetrators in the sexual abuse crisis in the Church. Many also pray fervently that they see authenticity in Church leaders. Still many fervently seek the truth (and tradition) in faith, doctrine, and morals.

I would like to extend my prayers, hopes, and wishes for new vocations. From what I see so far of this new generation of priests and religious, I am very hopeful and encouraged.

Update: corona-virus pandemic: First of all, we must all extend our prayers to all those folks who have lost loved ones and to all the medical professionals (and support staff) who have been on the front lines in fighting this virus. Moving forward, it will be prudent to continue our social distancing and to extend this practice for the future. Yet, in many places (like our own), there exists tension regarding the exercise of rights (movement, work (livelihood), releasing of prisoners, assembly, worship, etc.). Meanwhile, oftentimes our patience is getting strained or stretched thin. We all want to get back to work to support our ourselves and families! We all must fervently pray so we can get through this and be released from this isolation (prison) in our own homes.

[Greek] στράτευμα (strateuma), [Latin] exercitus, [Latin] milites: army, division, soldiers, army division; Mt.22:7, Lk.23:11, Acts 23:10,27, Rev.9:16, Rev.19:14,19

The Roman soldiers mocking Jesus: painting by Dirk van Baburen (1623)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means army, campaign, expedition, armament, mercenaries, and people. Euripides’ Suppliants 601 states “And I saw the companies of three armies; the armor-clad warriors deployed on the high ground by the banks of Ismenus.” Euripides’ Persians 758 states “Hearing such taunts many a time from evil counselors, he planned this expedition and army against Hellas.” Herodotus’ The Histories 8.112 states “There was no end to Themistocles’ avarice; he sent threatening messages to the other islands, demanding money and saying that if they would not give what he asked he would bring the Greek armada upon them and besiege and take their islands.”

Old Testament: This term means army, military service, service, afflictions of life, and cultic service. Cultic service refers to service of God or pagan idols. These afflictions of life may refer to drudgery, guilt, and harassment. Philo, a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher, uses military expressions of the group in a theological and psychological sense. Yahweh is presented as the general of the invincible army. When a man is newly wed, he need not go out on a military expedition, nor shall any public duty be imposed on him (Deut.24:5). Is not man’s life on earth drudgery? (Job.7:1). You renew your attack on me and multiply your harassment of me (Jb.10:17). And proclaim her that her service is at an end, her guilt is expiated (Isa.40:2). These are to undertake obligatory tasks in the meeting tent (Num.4:3). All the houses upon whose roofs they burnt incense to the whole host of heaven and poured out libations to strange gods (Jer.19:13).

New Testament: This term means army, troops, and soldiers. Soldiers are presented in both ordinary and apocalyptic ways. Christians, who obey their true God, recognize that soldiers also must follow orders from their superiors. Revelations presents a heavenly army (cloud of witness) lead by the Exalted Christ overcoming the beast and his followers. The Romans soldiers contemptuously mock Jesus, clothing Him in a purple garb. In the parable of the wedding feast, the king orders his soldiers to kill those who killed his servants. Upon learning of Paul’s Roman citizenship right, the commander brings Paul into protective custody.

Scripture:

“The armies of heaven followed Him, mounted on white horses and wearing clean white linen.” Rev.19:14

The Exalted Christ leads this heavenly army in destroying the beast and his followers. This heavenly army is a cloud of witnesses.

“Even Herod and his soldiers treated Him contemptuously and mocked Him, after clothing Him in resplendent garb, he sent Him back to Pilate.” Lk.23:11

The Roman soldiers mocked Jesus for being a king. These Roman soldiers believed in multiple pagan gods.

“This man, seized by the Jews and about to be murdered by them, I rescued after intervening with my troops when I learned that he was a Roman citizen.” Acts 23:27

Paul, once a loyal and rabid Pharisee, abandons his fellows in following Jesus. The commander, upon learning Paul’s rights of Roman citizenship, protected Paul from danger. Conclusion:

Etymology: The Latin exercitus (soldier) is derived from the Latin verb exercitare, meaning to keep busy, to keep at work, to carry into effect, to employ, and to exercise. Essentially, a soldier is one who is employed to carry out an action. From the 13th century, this refers to a physical or spiritual exercise. In Medieval Latin this refers to a play (in the dramatic arts). In the early 17th century, this refers to written schoolwork.

Conclusion:

Strategy, strategic, military, militant, exercise, exert

In the Greco-Roman era, I am not really surprised that this term would be frequently used. Not only are there soldiers (armies), but also mercenaries and extortionists.

In the Old Testament, it is important to note that this term is used in the cultic (religious) service in serving Yahweh and pagan idols. The Jews were sometimes under under the control (authority) of the Romans and Greeks (during the Maccabeean period). It is also not surprising that Philo would speak about God in militaristic terms.

In the New Testament, it is important to note that the Christians also acknowledged that even Roman soldiers were acting under the authority of their superiors. The parable of the wedding feast makes reference to God’s judgment and a warning against Matthew’s community. The parable of the wedding feast states that we are all invited to share in this feast. However, we need to be dressed up with a repentant heart in order to be able to sit at the table.

Update: George Floyd’s arrest and death: I think we can all agree that justice and other measures must be taken to address these wrongs. A more through examination of our police departments seems to be a practical first step. More must be done to remove and weed out any potential racist individuals (or tendencies) in these organizations. However, at the same time, we cannot paint a broad brush in claiming all police officers (and organizations) are racist. Even though our nation has had an unfortunate history with slavery and racism, a racist nation does not elect an African-American (Barack Obama) for two terms.

The unfortunate reality is that, more often than not, a racist individual infamously comes into national spotlight, resulting in a tragic situation. The vast majority of these officers who serve our communities should have and deserve our appreciation. This is ever more important during these unfortunate times when these same police officers must deal with those rioters and looters who have sullied and high-jacked the spirit of this earnest protest movement. In some situations, troops have been called in to respond to these criminal elements. Now there has been increased talk of the notion of ‘de-funding the police’. This seems to be a very reckless response which will result in hindering the police’s efforts in responding to such criminals and serving the community in other ways. This will further embolden criminal activity. We all should have the privilege (white, black, or brown, or whatever) of being able to depend on the police.

I wish you the best in your strategy in soldiering on in life!

[Greek] σφάλλω (sphallō), [Latin] fallere: to slip, to stumble, to fall, to bring to a downfall; Mt.15:14

“Hola, Amigo! I’ve fallen into a cenote and I can’t get out! (Cenote in Valladolid Mexico)

Background information:

Old Testament: This term means to fall, to lie, to die, to let drop, and to cause to fall. The more nuanced meanings include to fall prostrate, to fall short, to be inferior, to overthrow, and to fall into the hands of.

New Testament: This term means to fall or to stumble.

Jesus mentioned that what comes out of the mouth is what defiles oneself. The Pharisees took offense at this statement. The Law focused on purification rituals concerning what enters the body. Jesus calls His disciples not to be led by morally ‘blind’ Pharisees. Following the Pharisees is likened to falling into a pit. From the heart (inside) comes evil thoughts, ideas, and impulses. This is what defiles a person.

Scripture:

Mt.15:14: “Let them alone’ they are blind guides of the blind. If a blind person leads a blind person, both will fall into a pit.” (The Pharisees were morally blind concerning what defiles. Jesus focus on one’s internal impulses and intentions which causes one to defile oneself.)

The tradition of the Elders:

1. The Pharisees and scribes ask Jesus, ‘Why do your disciples break the tradition of the elders?’ (The disciples did not wash their hand when they are eating meals.)
2. Jesus ask them, ‘Why do you break the commandment of God for the sake of your tradition?’ (They have nullified the word of God through “lip-service” and distant hearts.)
3. Jesus calls the Pharisees and scribes as hypocrites [fulfilling Isa. 29:13]. (The Pharisees and scribes are creating human traditions.)
4. Jesus states that what defiles is what comes out of the mouth [from inside the person].
5. The Pharisees and scribes took offense when Jesus said this.
6. Doctrine is planted in the mind for the purpose of producing the fruit of right conduct, teachings, and doctrine.
7. Jesus states that every plant (doctrine) that the Father has not be planted will be uprooted [Mt.15:13]. (The Father will exclude human traditions.)
8. Doctrine is planted in the mind for the purpose of producing the fruit of right conduct, doctrine, and teachings.
9. Jesus states that the Pharisees and scribes as blind guides leading the blind. Both will fall in a pit.

The tradition of the Modernists:

1. Modernists take on several roles: philosopher, believer, theologian, historian, critic, apologist, and reformer.
2. Vital immanence: Modernists seek to find an explanation for religion and doctrine within themselves and their lived experiences.
3. Modernists start from an agnostic perspective. Modernists will ignore external supernatural reality because it is outside their lived experiences.
4. Pope Pius X states that Modernism is a synthesis of all heresies. Modernists fall into a series of subjective errors ultimately lead to atheism.
5. Modernists state that Tradition must and should be subject to change according to circumstances.
6. Doctrine is planted in the mind from the religious sentiment and lived experiences of the Modernist.

Etymology: Originally, the Greek verb sphallo means to deceive, to conceal, to dissemble, to make stagger, and to stumble into erring. Through putting forth, dissembling, and concealing, an obstruction appears in one’s way.

Falling for it: (This term becomes Latinized)

1. With this obstruction, one does not know what he is dealing with.
2. Therefore, one must “fall for” what is presented to him. When something else is presented, he falls down (he fell for it).
3. Bringing to a fall comes from the result of dissembling and concealing.
4. This dissembling and concealing now results in the false. This involves subterfuge, deceit, treachery, deception, and falsity.
5. In an active sense, the Roman imperium (command), in their attempts to oversee, dominate, or conquer other nations and opponents, were bringing their adversaries to a fall.

Conclusion:

Fall, befall, fallen, false

In the Old Testament, I was surprised by the very many references in scripture. The more nuanced meanings, like being prostrate or submissive, are noteworthy.

In the New Testament, the Pharisees are both blind and false, regarding purification rituals. Jesus contrasts this by speaking the truth that evil impulses come from within. The related Greek word episphales, occurring in Acts. 27:9, interestingly means dangerous or prone to falling. Falling into a pit certainly applies in this context.

I thought that this was just a term about simply falling down. I was wrong. Yes, the Greek term sphallo sounds very much like the word ‘fall’. However, I had “fallen” for this “false” and mistaken assumption. Quite humbling!

Update: The Modernists are evidently blinded by their ideology. The Modernists are “true believers in their ideology.

The Modernists are blinded by their disdain and contempt for Tradition, the Traditional Latin Mass, and traditional (conservative) Catholics.

The Modernists, in their blindness, have state that Church ecclesiology has has changed. Therefore, the Traditional Latin Mass is divisive and needs to go away.

In Mt.15:13, we are reminded that human traditions will inevitably be uprooted.

In his efforts to be ecumenical and getting along, Pope Francis not surprisingly fell into making very troubling and heretical statements concerning salvation.

Unfortunately, Pope Francis’s statements, actions, and documents may often fall into heresy.

“He who falls, falls by his own will, and he who stand, stands by God’s will.” St. Augustine

[Greek] μαρτυρία (martyria), [Latin] memoria: witness, one who remembers, one who can tell about it, the bearing of witness, testimony, evidence, reputation; Mk.14:55-56,59, Lk.22:71, Jn.1:7,19, Jn.3:11,32-32, Jn.5:31-32,34,36, Jn.8:13-14,17, Jn.19:35, Jn.21:24, Acts 22:18, 1Tim.3:7, Tit.1:13, 1Jn.5:9-11, 3Jn.1:12, Rev. 1:2,9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means testimony, witness, and evidence. The gods quite often were called upon to be witnesses to oaths, solemn agreements, and declarations. It was believed that the gods could confirm the truth (fact) of one’s statement. If one would lie, one who be subject to the god’s wrath. Testimony was often needed in a legal sense. Sometimes one’s convictions and conduct became a greater witness than one’s words. Philosophy was often thought to be a witness to the truth. Stoicism held that one must accept and embrace the experiences which one cannot control. Such impersonal witnesses include circumstances or poverty.

Homer’s Iliad 22.254 states “But come hither, let us call the gods to witness, for they shall be the best witnesses and guardians of our covenant.” Plato’s Apology 31c states “For I think I have a sufficient witness that I speak the truth, namely, my poverty.” Plato’s Symposium 179b states “And without any doubt what Homer call a fury inspired by a god in certain heroes is the effect produced on lovers by Love’s peculiar power. Only such as are in love will consent to die for others. Not merely men will do it, but women too. Sufficient witness is borne to the statement that Alcestis was willing to die for her husband.” Aeschines’ Against Timarchus 1.45 states “For I do not set down the actual name of the thing that Misgolas used to do to him, nor have I written anything else that would legally incriminate a man who has testified to the truth.”

Old Testament: This term, used in a legal and religious sense, refers to witness, testimony, and evidence of things (or people). In the legal sphere, a sufficient number of witnesses was needed to bring judgment against a person. A witness is often called upon to investigate the integrity (character) of a person. God is often called upon as a witness in a contract (agreement). In the religious sphere, God provides witness and judgment. Israel, nations, and man are often called to provide witness for and against themselves. In Later Judaism, martyrdom and sufferings of the righteous (in the Maccabean age) comes from piety (par excellence) for the Law. Therefore, although somewhat similar, this notion of martyrdom cannot be directly related to the Christian notion of martyrdom.

New Testament: Aside from few references from Mark, Acts, 1Tim, and Titus, this term is found primarily in John’s gospel, Revelations, and John’s letters. Essentially, John give witness to  God’s word and testimony of Jesus Christ by reporting what he saw. John provides evangelical witness and testimony to Christ’s nature and significance. Other testimony comes from Jesus, Paul, other eyewitnesses, and adversaries. Agreement of 2 or 3 witnesses was needed to bring formal charges against the accused. John’ testimony to the truth of Jesus provides the basis for the Christian martyrs’ faithful witness to Christ.

Scripture:

“Many gave false witness against Him, but their testimony did not agree.” Mk.14:56

The chief priests and the Sanhedrin wanted to obtain testimony in order to put Jesus to death. Ultimately, they only found false or conflicting testimony.

“Even in your law it is written that that the testimony of two men can be verified.” Jn.8:17

Two or three witnesses’ testimony was required to bring formal charges against the accused.

“It is this disciple who testifies to these things and has written them, and we know that his testimony is true. “ Jn.21:24

We refers to the Christian community. John’s witnesses provides the basis for others’ witness to Jesus even to the point of martyrdom.

Conclusion:

Martyr, martyrdom, memory, memorable

It was interesting to discover how the gods were called upon in agreements and oaths. Oftentimes, objects (representing gods) or raising one hand (in the direction of the gods) were used in oaths. Stoics introduced the notion that living one’s life becomes a form of witness. Plato makes reference to another form of witness, unconditional love in a secular sense. Witnesses were important in the legal sphere. In our current culture, when we take an oath, we raise our hand upwards (toward God) or on the bible (representing the Word of God).

In the Old Testament, God was often invoked in contracts and agreements. God also shows His faithfulness in covenants throughout history. It was important to have an agreement of consistent testimony. Two or three witnesses’ testimony was required to bring charges to the accused. Jesus also will later make reference in the gathering of believers. Although it is true that there is some commonality between Maccabeean martyrs and Christian martyrs, the difference lies in their motivations.  The Maccabeean martyrs were pious to the Law while the Christian martyrs were pious to Christ. Duet. 17:6 provides the basis for where when two or three are gathered in Jesus’ name, He is in the midst of them.

In the New Testament, John provides a witness and testimony for Jesus. Jesus’ enemies sought to find testimony (evidence) in order to put Him to death. An eyewitness had seen that a soldier had thrust his lance into Jesus’s side. Immediately after, blood and water flowed out. This eyewitness testified that this was true. This foreshadows baptism and the Eucharist. Christian martyrs provide a wonderful example to others in being faithful to Christ. Not surprisingly, Christianity had rapidly flourished during the Roman Empire’s persecution of Christians. Christianity also increased and flourished after the Christian persecution in Africa.

In current times there still exists Christian persecution in the world. Many Christians often face persecution, discrimination, or restriction of expressions for their views in the secular world and social media. In light of this pandemic, we are also witnessing the challenges that Christians face in their ability to assemble together. Some of these challenges are reasonable social distancing concerns. Other challenges will be settled in the courts.

Update: Christians are also witnessing questionable and disappointing legal rulings about abortion. The Supreme Court ruled that these cases infringed on the woman’s “right” to abortion. Some say the Chief Justice Roberts ruled to halt (or placate) the unrest over the issue of abortion. The Supreme Court based their decision on stare decisis, the doctrine of legal precedent. Yet, it is interesting to note that the Supreme Court Dred Scott case (1857) also ruled 6-3 in favor declaring blacks inferior to whites. Some say that this decision was motivated in part to halt the unrest over slavery. Slavery was the settled law. It was later that the 13th Amendment  (January 1865) banned slavery in the U.S. Up until 1920, women did not have the right to vote. Restricting women from voting was the settled law. The 19th Amendment (August 1920) gave women the right to vote. Just because it was settled law (like slavery or restricting women), it does not always mean that it is a good or moral one. (Having settled questionable (or immoral) laws from the past is really not that unprecedented!)

Here are some witnesses from the past:

“Every aborted baby is like a slave in the womb of his (her) mother.”  Martin Luther King

“When we consider that women are treated as property, it is degrading to women that we should treat our children as property to be disposed as we see fit.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leader in the anti-slavery and women’s suffrage movements.

“Abortion is the ultimate exploitation of women.” Alice Paul, author of the ERA Amendment (1923) who opposed the later trend of linking the ERA with abortion rights.

“We’re living in an age of genocide…They claim the poor are bringing forth tremendous numbers of children and so the solution is to kill them off.” Dorothy Day, founder of the Catholic Worker Movement (1933).

This can be your time to make your testimony and witness! Make it memorable! Don’t settle!

[Greek] διπλοῦς (diplous), [Latin] duplus: double, two-fold, twice as much, folded; Mt.23:15, 1Tim.5:17, Rev.18:6

These two metal plates (diploma) were issued by the emperor Trajan on Oct 14, 109. The text on the plates announces the granting of military honors and citizenship rights of retiring soldiers who served in the Roman army.

Background information:

Diploma: This term comes from the Greek diploma, meaning folded paper. During the Roman Empire, all passports and passes were stamped on double metal plates, folded and sewn together. These metals passes (diploma) conferred privileges or arrangements with foreign communities or tribes. Interestingly, the plural form of this term is diplomata. A traveler (diplomat), having possession of this diploma, was given the authority by the government to conduct negotiations (trade and international relations) with other nations and provinces. In the 1680’s, the diploma becomes a writing under seal coming from an authority conferring some honor or privilege.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to do be doubled, to double, folded up, and two-fold. Xenophon’s Hellenica 6.5.19 states “When the phalanx had been thus doubled in depth, he preceded into the plan with the hoplites in this formation, and then extended the army again into a line 9 or 10 shields deep.” Plutarch’s Camillus 41 states “But the Romans thrust their javelins into their faces received their strokes on the parts that were shielded by iron, and so turn the edge of their metal, which was soft and weakly tempered, so much that their swords quickly bent up double.”

Old Testament: This term references two Hebrew terms. One Hebrew term means to double, to fold double, and to double over. This meaning has the sense of to fold together and to repeat. The other Hebrew term means a copy, double, and second. This meaning has the sense of repetition, doubling, and being second in order (rank or age). It shall be square and folded double, as span in length and a span in width (Exo.28:16). You shall double over the sixth curtain at the front of the tent (Exo.26:9). He had him ride in his second chariot (Gen.41:43). Take double the money in your hand (Gen.43:12). On the sixth day, when they prepare what they bring in, it will be twice as much as they gather daily (Exo.16:5). He shall write for himself a copy of this law on a scroll in the presence of the Levitical priests (Deut.17:18). Now the name of his firstborn was Joel, and the name of his second Abijah (1Sam.8:2).

New Testament: This term refers to the doubling of honor, retribution, and zeal. The presbyters, supported by the community, were responsible for the preaching and teaching. These presbyters, often faced with public criticism (accusations), were honored for upholding these teachings. Converts, espousing right or wrong beliefs, have more zeal than the hypocritical scribes and Pharisees. Rome, harlot of Babylon, is to receive double retribution from God.

Conclusion:

Diploma, diplomatic, diplomacy, duplicate

As perhaps with many others, I never really considered how there could be a direct relationship with the words ‘diploma’ and ‘diplomat’. I really did not know that these terms were related by the sense of doubling or folding. It was very interesting to discover the original meaning of a diploma used for diplomacy. Now it makes very clear sense! This conferring of authority or recognition provides for the importance of a diploma.

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I can imagine that this term would be used in all walks of life and situations. Most notably, this term can be found in warfare.

In the Old Testament, I was surprised by its many scriptural references. It was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings such as a copy (imitation), and being second in rank (order).

In the New Testament, this term is used in various ways. This term makes reference to the scribes and Pharisees being indifferent and hypocritical. The faithful presbyter, who espoused faithful teachings and preaching, was bestowed with great honor (even in the face of adversity or persecution). This value of a faithful teacher or preacher still holds true in our current times.

Unfortunately, there seems to be more and more teachers and preachers, fearful of being criticized, who often seem to adapt, dilute or change church teachings in order to accommodate to the values of the modern secular world. As a result, this has led to much confusion for the faithful who are searching for truth and authenticity in church teachings and church leaders. Now oftentimes, Christian values are now called offensive or hateful!

Update Coronavirus Pandemic: In light of this pandemic, schools have closed. Perhaps the majority of schools have some type of online means to provide education for the kids. For many other students, this instruction will fall upon the parents. So, parents: to say this diplomatically, you need to bring your “A game” in being a teacher to your kids. https://www.khou.com/article/features/cy-fair-second-grader-my-mom-sucks-as-a-teacher/285-57b1496d-1532-4a5d-a8f2-26018f0005f5

I think it will go without saying that teachers will be doubly appreciated (by students and parents) for what they do. (One does not need to have a diploma to figure that out)!

[Greek] βύσσος (byssos): linen, cloth, sea silk, fine linen; Lk.16:19, Rev.18:12

The parable of the rich man and Lazarus: painting by Jan Steen (1677)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means fine linen, bleached linen, flax, and sea silk. This sea silk is a filament secreted by a Mediterranean mollusk. Strabo’s Geography 15.1.20 states “Their fine clothes were made from this wool. The cloth of silk are of a similar kind, and are made of dry byssos, which is obtained from sort of bark of plants.” Procopius states “Primary among these is a cloth (chlamys) made of wool, not produced by sheep, but gathered from the sea.” Euripides’ Bacchae 815 states “But they will track you down, even if they go in secret. Put linen cloths over your body. Lest they kill you if you are seen as a woman.” Aeschylus’ Supplicant Woman 117 states “And many times I lay my hands upon my Sidonian veil and tear its linen fabric to shreds.”

Byssinos: This related term, used as a noun and adjective, means fine linen or made of fine linen. The Greek civilization flourished in part due to its nautical sea trading and commerce. Merchants and travelers engaged in the trade of linen spices, dyes, livestock and other commodities. The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.

Old Testament: This means fine linen, something bleached, linen, white, and marble. He made the veil of violet, purple, crimson and fine linen, and he worked cherubim on it (2Chr.3:14). There were hangings of fine white and violet linen held by cords of fine linen (Est.1:6). Then Mordecai went out from the presence of the king in royal robes of blue and white (Est.8:15). She makes linen garments and sells them (Prov.31:24). Then I will give you thirty linen wraps and thirty changes of clothes (Jdg.14:12). Couches of gold and silver on a mosaic pavement of porphyry, marble, mother-of-pearl and precious stones (Est.1:6).

New Testament: This term means fine linen. These examples are used in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus and the fall of Babylon. Luke points out the reversal of fates for both the rich man and Lazarus. The poor man is taken up by angels to Abraham, while the rich man experiences torment in the netherworld. Revelations states that the merchants of the earth will weep for the fall of Babylon (Rome). These merchants lament that that there will be no more markets for their cargo (fine linen, purple silk, and scarlet cloth).

Scripture:

“There was a rich man who dressed in purple garments and fine linen and dined sumptuously each day.” Lk.16:19

This references the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. The reversal of fortunes illustrates Jesus’ views toward wealth and power.

Conclusion:

Business, busy

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that sea silk secreted by a mollusk provides the raw materials needed to produce linen. I also never knew that tree bark can also provide a source for producing linen. It goes without saying that linen was an important wardrobe resource for the characters on the Greek stage.

In the Old Testament, merchants often sold and traded various commodities such as linen. Rich and influential persons often wore fine white and colored linen. Byssinosis is an occupation related respiratory disease associated with the inhalation of cotton, flax, or hemp dust.

Update: The Coronavirus pandemic has caused great uncertainty and upheaval in the economy relating to many corporations, businesses, and livelihoods. The govt (federal, state, and local) can and will play important roles in dealing with this crisis. But the government cannot do it all. Now corporations and businesses (getting out of their comfort zone) are stepping up and producing needed products and devices to help combat this crisis. Many corporations and businesses (including a pillow company with fine linen products) are helping out in getting our nation back to business.

As to the business at hand, this post is finished.

[Greek] διαλύω (dialuō), [Latin] diluere, [Latin] dispergere, [French] disperser: to break up, to disperse, to dissolve, to scatter; Acts 5:36

A statue of St. Gamaliel appears on the upper niche of the altarpiece in Chapelle Saint Nicodeme en Plumeliau (Brittany region in northwest France). St. Gamaliel, a Sanhedrin official along with Nicodemus, told the authorities to do nothing against the Christians.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to disperse, to break up, to dismiss, to dissolve, to put an end to, to reconcile, to solve a difficulty, to relax, to weaken, to loosen, and to pay off. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.128 states “Thus the Median army was shamefully scattered.” Herodotus’ The Histories 8.56 states “Night fell, and they dissolved the assembly and boarded their ships.” Isocrates’ Panegyricus 4.40 states “This is apparent from the fact that those who in the beginning brought charges charges of homicide and desired to settle their mutual differences by reason and not by violence.” Herodotus’ The Histories 4.154 states “Etearchus made Themsion his guest and friend, and got him to swear that he would do him whatever service he desired. Then he gave the man his own daughter to be thrown into the sea. But Themison was very angry at being tricked on his oath and renounced his friendship.”

Old Testament: This term is related to several Hebrew terms, having several meanings. However, these various meanings convey the sense of separation or breaking apart. These terms mean to let loose, to undo, to set free, to be free, to tear apart, to break away, to deliver, to break, to dissolve, and to rest. Loosing the sandals and loosing the tied up animals implies rest and abiding. You bring darkness and night falls, then all the animals of the forest wander about (Psa.105.20). Even that God would decide to crush me that he would put forth His hand and cut me off (Job.6:9). Servants rule over us, with no one to tear us from their hands (Lam.5:8). If even after this you do not obey me, I will increase the chastisement for your signs sevenfold to break your proud strength (Lev.26:19). And may wickedness be broken like a tree (Job.24:20). Because this Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazar, has shown an extraordinary spirit, knowledge, and insight in interpreting dreams, explaining riddles and solving problems (Dan.5:12).

New Testament: This term, found only once, refers to Theudas’ loyal followers’ being disbanded. Theudas was viewed by the Jewish authorities as a rebel and insurrectionist. The Sandhedrin, concerned about the influence of Peter (and the Apostles), had forbidden this group to spread their teachings. Peter refused, insisting that they must obey God rather than men. Gamaliel, a member of the Sanahedrin, told the authorities to do nothing with these men. If this activity is of human origin it will destroy itself. But if it comes from God, no one will be able to destroy it.

Scripture:

“Some time ago, Theudas appeared, claiming to be someone important, and about four hundred men joined him, but he was killed, and all those who were loyal to him were disbanded and came to nothing.” Acts 5:36

Theudas was a Jewish rebel and an insurrectionist. Upon his death, his group eventually disappeared.

Conclusion:

Dialysis, dilute, dilution, disperse, dispersal, dialyze

I was surprised at how frequently this term was used in various contexts outside the medical (biochemical) arena. One such meaning can refer to a dissolution of a marriage (divorce) or a friendship. Interestingly, solving a problem by “dissolving” it into its smallest parts is called analysis. What becomes separated is called dialysis. Understanding these parts becomes the solution.

In the Old Testament, this term is also used in various ways denoting the sense of separation. Loosing one’s sandals infers resting and abiding.

In the New Testament, this term is used only once in a secular sense. Gamaliel provides timeless wisdom about the lasting effect of an activity either coming from man or God. If it comes from God, it will not be stopped. History bears this out in the time of Christian persecution. Counterintuitively, Christianity rapidly spread even in times of the persecution and martyrdom of Christians during the Roman empire.

In a medical sense, dialysis is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood for people whose kidneys cannot perform these functions.

In the final analysis, no matter how many ‘likes’ one has, God will always have more followers. There is no other way to separate this fact.

Update: March 24, 2020: There will continue to be speculation as to the cause of this Corona virus pandemic. (Was it caused by man or was it caused by nature?). Whatever the case, in His Providence God will use this pandemic for a greater good. Only God knows why He will allow this pandemic to continue (in spite of our prayers). We will be praying more. We will be together with our families more. We will be forced to slow down.

And we will continue to pray for God to dissolve, dilute, and remove this pandemic. As we always will figure it out, God will be provide the solution!

[Greek] προσφορά (prosphora), [Latin] oblatio: offering, sacrifice, oblation, thing offered, presentation, something presented, that which is offered; Acts 21:26, Acts 24:17, Rom.15:16, Heb. 10:5,8,10,14,18

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term can mean application, benefit (that which is added), wedding present, offerings for the dead, gift, income (revenue), food, flavor, and bouquet. Plato’s Laws 638c states “All those who take up (apply) and institution for discussion and propose, at first mention, to censure or commend it, is like a man who, when he hears somebody praising cheese as a good food, at once starts to disparage it, without having learn its effects, mode of administration, parts, condition, and people.” Plato Laws 791c states “When nursed are trying to discover what a baby wants, they judge it by these very signs in offering the baby things. If the baby remains silent when the thing is offered, they conclude it is the right thing, but the wrong thing if the baby weeps and cries out.” Theophrastes’ Characters 30.19 states “If a friend or friend’s daughter is to be married, he will go abroad while before, in order to avoid giving a wedding present.”

Old Testament: This term, referencing two Hebrews terms, means sacrifice, gift, tribute, grain offering, meat offering, face (person), and presence. The Hebrew lehem ha panim means Bread of the Face (of God). This bread itself is a visible sign of the heavenly reality of God. This is the bread, in front of the Holy of Holies, where the Shekinah (glory cloud  of the divine presence) would descend. The Bread of the Presence was meant to be a memorial and sign of the same covenant that had been sealed with Israel at Sinai. The Bread of the Presence, used with wine, is considered a bloodless sacrifice. This practice of placing this Bread of Presence ended with the destruction of Temple in 70 AD.

Why is the Bread of the Presence a foreshadowing of the Eucharist? Bread and wine, as gifts brought forth by the congregation, are consecrated by the Catholic priest into the Eucharist (Body and Blood of Jesus). The Eucharist is also a physical sign of the heavenly reality of Jesus. Like the menorah continually burning alongside the Bread of Presence, a sanctuary lamp always burns when the Eucharist is present inside the Tabernacle in a Catholic church. The Catholic priest initiates a perpetual unbloody sacrifice consisting of bread and wine. The Mass is the re-presentation (unbloody sacrifice) of the one-time original bloody sacrifice at Calvary. Moses went up with Aaron (and others) and beheld the God of Israel. They saw God and ate and drank in a heavenly banquet. Catholics partake of the heavenly banquet (Eucharist) in the communion liturgy.

Cohanim Hand Blessing: The Cohanim, who trace their lineage to Aaron, the High Priest, spread out both hands in blessing the congregation (Lev.9:22). The Shekinah peers through the fingers of the Cohanim in keeping with the Midrash verse “five cracks in the wall.” The spreading out of both hands provide a total of five separations between the fingers. One space between (and below) the thumbs, two spaces between the thumb and first finger of hand, and two spaces between the second and third finger of each hand. Leonard Nimoy stated that he got this idea for his famous salute (Vulcan greeting) as a small boy. Now this popular Vulcan hand greeting is essentially the one hand version of this Cohanim blessing.

Cain brought an offering to the Lord from the fruit of the ground (Gen.4:3). Then they set out their gifts to await Joseph’s arrival at noon (Gen.43:25). If your offering is a grain offering that is prepared in a pan, it must be made of bran flour, fried in oil (Lev.2:7). The sons of Israel sent tribute by him to Eglon the king of Moab (Jdg.3:17). Accept this gift from me, since to see you face is for me like seeing the face of God (Gen.33:10). Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God (Exo.3:6). On the table you shall always keep the showbread (Bread of the Presence) set before Me (Exo.25:30)

New Testament: This term, primarily meaning sacrifice, refers to the Levitical sacrifices and offerings, Jesus’ sacrificial offering of Himself, and the offering up of the Gentiles. The Levitical offerings and sacrifices now become now less effective and efficacious. With Jesus’ perfect sacrifice, there is no longer a need for multiple offerings for sin. The offering of the Gentiles is made possible by priestly service of Paul. This offering is sanctified by the Holy Spirit.

Scripture:

“To be a minster of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles in performing the priestly service of the gospel of God, so that the offering up of the Gentiles may be acceptable, sanctified by the Holy Spirit.” Rom.15:16

The offering up of the Gentiles is made possible by the ministry of Paul

“And live love, as Christ loved us and handed Himself over as a sacrificial offering to God for a fragrant aroma.” Eph.5:2

Christ provides a sacrifice superior to the multiple Levitical sacrifices.

“Where there is forgiveness of these, there is no longer any offering for sin.” Heb.10:18

With Jesus’sacrifice there is no need for other Levitical sacrifices for sin.

Conclusion:

Prosper, prosperous, proffer, oblation

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I was not surprised that this term refers to offerings, sacrifices, and oblations in a time period associated with gods. It was interesting to learn about the more nuanced meanings such as income, benefit, and bouquet. Plato warns against making assumptions (judgments) before analyzing its various parts and aspects. In a more practical sense, this term refers to a wedding gift.

In the Old Testament era, this term references the Hebrew lehem ha panim, which literally means Bread of the Face. This is also referred to as shewbread or the Bread of the Presence. This bread was placed in the temple. This bread is a visible sign of the heavenly reality of God. It is quite interesting in how this bread foreshadows the Eucharist.

In the New Testament era, this term references how the Levitical sacrifices become inferior to Jesus’ sacrifice. The offering up of the Gentiles is made possible by Paul.

This idea of benefit (mentioned previously) provides the background context for the current words prosper and prosperous.

In conclusion, as Spock would say, “Live long and prosper.”

[Greek] δάκτυλος (daktylos), [Latin] digitus: finger, digit, hand, toes; Mt.23:4, Mk.7:33, Lk.11:20,46, Lk.16:24, Jn.8:6, Jn.20:25,27

Nicknamed the “Hand of God’, this pulsar wind nebula was captured by NASA’s Nuclear Spectroscopic Array, or NuSTar.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means finger, thumb, toes, measure of length, and poetic syllable. The daktylos is the smallest unit of measure, a unit representing the thickness of a finger. The daktylos is equivalent to .76 inches. This term also refers to a long accented syllable followed by two short syllables. The word “poetry” is such an example. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.60 states “There was a woman called Phya, three inches short of six feet, four inches in height, and otherwise, too, well formed.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 4.5.12 states “Some of the soldiers were falling behind—those whose eyes had been blinded by the snow, or whose toes had rotten off by reason of the cold.”

Old Testament: This term means hand, finger, toe, power, and authority. God is often sometimes given human qualities. The “hand” and “finger” of God reference His power and creation. The finger of God denotes His direct intervention into man’s affairs. This activity involves moving over the upper waters, inscribing the commandments (on stone tablets), working miracles, and enacting plagues. When I see your heavens, the work of Your fingers, the moon and starts You set in place (Psa.8:3). He gave Moses the two tablets of the commandments, the stone tablets inscribed by God’s own finger (Ex.31:18). The priest dipping his finger in the blood, shall sprinkle some of it seven times before the Lord (Lev.4:5). And blessed be God Most High, who delivered your foes into your hands (Gen.14:20). The magicians said to Pharaoh, ‘This is the finger of God’ (Exo.8:

New Testament: This term means finger and power (authority). References to the use of the fingers occur in various situations. The Pharisees and scribes, acting like hypocrites, fail to lift their fingers in helping others’ burdens. Jesus heals the deaf man by putting His fingers into the deaf man’s ears. Thomas, lacking in belief, sought to place his fingers in Jesus’ nail marks. The rich man, suffering in the netherworld, sought out Lazarus to dip his finger in water to cool his tongue. Jesus begins to write on the ground with His finger in His efforts to shame others from throwing stones at the adulterous woman. It is by the finger of God that Jesus has the authority to drive out demons.

Scripture:

“They tie up heavy burdens (hard to carry) and lay them on people’s shoulders, but they will not lift a finger to move them.” Mt.23:4

The Pharisees and scribes act like hypocrites in not helping others.

“But Thomas said to them, ‘Unless I see the marks of the nails in His hands and put my finger into the nail-marks and put my hand into His side, I will not believe’”. Jn.20:25

“But if it is by the finger of God that I drive out demons, then the kingdom of God has come upon you.” Lk.11:20

The finger of God represents His authority.

Conclusion:

Digit, digital, pterodactyl, tactile (from the Latin tactillus [that may be touched])

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that this term was used for a standard of measurement. I was also never aware of the use of dactyls in po’-e-try. This is dif’-i-cult for me to wrap my “fingers” around.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on greater significance illustrating God’s authority and power.

In the New Testament, this term continues to convey the idea that Jesus gets His authority from God to drive out demons. Jesus also uses his hands (fingers) in His ministry.

In fact, there are about 22 words that end in –dactyl. So my candidates for useless words are:

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–

Syndactyl:  a condition where 2 or more digits (fingers or toes) are fused together

Hemidactyl: an ancient gecko having dilated toes

Paradactyl: the side of a bird’s toes

Hermodactyl: a type of root used in Western medicine (“Hermes finger”)

You have to ‘hand’ it to NASA for their amazing telescopic photography!

[Greek] θροέω (throeō), [Old English] thrawan, [Latin] perturbari: to be alarmed, to be disturbed, to be troubled, to frighten, to wail, to clamor, to be terrified; Mt.24:6, Mk.13:7, 2Thess.2:2

The Throes of Creation: painting by the Russian impressionist painter Leonid Pasternak (1862-1945)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make a loud sound, to cry loud, to utter aloud, to be stirred, to be moved, and to terrify. Sophocles’ Electra 1410 states “Look once more someone cries out!” Sophocles’ Ellectra 1195 states “There is no reason for indignation when the words of one crazed by a storm of pain are senseless.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 1141 states “Frenzied in soul you are, by some god possessed, and you wail in wild strains your own fate, like that brown bird that never ceases lament.” Sophocles’ Antigone 1287 states “Why do you ruin me? Herald of evil, of grief, what word do you say? What is this you report to me?” Euripides’ Orestes 187 states “Tell me, what end of trouble awaits him.”

Old Testament: This term means to make a loud sound, to be stirred, to be troubled, and to murmur. Surely they make an uproar for nothing (Psa.39:6). Why are you in despair, O my soul? And why have you become disturbed within me? (Psa.42:5). The nations made an uproar, the kingdoms tottored (Psa.46:6). And they will drink and be boisterous as with wine (Zec.9:15). And their waves will roared like many waters (Jer.51:55). Therefore My heart wails for Moab, like flutes (Jer.48:36). My heart yearns for him (Jer.31:20).

New Testament: This term essentially means to be alarmed or to be disturbed. Jesus was explaining to His disciples of the signs and happenings leading to His coming and to the end of the age. Jesus instructs the disciples not to be alarmed of wars (and reports of wars) which will come. Upon His return to His disciples, the despondent disciples were startled by His appearance. The insecure and uncertain disciples were encouraged and empowered by Jesus’ presence. Paul warns the Thessalonians not to be alarmed about deceitful spirits, false statements, and forged letters stating that the day of the Lord has already come. These deceptions will come as part of the events leading to the end of the age.

Scripture:

“But they were startled and terrified and thought they were seeing a ghost.” Lk.24:37

After Jesus had left the disciples, they were fearful and afraid. When they saw Jesus, they thought they saw a ghost.

“Not to be shaken out of your minds suddenly, or to be alarmed either by a spirit, or by an oral statement, or by a letter allegedly from us to the effect that the day of the Lord is at hand.” 2Thess.2:2

Paul warns the Thessalonians not to be alarmed by events (spirits, statements, or letters) stating that the day of the Lord is already at hand. Paul tells them these deceptions are bound to occur.

Throws/Throes: These two terms are homonyms (sounding the same, but having different meanings). Throes, a plural noun, is a violent condition or painful struggle. However, throws and throes, both closely related, come from the same Old English root thrawan, meaning to twist, to turn, and to torment. The original meaning of “throwing something” pertains to shaping it on a turning potter’s wheel. It is also interesting to note that the Old English word threa means calamity.

Conclusion:

Throes, throws, threat, perturbed

In Greek Hellenism, this term is present in all walks of life. After all, the Greek playwrights presented their plays as social commentaries on the human condition.

In the Old Testament, the downtrodden or less fortunate often experienced throes of difficulties or despair.

In the New Testament, Jesus and Paul both mention that struggles and difficulties will come first. Jesus tells His disciples not to be alarmed by such news. Paul warns his congregation about false messengers of doom.

We all are at some point in the throes of something (difficulties and struggles). Many times we all are like that clay pot being shaped and formed in these trials by God’s potting wheel.

Update March 2020: We are now in a time when we are all are trying to keep ourselves away from an unseen enemy, this Corona virus. May our social distancing become wary and wise!

[Greek] κίνησις (kinēsis), [Latin] motus: a moving, a stirring, agitation, movement, motion; Jn.5:3

Autokinesis: the visual illusion that stationary objects appear to be moving

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means motion, emotion, dance, political movement, revolution, change, army movement, punitive action, and a setting a process in motion. Plato’s Phaedrus 245c states “Every soul is immortal. For that which is ever moving is immortal but that which moves something else or is moved by something, when it ceases to move, ceases to live. Only that which moves itself never ceases to move.” Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian Wars 3.75 states “He at once endeavored to bring about a settlement, and persuaded the two parties to agree together to bring to trial ten of the ringleaders, who presently fled, while the rest were to live in peace, making terms with each other.”

Old Testament: Interestingly, this term occurs only once, pertaining to the movement of the lips. This term indirectly conveys solace. There is no Hebrew term for “your grief.” I could strengthen you with my mouth, and the solace of my lips could lessen your pain (Job.16:5).

New Testament: This term is sometimes not explicitly stated in Jn.5:3. The implied meaning refers to the movement of the water when the blind, lame and crippled man, suddenly healed, gets out of the water. An intermittent spring in the pool bubbling upon this occasion was also believed to cure. Later traditions held that an angel of God came down into the water. So the first person to get in the water was healed of the disease afflicting him.

Scripture:

“In these (pools) lay a large number of ill, blind, and crippled.” Jn.5:3

Later scriptural translations added ‘waiting for the movement of the water.”

Conclusion:

Kinetics, kinetic, kinesiology, telekinesis, motion, emotion

In Greek Hellenism, this term is often broadly referenced in politics, justice, and the soul. It is interesting that Plato touches upon the immortality of the soul. Plato believed immortality is related to motion. In a sense, Plato infers the idea that God is the ultimate mover, the source of all creation. As with later generations, politics is replete with political movements.

In the Old Testament, it was interesting to discover that this term, in a nuanced way, coveys solace by the movement of the lips.

In the New Testament, this term is sometimes only inferred when the healed man gets up out of the water. It is perhaps that  the bubbling (moving) springs was often believed to have healing powers.

Kinesiology is the study of the mechanics and anatomy in relationship to movement. In recent years, athletics are seen using kinesiology tape (varying shapes of black tape) on their muscles.

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–

This time, there was a large number (40) of terms to choose from for the “best” useless words. It was a difficult decision, but the nominees are:

Pyrokinesis: the ability to set objects or people on fire

Autokineses: the visual illusion that stationary objects appear to move

Biokinesis: the power to influence matter on a microscopic level

Chronokinesis: the ability to manipulate the flow of time

Echokinesis: the compulsion (act) of imitating others’ movements

Metallokineses: the psychic ability to manipulate or control metals

(I am sensing a science fiction vibe here…)

Well, it’s time for me to move on to my next post!

[Greek] σχολή (scholē), [Latin] scola: school, assembly hall, group of students, lecture hall, leisure, idleness; Acts 19:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means leisure, rest, enjoyment, discussion, lecture, school, learning, and office. Plato’s Apology 36d states “Now what is fitting for a poor man who is your benefactor, and who needs leisure to exhort you?” Euripides’ Heracles 725 states “Follow me, servants, that one may joyfully put an end to this delay of work.” Plato’s Laws 820c states “For students who are not absolutely worthless it is necessary to examine these and to distinguish the two kinds, and, by proposing such problems one to another, to compete in a game that is worthy of them. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 7.5.42 states “However, if great success is to have such consequences that a man is not able to have leisure for himself nor time to enjoy himself with his friends, I am ready to bid farewell to that sort of happiness.”

New Testament: For three months Paul debated theological issues in the synagogue in Ephesus. The Jewish opposition forced Paul and his disciples out of the synagogue. Paul rented a schole (lecture hall) from Tyrannus, a fellow Christian follower and school teacher. The workers took a break (leisure time) during the hot hours of the afternoon. Paul taught in the hall of Tyrannus from 10:00am to 4:00pm. Work, starting in the early morning, was usually completed by noon. Paul worked as a tentmaker. Acts. 19:8-10 makes reference to these events in scripture.

Scripture:

“But when some in their obstinance and disbelief disparaged the Way before the assembly, he withdrew and took his disciples with him and began to hold daily discussions in the lecture hall of Tyrannus.” Acts 19:9

The Jews’ opposition forced Paul and his disciples out of the synagogue. Paul had to find another location.

Etymology: The related Greek verb scholazo means to devote oneself to (studies).

Conclusion:

School, scholastic

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is used quite frequently referring to rest (leisure) and instruction. The Greeks used their leisure for education and social interaction. This term even refers to making time or not having the time for something.

Essentially, Paul and his followers were kicked out of the synagogue by the Jews. Paul used the hall of Tyrannus for instruction. Paul was essentially a scripture professor lecturing his students in this hall.

Another more nuanced meaning referring to a house being empty (unoccupied) as one leaves the house to seek leisure or other activity.

I hope that you were able to enjoy this post at your leisure!

[Greek] κόσμιος (kosmios), [Latin] compositus: well ordered, modest, of good behavior, orderly, respectable, decent, moderate, well arranged; 1Tim.2:9, 1Tim.3:2

St. Ignatius of Antioch Condemned by Trajan: a fresco at Church of St. Clement, Rome

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means one who disciplines himself, genuinely moral and respectable, controlled, measured, balanced, well mannered, and honorable. Plato’s Republic 500c states “But he fixes his gaze upon the things of the eternal and unchanging order, and seeing that they neither wrong nor are wronged by another, but will endeavor to imitate them.” Plato’s Phaedrus 256b states “They live a life of happiness and harmony here on earth, self controlled and orderly, holding in subjugation that which causes evil in the soul and giving freedom, to that which makes for virtue.” Lysias’ On the Scrutiny of Evandros 26.3 states “He will tell that he is an orderly person and is not seen as acting as other of our people venture to act, but he prefers to mind his own business.”

Greek world view: Beauty, harmony, and order were highly held Greek values. The Greek sought to attain these values. The universe (kosmos) was a highly ordered and inter-connected  system (earth, world, man and heavens). The Greek verb kosmeo means to beautify. The Greek adjective kosmetikos means skilled in adornment. Adornment pertains both to beauty, arrangement and structure. Athenian woman, living in a patriarchal society, usually lived in seclusion (living a well-ordered life). These women only left the house to attend religious ceremonies or festivals.

Old Testament: This term means to make straight, to set in order, and to arrange in order. Philo, a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher, states that the priesthood must have the qualities of justice, purity, and qualities above reproach. What is crooked cannot be straightened and what is lacking cannot be counted (Eccl.1:15). Consider the work of God, for who is able to straighten what He has bent? (Eccl.7:13). In addition to being a wise man, the preacher also taught the people knowledge, and he pondered, searched out and arranged many proverbs (Eccl.12:9).

New Testament: This term, used both as an adjective and an adverb, means modest, well ordered, proper and respectable. 1Tim.3:2 pertains to the necessary personal qualities needed for an effective bishop. Such qualities include hospitality, decency, temperance, self-control, and teaching abilities. 1Tim.2:9 pertains to how woman should adorn themselves. Women should adorn themselves with proper conduct, modesty and self-control. One must wear clothing appropriate to the occasion.

Scripture:

“Similarly, (too), women should adorn themselves with the proper conduct, with modesty and self-control, not with braided hairstyle and gold ornaments, or pearls, or expensive clothes.” 1Tim.2:9

Paul must have been aware of a serious problem (issue) where woman had inappropriately dressed. Paul, also influenced by Hellenism, was familiar with the Greek ideal of modesty and proper conduct.

“Therefore, a bishop must be irreproachable, married only once, temperate, self-controlled, decent, hospitable, able to teach.” 1Tim.3:2

Paul was essentially stating the necessary qualities for a good bishop.

Conclusion:

Cosmos, cosmetic, cosmic, composite, composition, composed

It was a highly held Greek value to seek harmony, order, and beauty. This order in creation extended to human behavior advocating a morally ordered life. Adornment extends to order and beauty which are inter-related. Plato makes an important observation of one seeking and finding the divine. This seems to be an early secular precursor to the idea of man seeking the way of God.

In the Old Testament, seeking to keep straight and keeping in order pertain to one’s relationship with God. Even later in the New Testament, John the Baptist makes references of preparing the way of the Lord and making straight His paths (Mt.3:3).

Ancient Greek Female Athletes

In the New Testament, Paul provides a timeless commentary on the necessary qualities that a bishop must have to in order to be faithful in his ministry. This takes on greater importance in light of the social and moral failings of many bishops (and priests) in the current sexual abuse crisis in the Church. It is rather curious as to why Paul makes such an issue about what woman should wear. Evidently, there must have been a serious issue (crisis) that Paul had to respond to. Aside from that, I think it goes without saying both men and woman should dress with modesty. This is both a Greek and Christian value. Paul is essentially saying that one must dress appropriately for the occasion. In other words, do not dress as if for a fashion show if one is going to a religious assembly.  Interestingly, in ancient Greece, woman often dressed in bikinis (or sports bras) — yes, that is right– in athletic competitions. (They dressed for this purpose).

St. Ignatius of Antioch provides a wonderful example for bishops in upholding one’s moral conduct and teachings. He even died for what he stood up for . St. Ignatius was adorned (composed) with moral courage and fortitude. That is very attractive to any one!

[Greek] ἡλικία (hēlikia), [Latin] helix: maturity, age, stature, lifetime, generation; Mt.6:27, Lk.2:52, Lk.12:25, Jn.9:21,23, Eph.4:13, Heb.11:11

The scroll (volute) is the decoratively carved spiral part of the violin.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means age, advanced age, youth, prime of life, adulthood, physical maturity, and age of discretion. This term, also known as a volute, was a spiral ornamentation in Corinthians or Ionic columns. Homer’s Iliad 22.419 states “I will make prayer to you ruthless men, yon worker of violence, if so be he may have same before his fellows and have pity on my old age.” Desmothenes’ Funeral Orations 60.11 states “They went on bearing the brunt of all dangers that chanced to arise until the laps of time brings us to the generation now living.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.209 states “Darius was the eldest of his sons, then about twenty years old, this Darius had been left behind in Persia, not yet being of age to go on campaign.”

Old Testament: This term means age, stature, height, and maturity. The altar shall be square, at its height shall be three cubits (Exo.27:1). Do not look at his appearance or at the height of his stature, because I have rejected him (1Sam.16:7). The height of one cherub was ten cubits (1Kgs.6:26). Your stature is like a palm tree, and your breasts are like its clusters (Sol.7:7). Those also who are all tall in stature will be cut down and those who are lofty will be abased (Isa.10:33). Therefore its height was loftier than all the trees of the field (Eze.31:5).

New Testament: This term means lifespan, stature, height, maturity, and age. God calls each of us to have trust in Him, despite our worries and insecurities. After they had lost the young Jesus, Joseph and Mary found Jesus in the temple. Despite His youth, the young Jesus advanced in wisdom, age, and favor before God and man. The blind man, healed by Jesus, was of the age to be able to speak for himself. The final goal of the Christian is to attain spiritual maturity. The work of the apostles, pastors and teachers serve to provide this instruction to others.

Scripture:

“Can any of you by worrying as a single moment to your life-span?” Mt.6:27

God calls upon us to trust in Him. However, our fears and insecurities in life often get in the way of doing this.

“And Jesus advanced in wisdom and age and favor before God and man.” Lk.2:52

The young Jesus grew in His stature in His Father’s house.

“Until we all attain to the unity of faith and knowledge of the Son of God, to mature manhood, to the extent of the full stature of Christ.” Eph.4:13

We are called to grow to in spiritual maturity. We are also called  to utilize the resources of the Church in order to grow spiritually.

The volute (spiral ornamentation) of the Ionic column.

Helix: A helix, a spiral thing, finds itself in mathematical curves, coil springs, DNA and RNA sequences, staircases, architectural ornamentation, shells, and violins. In architecture, a helix is the scroll ornamentation found on a Corinthian column (capital). A volute is the scroll ornamentation found on an Ionic column (capital). In mathematics, the helix is a curve in a three-dimensional space. The DNA and RNA helix make up the building blocks of life.

Conclusion:

Helix, helical, scroll

First of all, I would have never have thought that this term would mean age, maturity, and stature. The idea of a helix or a spiral does not come up in this primary meaning. However, this comes up in the spherical ornamentation of a Corinthian or Ionic column.

Jesus’ stature increases in wisdom in the eyes of His contemporaries. Most importantly, this term pertains to attaining spiritual maturity. As spiritual infants, we are called upon to seek the resources of the apostles, pastors, priests, and teachers in our spiritual growth.

It is interesting to note that the Latin volute means scroll. The spiral shape is most notably found in the violin.

Little did I know that this spherical (helical) sense would take second fiddle to the original meaning of this term from ages past.

[Greek] ἐντρέπω (entrepō), [Latin] vereor, [Latin] revereor, [Latin] irreprehensibilis, [Latin] confundere: to stand in awe: to put to shame, to invert, to respect, to confound, to reverence, to make ashamed, to feel respect for, to turn in; Mt.21:37, Mk.12:6, Lk.18:2,4, 1Cor.4:14, 2Thess.3:14, Tit.2:8, Heb.12:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to turn about, to make one turn, to hesitate, to fell misgivings, to turn toward to, to give heed to, to reverse, to respect, to show reverence, and to shame.

Polybius’ Histories 31.2: “To the ambassadors of the Gauls in Asia they granted autonomy, on condition that they remained within their dwellers, and went on to warlike expeditions beyond their frontiers.”

Sophocles’ Ajax 90: “You there, Ajax, once I again I call you! Why do show so little regard for your city?”

Plato’s Crito 52c: “And moreover even at your trial you might have offered exile as your penalty. But then you put on airs and said you were not disturbed if you must die. And now you are not ashamed to think of those words, and you do not respect us and the laws.”

Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 724: “Pay them no regard.”

Old Testament: This term, related to several Hebrew terms, means to shame, to confound, to insult (humiliate), to humble, to be humble, to be contrite, and to dishonor.

New Testament: This term means to respect, to make ashamed, and to be ashamed. Jesus presents the parable of the tenants, a story of the wicked tenants rejecting the landowner’s son and servants. For purposes of brevity, I will exclude mention of the parable of the tenants.

Scripture:

1Cor.4:14: “I am writing you this not to shame you, but to admonish you as my beloved children.” (Paul, in a constructive manner, uses shame to correct his congregation. Paul acts like a loving father.)

2Thess.3:14: “If anyone does not obey our word as expressed in this letter, take note of this person not to associate with him, that he may be put to shame.” (Paul calls upon the Thessalonians not to be remiss in doing good. Those who do not obey this word are to be shamed and ostracized. Some of the Thessalonians are acting in a disorderly way.)

Lk.18:4: For a long time the judge was unwilling, but eventually he thought, ‘While it is true that I neither fear God  nor respect any human being, but this widow keeps bothering me.” (The persistent women alludes to the importance of persistent prayer.)

Tit.2:7-8: “Show yourself as a model of good deeds and sound speech that cannot be criticized, so that the opponent will be put to shame without anything bad to say about us.” (One’s good behavior and example will put others to shame.)

Heb.12:9: “We had our earthly fathers to discipline us and we respected them. Should we not then submit all the more to the Father.” (As God treats us sons and daughters, we must endure our trials as discipline from a loving Father.)

Entropy: This is a measure of the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system. The 2^nd Law of Thermodynamics states that the energy state of system moves from a state of order to a state of disorder over time. The process will cease when an equilibrium of energy states has been achieved.

Etymology: This term literally means “turning in upon oneself.” This inward turning (en-) provides a time of self-reflection and allowing one to examine one’s actions. This self-reflection can involve shame, humbleness, remorse, or reverence. This inward turning often allows for conversion. Entropy is a measure of disorder (reduction of order).

“Entropy makes things fall, but life (and God) ingeniously rigs the game so that when they do they often fall into place.” John  Tooby

“If you look at the world, you’ll be distressed. If you look within, you’ll be depressed. If you look at God you’ll be at rest.” Corrie ten Boom

Conclusion:

Entropy, reverence, revere, confound, confounding, reprehensible

It is interesting to note that turning inward, disorder, and reducing are related. Turning inward in self reflection may cause one to feel small or humbled. One can feel troubled or disordered (out of sorts).

It is significant to note that the process of turning inward (self-reflection) may involve shame, remorse, humbleness, hesitation, fear, and reverence. On the other hand, having no shame means doing whatever one wants, not caring what others think.

This term, used both positively and negatively, quite frequently appears in the Old Testament culture. This term is very relatable to poor, humble, and vulnerable people. Interestingly, having a humbleness in heart and contriteness often leads to a favorable relationship with God.

Interestingly, thermodynamic laws have a similarity with the spiritual life. A person, who turns inward to draw upon his own powers (abilities), will ultimately face spiritual weakness and emptiness. On the other hand, one, who humbles (decreases) himself and seeks outward help from God, will find spiritual strength.

Update: Pope Francis (and his inner circle), in their “outreach” to the LGBTQ community, continually fail to point our sinful nature of homosexuality and same-sex unions. These clergy are not stating traditional Church teachings and Jesus’ command to sin no more (Jn.8:11). They have no respect for Church teachings and Jesus’ commands.

Pope Francis and his inner circle are not respecting (telling the truth about) the LGBTQ community. These clergy are putting these people eternal soul in mortal peril by saying that this lifestyle is permitted by God.

The LGBTQ community often get upset by traditional Catholic and Christian beliefs. Rather than being told the truth, many perceive the Church is being hateful and intolerant.

Gender ideology advocates and transgenders also get upset by traditional Catholic teachings believing the God created only two genders.

[Greek] σκανδαλίζω (skandalizō), [Latin] scandalizare, [Latin] offendere: to take offense, to be offended, to cease to believe, to set a trap, to fall into sin, to cause sin, to stumble, to get caught in a trap (snare); Mt.5:29,30, Mt.11:6, Mt.13:21,57, Mt.15:12, Mt.17:27, Mt.18:6,8-9, Mt.24:10, Mt.26:31,33, Mk.4:17, Mk.6:3, Mk.9:42,43,45,47, Mk.14:27,29, Lk.7:23, Lk.17:2, Jn.6:61, Jn.16:1, 1Cor.8:13, 2Cor.11:29

The ancient bait trap, snare, or dead-fall trap was called a skandalon.

Background information

Skandalon: A skandalon is essentially a dead-fall trap or snare. Meat or bait is secured on a stick to trap an animal. This term later takes on a metaphorical sense of falling in a trap (scandal). In addition, this term takes on the metaphorical sense of a stumbling block causing one to fall (or fail) in some activity. The related verb skandalizo makes reference to falling in a trap (snare) and stumbling.

Greek Hellenism: This term, rarely used, essentially means to set traps. Aristophanes’ Acharnians 687 makes a metaphorical reference of this term. The old veterans of Acharnai (in Athens) complain at length about the ungrateful treatment they receive from the young lawyers who take them to court. During cross examination, these lawyers set verbal traps for them, resulting in their conviction. These veterans have to use their life savings (for funeral expenses) to pay the fine. This story leads to a tragic conclusion.

Old Testament: This term, originally meaning to catch in a snare, now primarily means to stumble or slip in a spiritual context. The related noun, originally meaning stick, now primarily means obstacle, stumbling block, and cause for ruin. However, both of these terms still continue to convey a sense of a trap or getting caught in a trap. He shall enter the glorious land and many shall fall (Dan.11:41). Through his lips is the sinner ensnared; the railer and the arrogant man fall thereby (Sir.23:8). He who studies the law masters it, but the hypocrite finds it a trap (Sir.32:15). The way of the wicked is like darkness. They do not know over what they stumble (Prov.4:19). When my enemies turn back, they stumble and perish before You (Psa.9:3). Therefore He humbled their hear with labor; they stumbled and there was none to help (Psa.107:12).

New Testament: This term means to stumble, to fall into sin, to cause to sin, to fall away, to take offense, and to offend, and to cease to believe (have one’s faith shaken). Interestingly, examples include mostly from Matthew’s and Mark’ gospel. Scriptures include parables, hyperboles, and Jesus’ statements. This term essentially means ruining or destroying one’s relationship with God. The references to Old Testament scriptures point to the fact that the eschatological temptation (fall) is already occurring. Jesus uses hyperboles and parables to illustrate the seriousness of falling into sin. The scribes, Pharisees, and Sadducees, acting like scriptural gate-keepers often take offense at Jesus’ statements and actions. Even some disciples walk away when Jesus mentions that they must eat His Body and drink His Blood.

Scripture: (focusing on taking offense, being offended, being shocked)

“And blessed is the one who takes no offense at Me.” Mt.11:6

Jesus mentions that the time of salvation will be marked by healings and raising of the dead. Jesus tells John the Baptist’s followers that He is the one who will come after him.

“And they took offense at Him. But Jesus said to them, ‘A prophet is not without honor except in his native place and in his home.” Mt.13:57

The people in Jesus’ native place Nazareth were astonished by Jesus’ wisdom and deeds. They could only see Jesus as Joseph’s and Mary’s son. Familiarity with Jesus’ background causes others to view Jesus as pretentious.

“Hear and understand. It is not that what enters one’s mouth that defiles the person; but what comes out of the mouth is what defiles one. Then His disciples approached and said to Him, ‘Do you know that the Pharisees took offense when they heard what you said?’” Mt.15:10-12

The Pharisees took offense at what Jesus said. The Pharisees defend the Law prescriptions of purity practices. Jesus makes a statement contradicting what the Law says. Jesus calls these Pharisees blind guides. Jesus states comes that what comes out of one’s heart is what defiles.

“Whoever eats My flesh and drinks my blood remains in Me and I in him…Since Jesus knew that His disciples were murmuring about this, He said to them, ‘Does this shock you?’” Mt.6:56,61

Many of the disciples became uncomfortable with Jesus’ words that they must eat His flesh and drink His blood. Jesus’ words were “offensive” to them. Some disciples walked away because of their lack of faith and understanding. These disciples did not understand what Jesus was saying. The disciples must probably thought that Jesus was referring to cannibalism.

Literature: The Catholic Douay-Rhims translation of the New Testament, published in 1582, caused quite a stir when it replaced the words “offend” and “stumbling block” with “scandalize” and “scandal.” Despite initial criticism, this terminology was accepted in the European continent accustomed to and familiar with scandals in many aspects of life. Medieval and Renaissance writers, including Shakespeare, quickly adopted these terms. Interestingly, Shakespeare’s play Hamlet makes references to mousetraps and scandals.

Social Media: We now live in an age where news, events, opinions, thoughts, and pictures can be instantaneously shared and transmitted. With this comes varying viewpoints, ideologies, and moral beliefs. These changing cultural, social, and religious values often clash, resulting in debates about what is considered socially acceptable. Issues concerning what is freedom of speech, hate speech, censorship, and what is considered offensive are coming to the forefront. Social media corporations are constantly confronting these issues with mixed results. These social media platforms (gatekeepers) have often been accused of using bias in filtering the transmission of information, often resulting in blocking or not blocking users.

Conclusion:

Offense, offence, scandalous, scandal, scandalize

To be honest, I had never heard of a skandalon being a trap or snare. In hindsight, this meaning make sense in light of its current meaning. I was surprised that this term was not frequently used in a non literal way. The Greek writer Aristophanes employs this term referring to lawyers setting verbal traps. Perhaps, this becomes the starting point for the unfavorable image of inscrupulous lawyers.

For the New Testament, I wanted to focus on the scriptural examples of being offended. Scandalizing also extends to man’s relationship with Jesus. The Pharisees, scribes, and Sadducees were often offended by Jesus’ statements and actions. They perceived Jesus acting in contradiction to the Law and Jewish practices. Falling away in sin or faith takes on serious eschatological consequences. This is why Jesus often used hyperbolic language (drowning in the sea and cutting off a body part) to illustrate its serious consequences. It is important to note that Jesus did not try to convince His disciples to come back saying, “Come back. I was only speaking figuratively!” Jesus was speaking literally of His Body and Blood. The great sad irony is that the Jews could not drink (the blood) because the blood is life (Deut.12:23). This was an established Jewish restriction. Yet, Jesus was offering everlasting life through His blood. It is quite interesting to note that Jn.6:66 refers to many disciples walking away and returning to their former way of life.

Even some Church leaders are having to confront the realities of the changing definition of marriage. Many Church leaders often “stumble” in failing to defend the traditional definition of marriage for fear of being viewed as hateful or intolerant. The LGBTQ community is often offended when Christians (and Catholics) do not change their beliefs in order to accommodate them. Many Catholics are becoming upset as to why a Catholic president (who supports abortion) should be allowed to receive Communion. Many of us are upset about critical race theory being taught at various levels of government. Believing that you are not capable of accomplishing something because of others is very offensive.

The social media platforms have declared themselves as gate-keepers in the transmission of information and news. These social media gatekeepers have quite often been rightly accused of being biased,  ignorant, and theologically “blind”, resulting in inconsistent and confusing actions. Social media platforms have often banned traditional Christian viewpoints (abortion, marriage, etc) deemed “offensive” to current social thinking. St. Mother Theresa’s statements about abortion: “Abortion is profoundly anti-woman” was ruled offensive on Twitter. It was only after the public outcry that this decision was reversed. We seem now to be living in a bizzaro post-Christian world in which oftentimes Christian views (which come from God) are deemed offensive. (Taking this to its logical conclusion, one must conclude that God is offensive!)

Then there all the unresolved issues about this past election.

Now these are things which we can really take offense at!

[Greek] ἐξαρτίζω (exartizō), [Latin] complere: to fit out, to equip, to complete, to furnish, to accomplish, to finish; Acts 21:5, 2Tim.3:17

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to complete, to finish, to equip, to furnish, to supply, and to provide for oneself. Herodotus’ The Histories 9.66 states “He had with him a great army as many as 40,000 men. He knew full well what the outcome would be, and no sooner had the Greeks and Persians met than he led these with a fixed purpose; telling them to follow him all together wherever he should lead them, whatever they thought his intent might be.”  Plutarch’s Alexander 7 states “It would appear, moreover, that Alexander not only received from his master his ethical and political doctrines, but also participated in those secret and more profound teachers which philosophers designate by the special terms acroamatic and epoptic.”

Old Testament: This term essentially means to bind or to unite. All these came as allies to the valley of Siddim (Gen.14:3). Ephraim is joined to idols (Hos.4:17). Jerusalem, that is built as a city that is compact together (Psa.122:3). Five curtains shall be joined to one another (Exo.26:3). They made attaching shoulder pieces for the ephod; it was attached so that it would be a unit (Exo.36:18). It shall have two shoulder pieces joined to its two ends, that it may be joined (Exo.28:7).

New Testament: This term means to finish (bring to an end) and to equip. In a strictly secular sense, after arriving by ship to Tyre, Paul and the others resumed their journey. Paul denotes what is right or proper in how a Christian should act. In his letter to Timothy, Paul states that all scripture is inspired by God and is useful to teaching, instruction, correction, and training in righteousness. Scriptures are the word of God in human language. These scriptures’ divine authority (along with God) equip Christians in sharing the gospel.

Scripture:

“So that one who belongs to God may be competent, equipped for every good work.” 2Tim. 3:17

God calls and equips (provides for) others the means to serve and share the gospel message.

Etymology: This term is related to the Greek artios and katartizo. Artios, also found in 2Tim.3:17, means perfect or competent. Interestingly, artios is related to the Latin ars, meaning skill and craft. This idea implies unity, harmony, working together, art, skill, and craft. The early Greeks make reference to how a ball and socket joint is fitted together. This imagery describes a skilled artisan fully equipped to undertake a craftsmanship or ministry. Katartizo is a strengthened from of the Greek artizo. Katartizo, used in the sense of restoring, can mean repairing nets, mending bones, outfitting a ship, and training an athlete.

Conclusion:

Complete, art, artisan, artistic, arthritis, completion

First of all, I was curious if this Greek term was in fact related to the word ‘art’. I was correct. This term seems very applicable to all walks of life and situations such as leading, instructing, and teaching.

In the Old Testament, this term is more narrowly defined as binding or uniting. This term makes reference to binding (worshiping or showing allegiance) to idols.

In the New Testament, God and scripture provides for all what we need. The above picture and quote says it best.

To all Christian contestants, make sure you put on your equipment (gear) and ‘drink in your electrolytes of faith’ as you compete in the Christian race (life).

[Greek] παράπτωμα (paraptōma), [Latin] transgressio, [Latin] lapsi; false step, transgression, error, fault, offense, sin, blunder; Mt.6:14-15, Mt.18:35, Mk.11:25-26, Ron.4:25, Rom.5:15-17,18,20, Rom.11:11, 2Cor.5:19, Gal.6:1, Eph.1:7, Eph.2:1,5, Col.2:13, Jas.5:16

The Lapsi were early Christians who had fallen (lapsed) in their faith. The Traditories were early Christians who handed over their scriptures and fellow Christians to the Roman authorities.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means false step, slip, and blunder. Polybius’ Histories 15.23 states “Just when Phillip’s ambassador was defending his master before the Rhodians, a man entered and brought the news of the enslavement of the Clans and the cruelty which Phillip exercised on them. The ambassador then had been betrayed himself, and so blind or misguided to the principles of right and wrong.” Polybius’ Histories 16.20 states “These and similar blunders appear to me to reflect very great discredit upon writers. It is necessary to endeavor to make one’s self master of all departments of history alike. If I am ever deflected in making a deliberate misstatement, and disregarding truth in any part of my history, to criticize me unmercifully. But If I do so from lack of information, to make allowances.”

Old Testament: This term is related to several Hebrew terms. This term can mean lamenting, mourning, wickedness, treachery, sin, transgression, moral mistake, neglect, and rebellion. Who can detect heedless failings? Cleanse me from my unknown faults (Psa.18:13). Then he makes known to them what they have done and their sins of boastful pride (Job.36:9). Beware of being negligent in carrying out this matter (Ezr.4:22). But Haman hurried home, mourning, with his head covered (Gen.37:35). Thus I will make the land desolate, because they have acted unfaithfully, declares the Lord God (Eze.15:8). So Saul died for his trespass which he committed against the Lord (1Chr.10:13). Who can discern his errors? Acquit me of hidden faults (Psa.19:12). Then these mean said to themselves, ‘We shall find not grounds for accusation against Daniel unless by way of the law of his God (Dan.6:5).

New Testament: This term essentially means transgression and trespass. Transgressions can occur between man and man and between God and man. Being caught up (dead) in transgressions follows the ways of the world. One must correct a person (caught in transgressions) with a gentle spirit. Jesus was handed over for our transgressions. The Jews’ unbelief (transgressions) has made it possible for the preaching of the gospel to the Gentiles outside the confines of the Jewish culture. Jesus’ grace, mercy, and redemption far surpass our transgressions.

Scripture:

“Jesus was handed over for our transgressions and was raised for our justification.” Rom.4:25

Jesus’ grace and redemption far surpasses our transgressions.

“Hence I ask, did they stumble so as to fall? Of course not! But through their transgression, salvation has come to the Gentiles, so as to make them jealous.” Rom.11:11

God’s providence foreknew the Jews’ unbelief. God allows for a greater access and acceptance of the gospel outside the confines of the Jewish culture. Paul hopes to fill the Jews with jealously. Israel is also called to accept the gospel message.

“You were dead in your transgressions and sins.” Eph.2:1

Transgressions in sin are part of the culture of the world (culture of death). God comes to be bring life to those in the world. This world is ruled by the lies and deception of the evil one.

Lapsi: The Lapsi were apostates in the early Church who renounced their faith under persecution of the Roman authorities. These people were essentially those whose faith had lapsed or fallen away. Fearful of persecution, these Christians complied with the Roman demands that they give their allegiance to pagan gods and to the emperor. The Decian persecution (250 AD) forced Christians to make sacrifices. Upon completion of these sacrifices, one received a libellus (legal document proving conformity with Roman religion). Traditores were those who handed over their sacred scriptures to the authorities. The Greek word trader means to hand over. Christianity also was handed over to younger generations through tradition.

Ptomaine: Ptomaine is any of a group of organic (amine) compounds of unpleasant taste and odor formed in putrefying animal and vegetable matter. This is the process of bacterial decomposition of organic patter. Ptomaine poisoning is caused by bacteria.

Etymology: This term means a falling beside (para-) of one’s intended or proposed way. This term is related to the Greek verb pipto, meaning to fall down. This term means to trespass into a wrong area, to make a mistake, to make an offense, to lapse, to slip, to make a transgression, and to make a trespass. Essentially, this term means to be like a fallen one. The Latin verb tradere means to hand over or to deliver. Handing over values, faith, books, stories, etc. to subsequent generations becomes a practice of tradition.

Conclusion:

Ptomaine, transgress, transgression, lapse, relapse, traitor

It is not surprising that trespassing and transgressions are related to falling down. Transgressing means falling into trouble, danger, and temptation. Lapsing (relapsing) means falling down in discipline. Temptation means falling into questionable behavior. In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is often used in geopolitics. In the Old Testament, this term is also used quite extensively.

Jesus was handed over (and betrayed by Judas) to the Jewish authorities by man’s transgressions. In God’s providence, He knew and permitted the Jews’ unbelief for a greater good. Because of the Jews’ unbelief, God allows for a greater access and receptivity for the Gentles to accept the gospel message. Ultimately, the gospel would also be available to the Jews. It is interesting to note that being dead in transgressions is a sign of the world. This idea leads further credence to the notion of the culture of death. Of course, we are all familiar with temptation and transgressions from the Our Father prayer.

Many Christians fell in their faith in becoming a Lapsi. Others handed over their scriptures to the Roman authorities.

I hope this post helps lead us not into complacency but delivers us from ignorance (about transgressions and trespasses).

[Greek] θυρεός (thyreos): long oblong shield, armor for protection; Eph.6:16

A re-enactment of the testudo (“turtle”) formation of the Roman infantry. The Roman scutum (shield) has a rectangular circular shape.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means shield. The original meaning refers to a large stone placed in front of a door as a guard against intrusion. The shield’s form has varied over time among cultures. A scutum is a Roman rectangular semi-circular shield protecting the soldier. Homer’s Iliad 15.646 states “For, as he turned back, he tripped upon the rim of the shield that he himself bare, a shield that reached to the feet, a defense against javelins.” Polybius’ Histories 2.30 states “For the Gallic shields, not being big enough to cover the man, the larger the naked body, the more certainty was there of the spear hitting.”

Old Testament: This term means shield, buckler, thorn (hook), and God’s protection. A buckler is a small hand-held shield. This term metaphorically refers to God’s faithfulness, protection, and favor. Hedges of thorns are also used as a barrier of protection. Prepare shield and buckler! March to battle (Jer.46:3). Take up the shield and buckler, rise up in my defense (Psa.34:2). Lord, bless the just; you surround them with favor like a shield (Psa.5:12). God’s faithfulness is a protecting shield (Psa.91:4). He shall take invincible rectitude as a shield (Sol.5:19). Better than a stout shield and a sturdy spear it will fight for you against the foe (Sir.29:13). He is a shield to all who take refuge in Him (2Kgs.22:31). A shield before me is God who saves the honest heart (Psa.7:10).

New Testament: This term, found only once, refers to a shield. Faith is metaphorically presented as a shield. This metaphorical shield is used to quench (put out) the flaming arrows of the evil one. These flaming arrows are the attacks (actions) of the devil. Faith, like a shield, is a divine given reality. The faith (fellowship) granted to believers can ward off these attacks.

Scripture:

“In all circumstances, hold faith as a shield, to quench all the flaming arrows of the evil one.” Eph.6:16

Thyroid: The name of this gland comes from thyreos (shield) and eidos (like). The thyroid has an oblong shield shape. The term thyroid was first used by Thomas Wharton in 1675. The thyroid regulates the body’s metabolism. Interestingly, goiter (enlarged thyroid) comes from the Latin term gutter, meaning throat. The Latin word glandulae refers to thyroid.

Conclusion:

Thyroid

It is perhaps not surprising that this term has the sense of protection. The original meaning of this term refers to a stone before a door. It does make sense that the early Greek physicians would have described the thyroid as door shaped.

In the Old Testament, it is important to note that God, not faith, is considered as a shield. I learned that a buckler is a small hand held circular shield. Thorns and hooks are also related to this term.

In the New Testament, this term only metaphorically represents faith as a shield protecting against the fiery arrows of the evil one.

The Christian life and a battle are often like two sides of the same shield.

[Greek] ἐπιστέλλω (epistellō), [Latin] mittere, [Latin] scribere: to send a message (by letter), to enjoin by writing, to communicate by letter, to write a letter; Acts 15:20, Acts 21:25, Heb.13.22

The tabula (wax tablet) was also used for writing and children’s education.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means sending a message, writing a letter, receiving a message, enjoining, giving orders, receiving orders, receiving instructions, and giving orders. Herodotus’ The Histories 7.239 states “Xerxes was resolved to send word of the king’s attack. Xerxes feared detection and had not other way of informing them than this trick—taking a double tablet, he scraped away the wax from it, and then wrote the king’s plan on the wood. Next he melted the wax back again over the writing.” Herodotus’ The Histories 4.131 states “The Scythian kings sent a herald to Darius with the gift of a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows. He said that he had only been told to give these gifts and leave at once; he told the Persians to figure out what the presents meant themselves.”

Old Testament: This term has many Hebrew references. Such examples include sending, sending forth, sending out, sending away, casting out, and letting go.

New Testament: This term essentially means writing a letter. Paul, influenced by Hellenism, constructs a letter consisting of an opening (greeting), thanksgiving (prayer), body (doctrinal teachings and instructions), and conclusion (signature). The senders (Paul and Luke) attain a status of authority as deputies of Christ. The Christian epistles become literary sources of authority. These letters often were written in order to address a specific situation or matter at a point in time. Written epistles (letters) and oral tradition both contribute to the transmission and clarification of faith matters.

Scripture:

“But tell them by letter to avoid pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, the meat of strangled animals, and blood.” Acts 15:20

The Council of Jerusalem addresses the social issues concerning the Gentiles. The issues involve idols, unlawful marriage, and meat from sacrifices. The council sent a letter to the Gentiles in order to clarify what the Gentiles must accept and avoid concerning these issues.

Conclusion:

Epistle, scribe, transmit, describe, transmission

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include giving and receiving orders, subterfuge, and ambiguity.

It is also important to note that Paul, a Roman citizen, and Luke, a Greek, were both influenced by Hellenism. They already would have been familiar with the Hellenistic letter form. These letters served to address a doctrinal matter or question. It is also interesting that the Greek term porneia refers to an unlawful marriage. (It seems very providential that Luke would use the Greek porneia in light of our current society’s desire to redefine marriage. We must also not forget that Luke was inspired by the Holy Spirit in using this specific term. That Luke would use this term sends a very powerful message that God intended marriage to be only between a man and woman.) The Latin term tabula refers to a wax tablet.

At the beginning of the New Testament culture, the Old Testament was the only written scriptures in existence. The New Testament scriptures, in a written form, were not yet in existence at this time in history. Rather, Christianity was transmitted by oral tradition (word of mouth). Letters were also used to respond to issues and to transmit the faith in farther geographical locations. Over time, numerous scriptures were written. Years later, church councils were convened to determine which scriptures were considered valid (inspired). History shows that the Church developed and existed many years even before the official canon of scripture was formerly determined.

I hope this post has helped you to really wax nostalgic in thinking how the Church and bible came into being.

[Greek] κατηγορία (katēgoria), [Latin] accusare, [Latin] accusatio accusation, category, predicament, complaint, criminal charge, legal charge, predicate (something which affirms); Jn.18:29, 1Tim.5:19, Tit.1:6, Lk.6:7

The remains of the Roman agora in Athens.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means accusation and charges made against. This term derives from (agoreuo) “to speak in assembly” and (kata-) “against”. In a sense, one being accused of something is essentially put in a “category”. Aristotle’s Organon, a standard collection of logic, states that all possible kinds of things can be the subject or the predicate of a proposition. A predicament is essentially something predicated (something required). Interestingly, the related Greek verb diaballo means to accuse or to slander. This term essentially means to “throw (-ballo) across (dia-). The Greek diabolos means accuser or slanderer. Not surprisingly, this refers to the devil (Satan).

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.50 states “Regarding this accusation Cleomenes crossed over to Aegina intending to arrest the most culpable of all people.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 5.8.1 states “Accusations were also made against Xenophon by certain men who claimed that he had beaten them, and so brought the charge of wanton assault.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.2.9 states “But said his accuser (Polycrates), Socrates taught his companions to despise the established laws by insisting on the folly of public officials by lot.”

New Testament: This term means crime, accusation, and charge. These scriptural references pertain to the reasons for a charge and accepting a charge. Pilate inquires about what type of crime that Jesus should be charged with. The scribes and Pharisees, watching Jesus to see if He heals on the Sabbath, will have a reason to charge Him for violating the Sabbath laws. Paul warns against accepting an accusation against a presbyter unless it is supported by 2 or 3 witnesses. Paul instructs Titus to appoint blameless presbyters without accusations of bad character.

Scripture:

“Do not accept an accusation against a presbyter unless it is supported by two are three witnesses.” 1Tim.5:19

Paul instructed Timothy to make sure the truth of an accusation against someone be made public and be proven.

“The scribes and the Pharisees watched Him closely to see if He would cure on the Sabbath so that they might discover a reason to accuse Him.” Lk.6:7

It was against the Sabbath laws to work on the Sabbath. The scribes and Pharisees were looking for any reason or cause to arrest and persecute Jesus.

Conclusion:

Category, categorical, accuse, accusation

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that this word was a legal term for accusing or charging someone. This is in contrast to one responding to a charge (apology). Aristotle provides a more philosophical perspective in providing classifications. This term also becomes a grammatical term affirming or stating something about the subject in a sentence. The predicate essentially tells what happens with the subject.

Not surprisingly, Satan is the greater accuser, who “throws” accusations, deceit, and defiance toward individuals.

The Law required that 2 or 3 witness must be needed to prove the evidence of the accusations (charges) against a person. Otherwise, a charge cannot be made. Interestingly, Jesus uses this principle of 2 or 3 gathered together as witnesses of His presence.

The scribes and Pharisees were very happy to find any reason (evidence) to accuse Jesus of blasphemy. The Jews wanted Pilate to charge Jesus of such crimes. Paul instructs Timothy to appoint presbyters with great integrity and integrity. Any such stated accusations made must be publicly investigated.

One who is accused of crimes (sexual abuse, harassment, etc) is put in a “category” in the public arena. These persons receive greater scrutiny, publicity, or notoriety. Whether or not these are true or false, these persons find themselves in a predicament (a situation defined by something). In light of the Church sexual abuse crisis, the scriptural mandate to appoint honest and worthy presbyters and priests is now more important than ever.

I must categorically state that I found this term to be very interesting. This was predicated on my previous lack of knowledge about this term.

[Greek] ἀνάπαυσις (anapausis), [Latin] resto: rest, cessation, intermission, respite, relaxation, refreshment; Mt.11:29, Mt.12:43, Lk.11:24, Rev.4:8, Rev.14:11

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means rest (from something), repose, relaxation, and recreation. Plutarch’s De Liberis Educandis 13 states “While they (parents) are over-hasty to advance their children in all sorts of learning beyond their equals, they set them to hard and laborious tasks. We ought therefore to give children some time to take breath from their constant labors.” Xenophon’s Constitution of the Lacedaimonians 12.6 states “After the exercises the senior colonel gives the order by herald to sit down. This is their method of inspection and next to take breakfast and to relieve the outposts.” Xenophon’s Hiero 2.11 states “Once again, to private citizens a truce or peace brings rest from war’ but despots are never at peace with the people subject to their despotism, and no true can ever make a despot confident.”

Old Testament: This term, meaning rest, place of rest, and day of rest, is related to several Hebrew terms. Two such terms include shaqat (to be quiet) and shabbath (Sabbath). Wisdom is likened to a yoke and a house of instruction where one can receive teachings. The foolish and naïve are called to take up lodging in this house of instruction. In the New Testament, Jesus also offers a yoke (and instruction) and provides rest.

Thus will you afterward find rest in her, as she will become your joy (Sir.6:28). Preferable is death to a bitter life, unending sleep to constant illness (Sir.30:17). Among all these I sought a resting place; in whose inheritance should I abide? (Sir.24:7). Come aside to me, you untutored, and take up lodging in the house of instruction (Sir.51:23). Take her yoke upon your neck; that your mind may receive her teaching (Sir.51:26). You naïve ones, gain sense, you fools, gain sense (Prov.8:5)

New Testament: This term means rest, ceasing (stopping), relief, and resting place. In Revelations the smoke of the tormenting fire rises forever and the winged creatures do not stop exclaiming. An unclean spirit cannot find rest as it roams through arid regions. Jesus provides an easy yoke for those who labor and who are burdened. Taking His yoke and learning from Him, they will find rest. Jesus draws upon Wisdom imagery of providing rest (and wisdom).

Scripture:

“Take My yoke upon you and learn from Me, for I am meek and humble of heart; and you will find rest for your selves.” Mt.11:29

Jesus draws upon Wisdom imagery in proving wisdom and rest. Jesus states that the yoke of the Law creates more burdens. Jesus invites the burdened to take the yoke of obedience to His word, under which one will find rest.

“When an unclean spirit goes out of a person it roams through arid regions searching for rest but find none.” Mt.12:43

Jesus has broken Satan’s hold over Israel. This unclean spirit cannot find rest.

Conclusion:

Pause, rest

In the Greek era, it was quite interesting to see how this term was used. I didn’t expect to find a reference to a parenting guide for gifted students. It seems all children need a break from studies. I was not surprised that this term would find itself with war, despots, and reconnaissance.

In the Old Testament era, this term is related to many Hebrew references. For the purposes of brevity, I only made passing reference to the Sabbath. It is significant to note that Wisdom is likened to a yoke and school of instruction. The ignorant and naïve are called to instruction. Jesus later borrows from this Wisdom imagery of a yoke in providing rest and instruction.

Jesus offers an easy yoke (and instruction) for those who labor and are burdened.

This post has helped me give me pause for thought about this yoke that Jesus provides.

[Greek] ἀπολογέομαι (apologeomai), [Latin] defendere: to make a speech in defense of, to defend oneself, to give an account of oneself, to make a defense of, to defend oneself; Lk.12:11, Lk.21:14, Acts 19:33, Acts 24:10, Acts 25:8, Acts 26:12, Rom.2:15, 2Cor.12:19

A statue of St. Apollinaris at Santa Maria del Suffragio Church in Ravenna Italy

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to speak in defense of, to speak for oneself, to defend oneself against, to speak in another’s behalf, to defend what one has done, and to refute a charge. An apologist is one who performs these actions. An apology is the act of defending. Thucydides’ The Peloponessia War 1.72 states “Their intention was not to offer a defense on any charges which the city brought against them, but to showon a comprehensive view that it was not a matter to make a hasty decision.” Antiphon Second Tetralogy 3.2.1 states “I have today been forced by sheer misfortune to depart from my habitgs and appear as a defendant in a case which I found it hard enough to arrive at the exact truth. Lysias’ Funeral Orations 2.65 states “By their conspicuous greatness and nobility of their conduct, they justified the claim that the formers disasters of the city were due to no resmissness of their own nor to the valor of the enemy.”

New Testament: This term means to defend oneself, to speak in one’s own behalf, and to equip oneself. Paul makes a quite a valiant effort in defending his actions, proving himself not to be accountable to the Jews’ accusations. Paul eloquently explains that his efforts as a Christian are the results of fulfillment of the Jewish people. God makes the provision that the Gentiles are not bound by the Law. God has placed in their hearts the ability to know right and wrong. One’s conscience bears witness to defending the laws. In his efforts to build his congregation, Paul offers a defense (way of life) for how the Christians should conduct themselves. Paul speaks for their behalf.

“When they take you before synagogues an before rulers and authorities, do not worry about how or what your defense will be or about what you are to say.” Lk.12:11

Jesus provides us access to the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit will provide the words needed in the face of persecution. The Holy Spirit will provide guidance in the Christian mission.

Scripture:

“They show that the demands of the law are written in their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness and their conflicting thought accuse or even defend them.” Rom.2:15

The Gentiles are not obligated to follow the Law. God made it possible for the Gentiles to know (in their hearts) the difference between right and wrong. One’s conscience bears witness to defend these laws, despite one’s conflicting thoughts.

“Have you been thinking all along that we are defending ourselves before you? In the sight of God we are speaking in Christ, and all for building you up, beloved.” 2Cor.12:19

Paul’s actions and efforts served to build up the Christians. Paul offers a defense (way of life) for the Christians to follow and to conduct themselves.

St. Apollinaris: He was a second century bishop of Phrygia (western Turkey). He addressed an “apology” (defense) of the Christian religion to the emperor Marcus Aurelius, who previously before had obtained a military victory with one his legions, composed mainly of Christians. Apollinaris reminded the emperor that a copious rainfall has saved this dying and dehydrated legion because of prayers. This storm had saved the legion and helped the legion to conquer the Germans. His preaching to the pagans was so successful that the pagans beat and drove him from the city of Ravenna. Apollinarius was ultimately martyred.

Conclusion:

Apology, apologetic, apologetics, defend, defence (defense)

First of all, I have to say that this has to be one on my favorite terms. I make no apologies about this. I will explain later. An apology (in the classic sense) is a reasoned statement (argument) in defense of something or someone. Not surprisingly, this term finds itself in courtroom settings and political contexts. Philosophers quite often use their skills in presenting their positions.

Paul was quite effective in defending himself from Jewish accusations. As a Roman citizen, he was given the right to be to be killed as a Roman citizen, rather than as a Jew or slave. Paul provides for his followers an ‘apology’ in how to live as a Christian. The Holy Spirit is given to us to help us have the words in the Christian path.

It is interesting to note that Apollinaris was a disciple of Peter. Apolliniaris followed Peter to Rome. It was sometime during Claudius’ reign (41-54 AD) that Apollinaris was appointed bishop of Ravenna.

Justin Martyr is perhaps the most notable Christian apologist. After his conversion, he continued to use his philosophical skills in converting others to Christianity. Rather than remaining with his fellow Christians, he continued to associate with his fellow philosophers at the temple grounds. The philosophers had a code of conduct which allowed one to present his arguments without fear of recrimination or arrest.

It was perhaps at end of the 16^th century that this term begins to take on the meaning “I’m sorry.” This may have started with Shakespeare. This term also took on the meaning of making an excuse. Then one can clearly see how this meaning had changed over time.

On a personal level, in addition to being a catechist, I am also a Catholic apologist. I am also very much interested in etymology (the original meaning of words). My blogging site is extensively involved with exegesis (drawing out the original meaning of words). This is contrasted with eisegesis (what I think this word means).

I am sorry (not really) for the length of this post, but I wanted to apologize (give an account for this important term).

Update: July 20 is a day we celebrate St. Apollinaris.

[Greek] γυμνιτεύω (gymniteuō), [Latin] nudare: to be naked, to be in ragged clothing, to be poorly clothed; 1Cor.4:11

Two lightly armed combatants (veles) wearing animal skins.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: Interestingly, this term means to be lightly armed. Heavily and lightly armed combatants both competed in warfare. The poorest citizens (velites) were lightly armed, wearing slings, arrows and swords. These velites, given the opportunity to prove themselves, often wore animal skins. These citizens were often called up during times of manpower shortages. Homer and Aristotle both make mention of the contributions and successes of these combatants. Polybius states “These are not given to a soldier if in the formed way, who have voluntarily and by choice placed themselves in danger.” Dio Chrysostom 25.3 states “For at his command even now the Spartans are scourged and sleep in the open and go, lightly clad and endure many other things that would seem as hardships to other people. Plutarch’s Amemilius Paulus 16 states “And while Milo was flying most disgracefully with his armor or his cloak, he followed after them without danger.” Dio Cassius 47.34.2 states “Indeed his forces would have been utterly destroyed had they not pushed their way through the very fire and unexpectedly attacked their assailants who were lightly armed.”

New Testament: This term means poorly clothed. Paul contrasts his and other Christians’ suffering with the Corinthians’ self-delusion of their spiritual state.  Paul’s language echoes the beatitudinal promises of a future reversal of the Christians’ fate. The Christians are also seen as spectacles, foolish, weak, hungry, thirsty, naked and homeless.

Scripture:

“To this very hour we go hungry and thirsty, we are poorly clad and roughly treated, we wonder about homeless.” 1Cor.4:11

Paul presents himself and the Christians as vulnerable, but yet receiving the promises of salvation. Paul contrasts himself with the Corinthians’ self-deception and deceit.

Etymology: The Greek adjective gymnos means naked. The gymnastai were the teachers, coaches, and trainers of the athletes.

Conclusion:

Gym, gymnastic, gymnastic, nude

It was interesting to discover that this term is found in the context of being lightly armed for battle. The gymnasium was a place for physical exercise and intellectual education. These athletes actually trained in the nude. The gymnasium also held lectures on philosophy, literature, and music.

Paul presents Christians oftentimes struggling and vulnerable in the world. Christians often are in need of mercy, clothing, and shelter. Paul’s message still holds true today.

This is the absolute naked truth about this term. I have nothing to hide!

[Greek] μετασχηματίζω (metaschēmatizō), [Latin] transformare, [Latin] transfigurare: to change in fashion (or appearance), to disguise, to transfigure, to transform, to change the form of; 1Cor.4:6, 2Cor.11:13-15, Php.3:21

The Transfiguration: painting by Raphael (1520). Php. 3:21 makes reference to that Jesus will change our lowly bodies to conform to His glorified body.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to transform, to alter, and to change the outward appearance of a person or thing. Plato’s Laws 10.903e states “For if one were to shape all things, without a constant view of the Whole, by transforming them as, for instance, fire into water, instead of merely converting one into many or many into one, they would be countless in number in such a system of transformation.” Plutarch’s Agesilus 14 states “The Persian viceroys and generals, who had been insufferably cruel, and had reveled in wealth and luxury, now fearful before a man who went about in a paltry cloak. And at one brief and laconic speech from him they conformed themselves to his ways.”

Old Testament: This term means to transform and to disguise. Philo makes reference to what changes into corruption, transforming into a god, and transforming a temple into a pagan idol. Josephus makes reference to David changing his outward appearance, disguising Jeroboam’s wife, and changing one’s habits. But as though transformed by fire into immortality, he nobly endured the rackings (4Macc.9:22). So he disguised himself, putting on other clothes, and set out with two companions (1Kgs.28:8).

New Testament: This term means to disguise oneself, to change one’s attitude, and to change oneself. Paul calls upon the Corinthians to change their worldly attitudes into one of a Christian attitude. Paul and Apollos provide them with an example of the true attitude of a Christian. The deceitful workers masquerade as false apostles. These false apostles hide their true being by their outward appearances. Christians, although having the Holy Spirit, still live in mortal flesh. At Christ’s coming, He will change our lowly bodies to conform to His glorified body.

Scripture:

“I have applied these things to myself and Apollos for your benefit, brothers, so that you may learn from us not to go beyond what is written, so that none of you will be inflated with pride in favor on one person over against another.” 1Cor.4:6

Paul calls upon the Corinthians to look at Paul and Apollos as examples of the proper attitude of a Christian. The Corinthians must follow Paul and change from their vain and false wisdom.

“For such people are false apostles, deceitful workers, who masquerade as apostles of Christ. And no wonder, for even Satan masquerades as an angel of light. So it is not strange that his ministers also masquerade as ministers of righteousness. Their end will correspond to their deeds.” 2Cor.11:13-15

These deceitful workers disguise themselves as apostles of Christ. These deceitful workers, like Satan, masquerade as ministers of light.

“He will change our lowly body to conform with His glorified Body by the power that enables Him also to bring all things into subjection to Himself.” Php.3:21

Although believers have the Spirit within them, they still live with the flesh of humanity. At Christ’s coming, their bodies will also share in this divine being.

Conclusion:

Schematic, transformation, transform, transfiguration, transfigure

This term not surprisingly can be found in many contexts and situations. Other nuanced meanings can include changing one’s posture and the configurations of the stars and planets.

In the Old Testament, this term is used infrequently. The Jewish Hellenist philosophers make frequent use of this term. 4 Maccabees introduces a spiritual dimension of this term. Martyrdom is regarded as the victory of incorruptibility. The martyr is transformed by the fire into incorruptibility.

It is interesting that the New Testament presents this term in different ways. These include disguising oneself, being transformed in a glorious body, and changing one’s attitude.

A schematic is a design or representation. This term essentially means a changed design or representation.

Here’s to all us of changing for the better!

[Greek] ψηφίζω (psēphizō), [Latin] calculare: to vote, to count, to compute, to calculate, to count with pebbles, to figure out: Lk.14:28, Rev.13:18

Election Day in Philadelphia 1815: painting by John Lewis Krimmel (1815). The people are gathered together waiting for the results of the election. This picture captures the festivities and excitement of elections in the decades that followed American independence.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to count or calculate with a stone, to reach a verdict (decision), and to condemn. Small stones (psephos) were used in board games, counting, voting, astrology, and magic. A stone was synonymous with a voice (and opinion). The process of voting often occurred by placing a stone in an urn. Making a decision or having the resolve occurs in many situations and contexts. Political and government leaders vote (make decrees) with their authority. Voting often occurs in determining the innocence or guilt of a defendant.

Xenophon’s Hellenica 1.7.9:  “Cast their vote (stone) into the urn.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 2.36.4:  “Calculate from left to right.”

Sophocles’ Ajax 448: “Procured votes in judgment against another man.”

Aeschines’ On the Embassy 2.84:  “Put the motion to a vote.”

Lysias’ Against Eratosthenes 12.44:  “What measures be passed by their votes.”

Antiphon’s Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 1.12:  “To find them guilty.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 5.97: “Had made their decision.”

Isaeus’ Pyrrhus 37:  “Give your verdict.”

Ostracism: In a related matter with voting, the ancient Greeks sometimes voted whether or not to expel or banish a person from Athens. The Greeks voted with a broken pottery shard (ostrakon). Those persons, who were forced to leave, were ostracized.

Old Testament: This term means to reckon or count people, sheep, and cattle. The Hellenistic philosophers Philo and Josephus frequently make reference to reckoning or resolving. Examples include bestowing honors, seeking God’s counsel, achieving triumphs (exploits), implementing decrees, condemning and banishing criminals, and resolving to return home. I serve you in the midst of the people whom you have chosen, a people so vast that it cannot be numbered or counted (3Kgs.3:8). King Solomon and the entire community of Israel present for the occasion sacrificed before the ark sheep and oxen too many to number or count (3Kgs.8:5).

New Testament: This term, found only twice, means to calculate and to figure out. Jesus begins with discussing what it means to be a disciple. This requires removing attachments to family (and possessions) which stand in the way for a total commitment for being a disciple. This acceptance demands readiness to accept persecution and suffering. Like calculating the costs of constructing a tower, this decision requires a realistic assessment of the hardships and costs for such a commitment. Wisdom is needed to calculate the number of the beast, whose number is 666. The number 6 represents man, imperfection, incompleteness, and evil.  Evil, in its most superlative form, personifies Satan.

Scripture

“Which of you wishing to construct a tower does not first sit down and calculate the cost to see if there is enough for its completion?” Lk.14:28

Constructing the cost of a tower is likened to understanding what it takes to become a disciple. One must understand and accept the costs needed in order to be a disciple of Jesus.

Conclusion:

Calculate, calculation

It was interesting to discover that the ancient Greeks used stones (pebbles) in settling and deciding important matters. Not surprisingly, stones were also used in board games. Aside from stones, I found many examples pertaining to making decisions, condemning prisoners, and implementing decrees.

This term is used less frequently in the Old Testament. However, the Hellenistic philosophers Philo and Josephus make frequent references to resolving and decreeing.

Jesus essentially lays out the necessary qualities needed in order to become a disciple. For some, these are high costs (renouncing possessions, leaving family ties, and experiencing hardship and persecution). It is not surprising that Satan is associated with the number 666. It is very interesting to note that in Jn.6:66, many disciples walked away when Jesus claimed that one must eat His Body and drink His Blood. In a sense, you could say that the devil made the disciples walk away. (The devil made them do it?)

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–  (These words certainly get my vote for this distinction!)

Psephology: the statistical study of elections and trends in voting.

Psephologist: one who studies elections and electoral trends. (Frank Luntz, Karl Rowe, Larry Sabato, Nate Silver )

Ostrakon: pottery shard used in voting.

Update: Many of us are anxiously awaiting the findings from the forensic audit in Maricopa County Arizona. It is also very curious that we continue to learn more and more information (articles) of test ballots, lawsuits, ballot harvesting, video evidence of questionable of election officials. flash drives, modems, lack of chain of custody, whistleblowers, lost ballots, etc. in “the most secure election” in American history. It just keeps happening. We are always waiting for the next story of something concerning about the election. You can always count on it!

[Greek] ἐλευθερόω (eleutheroō), [Latin] liberare: to make free, to exempt, to liberate, to set free, to liberate, to deliver; Jn.8:32,36, Rom.6:18,22, Rom.8:2,21, Gal.5:1

Background information:

Stoic concept of freedom: In contrast to the political freedom of the citizen or the state, philosophical freedom concerns the nature of the individual in relationship to his surroundings. In order to attain freedom, one must have knowledge of what one can and cannot control. Stoic philosophy states that the path to happiness comes from accepting the moment as it presents itself. However, this inward retreat of self-preservation in order to find liberation from one’s surroundings creates a false sense of freedom. This may lead to a bitterness of despising the things one cannot control.

Stoic quotes from Epictetus:

“Don’t seek for everything to happen as you wish it would, but rather wish that everything happens as it actually will—then your life will flow well.”

“The chief task in life is simply this: to identify and separate matters so that I can say clearly to myself which are externals not under my control, and which have to do with the choices I actually control. Where then do I look for good and evil? Not to uncomfortable externals, but within myself to the choices that are my own.”

New Testament concept of freedom: Even when one searches (or retreats) inward to control his own fate, he is not really free. Instead, one loses his true self with no control of a deficient outside existence. The only possibility of coming to one’s full self is to surrender one’s own will (and power) to an external force (outside this existence). Man attains self-control by letting himself be controlled by God. God provides a true liberation (freedom) from a deficient existence.

True freedom: True freedom is freedom from an existence which leads to sin and death. Freedom from sin allows man to live life to the fullest. The Law, God’s claim on all men in written form, brings out the sin of existence. John and Paul are the only New Testament writers to extol freedom, not autonomy (the freedom to do whatever one pleases). Jesus states that the truth will set you free. This truth states those who commits sin are slaves to sin. To be in sin is to be in deception, making oneself blind to one’s own reality. Christ has come to free us from the law of sin and death. Those freed from sin can then become slaves of righteousness.

Scripture:

“And you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.” Jn.8:32

Jesus points out the truth that being in sin is like being a slave to sin. Jesus states if they remain in His word, they will truly be His disciples and be set free.

“Freed from sin, you have become slaves to righteousness.” Rom.6:18

Christians have been released from sin, but sin tries to reclaim its victims. Divine grace is the antidote against sin.

“For the law of the spirit of life in Christ Jesus has freed you from the law of sin and death.” Rom.8:2

Jesus provides that freedom from that existence which leads to sin. The Law brings out the sin of existence.

Conclusion:

Liberate, liberation, liberty

For purposes of brevity, I excluded the notion of political freedom from this post. I focused on the individual and his relationship to his environment. Stoicism is quite an interesting philosophy outside of Christian principles. Stoic philosophy offers a glimpse into the psychological aspect of freedom. The Stoic seeks to understand what he can and cannot control in the world. This essentially means embracing the good and the bad experiences. The Stoic ultimately cannot seek true freedom as he is ultimately influenced by his environment.

Man faces his existence filled with sin and death. God (the Trinity) can provide an external freedom from this sinful existence. Man attains full life outside this sinful existence. Christ brings this spirit of life. Therefore, being sinful is like being enslaved by sin.

It is a great irony that man can attain full life by surrendering himself (and his will to God). Man attains self-control by letting himself be controlled by God. (This is quite a profoundly ironic and provocative statement).

This notion of true freedom stands in stark contrast to the modern day notion of freedom (autonomy). This becomes a form of self-deception and self-rule. The great unfortunate irony is that this modern type of freedom (“I can do whatever I want…”) can led many to all kinds of slavery (bondage) to sin over the years. Such examples include the problems resulting from the sexual revolution, marriage, abortion, sex and gender. This modern definition of ‘freedom’ can actually lead one to being addicted to or controlled by that sin (Ex. pornography, sex, drugs, etc). Even in a non-sinful context, this could apply to the excess or overindulgence in other things (food, sweets, materialism, wealth, internet, gaming, and other technological devices, etc). Too much of something can potentially lead to unfortunate results.

To be honest, I never really understood what the phrase “truth will set you free” meant. Researching this term has helped to liberate and set free my very limited psychological understanding of human nature. What a mind blowing and liberating concept! (To be truly free, one must let God take control!!!) #MindBlown  #ReallyFree #GodIsInControl

Please feel free to also reflect on what it means to be really free!

[Greek] νέφος (nephos), [Latin] nebula: cloud, dense multitude, mist, particles; Heb.12:1

Joshua passing the Jordan River with the Ark of the Covenant: painting by Benjamin West (1800). The Lord went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud by day and in a pillar of fire by night.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, meaning cloud, can be used to represent clouds, deities, loftiness, and metaphorical traits. Clouds can metaphorically represent mourning, men, lament, blindness, and unbelief. Clouds also manifest the attributes of the deities. The cloud is the chariot of the gods which leads the heroes to them. The deities (and their assistants) conceal themselves in the clouds. Orphism often places the clouds at the service of the supreme deity. Aristophanes, in his play Clouds, presents the clouds as the new gods of sophistry (fallacious arguments and deceptions). Aristophanes’ Clouds 348 states “These clouds become all things whatever they please. If they should see Simon, a plunderer of property, they suddenly become wolves, showing up according to his disposition.” Aristophanes’ Birds 818 states “Well then, what name can you suggest? Some name borrowed from the clouds, from those lofty regions which we dwell, in short, some well-known name.” Aristophanes’ Peace 1090 states “This grand oracle of Homer’s: Thus vanished the dark war clouds and we offered a sacrifice to new born Peace.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 1314 states “O horror of darkness that enfolds me, unspeakable visitant, restless, sped by a wind too favorable.”

Old Testament: God, rather than mythology (gods), is associated with clouds. Clouds are found in theophanies, rapture stories, Covenant stories, and creation. Theophanies, visible manifestations of God’s glory, appear in nature and accompany the Israelites on their journey. Although not explicitly stated, clouds are involved in the rapture stories of Enoch and Elijah. Clouds (and storms) accompany and protect the Israelites on their journeys. God illustrates His command of nature through weather phenomena. He made darkness the cover about Him, his canopy, heavy thunderheads (Psa.18:11). Silence, all mankind, in the presence of the Lord! For He stirs forth from His holy dwelling (Zech.2:17). I saw One like a Son of Man coming, on the clouds of heaven (Dan.7:13). The Lord opened the eyes of the servant, so that he saw the mountainside filled with houses and fiery chariots around Elisha (2Kgs.6:17). The Lord preceded them, in the daytime by means of a column of cloud to show them the way (Exo.13:21). I will command the clouds not to send rain upon it (Isa.5:6).

New Testament: This term metaphorically makes reference to a large cloud of witnesses (saints). These witnesses are faithful Old Testament and New Testament people of faith. By focusing on Jesus, we can persevere on running the Christian race (life) that lies before us. We must rid ourselves of every burden and sin which may distract us. These witnesses act as intercessors who seek to help us on this journey. The saints, alive in heaven, can hear our prayers and intentions.

Scripture:

“Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us rid ourselves of every burn and sin that clings to us and persevere in the running the race that lies before us.” Heb.12:1

The witnesses are the saints in heaven who watch and pray for us on our journey in life. We must show discipline like an athlete in avoiding sin. We are all running that Christian race (life).

Saints:

How is it possible that the saints (in heaven) can hear our prayers? The saints in heaven are more alive than we are with God. These saints, free from all sin, share and enjoy the fullness of God’s life giving presence. Flooded with God’s love, these saints greatly care about us.

Isn’t praying to the saints a violation of Jesus being the one and only mediator? No. This is no different than asking someone else to pray for you. This does not contradict Jesus’ role as mediator. We all share in a lesser and dependent mediation.

How can the saints hear all our prayers? Heaven has no space or time as we understand it. Everything appears to God as one eternal present (now). These saints, close to God, are able to hear all our prayers.

Conclusion:

Nebula, nebulous

It was interesting to discover how this term is presented in metaphorical terms. It is noteworthy that clouds contain the gods and their assistants. The chariot, symbolizing the heroic qualities of the gods, is bestowed upon a fallen mortal man who is led to the gods. The Greek playwrights quite often wrote about the human condition, even criticizing or mocking customs. Aristophanes presented the clouds as lofty wise guys.

In the Old Testament, clouds (and related phenomena) illustrate the power of God in salvation history and in creation. It is also interesting that chariots are found in the rapture stories of Enoch and Elisha.

In the New Testament, clouds are metaphorically presented as a large group of witnesses (saints). These witnesses are constantly interested and concerned about our welfare. These saints, close to God, are more alive than we could possibly comprehend. It is also interesting to note that Paul was influenced by Hellenistic philosophy.

 It is significant to note that both the Old Testament and New Testament oftentimes borrow ideas from past eras to convey important religious and theological truths.

For those of you who may face storm clouds (or even have a cloud hanging over you), or if your path is cloudy (nebulous) you can always call upon the cloud of witnesses (saints) to brighten your day!

[Greek] ὀρέγω (oregō), [Latin] appetere: 1Tim.3:1, 1Tim.6:10, Heb.11:16; to stretch, to have an appetite for something, to reach after, to yearn for, to aspire, to strive to, to attain, to aspire, to long for, to covet

The name oregano comes from the Greek verb orego, meaning ‘I reach out and grab food.’ Oregano historically has been used to stimulate the appetite and to aid in indigestion.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to strive or to reach for something (or someone). The striving of the soul depends on one’s will and reason. Homer’s Iliad 15.371 states “And most of all prayed Nestor of Gerenia, the warder of the Achaeans, stretching forth his two hands to the starry heaven.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.2.15 states “Sharing this knowledge and the principles I have indicated, is it supposed that these two men wanted to adopt the simple life of Socrates.” Plato’s Republic 485d states “The true lover of knowledge must, be most of all, a striver after truth in every form. When a man’s desires have been taught to flow in the channel of learning, they will be concerned with the pleasures of the soul itself.”

Old Testament: This term essentially means to strive. Philo, a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher, makes reference to seeking divine wisdom, seeking relief from torment, pursuing appetites of the flesh, and seeking to serve God. Instead of this punishment, you benefited your people with a novel dish, the delight they craved, by providing quail for their food (Wis.16:2). Let not the lustful cravings of the flesh master me, surrender me not to shameless desires (Sir.23:6). For the emotions of the appetites are restrained, checked by the temperate mind, and all the impulses of the body are bridled by reason (4Macc.1:35).

New Testament: This term means to strive, to attain, to aspire to, and to long for. Faith and eschatological expectations become important motivations for striving. Examples include striving for a bishop’s office, money (riches), and a heavenly home. One, who aspires to bishop’s office, desires a noble task. Many, who strive for the love of money, often stray from the faith and suffer as a result. In faith, Christians seek a heavenly homeland.

Scripture:

“This saying is trustworthy: whoever aspires to the office of bishop desires a noble task.” 1Tim.3:1

The office of bishop is a noble vocation, worthy of moral strength and conviction.

“For the love of money is the root of all evils, and some people in their desire for it have strayed from the faith and have pierced themselves with many pains.” 1Tim.6:10

Many who have strived for riches have strayed and suffered (in various ways).

“But now they desire a better homeland, a heavenly one. Therefore, God is not ashamed to be called their God, for He has prepared a city for them.” Heb.11:16

In faith many seek a heavenly home.

Etymology: The Greek verb orego which means “I reach out and grab.” The Greek noun oros means mountain. Ancient Greeks called this herb “joy (ganos) of the mountain”. These Greek nouns form the basis for oregano. This herb has been used in cooking and medicine. Oregano is known to have antioxidant properties. The Latin noun appetitus means desire for. 

Conclusion:

Oregano, appetite

At first, I wasn’t too sure if there was a modern day word that comes from this term. (Could this term be related to oregano?) Then I just realized that ‘oregano’ sounds very similar to this term. So, I strove to further investigate this matter. After further study I discovered that ‘oregano’ and the Latin verb appetere are related. The Greeks constantly sought knowledge, wisdom, and reason.

In the Old Testament, reason was used to aid and oppose physical cravings. Philo makes reference using reason to seek and to find God.

The New Testament reminds us of the evils and consequences of striving for riches (and money). The office of bishops remains a noble office, despite the often sinful character of the person who occupies this position. Pertaining to the Church’s sexual abuse crisis, I think it is important in being reminded of this, in light of the failures of some cardinals, bishops and priests. In faith, Christians seek to reach the heavenly home with God.

Oregano has many healthful benefits. I am a big fan of using herbs for health purposes. I take nattokinase (natural soy bean enzyme) instead of low dose aspirin for heart health. I take garlic as an all-round natural antibiotic. I take beet root (as a nitric oxide source) for improved cellular oxygen intake and for sports activity. And you can’t go wrong with oregano on a meatball sandwich. (I bet you are getting hungry now!)

I am glad that I had the desire (appetite) in further learning about this term!

[Greek] καταλείπω (kataleipō), [Old English] laefan, [Latin] relinquere: to leave down, to abandon, to forsake, to leave, to depart; Mt.4:13, Mt.16:4, Mt.19:5, Mt.21:17, Mk.10:7, Mk.12:19, Mk.14:52, Lk.15:4, Lk.20:31, Jn.8:9, Acts 2:31, Acts 6:2, Acts 18:19, Acts 21:3, Acts 24:27, Acts 25:14, Rom.11:4, Eph.5:31, 1Thess.3:1, Tit.1:5, Heb.4:1, Heb.11:27, 2Pet.2:15

Christ With the Woman Taken in Adultery: painting by Guercino (1621). After everyone had left, Jesus was left alone with the forgiven woman.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to leave behind, to bequeath, to forsake, to abandon, to not appear, to give up, to leave remaining, and to leave alone. This term can be used in a both in an active and passive sense. Other more nuanced meanings include leaving an heir, leaving a will, not appearing in court, keeping secrets, and leaving children orphans. Homer’s Iliad 10.238 states “And do not thou out of reverent heart leave the better man behind, and take as thy comrade one that is worse.” Plato’s Laws 5.729b states “To his children it behooves a man to bequeath modesty, not money, in abundance.” Herodotus’ The Histories 7.170 states “Micythus was a servant of Anaxilus and had been left in charge of Rhegium.” Homer’s Odyssey 3.271 states “Then verily Aegisthus took the minstrel to a desert isle and left him to be the prey and spoil of birds.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 4.2.11 states “They charged upon the hill with their companies in column, not surrounding it, but leaving the enemy a way of retreat in case they choose to use it.” Isocrates’ Antidosis 15.7 states “The only way in which I could accomplish this was to compose a discourse which would be a true image of my thought and whole life; for I hoped this would serve as the best means of making known the truth about me.”

Old Testament: This term, related to many Hebrew terms, conveys a wide range of meanings. The meanings include to remain behind, to be delayed, to be kept back, to cast off, to reject, to be left behind, to rest, to set down, to depart from, to abandon, to be desolated, to be forgotten, and to be ignored. I have sojourned with Laban, and stayed there until now (Gen.32:4). For You are the God of my strength; why have You rejected me? (Psa.43:2). If any of the flesh of ordination or any of the bread remains until morning, you shall burn the remainder (Exo.29:34). The locusts came up over all the land of Egypt and settled in all the territory of Egypt (Exo.10:14). For this reason, a man shall leave his father and his mother (Gen.2:24). The Lord will scatter you among the peoples, and you will be left few in number among the nations (Deut.4:27). The covenant that I have made with you, you shall not forget, nor shall you fear other gods (2Kgs.17:38).

New Testament: This term means to leave (depart), to imprison, to abandon (neglect), to remain, and to separate (end) family ties. Jesus was quite often on the move in His ministry. Paul is imprisoned and ultimately killed by the Roman authorities. Martha felt exasperated that Mary would be neglectful in helping her to serve the others. Assistants (deacons) were appointed to serve the needs of the widows and children who were being neglected. God (Yahweh) speaks to those faithful Israelites who remained faithful to Him. The Sadducees were attempting to trap Jesus about Jewish marital customs concerning childless widows.

Scripture:

“Martha, burdened with much serving, came to Him and said, ‘Lord, do you not care that my sister has left me by myself to do the serving? Tell her to help me.” Lk.10:40

Martha was in a sense rightfully frustrated. However, Jesus points out that Mary has chosen a higher (better) calling. This may speak to a religious vocation.

“Teacher, Moses wrote for us ‘if someone’s brother dies, leaving a wife but no child, his brother must take the wife and raise up descendants for his brother.” Mt.12:19

The Sadducees were attempting to trap Jesus about Jewish marriage practices and customs. Jesus points out that they neither marry or given to marriage in heaven.

“And in response, they went away one by one, beginning with the elders. So He was left alone with the woman before Him.” Jn.8:9

Jesus shows mercy and compassion to the adulterous woman. Jesus remained faithful to her. This also alludes to God remaining faithful to the Israelites.

Conclusion:

Leave, relinquish

It was interesting to discover the wide range of meanings of this term including leaving, remaining, abandoning, and neglecting. Some of the more nuanced meanings include not showing up (in court, leaving someone in charge, and keeping secrets. In military terms, this term refers to both retreating and abandoning one’s post. Exiling someone on a desert island is essentially a death sentence.

In the Old Testament, this term also refers to the remnant of God, the remaining faithful Israelites. The remnant is a major theme in the Old Testament. For purposes of this post, I really had to “leave behind” the more important aspects of this remnant. This term also brings up the interesting notion of being desolated, forgotten and ignored.

In the New Testament, this term focuses on the meaning of separation. Mary separates herself from Martha in a more important relationship with Jesus. This perhaps can be seen as a religious or consecrated vocation. Scriptures also point out that man must leave behind his father and mother to join with a spouse. Jesus points out that the married state (separates or disappears) in heaven. The priestly, religious, and consecrated states provide a visible precursor to the single state which we all  have in heaven. Although Jesus often moves from place to place, He remains close and faithful to us.

Well, I will leave it at that for now.

Greek] πειρασμός (peirasmos), [Latin] temptatio: experiment, trial, temptation, testing, putting to proof, examination, putting to the test; Mt.6:13, Mt.26:41, Mk.14:38, Lk.4:13, Lk.8:13, Lk.11:4, Lk.22:28,40,46, Acts 20:19, 1Cor.10:13, Gal.4:14, 1Tim.6:9, Heb.3:8, Jas.1:2,12, 1Pet.1:6, 1Pet.4:12, 2Pet.2:9, Rev.3:10

The Sacrifice of Isaac: painting by Caravaggio (1602)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used in both active and passive senses, refers to the trials, testing, temptation, and adversity that one may undergo. This testing often reveals the character, morality, and “what a person is made of”. Something outside (circumstances or hardships) is often imposed on the person beyond his control who is “being put to the test”. Testing of a person may be used to confirm that person’s character and capabilities. Testing may also be done to determine the person’s trustworthiness. Testing may also find a person in an impossible situation where that person may act out of character.

Aristophanes’ Knights 517 states “Nothing is more difficult to cultivate the cosmic Muse; many court her, but very few secure her favors.” Plato’s Letters 6.323a states “To you, Hermeias, I, who have made trial of Erastus and Coriscus, more fully than you, affirm, proclaim, and testify that you will not easily discover more trustworthy characters than these your neighbors.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.5.5 states “I think over such matters and reflect that, when a man sells a bad slave, he takes anything he can get for him; and perhaps it is tempting to sell a bad friend when there is a chance of getting more than he is worth. Good servants, I find, are not offered for sale, nor are good friends betrayed.” Hesiod’s Works and Days 101 states “But the rest, countless plagues wander amongst men, for earth is full of evils, the sea is full. Of themselves diseases come upon men continually by day and by night.”

Old Testament: Although this term is found in both a secular and religious sense, the religious sense predominates. Testing involves both God testing man and man testing God. God, testing individuals (and also the people of Israel), seeks to test man’s faith and to lead him to redemption. Wisdom literature contains both testing and education. Man has often tempted God in seeking knowledge in the Garden of Eden, in complaining against Moses, and in disregarding the prophets. To test or tempt God essentially means failing to acknowledge His power and His will. Testing God is an expression of unbelief, doubt and disobedience. Loving God and keeping His commandments helps us to not to question or doubt Him.

I know now how devoted you are to God, since you did not withhold from me your own beloved son (Gen.22:12). Do not be afraid, for God has come to you only to test you and put His fear upon you, lest you should sin (Exo.20:20). I know that you can do all things, and that not purpose of yours can be hindered (Job 42:2). A man with training gains wide knowledge; a man of experience speaks sense (Sir.34:9). Many shall be refined, purified, and tested, but the wicked shall prove wicked (Dan.12:10). You shall not put the Lord, your God, to the test (Deut.6:16). But Ahaz answered, ‘I will not ask! I will not tempt the Lord!’(Isa.7:12).

New Testament: This term means temptation, testing, trials, and examination of one’s situation. The Our Father prayer cautions one not to be lead into temptation. Hebrews cautions about the temptations of wealth. Jesus undergoes the test in the Garden of Gethsemene. Satan tests Jesus in the desert. The Parable of the Sower warns that a weak faith, without a foundation, may fall away during trials. Even as we all endure struggles and trials, God will provide a way out. God will not let us be tried beyond our capability to handle such struggles.

Scripture:

“And do not subject us to the final test, but deliver us from the evil one.” Mt.6:13

This scripture is perhaps more commonly known as “And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil”. We say the Our Father prayer for God to helps us in our daily lives.

“Those on rocky ground are the one who, when they hear, receive the word with joy, but they have not root; they believe only for a time and fall away in time of trial.” Lk.8:13

A faith, built upon a weak foundation, may often wither away. Such faith may disappear when one faces a trial or difficulty. A strong faith is needed and essential in order to endure struggles.

“No trial has come to you but what is human. God is faithful and will not let you be tried beyond your strength; but with the trial He will also provide a way out, so that you may be able to bear it.” 1Cor.10:13

It is oftentimes a mystery why we must go through struggles and difficulties. However, God is always on the journey with us in our struggles. In some way God will provide us with a way out of these struggles. We will not be tried beyond our endurance.

Conclusion:

Tempt, temptation, empiricism

I found that this term has a very interesting backstory, reaching into all aspects of life. It was also interesting to discover the motivations of testing and being tested. The Greek plays and literature genre often provided a commentary on the human condition. Homer’s epics provides many examples of testing and trials. Xenophon reflects on the character of what a good friend is. Men often tested the gods.

The Old Testament introduces the notion that God often tests the faithfulness of man. Wisdom introduces education along with testing. God tests Abraham’s faithfulness in offering his son Isaac to be sacrificed. God rewarded Abraham for his faithfulness to Him. Man, because of his fallen nature, often tests God. It is significant to note that God’s greatest commandment is related to faithfulness, not testing.

The Our Father prayer touches upon asking God’s help in not being led into temptation. It does make sense that those, lacking in faith, will be more likely to lose one’s faith during trials. Perhaps, this can help shed some light on many of those who have left the Church during this sexual abuse crisis. Those, who choose to leave the Church, perhaps may not realize that the Church is much  larger and more important than the ones who are causing the crisis. In fact, those who leave are actually harming themselves by removing themselves from the sacraments and graces that the Church offers. The fact that the Church has still remained in existence is a great testimony to the promise Jesus made in establishing His Church. The Church still remains in spite of all those many people (inside the Church) who have who have failed, faltered, or caused trouble throughout history. 

I think many do not realize that God also “walks” with us in our journey through trials and tribulations. In some way, God will provide us with the means to get through these troubles. This is why 1Cor.10:13 is my favorite scripture. I also have gone through a lot of struggles. To be honest, trust has really has not been one of my strong suits here. Yet, oftentimes, many of us often feel like saying : “Come on, God, you’re killing me here!”

Through careful observation, study and empirical analysis, I have decided that I should end this post.

[Greek] σβέννυμαι (sbennymai), [Latin] extinguere, ἄσβεστος (asbestos) [unquenchable]: to stop burning, to extinguish, to snuff out, to quench, to smother, to go out, to kill, to dampen, to moisten; Mt.12:20, Mt.25:8, Mk.9:44,46,48, Eph.6:16, 1Thess.5:19, Heb.11:34

The ancient Roman semi-circular leather shield was soaked in water in order to snuff out the enemy’s flaming arrows.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to quench, to extinguish, to dry up, to go out, to die, to damp down, to restrain, to steam, to rest, to calm down, to fade, and to quell. This term can be used in a literal, metaphorical, and nuanced sense. Literal examples (objects) include fire, burning objects, fluids, men, plants and foods. Other uses involve emotions, desires, greed, power, influence, and strength. The Greek prefix (a-) means “not” or “un”. The Greek word ἄσβεστος (asbestos) means unquenchable or inextinguishable.

Herodotus’ The Histories 2.66 states “When a fire breaks out, very strange things happen among the cats. The Egyptians stand around in a broken line, thinking more of the cats, than of quenching the fire.” Homer’s Odyssey 3.182 states “And the wind was not once quenched from the time when the god first sent it forth to blow.” Homer’s Iliad 9.678 states “Most glorious son of Atreus, Agamemnon, king of men, he verily is not minded to quench his wrath but is filled yet more with fury.” Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris 633 states “I will set much ornament on the tomb and quench your body with yellow oil, and throw onto your funeral pyre, the gleaming honey that streams from flowers.” Herodotus’ The Histories 8.77 states “After sacking shiny Athens in mad hope, Divine Justice will extinguish mighty Greek, the son of Insolence.”

Roman Soldiers: As part of their defensive arsenal, soldiers used wooden shields covered with leather. These shields were used to ward off flaming errors from the enemy. These flaming arrows were doubly dangerous in potentially piercing and burning the soldiers. These shields were soaked in water in order to extinguish (retard) the flames. This background helps to provide context to Eph.6:16-17. The flaming errors are part of the weaponry used by Satan. One must hold one’s faith like a shield to quench the arrows of the evil one.

Old Testament: This term means to snuff out, to die out, to vanish, to quench, and to stop. Literal uses include fire, burning objects, lamps, coals, and mountains. Figurative (and metaphorical) uses include light, lamps, candlesticks, sparks, sins, flax, love, emotions, and God’s judgment and anger. God’s judgment is likened to an unquenchable fire. God’s anger and love oftentimes will not be extinguished. Truly, the light of the wicked is extinguished; no flame brightens his hearth (Job 18:5). The light of the just shines gaily, but the lamp of the wicked goes out (Prov.13:9). Yet once they flow, they cease to be; in the heat, they disappear from their place (Job 6:17). The fire on the altar is to be kept burning; it must not go out (Lev.6:5). They also closed the doors of the vestibule, and extinguished the lamps (2Chr.29:7). Because they have forsaken me and have burned incense to other gods, provoking me by everything to which they turn their heads, my anger is ablaze against this place and it cannot be extinguished 2Kgs.22:17).

New Testament: This term means to stop burning, to extinguish, and to quench. These scriptures make reference to the Spirit, fire, lamps, wicks, and arrows. The unquenchable fire of Gehenna represents the torments of hell. Because of their lack of preparation, the foolish virgins’ lamps are going out. Paul warns others not to quench the Spirit. A strong shield (faith) is needed to quench the flaming arrows (attacks) from the evil one. The Servant of the Lord is a smoldering wick that will not be quenched.

Scripture:

“A bruised reed He will not break, a smoldering wick He will not quench, until He brings justice to victory.” Mt.12:20

This references Isa.42:1-4 of the Servant of the Lord. Jesus is depicted as the helper of the down-trodden and oppressed.

“In all circumstances, hold faith as a shield, to quench all the flaming arrows of the evil one.” Eph.6:16

The shield of faith will stop and put out all the fiery darts of the wicked.

“Do not quench the Spirt.” 1Thess.5:19

Paul call upon others to embrace the gifts of the Holy Spirit.

Conclusion:

Extinguish, asbestos

I discovered that this term has an interesting backstory. At first glance I would have never considered this term. Yet, this term is related to asbestos, meaning unquenchable. The Latin form provides the basis for the commonly known word ‘extinguish.’ To be honest, I really did not understand how this term relates to moistening and dampening. It is only later when I learned that a Roman soldier ordinarily soaks his leather shield in order to snuff out the enemy’s flaming arrows. It is also not surprising that this term is also used in metaphorical or figurative ways.

In the Old Testament, this term is used metaphorically with God’s judgment and anger. The Messiah is also portrayed as a smoldering wick which will not be quenched.

It is significant to note that one’s faith is like a shield. This continues to be an apt metaphor for Christians in today’s world. Christians are constantly having to defend themselves against those ‘arrows’ (influences) fired off from the secular world and from the evil one. These arrows often take on various forms. The more obvious arrows illustrates the evil comes into the world. The more subtle and less sharp arrows come when the evil one causes us (and others) to “stumble” and “stray” in our faith.

We all must be prepared to defend ourselves (as best as) –[sorry for the pun on “asbestos”] — we can, especially from those arrows from which we often cannot see.

[Greek] συντρίβω (syntribō), [Latin] contrere, [Latin] frangere, [Latin] fricare: to fracture, to have friction, to break into pieces, to be broken-hearted (contrite), to crush, to bruise, to trample upon, to shatter, to trample underfoot, to rub together, to wear away; Mt.12:20, Mk.5:4, Mk.114:3, Lk.4:18, Lk.9:39, Jn.19:36, Rom.16:20, Rev.2:27

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, meaning to rub (-tribo) together (syn-), refers to grinding, rubbing, crushing, breaking, and destroying. Literal uses refer to ointments, medication, bones, limbs, and spears. More nuanced and metaphorical uses refer to fear, despair, anxiety, remorse, and misfortune. Oftentimes, these nuanced uses occur in the social, political, and psychological spheres.

Polybius’ Histories 6.58 states “Though the Romans had been severely defeated in the battles, and though they were at the time deprived of roughly speaking, all their allies, they neither yielded so far to misfortune.” Aeschines’ Against Timarchus 1.59 states “First they smashed the implements of his trade and tossed them into the street—sundry dice and dice-boxed and his gaming utensils in general.” Polybius’ Histories 5.47.1 states “But as soon as they got near Xenoetas’ force, their ignorance of the ground proved fatal to them without any enemy to attack them, for they got immersed by their own weight.” Euripides’ Cyclops 705 states “For I shall break off a piece of this crag, hurl it, crush you, companions and all, to bits.”

Old Testament: This term is related to several Hebrew terms, having the basic sense of breaking. These meanings include the breaking of objects, the smashing of ships, the crushing of bodies, broken pride, and broken-heartedness. Destruction can range from breaking to radical obliteration. Other nuanced meanings included stumbling, being humbled, and bowing down. The unbroken Passover lamb has important New Testament implications. The breaking of all aspects of war lead to a universal kingdom of peace. God provides consolation to the righteous and broken-hearted.

You shall not break any of its bones (Exo.12:46). A clay vessel in which it has been cooked shall thereafter be broken (Lev.6:21). Rather you must demolish them (gods) and smash their sacred pillars (Exo.23:24). Over the great destruction which overwhelms the virgin daughter of my people (Jer.14:17). God, do spurn a broken, humbled heart (Psa.51:19). Insult has broken my heart, and I am weak (Psa.69:21). Many are the troubles of the just, but the Lord delivers from them all (Psa.34:19). I am broken by the ruin of the daughter of my people (Jer.8:21). When I set limits for it and fastened the bar of its door (Job.38:10).

New Testament: This term means to break (into pieces), to be bruised, to be brokenhearted (discouraged), to crush (trample), and to be overwhelmed. The Messiah is a bruised reed who will not break. Like the Old Testament Passover lamb, Jesus’ bones will not be broken. The God of peace will quickly crush Satan under your feet. Unclean spirits often overwhelm those who are possessed. The possessed man broke his chains. A woman breaks an alabaster jar of oil perfumed oil. She pours it on Jesus’ head.

Scripture:

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because He has anointed Me to bring glad tiding to the poor. He has sent Me to proclaim liberty to captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the oppressed go free.” Lk.4:18

Jesus is the bruised reed will ultimately achieve victory. He will provide solace to the brokenhearted. This makes reference to Isa.61:1

“For this happened so that the scripture passage might be fulfilled; ‘Not a bone of it will be broken.’”Jn.19:36

Breaking the bones of the crucified victim served to hasten the death and the agony of the victim. The Passover regulations stated that the Passover lamb’s legs must not be broken. Jesus is the new Passover lamb.

“Then the God of peace will quickly crush Satan under your feet. The grace of our Lord Jesus be with you.” Rom.16:20

Paul was warning his congregation about those who cause dissension and obstacles. The false teachers are also regarded as the servants of Satan. This also alludes to Gen.3:15 where the Woman will crush Satan.

Conclusion:

Fracture, friction, contrite

The basic etymological sense of rubbing together indicates the sense of friction, difficulty, or destruction. It is interesting to see how this term can be used in a more nuanced way in the political and sociological spheres. Literal breaking can been understood in many situations.

The Old Testament introduces the notion of the brokenhearted and despondent. Broken-heartedness indicates an interior despair and helplessness. The contrite are those who express guilt and remorse. God provides consolation to the brokenhearted and contrite. It was an important Passover regulation that the Passover lamb’s bones were not to be broken. This foreshadows Jesus as an unbroken Passover lamb. As Jesus died on the cross, He said “It is finished.” Jesus finishes the Passover on the cross.

Jesus is the bruised reed who ultimately achieves victory on the cross. The demons often can overwhelm the possessed person, but the demons fear Jesus. The woman, who broke the alabaster jar, received great ridicule from the Jewish host. However, Jesus highly praises the woman for anointing His head.

Hamlet

“To die—to sleep,

To sleep, perchance to dream—ay, there’s the rub.

For in that sleep of death what dreams may come

When we have shuffled of this mortal coil,

Must give us pause.”

(Hamlet faces a difficulty in his decision to commit suicide.)

Fare thee well. There’s the rub. Parting is such sweet sorrow (until the next post)!

[Greek] ἀντέχω (antechō), [Latin] antiquare: to hold against, to make something old (antiquated), to make old fashioned, to hold firmly to, to hold fast, to cling to, to reject, to be devoted to, to hold tightly to; Mt.6:24, Lk.16:13, 1Thess.5:14, Tit.1:9

Port-Royal-des-Champs Abbey espoused the heretical teachings of Jansenism against the Catholic Church.

Background information:

Old Testament: This term means to do something in one’s interest, to cleave to, to take up, and to hold fast. Get up, lift the boy up and hold him by the hand (Gen.21:18). Be strong and steadfast, so that you may give this people possession of the land I swore to their ancestors that I would give them (Jos.1:6). This is the covenant between men and you and your descendants after you must keep. So his brothers were furious at him but his father observed the saying (Gen.37:11).

New Testament: This term means to assist someone, to hold fast to a teaching, and to be devoted (to serve) a master. Jesus teaches about focusing on worldly possessions. As one can only serve one master, he must choose between God or wealth. One cannot be devoted to both masters. One also must be devoted to helping the weak and vulnerable. Paul calls upon Titus to hold fast to the true teachings in order to pronounce sound doctrine and refute opponents.

Scripture:

“No one can serve two masters. He will either hate one and love the other, or be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon.” Mt.6:24

Jesus states the timeless message that one cannot serve (“worship”) both God and money. One will eventually despise or be devoted to one or the other.

“Holding fast to the true message as taught so that he will be able both to exhort with sound doctrine and to refute opponents.” Tit.1:9

People want to hear the truth of the Gospel message in order to be enriched. People need to have the truth (not watered down) in order to proclaim the gospel. People need the truth in order to refute opponents and confusion.

Antiquarian: This person (and title), a position existing since ancient times, is an aficionado or student of antiquities or things of the past. Antiquarians focus on the empirical evidence of the past. Items of interest include books, maps, trinkets, manuscripts, and other items. In early history an antiquarian was an author or orator who liked to use archaic or outdated forms of speech. The antiquarian book collector becomes the precursor to the modern bookseller.

The Vicomte de Bragelonne (by Alexandre Dumas): This novel follows his book The Three Musketeers. The narrative is set between 1660 and 1673 against the background of the transformation of Louis XIV from child monarch to Sun King. In the novel Vicomte de Bragelonne, Monsieur Jean de La Fontaine states “I persist,–antecho, as they say at Port Royal.” Port-Royal-des Champs, a Christian abbey, became a hot-bed of Jansenism, which emphasized original sin, human depravity, and the necessity of divine grace and predestination. Jansenism ultimately was declared a heresy. This abbey evoked opposition both from the Catholic Church and French monarchy.

Resurgence of the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM):  Also known as ad orientem (to the east), this service essentially means that the priest offers Mass (Eucharist) on the same side of the altar as the people. Interestingly, the younger generations of priests are becoming increasingly drawn to this rite. In addition, more and more young priests are also wearing the more traditional garments. Perhaps more significantly, Millenials (and others) in recent years are becoming increasingly attracted to this traditional rite. In fact, in some parishes, the Traditional Latin Mass has actually helped to revive struggling parishes. 

Conclusion:

Antique, antiquarian, antiquated

This term is used quite extensively in the Old Testament. As with the New Testament, holding fast correlates with exhorting, upholding, and following teachings. Jesus also illustrates the timeless notion that one cannot serve both God and mammon (money/wealth). Taken too far, money (wealth) can become like a god. It is interesting to note that being devoted to can also involve helping others, serving gods, and upholding teachings.

As in past times, the Church has faced heresies and ambiguous church issues (which required further clarification). In any generation of believers, it is important for one to clearly understand and convey the correct doctrine and faith. Sometimes, events required that doctrine be further clarified to remove confusion among believers. The Church refuted and claimed that Jansenism was a heresy.

In Alexandre Dumas’s book, Jean de la Fontaine makes reference to Port Royal, the abbey which resisted the Church’s teachings. One perhaps can also refer to this term as one who resists in accepting new ideas and teachings.

For over 2000 years, the Church and society has accepted the traditional understanding of marriage between a man and woman. However, in recent years, the secular world (and culture) has redefined this definition of marriage in more modern ways. Some churches (and others) have accepted this newer definition. However, other churches (and others) have held fast to the traditional definition of marriage. As a result, some critics (who favor this newer definition) have often accused the more traditionally minded folks as being hateful. If these critics are to be honest with themselves, they must conclude that these beliefs come from God. Then God must be hateful!

I think it is very significant to make note of the interest and resurgence of the Traditional Latin Mass. It is quite fascinating that this phenomenon would appeal to the younger generations. Perhaps, it is because the young people are searching for tradition, the sacred, reverence, and a deeper meaning of the Mass (perhaps because they are not currently finding it now). Young people and others often not surprisingly are seeking to find deeper meaning and truth in the midst of the shallowness (emptiness) in the culture (world). It is no wonder why there has been an increasing interest in this rite.

When it is all said and done, whose ideas do you hold fast to? God’s or the secular world’s?

[Greek] πυγμή (pygmē), [Latin] pugnus, [French] poing: fist, clenched hand; Mk.7:3

A statue of a boxer at rest wearing leather strapped boxing gloves.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term can mean boxing (athletic contest), fist, fight, measure of length (distance from the elbow to the knuckles [1 ½ feet long]), and diminutive person. Homer’s Illiad makes references to short people in Oceanus (in present day Congo and Uganda). Aristophanes’ Wasps 1384 states “One day at Olympia I saw Euphudion boxing bravely against Ascondas; he was already aged, and yet, with a blow from his fist he knocked down his young opponent.” Plato’s Gorgias 456d states “For other exercises are not to be used against all and sundry, just because one has learnt boxing, wrestling, or fighting in armor so well as to vanquish friend or foe alike, this gives no one right to strike one’s friends or stab them to death.”

Boxing: The historian Philostratus claims that boxing (pygmachia) was developed in Sparta in order to harden the warriors’ faces for battle. In Homer’s Illiad, boxing was among the games that were held in honor of Achilles’ slain friend Patroclus. It was in honor of Patroclus that boxing was introduced into the ancient Olympic Games in 668 B.C. Boxers trained on punching bags filled with sand. Leather strips of ox hide were used to protect the boxer’s knuckles and hands.

Old Testament: This term means fist fighting and fighting. When men quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with his fist, not mortally, but enough to put him in bed (Exo.21:18). Yes, your fast ends in quarreling and fighting, striking with the wicked claw (Isa.58:4). At Rephidim, Amalek came and waged war against Israel (Exo.17:8). Josephus’ Antiquities 14.210 states “It is also granted to Hyrcanus, and to his sons, and to the ambassadors by them sent to us, that in the fights between gladiators, and in those with the beasts, they shall sit among the senators to see these shows.”

New Testament: This term, occurring once, means fist or clenched hand. The Pharisees, like all Jews, must carefully wash their hands before eating any food. This practice is in part in keeping with the tradition of the elders. It is not absolutely clear whether or not this scripture passage refers a hand or fist. If this pertains to a fist, one would clean (or rub) the hand with a clenched fist up to the elbow.

Scripture:

“For the Pharisees, and in fact, all Jews, do not eat without carefully washing their hands, keeping the tradition of the elders.”

The Jews were more concerned with purification issues (what enters into the body) when consuming foods. However, Jesus states that what is more important is what comes out of one’s heart.

Conclusion:

Pygmy, pugilist, pungent, pugnacious, poignant

It was interesting to discover that this term is linked to small people and sharpness. Pliny, the Roman historian and naval commander, makes mention of diminutive dark small people (pygmies)  in Africa. A pugilist is essentially a boxer who practices his craft (pugilism).

The Old Testament makes reference to this term in a more general sense of fighting. The New Testament narrowly defines this term as a hand. The Jews were more concerned about purification rituals pertaining to what goes into the body. Jesus states that what comes out of the person is what makes unclean.

We really must “hand it” to Jesus in His knowing that the source of sin and evil thoughts come from within.

Pungent originally meant sharp or pointed. This term is first coined as having a powerful odor (or taste) in the 1660’s. It is probably not surprising that physical blows (punches) and emotional “blows” can both be painful.

Pugnacious means combative or fond of fighting. This no doubt adequately describes a boxer with a clear connection to fists.

The French word for fist is poing. Poignant originally meant something physically painful (and sharp). Essentially, something poignant and/or someone’s fist can both be painful. I think you get the point!

👊 Fist Bump!

[Greek] κάθημαι (kathēmai), [Latin] sedere: to sit down, to be sedentary, to sit, to dwell, to be seated; 89 scriptural references

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to sit, to sit down, to rule (as judges), to be spectators, to sit still, to be idle (sedentary), to sit down (engaged in business), and to be stationed. Reclining at the table (meal) was generally a Hellenistic tradition. As with other cultures, sitting occurs outdoors, on stones, under trees, on hill tops, at a well, by the shore, and on mountains. Deities and gods are often found sitting (stationary) while man pray before them. Greek gods sit in judgment of the dead. The emperor (leader) and senators sit in assembly enacting laws. Philosophers (teachers) sit while teaching their students. Other reasons for sitting include occupations, mourning, grief, begging, and recreation.

Homer’s Illiad 1.569 states “He spoke, and ox-eyed lady Hera was seized with fear and sat down in silence, curbing in heart.” Euripides’ Electra 315 states “But my mother, in the spoils of Troy, is seated on her throne, and at her chair stand slaves from Asia, my father’s plunder.” Aeschylus’ Libation Bearers 919 states “Do not accuse him who suffered while you sat idle at home.” Xenophon’s Economics 4.2 states “The illiberal arts are held in utter disdain in our state. For they spoil the bodies of the workers and the foremen, forcing them to sit still and live indoors.” Herodotus’ The Histories 3.144 states “So when the Persians brought Syloson back to Samos, no one raised a hand against them, but Maeandrius and those of his faction offered to evacuate the island under a truce; Otanes agreed to this, and after the treaty was made, the Persians of highest rank sat down on seats facing the acropolis.”

Old Testament: This term also essentially means to sit or to sit down. In the early period of Israel’s history, the ark represented God’s throne. Daniel sees God enthroned. The king, accorded with great dignity, is closely associated with the presence of God. The Sanhedrin and elders sit settling matters of the Law. Teachers (rabbis) are also depicted sitting in their instruction of their students (disciples). The poor and mourning also sit.

Cain left the Lord’s presence and settled in the land of Nod, east of Eden (Gen.4:16).Take your throne at my right hand, while I make your enemies your footstool (Psa.109:1). The Lord appeared to Abraham, as he sat in the entrance of his tent, while the day was growing hot (Gen.18:1). You say on a couch prepared for them, with table spread before it (Ezek.23:41). She used to sit under Deborah’s palm tree (Jdg.4:5). Only the prince may sit down in it to eat his meal in the presence of the Lord (Ezek.44:3). Then David came in and sat in the Lord’s presence (1Chr.17:16).

New Testament: This term, meaning to sit down or reside, appears quite frequently. Jesus often sits down in places like in the open, by the shore, on the mountains, and in the garden. For Jesus, the throne is an expression of divine authority and dignity. God’s opponent, the Antichrist, can also sit on a throne. The Messianic King is enthroned along with God and His community. Herod, the chief priest, Sanhedrin, the Sadducees, and Pharisees sit in judgment in legal and spiritual matters. Jesus, as the Son of Man, is seated at the right of the Father. Jesus follows Rabbinic tradition in sitting while teaching the disciples.

Etymology: The Greek noun kathedra means chair.

Conclusion

Cathedral, sedan, sedentary, sediment

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I was really surprised by the many uses and meanings of this term besides sitting. Some of the more nuanced meanings include working (while sitting), keeping prostitutes, and mourning.

As with the gods (deities), the throne becomes identified with God and the king. Rabbis sit while instructing their disciples. The Jewish legal and spiritual leaders also sat in their administrative functions.

In the Old Testament, the Queen Mother, the mother of the ruling king, held a very important office in the royal court. The Queen mother, sitting at the king’s right hand, shares in the king’s royal authority (Psa.110). As the Queen Mother would enter into the court, the King would get up and bow down to her. The Queen Mother also assumes the role of an intercessor, bringing the peoples’ petitions to the king. In turn, the king would accept the Queen Mother’s requests (1Kgs.2:19-20).

Jesus sat down at many places. It was interesting to discover some of the motivations for sitting, such as begging and mourning. Mary, mother of Jesus, is also called the Queen Mother. Likewise, Mary also acts as an intercessor for us. We can bring our requests (petitions) to her. Like the Old Testament king, Jesus will listen to His mother. Mary continues to sit close to her Son Jesus.

The cathedral (building) is the seat of authority (both literally and figuratively) of the bishop. The priest (pastor) also has his seat of authority at the church.

The chair sedan was originally a covered chair with poles. This term was coined in the 1630’s. This term was probably derived from the Italian chair (sedes). In 1912 the sedan becomes as a closed automobile seating four or more.

Sit tight for my next poignant post. I will pull no punches!

[Greek] βασανίζω (basanizō), [Latin] tormentare: to torture, to torment, to put to the test, to rub on the touchstone; Mt.8:6, Mt.8:29, Mk.5:7, Mk.6:48, Lk.8:28, 2Pet.2:8, Rev.8:5, Rev.11:10, Rev.12:2, Rev.14:10

A touchstone used to test the purity of gold and silver. The touchstone later becomes a metaphor for the purifying and testing of man.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism:

Testing: The term originally means to test, to investigate, to examine, and to put to the test. A dark touchstone (basanos) was used to determine the purity (or impurity) of a precious metal (gold or silver). Basalt was often used as a durable touchstone. The Babylonians developed the practice of the testing of gold and silver as a unit of commercial exchange. Plato’s Gorgius 486d states “If my soul had happened to be made of gold, do you not think I should have been delighted to find one of those stones with which they test gold, and it confirmed that my soul had been properly tended.” Plato’s Republic 3.413e states “Testing them more carefully than men do of gold in the fire, to see, if the man remains immune to such witchcraft and preserve his composure throughout.” Aristophanes’ Frogs 802 states “Because Euripides says he’ll test the plays word by word.”

Torture/torment: Over time, this term undergoes a change in meaning. Man, instead of precious metals, becomes the object of testing, torture, torment, and suffering. Rather than testing a metal’s purity, this testing determines one’s character (mettle), genuineness, courage, and pain threshold. Antiphon’s On the Murder of Herodes 5.36 states “Instead of putting the man to death, they ought to have produced him in the flesh and challenged me to examine him under torture.” Aristophanes’ Frogs 802 states “Here, take this slave of mine and torture him. And if you find that I have done wrong, take me out and kill me.”

Old Testament: This term, conveying both testing and torment, can refer to the sufferings (afflictions) of the righteous and the punishment of the unjust (ungodly). In some situations the righteous will have to suffer in the world at the hands of the ungodly. 4Macc illustrates examples of faithful Jews receiving martyrdom for their faithfulness. However, the distinction between faithful martyrdom and religious violence sometimes may become blurred. God administers both temporal punishment and eternal damnation to the unjust and ungodly. With revilement and torture let us put him to the tests that we may have proof of his gentleness and try his patience (Sol.2:19). But the souls of the just are in the hand of God and no torments shall touch them (Sol.3:1). Son of man, eat your bread trembling, and drink water shaking with anxiety (Ezek.12:18). That you may bear your shame and be disgraced for all the comfort you brought them (Ezek.16:54). Food, correction and work for a slave; and for a wicked slave, a punishment in the stocks (Sir.30:35). For when they had been tried, though only mildly chastised, they recognized how the wicked, condemned in anger, were being tormented (Sol.11:9).

New Testament: This term is found in the general sense of tormenting. The centurion’s servant, lying sick of palsy, is grievously tormented. Those possessed with demons have a tormenting experience when encountering Jesus. The demons are afraid of Jesus. The disciples were frightened when the boat was being tossed about by the waves. This term makes reference to tormenting in the book of Revelations, which include temporal punishment, child birth, and eternal damnation.

Scripture:

“They cried out, ‘What have you to do with us, Son of God? Have you come here to torment us before the appointed time?’”Mt.8:29

The demons were very afraid of Jesus.

“Meanwhile the boat, already a few miles offshore, was being tossed about by the waves, for the wind was against it.” Mt.14:24

The disciples were tormented (afraid) in the boat during the stormy weather.

“For day after day that righteous man living among them was tormented in his righteous soul at the lawless deeds he saw and heard.” 2Pet.2:8

Scripture mentions Lot, a righteous man, was rescued from cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.

Conclusion:

Basalt, torment, mettle

I found out that this term has a very interesting back story. Although the meaning of this term had changed over time, this term continues to carry rather nuanced meanings of testing and tormenting. It was very interesting to learn that a touchstone was used to determine the purity of precious metals. Plato already understood that the soul can be tested like a gold coin. Man’s character can be often revealed through testing.  Playwrights wrote plays in order to test, examine, and to provide a commentary on the human condition.

The Old Testament incorporates testing and tormenting in a spiritual context. This culture also introduces the notion that the righteous may experience testing, torments, or struggles at the hands of others. 4Macc illustrates Jews who remain faithful even up to death (martyrdom).

In the New Testament, this term is defined in a more narrow sense of tormenting. It is significant to note that demons were fearful of Jesus. It is also important to acknowledge that there can be those who will experience struggles (torments) at the hands of others. Jesus provides the ultimate example of suffering, taking on the sins of the world. Man, like precious metals, can be purified by testing and suffering. During these times, man may “burn off” less important concerns and develop a stronger (purer) relationship with God during difficult times.

Mettle, a variant of metal, is the character or moral composition of a person found (remaining) during difficult times. “To show one’s mettle” means to prove one has skills, endurance, and strength of character to accomplish something. Essentially, this refers to the “stuff of which a person is made”. This word, first used in the 1500’s, was frequently used by Shakespeare.

Julius Caesar, Act 4, Scene 2, Lines 24-25:

But hollow men, like horses hot at hand.

Make gallant show and promise of their mettle. 

May each of us have such heavy mettle that can be put to the test!

[Greek] ὑπομιμνῄσκομαι (hypomimnēskomai), [French] souvenir, [Latin] subvenire: to remember, to recall, to recollect, to remind, to call to mind, to put in mind, to draw attention to; Lk.22:61, Jn.114:26, 2Tim.2:14, Tit.3:1, 2Pet.1:12, 3Jn.10, Jud.5

A souvenir (reminder) for someone who had visited the Eiffel Tower.

Background information:

Greco-Roman era: This term means to put one in mind, to remind, to bring to one’s mind, to mention (suggest), to call to mind, and to have been observed. The Latin prefix sub- means up from below and –venire means to come. Homer’s Odyssey 1.32 states “The goddess, flashing-eyed Athena, departed and flying upward as a bird; and in his heart she put strength and courage and made him think of his father even more than a foretime.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 1170 states “Again, again, you have recalled the old agony to my thoughts—kindest though you are of all who have visited before!” Aeschylus’ Persians 329 states “Syemesis, also the governor of the Cilicians, foremost observed in courage, he whose prowess did the most harm, found there a glorious death.”

Old Testament: This term means to remember, to keep in remembrance, to make a memorial, and to mark (as to be recognized). This term is used both in an active and passive sense. The notion of recalling a memory is likened to piercing or piercing the memory. Remembering or recalling an event often means memorializing it. This sometimes involves making a memorial offering. A recorder (historian) was often tasked with recording events as they occurred. The sayings of the wise are like goads; like fixed spikes are the collected sayings given by one shepherd (Ecc.12:11). God remembered Noah and all the animals, wild and tame, that were with him in the ark (Gen.8:1). For the avenger of bloodshed remembers, does not forget the cry of the afflicted (Psa.9:13). I will make your name renowned through all generations (Psa.45:18). Every time they think of Judah, they shall stand in dread because of the plan the Lord of host has in mind for them (Isa.19:17). Then the master of the palace, Eliakim, Shebna the scribe, and the chancellor Joah came to Hezekiah and reported to him the words of the commander (Isa.36:11).

New Testament: This term, used in an active and passive sense, means to remember, to remind, and to draw attention to. In 3 Jn.10 the writer draws attention to what that person is doing, spreading evil nonsense. Peter is reminded by Jesus’ words, that he will deny Him three times. The Holy Spirit reminds others of what Jesus has taught and told. Peter reminds others to be a witness to the truth. Jude reminds others that the Lord had saved the people in Egypt. Paul tells Timothy to remind others of these things and to confront the false teachers.

Scripture:

“And the Lord turned and looked at Peter; and Peter remembered the word of the Lord, who he had said to him, ‘Before the cock crows today, you will deny Me three times.” Lk.22:61

Upon hearing the cock’s crew, Peter is reminded how he had betrayed Jesus three times.

“Therefore, I will always remind you of these things, even though you already know them and are established in the truth you have.” 2Pet.1:12

Peter reminds others to always to testify to the truth.

“Therefore, if I come, I will draw attention to what he is doing, spreading evil nonsense about us. And not content with that, he will not receive the brothers, hindering those who wish to do so and expelling them from the church.” 3Jn.10

John may come and confront Demetrius who is confrontational, ambitious, and hostile.

Conclusion:

Souvenir

It was interesting to learn about the Latin prefix of this term meaning to recall or remember. The Latin “sub” (up from below) means bringing up memories. One can also cause others to bring up memories. Another more nuanced use means being known by others.

In the Old Testament, the act of remembrance was a very highly held value in remembering an event. The Passover was a very important event that was remembered and reenacted.

In the New Testament, Jesus continues this practice of remembrance. Jesus instructs His disciples to “do this in remembrance of Me” (again and again…). Reminding can be used for instruction (truth) and shaming.

Catholic perspective: The Mass celebrates the Eucharist in which the original one true bloody sacrifice at Calvary is re-presented. The offered bread and wine are changed in the Body and Blood of Jesus. This practice is repeated at every Mass.

Just a reminder, a souvenir is simply something (trinket, key chain, gift, etc.) which is a reminder (or recollection) of a past event or experience.

Au revoir!

[Greek] συμφωνία (symphōnia): music, composition, unified sound, harmonious sound, harmony, agreement; Lk.15:25

A shepherd riding a ran and playing an aulos, a flute-like musical instrument. This instrument was used in part to create a concordant musical sound.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means harmony, agreement, and musical instrument(s). Illustrations of harmony are found in agreements, economic contracts, musical instruments, philosophy, and the view of the cosmos. The Pythagorean Doctrine of the Spheres defines the idea that the sun, moon, and planets all emit their own hum on their orbital revolution. Harmony of thought and life are found in feelings, desires, mind, and soul. In the first century, this term constantly appears as a concord of sounds or a company of musicians.

Plato’s Symposium 187b states “Harmony was by musical art created. Harmony is consonance, and consonance is a kind of agreement; and agreement of things varying so long as they are at variance, is impossible.” Plato’s Laws 689d states “For without harmony, my friends, how could even the smallest fraction of wisdom exist? It is impossible. But the greatest and best of harmonies would most properly be accounted the greatest wisdom.” Plato’s Timaeus 47d states “And harmony was given by the Muses to him makes intelligent uses of the Muses, to assist the soul in restoring it to order and concord with itself.”

Old Testament: This term means harmony and agreement. 4 Macc. makes reference to the agreement (concord) of seven brothers. Daniel makes reference to the sound of musical instruments. Sumponyah, an Aramaic loan-word from the original Greek, is a primitive animal skin bagpipe. The Hellenistic philosopher Philo makes reference to the harmony of musical instruments, human life, and a well-tempered soul. The Hellenistic philosopher Josephus makes reference to the fitting concept of God in agreement with the Law. In later Judaism the will of God revealed in the Law was a norm of true life and conduct. O sacred and harmonious concord of the seven brothers on behalf of religion (4Macc.14:3). Be ready know to fall down and worship the statue I had made, whenever you hear the sound of the trumpet, flute, lyre, harp, psaltery, bagpipe, and all the other musical instruments; otherwise, you shall be instantly cast into the white hot furnace; and who is the God that can deliver you out of my hand? (Dan.3:15).

New Testament: This term means music in the story of the Parable of the Prodigal Son. The father, in his great joy, celebrated the return of his wayward son. A celebration occurred with music and dancing. This music may have been performed with wind instruments, which were used to signify important events (occasions). St. Jerome, who knew the languages and customs of the East, states that symphonia is a consonatina (concordant harmony), not a musical instrument.

Scripture:

“Now the older son had been out in the field and, on his way back, as he neared the house, he heard the sound of music and dancing.” Lk.15:25

The father, upon his son’s return, celebrated with music and dancing. This music produced a concordant harmony.

Early Church: This term is used by Bishop Ignatius to convey harmony in terms of doctrinal unity. Ignatius’ Letter to the Ephesians 4.1 states “Wherefore it is fitting that you should run together in accordance with the will of your bishop. Become a choir, that being harmonious in love, and taking up the song of God in unison, that you with one voice sing to the Father through Jesus Christ.” Ignatius’ Letter to the Ephesians 5.1 states “How much more do I reckon you happy who are so joined to Him as the Church to Jesus Christ, as Jesus Christ is to the Father, that so all things may agree in unity.”

“Wherever the bishop appears, let the people be there; just as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church” St. Ignatius’ Letter to the Smyrnaeans (110 A.D).

Consonance: This term means agreeing in sound, pleasing combination of sounds, and harmony. A consonant (noun) is group of alphabetic letters making a specific sound. Consonant (adjective) means agreeing, corresponding, and harmonious.

Conclusion:

Symphony, symphonic, consonance, consonant

It was interesting to discover that term means much more than a symphony (group of instruments or musicians). The overall meaning conveys a sense of harmony. It also looks like the Pythagoreans were actually on the right track in their understanding that the universe is governed by a unity and harmony of physical laws, numbers and properties. This fine-tuned universe created by God allows for our existence. The Greeks also believed in the harmony of beauty and reason.

In the Old Testament, it was also interesting to note that Daniel makes mention of a bagpipe. The sumponyah becomes a primitive precursor to the current day bagpipe. The Jewish Hellenistic philosophers also illustrated the importance of harmony and unity in many walks of life.

In the story of the Parable of the Prodigal Son, I think it safe to say that the father did not hire an elaborate symphony. Rather, the father may have hired a few flutists or singers for this festive occasion. It is also interesting to note that St. Jerome had some insight about Lk.15:25.

The Early Church Fathers, like Ignatius, conveyed the importance of the harmony (agreement) of Church doctrine. This notion was very important in order for the Church to grow in the face of persecution and doctrinal challenges. It was also very important for Christians to clearly understand what the Church stands for.

Now in recent years, the Church today is confronted with the issue of whether or not to change (or adapt) church teachings to the secular world’s (values). Some Church leaders are open to this notion. While other Church leaders continue to hold fast to traditional Church teachings. The Synod on the Amazon is a perfect illustration of this. Today, bishops can look to Ignatius as an example in how to state and defend Church teachings in a post Christian (and anti-Christian) world. 

Now faithful bishops are accused of being hateful, controlling (one’s body), bigoted and homophobic for simply stating traditional Church teachings. Now we seem to be living in a world in which the Church is viewed as bigoted and hateful! Then taking this notion to its inevitable conclusion, if one is really honest with oneself, then one has to conclude that God’s views are bigoted! (This is anything but harmonious!)

“Stay in the symphony. Stay in God’s word. No matter who hard it is, stay right with it, wherever God is beating.” William Branham

[Greek] σκάπτω (skaptō), [Latin] fodere, [Latin] fossilis, [Latin] scandalizare: (dug up): to dig, to till, to cultivate; Lk.6:48, Lk.13:8, Lk.16:3

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to dig, to go too far, to cultivate, to delve into, to dig about, and to excavate.

Euripides’ Heracles 566: “I, meanwhile, since here is work for my hand, will first go raze this upstart tyrant’s halls.”

Aristophanes’ Plutus 525: “You will have to toil, to dig and submit yourself to all kinds of hard labor, so that your life would be more wretched even than it is now.”

Plato’s Cratylus 413a: “But when, after hearing this, I nevertheless ask them quietly, ‘What then, if this is true, is justice? They think I am asking to many questions and am leaping over the trench.”

Lucian’s Gallus 6: “Dreams are winged, so they say, and their flight circumscribed by sleep; this one seems to have broken bounds, and taken up its abode in wakeful eyes.”

New Testament: This term means to dig or to cultivate. One, who listens and acts on His words, is like the wise man who builds his house on a strong foundation (rock). His house remains secure after the flood. In the parable of the barren fig tree, the wise man will cultivate the ground and fertilize it. This parable pertains to the patience of God toward those who haven’t repented. In the parable of the dishonest steward, the steward was not strong enough to dig and was too ashamed to beg. The steward prudently reduces the debtors’ promissory notes. The steward essentially forgoes his own usurious commission.

Scripture:

“That one is like a person building a house, who dug deeply and laid the foundation on rock; when the flood came, the river burst against the house but could not shake it because it had been well built.” Lk.6:48

This person is one who listens and acts upon Jesus’s words.

“He said to him in reply, ‘Sir, leave it for this year also, and I shall cultivate the ground around it and fertilize it.’” Lk.13:8

This parable represents God’s continuing patience towards others.

“The steward said to himself, ‘What shall I do, now that my master is taking the position of steward away from me? I am not strong enough to dig and I am ashamed to beg.’”Lk.16:3

The dishonest steward acted prudently to reduce the debtors’ obligation to him.

Shoulder: The Old English shull means shovel. The shoulder is also called the shull-bone (shovel bone). In some parts of England, the shoulder is also called a blade. Therefore, this bone is also called the shoulder blade.

Scapula: The shoulder blade is a large triangular flat bone. The shoulder resembles the shape of a shovel (spade).

Scapula of the Immaculate Heart of Mary worn over the shoulder bones (scapulae).

Scapular: The scapular is a Roman Catholic sacramental garment suspended from the shoulders. There are two types of scapular, the monastic and devotional scapular, which serve to remind the wearers of their commitment to live a Christian life. In the 1917 apparitions at Fatima, the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared with a rosary and scapular. The more commonly known scapular contains two bands (swatches) of cloth joined together by a cord, placed on each shoulder.

Fossil: This is anything which is dug up. The Latin fossilis is the past participle of the verb fodere. This word first becomes a slang word for an old person in 1859. This first recorded use of fossil fuel begins in 1833.

Conclusion:

Scapula, scapular, fossil

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I was surprised to discover that this term was used in more nuanced and metaphorical ways. Leaping over the trench was an expression meaning becoming too nosey or making excessive demands. In other words, this means going beyond what is proper or permitted. In a sense one “digs around” in areas where one shouldn’t go into. In Lucian’s Gallo 6, dreams take flight from the subconscious world into the real world.

In the New Testament, this term is used in a literal sense. However, if one “digs deeper”–[sorry, I couldn’t resist]– into the scriptures, these parables convey larger theological truths. Such examples include God’s patience, following Jesus, and justice.

It was quite interesting to see how shoulders, shovels, scapulars, and fossils are all tied together. I can dig that!

[Greek] ἔκτρωμα (ektrōma), [Latin] abortivus: “out of trauma”, untimely birth, miscarriage, one untimely born, abortion, one born out of time, abnormal birth, abortive offspring, child born dead; 1Cor.15:8

The Conversion of St. Paul: painting by Caravaggio (1601). Paul was “born out of time” not like the other disciples who walked with Jesus.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: Although not commonly used, this term is found among the works of the Greek physicians. This term means a miscarriage, an untimely birth, and the “casting out the fruit of the body”. Dioscurides states “Because of the blows she had received, a women named Taesis had a miscarriage.” Herodotus’ The Histories 3.32 states “Angered at this, he sprung upon her, who was great with child, and she miscarried and died of the blow he gave her.” Aristotle states “If this ever happens (for this also has occurred) the mother cannot bring the second embryo to perfection, but it is cast out in a state like what are called abortions.” Julius Caesar (or one of his predecessors) was born by this medical procedure.

Old Testament: This term refers to a still-born child, miscarriage, and untimely birth. Scriptures make references of comparing these graphic images to difficult situations. Disease, sin, lack of a burial, unjust rulers, and being buried are likened to a stillborn or dead child. Let her not thus be like the stillborn babe that comes forth from its mother’s womb with its flesh half consumed (Num.12:12). Or why was I not buried away like an untimely birth, like babies that have never seen the light? (Job.3:16). Should a man have a hundred children and live many years, no matter to what great age, still if he has not the full benefit of his goods, or if he is deprived of burial, of this man I proclaim that the child born dead is more fortunate than he (Eccl.6:3). The birth pangs will come for him, who, when it is time, does present himself at the mouth of the womb (Hos.13:13).

New Testament: This term refers to Paul in a metaphorical sense. From a spiritual standpoint, Paul was not born at the right time in order to have been a disciple during Jesus’ lifetime. This makes reference to Paul’s abnormal and extraordinary calling (spiritual birth) to his apostolic office. This also has been used as a derogatory term against Paul by his enemies. The Jews would speak of Paul’s sudden and abrupt disposal of His Jewish faith as a betrayal to them. Perhaps Paul himself, now as a Christian, would also view own his past persecuting life as an abomination (with no life).

Scripture:

“Last of all, as to one born abnormally, He appeared to me.” 1Cor.15:8

Paul becomes “born” as a Christian in an abrupt and unusual way.

Early Church: The Church Fathers used this term to refer to unworthiness and faithlessness. Ignatius’ Letter to the Romans 9.2 states “As for me [Ignatius], I am ashamed to be counted one of them; for indeed I am not worthy, as being the very last of them, and one born out of due time.” Eusebius’ Church History 5.1.45 states “For through their continued life the dead were made alive, and the witnesses showed favor to the dead (who failed to witness). And the virgin mother (Church) had much joy in receiving alive those whom she had brought forth as dead.”

Conclusion:

Trauma, abortion

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I am not surprised that this term would be commonly used by Greek physicians. Abortions and miscarriages (and their accompanying trauma) have always been present throughout human history. The Greek physicians have insightfully noted that physical abuse (whether intentional or unintentional) can lead to miscarriages. Aristotle provides timely words that embryos are cast out in a state as an abortion.

In the Old Testament era, it was interesting to discover that these graphic images are compared or likened to difficult (or tragic) situations. These are more nuanced illustrations of this term.  At least the Old Testament culture understood the graphic nature of abortion. On the other hand, our current culture often uses euphemisms and “rights” to mask its graphic nature or to rationalize this practice.

In the New Testament era, Paul is essentially “born out of time” in an abrupt and unusual call to become an Apostle. Paul did not become a disciple in the normal way, walking with Jesus. It was also interesting to discover that this term was used as a metaphorical insult against Paul. I really can imagine a disgusted Jew saying to Paul, “You are dead to me!” Not surprisingly, this similar attitude is often conveyed toward the unwanted embryo (child) in our current times.

Ignatius uses this term to refer to worthlessness. Unfortunately, this meaning can sometimes become a motivation for abortion. It is also insightful to note that Eusebius mentions that the early Church had brought forth both living and dead children. These born dead are Christians who do not confess their faith in times of persecution. Those born dead are those who do not stay true to their faith and convictions. Unfortunately, in our own current times, we still have many who are ‘dead’ in their faith and convictions during these moral, cultural, and societal struggles. 

Shakespeare, in his play Macbeth, also makes mention of an abnormal birth (cesarean section). This was considered as a very rare medical procedure. Macbeth believes that he cannot be killed by any man born of a woman. Macbeth soon learns that Macduff was “from his mother’s womb/Untimely ripped.” (5.10.15-16). Macduff was born by cesarean section. Macduff slays Macbeth.

Update: October is Respect Life Month. This post is dedicated to all those who were not born, who were untimely born, who were born out of time, and who have experienced a miscarriage of justice.

[Greek] ὑπογραμμός (hypogrammos), [Latin] exemplus, subscriptio: a wax tablet, a writing to be copied, an example, an underwriting, a copy for imitation, a writing copy, tracing tablet, something to write under, a pattern, a model for copying; 1Pet.2:21

The hypogrammos refers to the exact pattern of alphabetic letters, impressed on a wax tablet (tabula), which children copied or traced to learn the letters. (Contact Septimus Maximus’ Tabularium and Emporium while supplies last.  Ask about our back-to-school specials!)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means educational tool, representation, description, standard, adornment, approximation, literary reference, official protocol, and that which follows or is written below. Plato’s Protagoras 326d states “Just as writing-masters first draw letter in faint outline with the pen for their less advanced pupils, and then give them the copy-book (wax tablet) and make them write according to the guidance of their lines, so the city sketches out for them the laws devised by good lawgivers of yore.” Plato’s Laws 711b states “ But what a monarch does need is to, lead the way himself first along a desired path, whether it be to urge the citizens towards virtue’s practices or the contrary; by his personal example he should first trace out the right lines, giving praise and honor to these things.” Polybius’ Histories 3.22.3 states “The best scholars among the Roman themselves have great difficulty in some parts in it [First Treaty between Rome and Carthage]. There shall be friendship between the Romans and their allies and the Carthaginians and their allies on these conditions.”

Old Testament: Interestingly, this term conveys these meanings in a verbal (active sense) rather than as a subject. These meanings convey providing an example (model), demanding an occasion, expressing a concern, specifying a criterion, and making a supposition. Antiochus writes a letter, underwritten by a notification, to the Jews that they must be loyal to his successor. The people confined their efforts in giving a summary outline of the story of Judas Maccabeus. Occasions (circumstances) dictate what Jews will do to defeat their enemies.

While we leave the responsibility for exact details to the original author, and confine our efforts to giving only a summary outline (2Macc.2:28). The Jewish nation will help them wholeheartedly, as the occasion shall demand (1Macc.8:25). The king granted their request at once and wrote the following letter for them to the generals in the cities, magnanimously expressing his concern (3Macc.6:41). So he lost hope for himself and wrote the following letter to the Jews in the form of a supplication. (2Macc.9:18).

New Testament: This term, occurring only once, means example or model. 1Pet. was written to the slaves who provided the labor for the cities in Asia Minor. The sense of freedom provided by the gospel was at odds with the Christian slaves. Christ, like a slave, suffered (died on the cross). The slaves are called to follow this example (model) of non-violence and respect for their masters. In following Christ, some are called to accept their vocation of suffering.

Scripture:

“For to this you have been called, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example that you should follow in His footsteps.” 1Pet.2:21

Christian slaves are called to respect their masters and accept their vocation in suffering.

Early Church: The Early Church makes reference to following Jesus’ example in good works and suffering. Polycarp’s Letter to the Philippians 8.2 states “Let us imitators of His patience, and if we suffer for His name’s sake, let us glorify Him. For He has set us this example.” Clement’s 1^st Letter to the Corinthians 1.16 states “You see, beloved, what is the example which has been given us; for if the Lord thus humbled Himself, what shall we do who have through Him come under His yoke.” Clement’s 1^st Letter to the Corinthians 33.8 states “Having therefore such an example let us without delay accede to His will and let us work the work of righteousness with our whole strength.”

Conclusion:

Example, subscription, tablet

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the various meanings of this term. In the arena of education, students used wax tablets in learning language. The Latin name for this wax tablet is tabula. A more nuanced meaning refers to following a virtuous path. A subscriptio refers to the writing at the bottom or the core principles of a contract.

In the Old Testament era, this term is used more in a situational context, pertaining to circumstances, contract stipulations, concerns, and criteria. The Jews often opposed their captors in various degrees. Some Jews upheld their faith up to the point of martyrdom. These Jews had set an example for other Jews to follow. Other Jews advocated revolution and violence.

In the New Testament era, this scripture was addressed to slaves who also experienced persecution and bondage. Jesus, as a slave, was seen to be an example in how to nonviolently respect their masters. I can imagine that some slaves would view this scripture with ambivalence or incredulity.

This scripture provides insight on the notion that perhaps that some people are called to experience persecution, affliction, and sickness as part of God’s will (vocation) for them. This scripture may possibly provide comfort or solace to those who experience these difficulties. Perhaps some are called to share in this suffering with Jesus. In a sense, this helps to provide some meaning with suffering. Even Paul mentions that he shares in his suffering with Jesus.

The Early Church experienced great persecution and suffering. Despite this, the Church flourished. These Christians, who stood up to their faith to the point of martyrdom, were great examples for others to follow.

This post was brought to you by Septimus Maximus’ Tabularium and Emporium, conveniently located in the Roman Forum.

[Greek] ἀγωνία (agōnia): contest, great fear, struggle, intense sorrow, anxiety, struggle for victory; Lk.22:44

Nude athletes engaged in a physical contest (agon).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means contest, struggle for victory, gymnastic exercise, conflict, and concerted effort (in the face of difficulty). Euripides’ Hecuba 314 states “Enough, what will they say, if once more comes a gathering of the army and a contest with the foe?” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 2.3.15 states “Let me inform you, Cyrus, that I shall enter this contest. I recommend you to enter with alacrity into the competition with these gentlemen in this sort of warfare.” Hippocrates’ De Articulis 11 states “It deserves to be known how a shoulder which is subject to frequent dislocations should be treated. For many persons owing to this accident have been obliged to abandon gymnastic exercises and from the same misfortune have become inept in warlike practices, and have thus perished.” Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.33 states “He was so nervous, and so much worried by the fear, that, in spite of Thracian success, his enterprise would slip from his fingers, if you should intervene before the Phoecians perished, that he made a new bargain with this vile creature.”

Old Testament: This term, infrequently used, means to suffer agony and to show great distress. The 1st Book of Maccabees shows how the Hellenistic Greeks tried to convert the Jews to Greek culture. A gymnasium was built in Jerusalem according to Gentile custom. (1Macc.1:14).  Instead of focusing on altar activities, young Jewish men frequented the gymnasium and participated in Greek activities (2Macc.4:14). The Hellenistic philosophers Josephus and Philo make reference to this term. “They uttered these complaints and entreaties with great agony and misery of soul” (Embassy 243). “The king was in great agony and disorder” (Antiquities 11.241). Those who remained in the city suffered a like agony, anxious as they were about the battle in the open country (2Macc.15:19). There was great distress throughout the city (2Macc.3:14).

New Testament: This term, used only once, means to experience intense sorrow (anguish). Jesus goes to the garden of Gethsemene to pray in contemplation and preparation for His own death. Jesus experiences such anguish so as to sweat drops of blood. Jesus was expressing anguish yet remained faithful to the Father in following His path leading to His arrest and eventual crucifixion.

Scripture:

He was in such agony and He prayed so fervently that His sweat became like drops of blood falling on the ground.” Lk.22:44

Jesus prays and contemplates His eventual arrest and crucifixion. In His anguish, Jesus sweats drops of blood.

Conclusion:

Agony, agonize

It was interesting to discover that this term can refer to military combat, mortal combat, athletic competition (games), and gymnastics. Essentially, the common thread of these activities involve the contests of skills and physical conditioning. It is amusing to see Hippocrates as a sports physician talking about separated shoulders. The amateur and professional athlete can both relate to this. The Greek gymnos means naked. Athletes performed nude in an athletic competition (agon).

In the Old Testament culture, this term primarily refers to serious life and death situations. Sports and athletic competitions were not highly held Jewish social values. Athletic competitions and games were present in Hellenistic cultures. In the Maccabeean era, it is interesting to note that the gymnasium becomes a bad thing. Subverting traditional Jewish culture is a very serious matter. Yet, it is important to note the common characteristics of athletic competitions and agony (distress): struggle, competition, perseverance, discipline, and suffering (training), etc.

Jesus also experienced stressful contemplation (anguish) over His impending fate of crucifixion. Jesus’ intentions are more concerned about His victory to redeem humanity, rather than His own death.

Hematidrosis is the physical condition when a person suffers such extreme levels of stress that he sweats drops of blood.

Although His disciples abandoned Him, Jesus ultimately achieved final victory in following the will of the Father. Paul refers to himself as an athlete running the Christian race (life). And yet, Timothy makes references to physical training (bodily exercise) as being of limited value. The gymnasium is not explicitly stated in the New Testament. Perhaps, this is in response to the corrupting Greek Gentile influences from the Old Testament.  

Rather than prolonging this agony (post), I will just say “have a good race”!

“Spanning the globe to bring you the constant variety of sport…the thrill of victory… and the agony of defeat…the human drama of athletic competition” 

[Greek] ἐξίστημι (existēmi), [Latin] existere: to displace, to stand aside from, to be astonished, to astonish, to astound, to be astounded, to lose one’s senses, to be amazed, to amaze; Mt.12:23, Mk.2:12, Mk.3:21, Mk.5:42, Mk.6:51, Lk.2:47, Lk.8:56, Lk.24:22, Acts 2:7,12, Acts 8:9,11,13, Acts 9:21, Acts 10:45, Acts 12:16, 2Cor.5:13

The Incredulity of St. Thomas: painting by Michelangelo Caravaggio (1601)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used in many ways, means to stand, to stand outside one’s self, to displace, to change, to become separated, to depart from, to be removed, and to give up possession. Euripides’ Bacchae 850 states, “Let us punish him. First drive him out of his wits, send upon him a dizzying madness, since if he is of sound mind he will not consent to wear women’ clothing, but driven out of his senses he will put it on.” Demosthenes’ Against Midias 21.72 states “These are the things that provoke men and make them beside themselves, if they are unused to insult. No description can bring the outrage as vividly before the hearers as it appears in truth and reality to the victim and the spectators.” Euripides’ Orestes 1021 states “Alas, again, as I take my last look at you, my senses have left me.” Interestingly, the Roman perspective of this term means to stand out (exist). This refers to standing out in the sense of both being and becoming.

Old Testament: This term, used in a more psychologically sense, means to cause panic, to be panicked, to terrify, and to be terrified. Non-human objects and events often take on anthropomorphic (human-like) characteristics. Ecstasy (an ecstatic event) occurs only in man’s reaction to the revelation of God’s word and work. Physiological and psychological movements (and responses) are often alternated. If I come upon him when he is weary and discouraged, I shall cause him panic (2Kgs.17:2). I will have the fear of me precede me, so that I will throw into panic every nation you reach (Exo.23:27). With that, Isaac was seized with a fit of uncontrollable trembling (Gen.27:33). In that day, says the Lord, the king will lose heart, and the princes; the priest will be amazed, and the prophets stunned (Jer.4:9). The smoke rose from it as the though from a furnace, and the whole mountain trembled violently (Exo.19:18). O Lord, I have heard your renown, and feared, O Lord, your work (Hab.3:2).

New Testament: This term means to astound, to be astounded, and to be out of one’s senses. Others were astounded by Jesus’ early scriptural understanding, His statements, and His miracles. Simon astounds with his magic. Simon, who later becomes devoted to Phillip, becomes astounded himself by the mighty deeds which were occurring. The Jewish Christians were astounded that the Holy Spirit would be poured out on the Gentiles.

Scripture:

“Even Simon himself believed and, after being baptized, became devoted to Phillip; and when he saw the signs and mighty deeds that were occurring, he was astounded.” Acts 8:13

Simon, a magician who astounded others, becomes astounded by these mighty deeds. Sorcerers and magicians were well known in the ancient world. These miraculous charisms in the Christian community were shown in order to be distinguished (to avoid any confusion of) from these acts from sorcery.

“The circumcised believers who had accompanied Peter were astounded that the gift of the Holy Spirit should have been poured out on the Gentiles also.” Acts 10:45

These Jewish Christian could not easily accept that Jesus and the Holy Spirit were seeking both Jews and Gentiles.

“For if we are out of our minds, it is for God; if we are rational, it is for you.” 2Cor.5:13

There was a concern that ecstasies and charisms were not truly related to God’s revelation. Paul was also appealing to the fundamental Greek virtues of reasonableness, moderation, good judgment, and self-control.

Conclusion:

Exist, existence, existing, outstanding

In the Greco-Roman era, it was very surprising to discover that this term was quite extensively and widely used in many contexts. Some of the more unusual or nuanced meanings include disposing of claims, retiring from, shrinking from, and departing from (“I depart from my heart’s resolve and obey [Sophocles’ Antigone 1105]). It was interesting to learn about the Roman perspective of standing out. This Roman concept provides some understanding on the idea of standing out from the average level of things (or persons).

In the Old Testament culture, it was interesting to discover how this term is used in a psychological sense. God is frequently shown as the cause or source of astonishment and bewilderment.  Ecstasy denotes the state of one who is “out of himself” It was also interesting to discover that human qualities were used to convey this term.

In the New Testament culture, this term is primarily used in the sense of to astound or to be astonished. This term reflects the powerful religious experiences of the early Church. This also provides some understanding of the idea of being beside oneself. (Now this idea doesn’t sound so crazy!)

I was astonished (although not exactly out of my mind) by the varied uses of this term unique to a specific period in history.

[Greek] διήγησις (diēgēsis), [Latin] narratio: dialogue, narrative, account, orderly account, recounted story, enactment; Lk.1:1

Hal 9000: “I’m sorry, Dave, I’m afraid I can’t do that.” Stanley Kubrick masterfully used dialogue and sound editing in 2001: A Space Odyssey

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means narrative, oral story, or written story. The ancient epyllion, a literary device, is a summary (digest) of a longer poem or literary piece. This device introduced separate stories or episodes within a narrative. Plato’s Republic 392d states “Is not everything that is said by a fabulist (storyteller) or a poet a narration of past, present or future things? Do not they proceed either by pure narration or by a narrative that is effected through imitation? Plato’s Phaedrus 266e states, “And the narrative must come second with the testimony after it.”

Old Testament: This term refers to narrative in a conversation. Let us begin our account without adding to what has already been said (2Macc.2:32). Let these word suffice for recalling this truth. Without further ado we must go on with our story (2Macc.6:17). Be eager to hear every discourse; let no insightful saying escape you (Sir.6:35). With the learned exchange ideas; and let all your conversations be about the law of the Most High (Sir.9:15). The conversation of fools is offensive, and their laughter is wanton sin (Sir.27:13). He preserves the discourses of the famous, and goes to the heart of involved sayings (Sir.39:2).

New Testament: This term means narrative or account. The prologue in Luke’s gospel makes it clear that Luke was not part of the first generation of disciples who personally knew Jesus. Luke compiles and writes down a narrative from earlier eyewitnesses and ministers. Luke’s gospel is generally believed to have been written around 80-90 A.D. Therefore, Luke is considered a 2^nd or 3^rd generation Christian. Interestingly, Luke is found as a co-worker in Col.4:14, Phm.24, and 2Tim.4:11. These scriptures were written by Paul when he was imprisoned in Rome around 58-62 A.D. Luke draws upon testimony (sights and sounds) from the Apostle Mark. Paul also mentions that Luke is with him in Rome (2Tim.4:11).

Scripture:

“Since many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the events that have been fulfilled among us.” Lk.1:1

Luke compiles narrative from earlier eyewitness who knew Jesus. Luke is considered a 2^nd or 3^rd generation Christian who was a co-worker with Paul.

Conclusion:

Digest, diegetic, non-diegetic

Greco-Roman histories are a genre that consists of a narrative. The author and narrator are generally the same person who relates information from a “bird’s eye view” and inserts his own judgment. Other non-narrative genres (poems, plays, comedies, and tragedies, etc.) use characters to show or perform this narrative (story).

These literary works, including poems (epos) were quite long (epic). Sometimes, an epyllion was crafted as a “readers’ digest” version of these lengthy works.

In the Old Testament, this term is primarily used to convey the narrative of a conversation. In the New Testament, Luke is the only Gospel writer to refer to himself in the first person. Luke also includes dialogue and episodes in his gospel. In addition to referring upon Mark’s gospel, Luke draws upon the sights and sounds from his experience as a co-worker with Paul.

To be honest, I have never had heard of the term diegetic. (Useless Words Alert need not apply!) Although you may not have actually “heard” this word before, you already know what this word is all about! A diegetic sound is what the characters (and you viewers) both hear in the film. A non-diegetic sound (voice) is a sound (voice) outside of the film (mood music or narration). Morgan Freeman comes to mind

Film industry:

Diegesis: These are the narrative elements that are shown in a film.

Diegetic sounds: Dialogue, music, sounds, etc. which can be heard by the characters and viewers (watching the film).

Non-diegetic sounds: Narration (voice-over), the voice of God, Morgan Freeman, background (mood) music, etc. outside the film. The characters cannot hear these sounds. This also may be a sound in which a character only hears (listening to music with headphones).

And now we end here in a diegetic scene (from Mel Brook’s Blazing Saddles) in riding off into the sunset. Giddy up. Time to skedaddle! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cD6aM7sZHWk

[Greek] διακονία (diakonia),[Latin] diaconus]: service, ministry, relief, support, attendance (as a servant), aid; Acts 1:17,25 Acts 6:1,4, Acts 11:29, Acts 12:25, Acts 21:19, Rom.11:13, Rom.12:7, Rom.15:31, 1Cor.12:5, 1Cor.16:15, 2Cor.3:7-9, 2Cor.4:1, 2Cor.5:18, 2Cor.6:3, 2Cor.8:4, 2Cor.9:1,12-13, 2Cor.11:8, Eph.4:12. Col.4:17, 1Tim.1:12, 2Tim.4:5,11, Heb.1:14, Rev.2:19

The ordination of St. Stephen as deacon: painting by Vittore Carpaccio (1511)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used in a secular sense, means service, rendering service, ministration, and public service. Plato’s Republic 371c states “If the farmer or any craftsman taking his products to the marketplace does not arrive at the same time with those who desire to exchange with him, is he to sit idle in the marketplace? There are men who see this need and appoint themselves to this service.” Aeschines’ Against Ctesiphon 3.13 states “That whatever a man is called on to under special enactment, this is not an office, but a sort of commission and public service.” Demosthenes’s On the Crown 18.206 states “If I had attempted to claim that you were first inspired [to serve] with the spirit of your forefathers by me, everyone would justly rebuke me. But I do not. I am asserting those are your principles.”

Old Testament: This term means servant, retainer, child, attendant, and rendering service. He also sent him gold dishes and a table service (1Macc.11:58). The king’s servants answered him, ‘Haman is waiting in the court’ (Est.6:5). The chief steward assigned Joseph to them, and he became their steward (Gen.40:4). Aaron shall wear it when ministering, that its sound may be heard as he enters and leaves the Lord’s presence (Exo.28:35). They shall assist their fellow Levites in the tent of meeting in performing their duties (Num.8:26). Moses would return to the camp, but his young assistant Joshua never left the tent (Exo.33:11). These attended the king, in addition to those whom the king has stationed in the fortified cities throughout Judah (2Chr.17:19).

New Testament: This term means ministry (position of authority) and service. Service can involve serving others, ministering, providing provisions (contributions), and waiting upon. Matthias succeeds Judas in a serving ministerial position, which provides the basis for the position of deacon. Martha is burdened with serving others. A new service ministry is created in order to serve the neglected widows. Financial support is also needed to support the holy ones in Jerusalem. Christian service, oriented to the Gospel, supersedes the limitations of the Law.

Scripture:

“He was numbered among us and was allotted a share in this ministry.” Acts 1:17

Judas was to originally partake in this ministry. Matthias was to replace Judas. This references the ministry of service.

“For the administration of this public service is not only supplying the needs of the holy ones but is also overflowing in many acts of thanksgiving to God.” 2Cor.9:12

This service is part to provide for the material needs to the poor in Jerusalem. This service also pertains to serving others.

“Now if the ministry of death, carved in letters on stone, was so glorious that the Israelites could not look intently at the face of Moses because of its glory that was going to fade, how much more will the ministry of the Spirit be glorious? For if the ministry of condemnation was glorious, the ministry of righteousness will abound much more in glory.” 2Cor.3:7-9

Paul refers to the Mosaic covenant as a ministry of death because of its limitations. The Mosaic covenant was once glorious. The Mosaic covenant, a ministry of condemnation, is inferior to the new covenant of righteous and reconciliation. This new covenant surpasses the Mosaic covenant.

Conclusion:

Deacon, deaconate

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover a secular aspect of service. It was a great and prestigious honor to serve the state in some capacity (Even today, this value continues today in political circles.) Or this could simply be a farmer selling his wares at the marketplace.

In the Old Testament era, this term takes on a primarily religious sense. The religious sphere essentially takes on a public and national authority (like the state). Servants served or attended to priests and some kings.

In the New Testament era, this term refers to the ministerial office of deacon and service (in various ways). It is noteworthy that this notion of service is much larger than the position of deacon. It was interesting to discover that the Law was called the ministry of death and condemnation. The superior New Covenant is called the ministry of reconciliation. Service can take on various forms ranging from serving food, waiting on tables, being a minister, and financially supporting the poor.

That’s all for now. I hope that this post can be of some service to you.

[Greek] θέατρον (theatron), [Latin] theatrum, [Latin] spectaculum: theater, spectacle, a place for a public show, amphitheater, general audience room, place where games and dramatic spectacles are shown, spectators; Acts 19:29,31, 1Cor.4:9

The amphitheater in Ephesus

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means theater (amphitheater), spectators, and spectacle (play). In the Stoic perspective, the deity becomes a spectator of the wise man fighting misfortune and encountering conflict. Plato’s Symposium 194a states “How forgetful I should be, after noticing your and many spirit as you stepped upon the platform with your troop; how you sent a straight glance at the vast assembly.” Polybius’ Histories 3.91.10 states “If the Carthaginians succeeded in fixing their quarters in these plains, they would have the advantage of a kind of theater, in which to display the terrors of the power. They would make a spectacle also of the cowardice of their enemies.” Polybius’ Histories 5.15.2 states “But as the drinking went on, and grew less moderate, being forced to do just as the others did, they show themselves in their in true colors.” Herodotus’ The Histories 6.21 states “The Athenians made clear their deep grief for the taking of Miletes in many ways. When the Phrynichus wrote a play entitled ‘The Fall of Miletus’ and produced it, the whole theater fell to weeping.”

Old Testament: Although not explicitly stated, this term makes references to the spectacles of Job and other Jews. Job’s sufferings become a spectacle to angels and men. In 3Macc 5 Ptolemy seeks to have the Jews killed by elephants. God causes Ptolemy to oversleep, causing him to forget his anger against the Jews. But after an impassioned prayer by Eleazar, God sends two angels to prevent this. Ptolemy honors the Jews with various immunities and a banquet. The Jews request and receive permission to return home.

New Testament: This term means spectacle and amphitheater. Paul presents the Christians’ struggles (and persecutions) as a spectacle to the world. Paul contrasts his own suffering with the Corinthians’ folly. Paul, influenced by Hellenism, borrows the term ‘spectacle’. The silversmiths in Ephesus riot in response to Paul saying that these gods (made by human hands) are not gods at all. The people rushed into the amphitheater. Paul wanted to go before the crowd. Fear for Paul’s safety, the disciples advised him not to venture into the theater. Rather than as a spectator, God is intimately connected with the Christians’ weakness and struggles.

Scripture:

“For as I see it, God has exhibited us apostles as the last of all, like people sentenced to death, since we have become a spectacle to the world, to angels and human beings alike.” 1Cor.4:9

Paul presents the Christians’ sufferings and persecution as a spectacle to the world. Paul makes reference to the Hellenistic term as a spectacle.

“The city was filled with confusion, and the people rushed with one accord into the theater, seizing Gaius and Aristarchus, the Macedonians, Paul’s traveling companions.” Acts 19:29

By saying that the gods (made by hand) were not gods at all, Paul provoked a riot among the silversmiths in Ephesus. The people rushed into the theater.

Conclusion:

Theater, theatrical, theatric, spectacle

It was interesting to discover that this term also means spectacle, play, and spectators. Essentially, this term illustrates the qualities of a person, group, or crowd. In addition to convening political events, the theater presents plays illustrating the human condition (greed, fame, and tragedy, etc).

In the Old Testament culture, it is interesting to note that Job’s struggles were an spectacle to men and angels. The persecution or martyrdom of Jews or Christians can appear as a spectacle in any era in history.

In the New Testament culture, Paul presents the Christians’ persecution and struggles as a spectacle to the world. Paul draws upon the Hellenistic term ‘spectacle’. Paul provokes a riot among the silversmiths we he claims that those gods made by hands are not gods.

In modern times, many aspects of social media also report about and illustrate the human social condition. Sometimes, social media presents, creates and provokes spectacles in various walks of life. This brings to mind the concept of a meme. Interestingly, in 1976 the atheist Richard Dawkins developed the notion of a meme, an idea or behavior that spreads across people in a culture. Therefore, an internet meme is a piece of media, often humorous, that spreads rapidly through the internet. It is really fascinating how, why and when a meme occurs as as result of someone’s actions or words. You never know when a meme will occur. 

So just get the popcorn and sit back and enjoy the show!

[Greek] θήκη (thēkē), [Latin] theca: receptacle, sheath, scabbard, box, case, place, tomb, place for safekeeping; Jn.18:11

The discotheque, originally a record collection (library), becomes a nightclub for dancing. 

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means chest, storeroom, and tomb. Herodotus’ The Histories 9.83 states “Long after these events, many of the Plataeans also found chests of gold, silver and other things.” Euripides’ Hecuba 1147 states “Hecuba brought me here on this pretext, saying she would tell me of hidden treasure stored up in Illian by the Priam.” Xenophon’s Economics 8.17 states “It would be downright carelessness on our part if we, who have large storerooms in our house to keep everything separate and whose house rests on solid ground, fail to find a good and handy place for everything.” Aeschylus’ Persians 405 states “Free your children, your wives, the temples of your fathers’ god, and the tombs of your ancestors.”

Old Testament: This term means dwelling, habitation, place, receptacle, home, household, monument, pillar and stump. In the place where God has spoken with him, Jacob set up a sacred pillar (Gen.35:14). The Lord said to Noah: go into the ark, you and all your household (Gen.7:1). And the woman was taken into Pharaoh’ house (Gen.12:15). So she left his garment beside her until his master came home (Gen.39:16). Underneath the molding you shall put gold rings, two on one side and two on the opposite side, as holders for the poles used in carrying it (Exo.30:4). The king took the ten women and placed them under guard (2Sam.20:3).

New Testament: This term means sheath (scabbard) holding a sword or dagger. Jesus asked Peter and the disciples to remain vigilant in the Garden of Gethesemene. Judas identified Jesus so that He could be arrested by the authorities. Peter struck the high priest’s slave’s ear. Jesus told Peter to put his sword back into its sheath. Jesus healed the slave’s ear. Jesus was already aware that He was going to be arrested. Jesus permitted this to happen in order to be taken to the cross. It was on the cross that Jesus was to later drink the fourth cup, which allowed Him to finish the Passover sacrifice. The fourth cup represents the consummation of the new Covenant.

Scripture:

“Jesus said to Peter, ‘Put your sword in your scabbard. Shall I not drink the cup that the Father gave me?’” Jn.18:11

The scabbard (sheath) holds the sword.

Conclusion:

Discotheque, bibliotheca, bibliotheque

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I was surprised to discover that this term can mean place (for safekeeping), case, and tomb. In a sense, this correlates with a sheath for holding a sword or dagger.

In the Old Testament culture, this term takes on many meanings. It is interesting to note that there are very many references to household and home. In the New Testament culture, this term specifically refers to a sheath (holding place) for a sword or dagger.

The ancient Greek bibliotheke originally meant book room (repository), a place to hold books. The Italian discoteca originally meant record collection or record library. Discotheque, a French variation of the English word, means a nightclub with record music and dancing. The French disque refers to a disk or thin, round object. In 1927 disco referred to a phonograph record. Perhaps, one could perhaps say that this is also a place where one contains one’s dance moves.

Catch you on the flip-side!

[Greek] κλῆρος (klēros), [Latin] clerus: lot, inheritance, portion, share, lot of land, which is drawn; Mt.27:35, Mk.15:24, Lk.23:24, Jn.19:24, Acts 1:17,25-26, Acts 8:21, Acts 26:21, Col.1:12, 1Pet.5:3

For My Vestments They Did Cast Lots: painting by Charles Martin Hardie (1858-1916)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used only in a spatial sense, means lot, the act of drawing lots, position, destiny (fate), portion of land, and inheritance. Patrimony plays a role with inheritance in parceling out lands. Herodotus’ The Histories 3.83 states “Fellow partisans, it is plain that one of us must be made king (whether by lot or entrusted, with the office by the choice of the Persians, or in some other way.” Plutarch’s Consolatio ad Apollonium 4 states “He puts on these resolutions as if he were in a popular government where magistracy is decided by lot; if it luckily falls to his share, he obeys his fortune, but if it passeth him, he does not express discontent at it.” Herodotus’ The Histories 2.109 states “This king also (they said) divided the country among all the Egyptians by giving an equal parcel of land, and made this his source of revenue, assessing the payment  of a yearly tax.” Plato’s Laws 923c states “Whosever writes a will disposing of his property, if he be the father of children, he shall first write down the name of whichever of his sons deems worthy to be his heir. And if he has any son besides that is not adopted for any lot, he will be sent out by law to a colony.”

Old Testament: This term means lot, lot of land, portion, eschatological portion (fate), and inheritance. Casting of lots is usually done by the victors in the dividing the spoils. Casting of lots, also involved with God’s determining path for others, is related to patrimony and inheritance. The allotment of lands (in Canaan) comes about more so through God’s will so that Israel, tribes, families, and individuals can receive their God given inheritance. Inheritance of these lands gives legitimacy of their possession. Later Judaism develops the notion that each person will receive his eschatological inheritance (fate) or portion. They said to one another, ‘Come, let us cast lots to find out on whose accounts we have met with this misfortune (Jon.1:7). The territory allotted to them lay between the descendants of Judah and those of Joseph (Jos.18:11). I will then cast lots for you before the Lord, our God (Jos.18:6). Such is the land which you shall apportion as inheritances among the tribes of Israel, and these are their portions, says the Lord God (Eze.48:29). For this purpose He arranged two lots: one for the people of God, the second for all the other nations (Esth.10:3). Go, take your rest, you shall rise for your reward at the end of days (Dan.12:13).

New Testament: This term can have various meanings closely related to each other. Such meanings include lot, eschatological portion (lot), part, ministry, inheritance, and responsibility. The Roman soldiers casting lots of Jesus’ garments presents an image of a seemingly powerless and humiliated Jesus. Divine inheritance relates to the eschatological portion each person receives in Christ. Lots are cast to select Matthias to assume the apostolic position (ministry) which Judas walked away from. Peter instructs that one must set an example in taking responsibility in leading one’s flock.

Scripture:

“So they said to one another, ‘Let’s not tear it, but cast lots for it to see whose it will be,’ in order that the passage of scripture might be fulfilled [that says]: ‘They divided my garments among them, and for my vesture they cast lots.’” Jn.19:24

The Roman soldiers exercise their power (authority) over Jesus in casting lots for Jesus’ garments. This scripture also fulfills Psa.22:19.

“Then they gave lots to them, and the lot fell upon Matthias, and he was counted with the eleven apostles.” Acts 1:26

Lots were given to fill the position left by Judas. The lot fell upon Matthias to assume this role (ministry) as Apostle.

“To open their eyes that they may turn from darkness to light and from the power of Satan to God, so that they may obtain forgiveness of sins and an inheritance among those who have been consecrated by faith in Me.” Acts 26:18

Paul’s commission is to remove other people’s spiritual blindness. This inheritance is an eschatological portion each one will receive.

Early Church: The early Church Fathers expand on the notion of the eschatological portion assigned to each person. This denotes a heavenly gift which God has allotted to each believer in fellowship with the saints. Polycarp’s Letter to the Phillipians 12.2 states “ May God the Father and Jesus Christ build you in faith and truth, and in all meekness, gentleness, patience, long suffering, forbearance, and purity, and may He bestow on you a lot and portion among the saints.” Ignatius’ Letter to the Trallians 12.3 states “And also pray for me, who have need of your love, along with the mercy of God, that I may be worthy of the lot for which I am destined.”

Conclusion:

Cleric, clerical

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that this term is used only in a spatial sense. Even in this time, lots were often cast to select candidates for positions. One’s lot in life refers to one’s general situation or fate. Rather than an eschatological sense, this term pertains to authority, influence and power.

In the Old Testament culture, casting lots over someone usually meant dividing the spoils. It is significant to note that God plays an important role in allotting lands and inheritance to His people. Judaism later develops the notion of eschatological portion (inheritance) one can receive. This term helps to further define God’s relationship with His people.

In the New Testament culture, this term is presented in various and related ways (ministry, responsibility, lot, part, portion, and share). These terms can used interchangeably. This term pertains to the increasing need for ministerial positions and ministries for the challenges facing the growing Church. Not surprisingly, the Roman soldiers cast lots for Jesus’ cloak. The early Church Fathers further expand on eschatological share (inheritance). Not surprisingly, this term provides the basis for a clerical role.

In recent times, the Church is also facing new challenges pertaining to the increasing need for religious vocations. Although this is a serious situation, there are in fact places (dioceses) where vocations are increasing and where seminaries are thriving. Many of these young new priests are coming into their vocations with a renewed sense of what can they do to serve the Church. Some of these places are: Cleveland OH, Columbus OH, Denver CO, Harrisburg PA, Houma-Thibodaux LA, Lafayette LA, Lincoln NE, Monterrey CA, Nashville TN, New Orleans LA, Patterson NJ, Tulsa OK, Washington DC, and Wichita KS. 

It seems that there are ‘lots’ of examples to be thankful for!

[Greek] προγράφω (prographō), [Latin] praescribere: to write before, to write previously, to announce, to prescribe, to compose in the past, to describe vividly, to publish, to publicly make notice, to give written notice; Rom.15:4, Gal. 3:1, Eph.3:3, Jud. 4

A 1772 Oxford edition of Tertullian’s De Praescriptiones Haereticorum (Prescription Against Heretics).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to write beforehand, to give written notice, to proscribe, to register for condemnation, to write on a list, to set forth as a public notice, to appoint, to proclaim, and to make something public. This term can also refer to things previously written. Such public documents (and statements) include promulgations, epistles, notices, edicts, lists, and placards. Such statements of events and edicts can take on a sense of a proclamation. Sometimes vivid descriptions illustrate the importance of such events. The Greco-Roman judicial system often placed criminals and the accused on public registers.

Polybius’ Histories 11.11 states “My reason for prefixing a table of contents to each book, rather than a preface, is because I find prefaces viewed, though from many adequate reasons, with contempt and neglect.” Aristophanes’ Birds 450 states “Do not fail to read the decrees of dismissal we have posted.” Plutarch’s Brutus 27 states “The Publius Silicius upon seeing the accused Brutus, was seen to burst into tears, was for this reason put on the list of the proscribed. Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus were sentenced to death by proscription.” Thucydides The Peloponnesian War 1.23 states “Old stories of occurrences handed down by tradition, but scantily confirmed by experience, suddenly ceased to be incredible.” Plutus’ Aemilius Paulus states “He also declared Marcus Aemilius Lepidus first senator.”

Old Testament: This term can mean to publicly state, to put on a list, to make a decree, and to set aside a ransom. Dan.3:3 refers to King Nebuchadnezzar summoning the provisional officials to the dedication of the statue he had set up. 1Macc.10:36 refers to thirty thousand Jews being forced to enlist in the king’s army. The Jewish Hellenistic philosopher Josephus makes reference to the king publicly promulgating an edict (decree), the king threatening to punish those who oppose his decree, and Josephus himself pleading to provide a ransom to secure the freedom of the Jews from conscription.

New Testament: This term means to publicly portray, to write beforehand, to show clearly, and to set aside (appoint) for condemnation. Like a public proclamation, Paul states that Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified. Paul’s missionary activity is comparable to an edict. The mystery of God’s salvation for the Gentiles and Jews was already made known to Paul, who had written about this previously. Jude 4 makes reference to false teachers who pervert God’s grace and deny Jesus Christ. The false teachers will receive their divine appointment of condemnation and judgment.

Scripture:

“O Stupid, Galatians! Who has bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified?” Gal.3:3

Paul, in his concern for the Galatians, makes a strong proclamation that Jesus Christ is crucified.

“Namely, that the mystery was made known to me by revelation, as I have written briefly earlier.” Eph.3:3

Paul restates the mystery of God’s salvation which was made known to him earlier. This mystery pertains to Gentiles and Jews can receive salvation.

“For there have been some intruders, who long ago were designated for this condemnation, godless persons, who pervert the grace of our God into licentiousness and who deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.” Jud. 4

These false teachers will receive their divine appointment of condemnation and judgment.

Conclusion:

Program, proscribe, prescribe, prescription

In the Greco-Roman era, it was interesting to discover the various meanings of this term. This term was quite often used by governmental authorities in issuing edicts and promulgations. The praescriptio was a legal term in which a landholder held ownership in provincial lands. This gave the landholder the right to possess these lands. Criminals and the accused were often proscribed on public lists for punishment (death).

In the Old Testament culture, the corrupt kings (both Hebrew and foreign) issued edicts on the people. Opposition to these edicts often resulted in persecution or death

In the New Testament culture, Paul’s ministry was a public proclamation of Christ crucified. Jude 4 makes mention of the false teachers who will be divinely prescribed for condemnation and judgment.

The first medical use of a prescription occurred in the 1570’s. This is essentially a medical instruction by a doctor. Tertullian wrote a praescriptio (literary work) against the heretics. It is interesting to note that the Greek apologetikos originally meant a systemic logical defense of a belief system. Tertullian apologized (defended) Christianity against the heretics.  St. Justin Martyr is perhaps the most famous Christian (Catholic) apologist in history.

Now, to apologize means to say, “I’m sorry.” I am sorry, although this praescripto has not expired, my quill has run dry.

[Greek] ἀπαγγέλλω (apangellō), [Latin] annuntiare, [Old English] tidan: to inform, to proclaim, to announce, to report, to give a message, to bring word, to announce or report from a person; multiple scriptural references

Vision of Cornelius the Centurion: painting by Gerbrand van den Eechout (1664). Cornelius relates in a vision that he will need to summon Peter to his house to be baptized.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to report (bring news), to give orders, to record, to command (give orders), to relate, and to bring back news. Plato’s Charmides 153c states “Then the report, I replied, is pretty near the truth. You were present? I was present. Then sit down here and give us a full account; for as yet we have had no clear report at all.” Xenophn’s Anabasis 6.4.25 states “After his one of the men who escaped brought back word to the camp of what had happened.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.127 states “But when Astyages heard that Cyrus was about winning their freedom, he sent a messenger to summon Cyrus. Cyrus told the messenger to take back word that Astyages would see him sooner than he liked.” Aeschylus’ Libation Bearers 266 states “O children, O saviors of your father’s hearth, speak not so loud, dear children, in case someone should overhear and report all this to our masters merely for the sake of rumor.”

Old Testament: This term, used in both a religious and secular (ordinary) sense, means to tell, to be told, to report, to inform, and to give a warning. The religious sense means to send or report God’s messages, oracles, and cultic proclamations. Did I not announce and foretell it long ago? You are my witnesses (Isa44:8).  The Lord also proclaims His word to Jacob (Psa.147:8). If I give that to the man of God, he will tell us our way (1Sam.9:8). Samuel answered Saul: ‘I am the seer. Go up ahead of me to the high place and eat with me today (1Sam.9:19). I announce to him that I am condemning his family once and for all, because of this crime (1Sam.3:13). On the third day, word came to Laban that Jacob had fled (Gen.31:22). When it was reported to the king of Egypt that the people had fled, Pharaoh and his servants changed their minds about them (Exo.14:5).

New Testament: This term is also used in a religious and ordinary sense. Scriptural examples occur most frequently in Matthew, Luke, and Acts. Religious examples involve miracle accounts, God’s messages, and Jesus Himself as the Messenger of God. These accounts, situations, or incidents are either reported, relayed, or talked about.

Scripture:

“He sent them to Bethlehem and said, ‘Go and search diligently for the child. When you have found Him, bring me word, that I too may go and do Him homage.” Mt.2:8

Herod wanted to find and see the child for own his reasons. Herod was very threatened by the authority of this child.

“Jesus said to them in reply, ‘Go and tell John what you hear and see.” Mt. 11:4

Jesus instructs John’s disciples to tell John of the miracles that Jesus performed. Jesus tells the crowd about John as the messenger preparing the way for Him.

“He (the Spirit) related to us how he had seen the angel standing in house saying, ‘Send someone to Joppa and summon Simon, who is called Peter.’” Acts 11:13

Divine directions were given to Peter and Cornelius to remove the legal barriers between the Jews and Gentiles. The Gentiles are to be included in receiving the Gospel. The Spirit instructed Peter to enter into Cornelius’ house. The Jewish Christians were scandalized to learn of Peter’s entry into the house of the Gentile Cornelius.

Conclusion: 

Angel, angelic, announce, annunciation, tidings

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is used quite frequently in many contexts. Soldiers were often used to gather, inform, and report information to their superiors. Some of these reporters of information were not exactly angels. Likewise, information and rumor were reported and countermanded. It is interesting to note that both soldiers and angels have standing orders to report to their superior!

In the Judeo-Christian culture, prophets and angels were very instrumental in relating God proclamations. The Spirit informs Peter that the Gentiles will also share in the salvation offered by God.

Update: Sept 8 was the feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Essentially, this is Mary’ birth date. The feast of the Immaculate Conception (Mary being conceived in her mother’s womb) was celebrated nine months previously. The Immaculate Conception pertains to Mary’s conception, rather than Jesus’ conception. Unfortunately, many often confuse this with Jesus’ birth. Mary was protected from the stain of sin at the very beginning of her life. God had great future plans for her. Years later, an another annunciation (visit) will occur. The angel tells Mary that she has found favor with God. Jesus will conceive in her sinless womb and bear a son.

I would thou good favor with God and tidings of comfort and joy.

[Greek] γονυπετέω (gonupeteō), [Latin] genuflectere: to kneel, to fall on the knees, to kneel down, to give homage, to bow the knee; Mk.15:19, Lk.22:41, Mt.26:39, Mk.14:35, Acts 7:60, Acts 9:40, Acts 20:36, Acts 21:5, Mt.17:14, Mt.27:29, Mk.1:40, Mk.10:17

The Martyrdom of St. Stephen: painting by Lorenzo Lotto (1513)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to kneel, to kneel down, to fall on the knee or to fall down before one. There is generally no distinction between genuflection and full prostration. The recipients of such devotion include slaveholders, illustrious citizens, and the gods. It was a customary practice for a slave to kneel down before his master. There was genuflection before the gods (and other deities) in prayer. Sometimes, in the normal worship of the official gods there was no bowing of the knee.

Polybius’ Histories 15.29 states “But his mother Oenanthe went in great distress to the temple of Demeter and Persephone, and there first of all she besought the aid of the goddesses with bending of the knee and strange incantations.” Euripides’ Phoenissae 293 states “I fall to my knees before you, lord, honoring the custom of my home.” Herodotus’ Histories 7.136 states “From there they came to Susa, into the king’s presence, and when the guards commanded and would have compelled them to fall down and bow to the king, they said they would never do that.”

Old Testament: The gesture of genuflection indicates a sign of humility and worship in the prayer of the individual or the community to God. Genuflection can reflect a sign of abasement, acknowledgement, and homage before God. Bowing down may also involve outstretched hands reaching towards heaven. Sometimes genuflection or devotion is given to the gods. The expression ‘every knee’ represents a person.

Solomon rose from before the altar of the Lord, where he had been kneeling with his hands outstretched toward heaven (1Kgs.8:54). Yet I will leave seven thousand men is Israel: all those who have not knelt to Baal or kissed him (1Kgs.19:18). When the third captain arrived, he fell to his knees before Elijah, pleading with him (4Kgs.1:13). And the whole assembly blessed the Lord, bowing down and prostrating themselves before the Lord (1Chr.29:20). To Me every knew shall bend (Isa.45:23). Daniel continued his custom of going home to kneel in prayer and give thanks to his God (Dan.6:10).

New Testament: This term can mean kneeling down or kneeling down in prayer. The welcoming father kneels down in joyfulness upon his son’s return to him. The Roman soldiers mockingly “kneel down” at Jesus on His way to His crucifixion. In many situations, one kneels down and prays to God. Like Jesus, Stephen kneels down and prays that God will forgive those who will kill him. Others comes to kneel down before Jesus in hopes of being healed or cured.  

Scripture:

“And kept striking His head with a reed and spitting upon Him. They knelt before Him in homage.” Mk.15:19

The Roman soldiers mocked Jesus after placing a purple cloth and thorns on Him.

“A leper came to Him and kneeling down begged Him and said, ‘If you wish, you can make me clean.’”Mk.1:40

Jesus healed the leper. Moved with pity, Jesus healed him. Jesus instructs to report to the priests

“Then Stephen fell to his knees and cried out in a loud voice, ‘Lord, do not hold this sin against them’, and when he said this, he fell asleep.” Acts 7:60

Stephen called upon to forgive those who killed him. Stephen was praying when he was kneeling down.

Genuflection: This term comes from the Latin genu (knee) and the Latin flectere (to bend). From today’s perspective, the notion of genuflecting may sound like a old fashioned or quaint practice. In first century Rome, it was expected that one would get down on bended knee when the emperor or statue of a god passes by. This action was considered as a sign of reverence. You were showing that the emperor or statue was divine. However, many early Christians viewed genuflection as form of polytheistic practice. But the meaning of genuflection changed over time into a sign of respect for those in authority. In later years subjects would genuflect before their king. Kings would genuflect before the pope. Christians adapted this practice for popes, cardinals, and bishops. But over time people began genuflecting before holy objects. Interestingly, the meaning of genuflection again changed over time to its original meaning as a means to show veneration and adoration for God alone. Catholics now genuflect before the blessed sacrament (Eucharist) at Mass and in the tabernacle. 

Conclusion:

Genuflect, genuflection

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was customary, although unsettling, to learn that slaves knelt down before their masters. Subjects (people) often knelt down before their kings (and queens). It was also customary to kneel down before the gods, yet standing was permitted regarding the official gods.

In the monotheistic Old Testament culture, it was quite common for the priest (and others) to kneel down (and extend one’s arms toward heaven) in the Lord’s presence. However, it was a severe religious sacrilege to kneel down and kiss idols and gods. It is noteworthy to acknowledge that there existed a practice of kissing venerated or sacrilegious objects.

In the New Testament, kneeling down can be found in non-religious contexts (welcoming and mocking). Scripture shows a consistent pattern of praying following kneeling down. Such examples include Jesus, Paul, and Peter. Those who seek healing come to and kneel down before Jesus.

Catholic liturgy: On Good Friday, many Catholics venerate (kneel down before or kiss) the empty Cross. Catholics, upon entering the Tabernacle (the room storing the Eucharist), generally genuflect (kneel down) before Jesus’ presence upon entering this room. Jesus is both King and God.

Taking a knee can be a form of reflection, ending a play, a break, silence, prayer, or even protest.

It’s time to end this post, so I am taking a knee.

[Greek] ἀσθενής (asthenēs), [Latin] infirmus: needy, in want, poor, subject to abuse (oppression), needing help, needing deliverance; Mt.25:39,43-44, Mt.26:41, Mk.14:38, Lk.10:9, Acts 4:9, Acts5:15-16, Rom.5:6, 1Cor.1:25,27, 1Cor.4:10, 1Cor.8:7,10, 1Cor.9:22, 1Cor.11:30, 1Cor.12:22, 2Cor.10:10, Gal.4:9, 1Thess.5:14, Heb.7:18, 1Pet.3:7

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means weakness, impotence, feebleness, sickness, hardship, being poor, and insignificance. Demosthenes’ Against Aristocrates 23.54 states “If a man kills another man in an athletic contest, he declared him not be guilty. His intention is to vanquish him unslain. If the other combatant was too weak to support the struggle for victory, he considers himself responsible for his own fate.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 8.1.30 states “And by making his own self-control (temperance) and example, he disposed all to practice the virtue more diligently. For when the weaker members of society see that one who is in a position where he may indulge himself to excess is still under self-control, they naturally strive all the more not to be found guilty of any excessive indulgence.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.120 states “Even in our prophecies, it is often but a small thing, that has been foretold and the consequences of dreams come to nothing in the end.”

Old Testament: This term is related to several Hebrew terms. Such meanings include weak, feeble, thin, humble, lowly, humiliated, afflicted, wretched, weak of heart, afraid, and anxious. You shall not pervert justice for the needy among you in a lawsuit (Exo.23:6). Though I am afflicted and poor, my Lord keeps me in mind (Psa.40:18). Have mercy on upon me, O Lord, for I am weak (Psa.6:2). Do not be afraid or dismayed, be strong and of good courage (Jos.10:25). And what the land is, whether it is rich or barren (Num.13:20). As the Lord knows, the children are too young (Gen.33:13). The Lord is on high, but cares for the lowly (Psa.13:6). I dwell in a high and holy place, but also with the contrite and lowly of sprit (Isa.57:15).

New Testament: This term, used in various ways, can refer to a physical illness, moral weakness, spiritual ineffectiveness, a paradoxical theological sense, and a gender sense. Physical illnesses are illustrated for the purposes of Jesus’ calling others to serve (and care) for others and opportunities for His healing miracles. Moral weakness is found in with sinful behavior and disrespect. The elemental powers and the Law are ineffective in providing spiritual efficacy. The foolishness of God is wiser than human wisdom. Likewise, the weakness of God is stronger than human strength. In a strictly physical (anatomical) sense, the female gender can be often the physically weaker sex.

Scripture:

“When did we see you ill or in prison, and visit you?” Mt.25:39

One must visit and care for the ill. This is part of Jesus’s commandment to serve others.

“For the foolishness of God is wiser than human wisdom and the weakness of God is stronger than human strength.” 1Cor.1:25

True wisdom and power to be found paradoxically. To human eyes, the crucified Christ symbolized impotence. God’s power and wisdom are shown forth from the crucified Christ.

“On the one hand, a former commandment is annulled because of its weakness and uselessness.” Heb.7:18

Christ brings forth a new order, bringing a more efficacious sacrifice. The Law becomes only a shadow of things to come. The Law is insufficient.

Conclusion:

Infirm, infirmity, calisthenics, asthenic, myasthenia

It was interesting to discover the varied meanings of this term. In the Greek Hellenistic culture with an athletic code of conduct, physical weakness can lead to death. Xenophon provides a wonderful example of a public figure publicly showing self-control and restraint, providing an example for others.

In the Old Testament, this term frequently occurs. The New Testament and Jesus’ teachings expand on the notion of serving and taking care of the weak and vulnerable. Sometimes the sick (infirmed) are used to illustrate Jesus’ healing abilities for the glory of God. Moral weakness pertains to one’s inclination to sin. It is important to note that the Law now becomes spiritually weak (ineffective) in providing salvation for the person. Jesus provides a more efficacious sacrifice in providing salvation and everlasting life.

The paradox of the cross illustrates that Jesus’ weakness will conquer sin and the world’s power and wisdom. Christ crucified becomes a stumbling block to the Jews and foolishness to the Gentiles.

Sthenic means having a high or excessive level of strength and energy. (This word also sounds like a strong candidate for a useless word). Myasthenia gravis (grave muscle weakness) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles.

For such a small and humble person, St. Mother Theresa offers profound wisdom and spiritual strength about serving God.

Let’s all hope and pray that our own public figures (politicians, clergy, and celebrities, etc) will show stronger moral character and conviction!

“Real true faith is man’s weakness leaning on God’s strength”– Dwight Moody

Update: August 29, 2019: In recent times, the United States is having to deal with the contentious issue of immigration of people into the United States from other nations. It is naive to think that this is a simple black and white issue. It is true that we are all called to help the weak and vulnerable. There is another side of this issue, which perhaps not has not yet received enough attention. Does a nation have a right to control its borders?

Yes.

What does Pope Francis say about this?

“Can borders be controlled? Yes, each country has a right to control its borders, who enters and who leaves, and countries that are in danger–of terrorism or the like–have more right to control them more…” (Interview with the Spanish newspaper El Pais on Jan. 17, 2017)

What does Pope John Paul II say about a nation?

“The term ‘nation’ designates a community based in a given territory and distinguished by its culture. Catholic social doctrine holds that the family and the nation are both natural societies, not the product of mere invention.” (From John Paul II’s final book Memory and Identity)

What does the Catechism of the Catholic Church say about the common good of a nation?

Political authorities, for the sake of the common good for which they are responsible, may make the exercise of the right to immigrate subject to various juridical conditions,  especially with regard to the immigrants’ duties toward their country of adoption. Immigrants are obliged to respect with gratitude the material and spiritual heritage of the country that receives them, to obeys its laws and assist in carrying civic burdens. (CCC 2241).

Does a country have a right to control its borders?

Yes. A country, without control over its borders, has no borders at all.

What does the Catechism of the Catholic church say about the right of migration?

“The more prosperous nations are obliged, to the extent they are able, to welcome the foreigner in search of the security and means of livelihood which he cannot find in his country of origin.” (CCC 2241)

What does Pope John Paul II say about a country’s obligation to accept immigrants?

“These are the right to have one’s own country; to live freely in one’s own country’ to live together with one family’ to have access to the goods necessary for a dignified life; to preserve and develop one’s ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage; to be recognized and treated in all circumstances according to one’s dignity as a human being. The exercise of such a right [that is, the right to immigrated to a particular country] is to be regulated, because practicing it indiscriminately may do harm and be detrimental to the common good the community that receives the migrant.” (John Paul II’s Message for the 87th World Day of Migration 2001)

What does the Catechism of the Catholic Church say about the immigrant already in the country?

“Public authorities should see to it that the natural right be respected that places a guest under the protection of those who receive him.” (CCC 2241)

What does Pope John Paul II say about these immigration crises?

“The challenge is to combine the welcome due to every human being, especially when in need, with a reckoning for both the local inhabitants and the new arrivals to live a dignified and peaceful life.” (John Paul II’s Message for the World Day of Peace 2001)

[Greek] συκοφαντέω (sykophanteō), [Latin] caluminiari: to make false charges, to slander, to accuse falsely, to inform, to extort someone, to be an informant, to cheat someone, to be a “fig revealer”; Lk.3:14, Lk.19:8

Sandro Botticelli’s illustgration of Dante’s Eighth Circle of Hell. The damned flatterers are immersed in excrement. Dante considered sycophancy worse than murder.

Background information:

Sycophant: This term literally means “fig revealer.” The Greek noun sykon means fig. The Greek verb phanien means to reveal. Folklore also suggests that sycophants would shake the tree to reveal the hidden figs. This was a term used in the legal system of Classical Athens. Due to the lack of public litigants, private litigants were often used to bring up questionable or false prosecutions and accusations. Figs were a very lucrative farming commodity. Oftentimes, fig farmers would try to avoid paying taxes when buying or selling figs. It was illegal to export figs from ancient Greece. So the informant (fig revealer) was someone who squealed on the illegal exporter. These fig farmers would often hire sycophants to spy on their competitors. Unscrupulous sycophants would often extort or falsely accuse competitors (for personal or financial gain).  

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means to inform, to falsely accuse, and to extort. Aristophanes’ Ecclesiazusae 562 states “Now will dare to do shameless deeds, to give false testimony or lay information.” Lysias’ On the Refusal of a Pension 24.1 states “So I will try to show you in my speech that this man is lying; for it is merely from envy, in my opinion, that he has involved me in this ordeal. Is it possible that he hopes to get money by slandering me? And if he hates me out of envy or when he seeks to be avenged, he lies; for his villainy has always kept me from having any dealings with him.” Aristophanes’ Birds 1431 states “So it seems, despite all your youthful vigor, you make it your trade to denounce strangers?” Aristophanes’ Acharnians 519 states “Some men, some wretches, lost in vices bereft of honor, who were not even citizens of standing, but strangers, have accused the Megarians of introducing their produce fraudulently.”

Old Testament: This term means to oppress, to defraud, to extort, to trick, to cheat, and to deal falsely. The Law states that two or three witnesses were needed in order to provide a valid accusation against another person. Deut.19:15 states that a valid charge shall stand only on the testimony of two or three witnesses. You shall not exploit your neighbors (Lev.19:13). You have neither cheated us, nor oppressed us, nor accepted anything from anyone (1Sam.12:4). Crushed, you shall not exult no more, virgin daughter of Sidon (Isa.23:12). Only the father, since he committed extortion and robbed his brother—he will die because of his sin (Exek.18:18). You shall not deceive or speak falsely to one another (Lev.19:11). So now, swear to me by God at this place, that you will not deal falsely with me or my progeny or posterity (Gen.21:23). Though we have not forgotten you, nor been disloyal to your covenant (Psa.44:17).

New Testament: This term, only found twice in Luke’s gospel, means to make false charges and to extort. Luke speaks on how the soldiers and the rich man should conduct themselves. The soldiers are not to extort and make false charges against each other. The rich man is instructed to give to the poor and not to extort others. 

Scripture:

Soldiers also asked him, ‘And what is it that we should do?’ He told them, ‘Do not practice extortion, do not falsely accuse anyone, and be satisfied with your wages.” Lk.3:14

John the Baptist calls upon the soldiers to stop oppressing the civilians.

“But Zacchaeus stood there and said to the Lord, ‘Behold, half of my possessions, Lord, I shall give to the poor, and if I have extorted from anyone I shall repay it four times over.’”

Jesus calls upon Zacchaeus to not extort others but also to share his wealth.

Dante’s Inferno (9 Circles of Hell): Inferno is the Italian word for hell. This story begins with the narrator (who is the poet himself) being lost in a dark wood. He is rescued by the Roman poet Virgil. They began a journey into the underworld (Hell). The circles of Hell appear in the following order: limbo, lust, gluttony, greed, anger, heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. Dante places flatterers in a deeper hell than those who commit sins of tyranny, heresy, or even murder. The eighth circle of hell is further divided including panderers, seducers, flatterers, thieves, sowers of schism, falsifiers, and hypocrites. Dante’s punish for flattery is immersion in feces. According to Dante, fraud not only injures the person deceived; it also affects the larger community.

Conclusion

Sycophant, calumny

The ancient Greek poets introduced sycophant characters on the stage as figures of ridicule and disdain. These sycophants were presented as informers, litigators, accusers, extorters, and flatterers. Fig farmers often hired informers to spy and report on their competitors. (This really brings out the “sick” in sykophant.)

In the Old Testament, one person’s testimony was not legally valid to bring charges upon on another person. The Law stated that two or three persons’ testimony (evidence) was needed to press charges. Interestingly, Jesus uses this same expression “when two or three are gathered” to provide testimony that He is present among a group of people.

In the New Testament, this term is primarily used to illustrate oppressing or taking advantage of others. This leads to Jesus’ teachings of how to wisely use one’s wealth.

Calumny is the making of false and defamatory statements about someone in order to damage their reputation.

We are all aware of the many other terms similar to a sycophant. Politics and the work environment especially come to mind. Such examples include toady, flatterer, minion, yes-man(or woman), kiss-ass, flunky, suck-up, bootlicker, and brown-noser. (One could also say that their actions really stink!)

I don’t think you need to go Dante’s Eighth Circle of Hell to figure out why this brown color stinks!

[Greek] συνεργός (synergos), [Latin] adiutor,[Latin] cooperator: fellow worker, co-worker, fellow laborer, helper, working together; Rom.16:3,9,21, 1Cor.3:9, 2Cor.1:24, 2Cor.8:23, Php.2:25, Php.4:3, Col.4:11, Phm1:1,24, 1Thess.3:2, 3Jn.8

Statue of Pope St. Clement at St. Peter’s Basilica. Clement was a former co-worker of Paul.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, meaning helper or fellow worker, refers to a work or achievement which is more or less equally divided among fellow workers. Examples of helpers can consist of accomplices, co-workers, gods, and metaphorical constructs (ideas). Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.63.4 states “The return that you made them was therefore neither equal nor honorable, since you called them in, as you say, because you were being oppressed yourselves, and then became the accomplices in oppressing others.” Plato’s Charmides 173d states “I grant you, for Prudence, would not suffer ignorance to foist herself in and take a hand in our labors.” Euripides’ Hippolytus 676 state “What god, what mortal shall appear to help me, sit at my side, and lend a hand to my unjust deeds.” Euripides Medea 396 state “By the goddess I worship most of all, my chosen helper Hecate, who dwells in the inner chamber of my house, none of them shall pain my heart and smile at it.”

Old Testament: This term, occurring only four times, means helper in both a good and bad sense. These helpers include men, times, opportunities, and nights. The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo quite frequently uses this term. Examples include recollection as a helper, the cooperation of reason, sinful persons who act with us, all parts of the soul committing sin, no human helper on the way to virtue, idolatrous statues , painting co-partners in deceit, and the working together of the world’s powers. God has no need of a helper. However, God uses subordinate helpers in the creation of man. The philosopher Josephus focuses on the synergism of God with man. The synergism of faith refers to the notion that the righteous person only lives by faithfulness. 

When Jonathon saw that the times favored him, he sent selected men to Rome to confirm and renew his friendship with the Romans (1Macc.12:1). But he found an opportunity to further his mad scheme when he was invited to the council by Demetrius and questioned about the dispositions and intentions of the Jews (2Macc.14:5). He preferred the nights as being especially helpful for such attacks. So the fame of his valor spread everywhere (2Macc.8:7).

New Testament: This term, meaning co-worker, occurs predominately in Paul’s letters. This title (co-worker) applies to both companions and pupils who carry forth the common work in Christ. Although Paul maintains his superior status as Apostle, he still bestows honor on his companions and pupils. They are all God’s helpers or handymen in the kingdom of God. Paul’s helpers share with the burden of the ministry of reconciliation. 3Jn refers to co-workers working for the propagation of the truth of the gospel in pagan lands.

Scripture:

“Greet Prisca and Aquila, my co-workers in Christ Jesus.” Rom.16:3

Paul, Prisca, and Aquila were both tent-makers. They supported their missionary work by making tents.

“Yes, and I ask you also, my true yokemate, to help them, for they have struggled at my side in promoting the gospel, along with Clement and my other co-workers, whose names are in the book of life.” Php.4:3

Yokemate was another name for a co-worker. At this time Clement was an unknown co-worker. Clement would later become Bishop (pope) of Rome.

“Therefore, we ought to support such person, so that we may be co-workers in the truth.” 3Jn.8

3Jn was written to the Christians who were living in pagan lands. These Christians were encouraged to persevere by not expecting any support from the pagans. These Christians were encouraged also to persevere in the propagation of the truth of Christianity.

Clement: In Php.4:3 Paul makes reference to a then unknown co-worker Clement. Paul’s letter to the Philippians was written around 49-51 AD. The ancient Christian Eusebius writer also makes mention that this Clement would later become the fourth Bishop of Rome from 88-97 AD. Clement wrote two epistles to the Corinthians addressing their problems (paganism, sedition, dissent, etc). Clement’s famous first letter to the Corinthians establishes the doctrine of apostolic correction and succession.

Eusebius’ Church History Book III (written in 313 AD):

Chapter 2: Peter, Bishop of Rome, was martyred in Rome in 67AD. Linus succeeds Peter as second Bishop of Rome. Paul mentions Linus, when writing to Timothy from Rome.

Chapter 4: Paul had innumerable fellow labors or fellow soldiers.

Chapter 13: Anancletus succeeds Linus as third Bishop of Rome

Chapter 15: Clement succeeds Anancletus as fourth Bishop of Rome.

Chapter 16: Clement writes his 1^st Letter to the Corinthians in response to the sedition and division of the Corinthian community.

Conclusion:
Synergy, synergism, synergistic, adjustor, adjust, co-operator, cooperate

Before I had started to investigate this term, I really did not know what I would later find. I was thinking of co-workers as just fellow men (and women). I was surprised to discover that the gods were helpers and accomplices. Plato also makes references to metaphors (Prudence and Love) as helpers.

In the Old Testament, the Hellenistic Jewish philosophers make many references to helpers (and helping). God uses only subordinate helpers. There is also a synergism (working together) of faithfulness and righteousness.

In the New Testament, this term primarily applies to companions and pupils working in the name of Christ. It is interesting to note that Paul makes reference to an unknown co-worker Clement, who would later become the fourth Bishop of Rome (pope). It is significant to note that Eusebius, a reliable ancient Christian writer, makes confirmation of Clement and his relationship with Paul. This provides evidence of a link from Paul to Clement, Bishop of Rome.

This reminds me of that famous quote by the soon to be saint John Henry Cardinal Newman. He said, “To be deep in history, is to be cease to be Protestant.”

I hope this information works for you and your Protestant friends!

[Greek] λειτουργέω (leitourgeō), [Latin] ministrare: to serve the state, to perform a religious service, to be a public servant, to be a minister, to render public service; Heb.10:11, Acts 13:2, Rom.15:27

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates (built in 335 B.C.): This monument was built in honor of Lysicrates winning his first prize in the annual literary festival in Athens. The patron Lysicrates provided the financial support for the musical productions (liturgy) in the Theater of Dionysus.

Background information:

Leitourgia: This term comes from Greek laos (the people) and the Greek ergon (work). The liturgy was in ancient Greece public service projects established by the city-state whereby the richest patrons financed the state with their personal wealth. It was a great and prestigious honor to serve the state. The liturgical system dates back to the early days of Athenian democracy. The liturgy was the preferred mode of financing the Greek city. Liturgy also involved attending (providing cultic service) to the gods. These projects were often completed by the use of slaves and compulsory conscripted citizens. State supported pagan liturgies often resulted from the intermingling of the political sphere and cultic sphere in society.

Patron (choregos): In the tradition of the ancient Greek theater, the choregos, a wealthy Athenian citizen, often assumed the role of financier and choreographer in subsidizing the chorus and the play. The patron was appointed by the government authority. It was an honor to be selected to support the theater. The patron paid for costumes, rehearsals, chorus expenses, training, salaries, board and lodging, scenery, and props. Prizes were awarded for the best drama at the Athenian festival competitions. Awards were jointly given to the playwright and the patron. Such victories carried prestige for the patron. The winner was expected to display his trophy in a place of honor. Monuments were built in honor of the victorious patrons.

Lysias’ On the Confiscation of the Property of the Brother Nicias 18.7 states “For they were conscious of the honor in which the whole family were held in the city, and how they faced danger on your behalf, and had made many large contributions to your funds, and had most nobly performed their public services.” Isocrates’ Antidosis 15.145 states “You have held aloof from the public offices and the emolument (stipend) which go with them, and from all the privileges, while you have enrolled yourselves who pay the war taxes and bear the liturgies (public services), besides having performed the other services the law requires.” Andocides’ On the Mysteries 1.132 states “They actually proposed me for public service, first as Gymnasiarch at the Hephaestia, then as head of the state deputation to Olympia, and finally as Treasurer of the Sacred Monies on the Acropolis.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.7.6 states “I have often wondered by what arguments those who drew up the indictment against Socrates could persuade the Athenians that his life was forfeit to the state. Socrates is guilty of rejecting the gods acknowledged by the state and of bringing in strange deities.”

Old Testament: This term, occurring quite frequently, primarily takes on a cultic sense in the worship of Yahweh performed by priests and Levites in the tabernacle or temple. In a negative sense, this term can also apply to worship (service) to idols. Cultic services are unique in contrast to other services or relationships. In contrast to secular liturgies in Ancient Greece, the object of the ministry is to God, the tent, altar, or tabernacle. Like the secular liturgies in Ancient Greece, these cultic services take on an official status in promoting the national welfare through the mediation of the priests.

Aaron shall wear it when ministering, that its tinkling may be heard as he enter and leaves the Lord’s presence in the sanctuary (Exo.28:35). Because they used to minister for them before their idols and became an occasion of sin to the house of Israel (Eze.44:12). Only then did they enter upon their service in the meeting tent under the supervision of Aaron (Num.8:22). Thousands upon thousands were ministering to Him (Dan.7:10). They shall serve in my sanctuary as gate keepers and temple servants (Eze.44:11). He also commanded the people living in Jerusalem to provide the support of the priests and Levites, that they might devote themselves entirely to the law of the Lord (2Chr.31:4).

New Testament: This term, occurring only three times, refers to Old Testament priestly worship, spiritual Christian worship, and the sharing of spiritual blessings (alms). Heb.10:11 presents an Old Testament priesthood who continually offers insufficient sacrifices. Contrasted with this priesthood, Jesus provides a more superior, effective, and once-for-all sacrifice. In Acts 13:2 the cultic sacrifice is transformed into a spiritual Christian service of God. In Rom.15:27 the Gentiles share their spiritual blessings, providing for the public welfare of the Christian community.

Scripture:

“Every priest stands daily at his ministry, offering frequently those same sacrifices that can never take away sins.” Heb.10:11

Jesus’s sacrifice is more superior and effective than the Old Testament priest’s sacrifice.

“While they were worshiping the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit said, ‘Set apart for me Baranabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them.” Acts 13:2

The Old Testament sacrifice is transformed into a purely spiritual Christian service of God. This is a communal prayer supported by fasting.

“They decided to do it, and in fact they are indebted to them, for if the Gentile have come to share in their spiritual blessings, they ought also to serve them in material blessings.” Rom.15:27

This becomes a sacral ministry for the welfare of the Christian community. The Gentiles are providing a contribution for the Christians.

Conclusion:

Liturgy, liturgical, minister, ministerial, administration            

It was very interesting to discover the secular form of a liturgy (public service project). It was a great honor to serve the state in some capacity. The wealthy person not only served the state but also financially supported infrastructure projects. The focus on these liturgies were on the people and patron’s status. I guess it was inevitable that there were state supported gods. Supporting other gods could get one in trouble with the authorities. Wealthy patrons would often build monuments to themselves for their accomplishments and awards. (Sounds like the Academy Awards and other award shows on steroids!). In recent history, there have also been some ego-maniacal dictators, presidents, and other leaders who have also made monuments to themselves.

In the Old Testament, the liturgy primarily becomes a cultic service. When applied to idols, these services are still liturgies in a negative sense. Yet, these cultic services take on an official status providing for the welfare of the nation. These liturgies focus on God.

The New Testament transforms the liturgy into a spiritual Christian worship service. The Old Testament priesthood is compared against Christ who offers a more superior and more effective sacrifice. The Christian liturgical service begins to develop. The Gentiles provide for the less fortunate Christians.

Even today we have many politicians and civil servants who often spend many years serving the state (secular “liturgy”). Some have attained power, fame, and wealth in doing so. Some have made a career of it. Likewise, in the Church, there are some (priests, pastors, ministers, etc.) who also sought power, fame, wealth, and notoriety. Some have also abused their power. (We unfortunately are now finding this out!).

So, it is important that we all need to be watchful of the (power and abuses) of those “high priests”, power seekers, and hypocrites in both secular and religious liturgies.

[Greek] προγινώσκω (proginōskō), [Latin] providere: to know beforehand, to foreknow, to know before, to foreordain; Acts 26:5, Rom.8:9, Rom.11:2, 1Pet.1:20, 2Pet.3:17

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term can refer to knowing beforehand (human foresight and cleverness) and to the gods’ having concealed foreknowledge from man. Hippocrates’ Book of Prognostics states “It appears to me a most excellent thing for the physician to cultivate prognosis; for by foreseeing and foretelling in the presence of the sick the present, past, and future, so that men will have confidence to entrust themselves to a physician.” Euripides’ Hippolytus 1072 states “Groans and forethought would have been in place when you had the hardihood to commit outrage against your father’s wife.” Homeric Hymm 2 to Demeter 256 states “Witless are you mortals and dull to forsee your lot, whether of good or evil, that comes upon you. For now in your heedlessness you have wrought folly past healing; for be witness to the oath of the gods.”

Old Testament: This term refers to God’s foreknowledge of His people and the Israelites’ knowing beforehand of God’s promises. As a means to make it relatable, Wisdom is personified as female. Divine wisdom was granted to kings, scribes, and heads of families. Finding wisdom was likened to finding a wife. The Hebrew word for wisdom, chokmoth, is generally a feminine noun. Perhaps this was indirectly influenced by the Hellenistic idea that Sophia was the Greek goddess of wisdom. The Jewish Hellenistic philosopher Philo states that wisdom can come through dreams. The mind can come under the influence of divine impulses.

She knows the things of old, and infers those yet to come, She understand the turns of phrases and the solutions of riddles; signs and wonders she knows in advance and the outcomes of times and ages (Wis.8:8). She hastens to make herself known in anticipation of men’s desires (Wis.6:13). That night was known beforehand to our fathers, that, with sure knowledge of the oaths in which they put their faith, they might have courage (Wis.18:6). Joseph said to his brothers: ‘I am about to die. God will surely take care of you and lead you up from this land to the land that He promised on oath to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Gen.50:24).

New Testament: This term refers to God’s foreknowing of His people and one having knowledge beforehand. God foreknows and confirms His people by creating them in His image. Christ, already known before the foundation of the world, reveals Himself later for us. Paul, before King Agrippa, claims that everyone has known about him from the start as a zealous Pharisee. Peter warns the Christians in Asia Minor (Turkey) to be forewarned (and on guard) against being lead into error and from falling from stability.

Scripture:

“For those He foreknew He also predestined to be conformed to the image of His Son, so that He might be firstborn among many brothers.” Rom.8:29

God foreknew and confirms His people. God creates them in His image.

“They have known about me from the start, if they are willing to testify, that I have lived my life as a Pharisee, the strictest party of our religion.”

The people already know that Paul was a zealous Pharisee.

“Therefore, beloved, since you are forewarned, be on guard not to be lead into error of the unprincipled and to fall from your own stability.” 2Pet.3:17

Peter was warning the people to be forewarned and be on guard against error and confusion. Peter warns them to remain strong in their faith.

Corrie ten Boom: She was a Dutch watchmaker. She and other family members helped many Jews escape from the Nazi Holocaust during World War II by hiding them in her home. They were eventually caught and arrested and sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp. Her most famous book, The Hiding Place, is a biography that recounts the story of her family’s efforts and how Corrie ten Boom found hope while imprisoned in the concentration camp.

Other Quotes from Corrie ten Boom:

“This is what the past is for! Every experience God gives us, every person He puts in our lives is the perfect preparation for the future that only He can see.”

“In darkness God’s truth shines most clear.”

“If God has shown us bad times ahead, it’s enough for me that He knows about them. That’s why He sometimes shows us things – to tell us that this too is in His hands.”

“And our wise Father in heaven knows when we’re going to need things too. Don’t run out ahead of Him.”

“Never be afraid to trust an unknown future to a known God.”

“Don’t bother to give God instructions; just report for duty.”

“Hold everything in your hands lightly, otherwise it hurts when God pries your fingers open.”

“If you look at the world, you’ll be distressed. If you look within, you’ll be depressed. If you look at God you’ll be at rest.”

Conclusion:

Prognosis, prognostication, providence

In the Greek Hellenistic era, Hippocrates makes an important contribution in the prognosis of diseases. It is also important to note that man’s relationships with the gods were fickle. The gods were perceived as fleeting, vengeful, or aloof.

In the Old Testament era, God’s foreknowledge about His people comes forth in His wisdom and faithfulness. Prior to his death, Joseph states that God will fulfill His promises to lead His people out of Egypt into the Promised Land. Wisdom becomes an aspect of God. Philo states one can receive divine instruction in dreams.

In the New Testament era, it is interesting to note that both Joseph and the magi receive God’s wisdom in their dreams to allow for the safe travel for the Holy Family. Sometimes it can be difficult to ponder the idea that Christ was pre-existent (as one of the three persons of God) before the foundation of the world. It was later that He would take on human form. Peter provides timeless advice for Christians to be on guard against being led astray or falling into error. I suppose the same can be said now in recent times about confusion about Church teachings and secular influences.

I am reminded of that famous question from the old Baltimore Catechism (Why did God make you?) God made you to know Him, to love Him, and to serve Him. God foreknows us and He already knows of His will for us. Yet also God allows us to have the freedom to make our own choices. It is ultimately up to each of us to figure this out.

Corrie ten Bloom, part of the Dutch Resistance against the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, imparts profound and simple nuggets of wisdom about God. These quotes are simple and also mind-blowing about God’s Providence. #MindBlownDutchSayings

Somehow I already knew that you would be blown away by Corrie ten Boom’s quotes! ☺☺☺

Update: 8/15/2019 (Solemnity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary): Scripture (Gen.3:15) foreordains that the woman will be Mary. Mary provides us with an example of what it means in accepting God’s will. Mary’s eternal reward results in her being assumed body and soul into heaven.

[Greek] νεκρός (nekros): dead, corpse, dead man; 132 scriptural references

The Return of the Prodigal Son: painting by Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1667). The son was lost (dead) but has been found (alive).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, commonly found in this era, can be used both as a noun and adjective. This term refers to a corpse, dying person, a dweller in the netherworld, animal, and inanimate object (thing without life). In a philosophical sense, this term can refer to the words (teachings) of a false philosopher. This term can often be used in a figurative sense. Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 4.44 states “The Athenians finding that the enemy no longer offered to engage them, stripped his dead and too up their own and immediately set up a trophy.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 659 states “But when the radiant light of the sun rose, we beheld the Aegean Sea flowering with corpses of Achaean men and wreckage of ships.” Euripides’ Rhesus 789 states “Down on my face I fell; tortured with pain, too weak to stand, a piteous object!” Homer’s Odyssey 11.34 states “But when with vows and prayers, I had made supplication to the tribes of the dead in the netherworld. I took the sheep and cut their throats over the pit.” Euripides’ Hecuba 679 states “You speak of the living; but the dead you do not weep for is here.”

Old Testament: This term, also used both as a noun and adjective, refers to a corpse, deceased, dead body, dweller of the underworld, false gods, idols, and ‘dog’ (person of low status). And there lay Sisera dead, with tent peg through his temple (Jdg.4:22). Your slain are not slain with the sword, nor killed in battle (Isa.22:2). The sight of which arouses yearning in the senseless man, till he longs for the inanimate form of a dead image (So.15:5). They joined in the rites of the Baal of Peor, ate food sacrificed to the dead (Psa.105:28). What are you pursuing? A dead dog! A single flea! (1Sam.24:15). You also acquire the responsibility to raise up a family for the deceased on his estate (Rth.4:5). Then he left the side of his deceased wife and addressed the Hittites (Gen.23:3).

New Testament: This term, referring to Jesus, faith, man, and inanimate objects, takes on many more meanings and senses. This term means dead, useless, ineffective, lifeless, and resistant. Jesus call those, who prefer to bury their dead rather than to follow Him, as spiritually dead. As God of the living, God speaks of Himself in relation to the ancestors of the Old Testament who become alive. The prodigal son was dead (lost in his path) and now has come to life again. The scribes and Pharisees are hypocrites whose insides are full of dead men’s bones. Those who follow Christ are dead to sin (and spiritually alive in Him). James states that a body without a sprit is dead. Likewise, faith without works is dead.

Scripture:

“But Jesus answered them, ‘Follow me, and let the dead bury their dead.” Mt.8:22

Jesus refers to those who focus on the Jewish and Hellenistic obligations rather than to follow Him as spiritually dead. Jesus also calls those who refuse to follow Him as spiritually dead.

“Because this son of mine was dead, and has come to life again; he was lost, and has been found. Then the celebration began.” Lk.15:24

The prodigal son, being lost, was also spiritually dead. This parable also presents the welcoming father as God the Father who welcomes us to Him.

“For just as a body without spirit is dead, so also faith without works is dead.” Jas.2:26

The body and faith without spirit is dead. It is not possible to have faith in a vacuum. Faith without action (works) is dead.

Conclusion:

Necrosis, necrotic, necrotizing fasciitis

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that this term refers to dwellers in the netherworld and the words (teachings) spoken and taught by false prophets. In other words, these false prophets promoted a culture of death. This is very significant in how this relates to our modern culture. I think Euripides’s words “You speak of the living, but the dead you do not weep for is here” are very prophetic for our current times! (Many times the baby/fetus’s concerns are ignored).

In the Old Testament, it is interesting to note that this term refers to objects, gods, and idols opposed to the ways of God. This term even refers to despicable people often described as dogs or fleas.

In the New Testament, this term plays a more significant meaning opposed to the ways of God. Death and deadness take on various meanings. It is also possible to be alive but to be spiritually dead. The same can be said for many of us in our current culture.

During the papacy of St. John Paul II, the terms culture of life and culture of death begin to appear in our culture. There continues this battle between these two competing cultural values. As we all know, these issues involve the contentious issues of abortion, euthanasia, the definition of marriage, contraception, etc. In our culture, there still exists false teachers promoting the culture of death.

In my opinion, Jas. 2:26 does not receive the attention that this scripture deserves. Of course, this scripture has divided Catholics and other non-Catholics. Many Christians believe that works are not necessary if one already has faith. Some believe that faith is or can be separate from works. However, our values ultimately determine our actions. (We do not live in a vacuum). Many believe that faith cannot be separated from works. As a result, many Pro-life Catholics (and other Christians) have joined together in their common fight against abortion.

In the real world, how can one possibly check one’s values and beliefs at the door, when confronted with issues involving the Christian? Perhaps, this cultural attitude (thinking) may have contributed to the notion “I am personally against this, but I can’t impose my faith on that other person.” Or “I am personally against this, but that person has the “right” to do that.” Years ago, this was said about slavery. (Slavery was considered legal for a long period of time!) Now, the same can be said about abortion! With this also comes the creation of new secular rights (outside of God’s domain)

Here is a quote from Martin Luther King Jr: “Every aborted baby is like a slave in the womb of his or her mother. The mother decides his or her fate.”

Let’s be honest, this secular culture can become a positive influence or can become a culture of death. I think we all can be dead certain about that!

[Greek] κλέπτω (kleptō) [Latin] furare, [Latin] derelinquere, [Latin] desere, [French rager: to steal, to filch, to commit a theft, to take away by theft; Mt.6:19-20, Mt.19:18, Mt.27:64, Mt.28:13, Mk.10:19, Lk.18:20, Jn.10:10, Rom.2:21, Rom.13:9, Eph.4:28

The Good Shepherd: (painting by Bernhard Plockhurst in 1878). Jesus protects His sheep from the thief who comes only to steal and slaughter and destroy.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used in various contexts, means to steal, to abduct, to cheat, to hold secretly, to look like a thief, and to do something in a secret manner. Interestingly, deceit, skill, and cunning are often recognized, justified, or celebrated. Heroes, gods, demi-gods are praised for these efforts. In the Epicurean ethics, stealing can be justified as long it takes place with craft and secrecy. However, in later history, stealing becomes more associated with robbery, murder as more serious offences.

Homer’s Illiad 5.268 states “Of this stock, the king of men Anchises stole a bread, putting his moves to them while Laomedon knew naught thereof.” Euripides’ Rhesus 502 states “For he came to Athena’s shrine and stole her image and took it to the Argive ships.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 4.6.11 states “It is far better, therefore, to turn to the unoccupied part of the mountain and try either to steal a position by eluding the enemy’s observation or to seize it by getting ahead of them.” Aeschines’ Against Ctesiphon 3.99 states “Others deceive, when they are lying, try to speak in vague and ambiguous terms. Demosthenes, when he is cheating, firsts adds an oath to his lie, calling down destruction on himself, predicting an event that will never happen.” Homer’s Illiad states “Do not thus, mighty though you are, godlike Achilles, seek to deceive me with your wit; for you will not get by me nor persuade me.” Aristophanes’ Wasps 900 states “Oh, what a wretched brute! How entirely, he looks the rogue! He thinks to deceive me by keeping his jaws closed.”

Old Testament: Stealing, considered as a serious crime, becomes associated with murder, adultery and false witness. Objects considered of value include silver, gold, animals, men, idols, items devoted to God, and words of God stolen by false prophets. The Hellenistic philosopher Philo calls it thieving even to ascribe to man something which is the work of God. Stealing, even due to need or poverty, still becomes a dishonor to God. With the one exception of Obadiah 5 (God’s destruction of Edom), God’s activity is never compared with that of a thief. Thieving can be illustrated by the use of the night, breaking in by force, unlawful means of entry, and ruthless self-seeking.

You shall not steal (Deut.5:19). Why then, would we steal silver or gold from your master’s house? (Gen.44:8). The truth is that I was kidnapped from the land of the Hebrews (Gen.40:15). They have stealthily taken goods subject to the ban, and have deceitfully put them in their baggage (Jos.7:11). Therefore, I am against the prophets, says the Lord, who steal my words from each other (Jer.23:30). Rachel had meanwhile appropriated her father’s household idols (Gen.31:19). If any man is caught kidnapping a fellow Israelite in order to enslave him and sell him the kidnapper shall be put to death (Deut.24:7). In the dark he breaks into houses (Job.24:16).

New Testament: Stealing (thieving) continues to be presented in a negative sense. The Christian, a new being in the Spirit, is called to not to steal but to share what he has with others. Stealing is presented in parables about treasures and hypocrisy. Greater focus is placed on spiritual treasures, rather than earthly treasures which the thief can steal. The chief priests and Pharisees, concerned that Jesus’ followers would steal His body, posted guards at the tomb entrance. Jesus is the gate who hears His sheep, not the thieves who steal, slaughter, and destroy the sheep. Jesus also borrows from Old Testament imagery of thieves breaking into the house.

Scripture:

“Give orders, then, that the grave be secured until the third day, lest His disciples come and steal Him and say to the people, ‘He has been raised from the dead.’” Mt.27:64

The chief priests were very fearful that the disciples would steal Jesus’ body.

“A thief comes only to steal and slaughter and destroy; I came so that they might have life and have it more abundantly.” Jn.10:10

Jesus knows and hears His sheep. The thief only steals the sheep.

“The thief must no longer steal, but rather labor, doing honest work with his own hands, so that he may something to share with one in need. “ Eph.4:28

The thief should no longer steal, but share what he has with others.

Conclusion:

Kleptomaniac, fury, furor, relinquish, rage, desert

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that stealing conveys various meanings, good and bad. For a certain time, the thief was often celebrated or praised. It says a lot about this culture when the gods are also shown to act like thieves. Then stealing (thieving) later becomes more of a serious nature.

In the Old Testament, stealing takes on a much more serious nature. It was also interesting to discover that God’s words can be stolen by false prophets and God’s works can be appropriated by man.

In the New Testament, the Christian is called to rise from the level of the thief. Instead of stealing, man is called to share what he has with others. Most of us are already aware of this, despite the fact that each of us is often times guilty of this in one form or another. Instead, we can associate the thief with stealing the earthly treasures. We are also familiar with Jesus’ saying that thieves come to steal the sheep.

Although it may sound counter-intuitive, we all should invest in a heavenly spiritual “bank” account (accumulating spiritual treasures). Remember, we can’t take our stuff with us to heaven. We may not see our investment, however, the benefits and dividends are out of this world! Your equity will really increase in God’s “eyes”. I understand that God’s also provides a really great retirement plan. It’s not too late to take advantage of this opportunity!

And so I will not steal any more of your time.

[Greek] λύσις (lysis), [French] denouement, [Latin] quaerere solutionem: loosening, release, divorce; 1Cor.7:27

A loosened and unraveled knot.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used quite extensively, means to loose, to release, to ransom, to deliver, to part, to dissolve, to empty, to evacuate, to solve (a difficulty), to refute, to unravel, to soften, to resolve, and to loosen. Lysias’ On a Wound by Premeditation 4.13 states “It would be far more just to have her tortured for the purpose of this charge than to have her sold for my ransom for the enemy.” Homer’s Odyssey 9.421 states “But I took counsel how all might be the very best if I might happily find some way of escape from death for my comrades and for myself.” Herodotus’ The Histories 6.139 states “Crushed by hunger and childlessness, they went to Delphi to ask for some release from their present ills.” Plato’s Laws 945 states “The dissolution of a polity, like that of a ship’s frame, depends upon many critical factors; these though on in nature are separated into many parts.” Aristotle’s Poetics 1454a states “Clearly therefore the unraveling of each play should be also the result of the plot itself and not produced mechanically as in the Medea and the incident of the embarkation in the Iliad.” Aristotle’s Poetics 1455b states “In every tragedy there is a complication and an unraveling. The incidents outside the plot and some of those in it usually form the complication, the rest is the unraveling. I mean this, that the complication is the part from the beginning up to the point which immediately precedes the occurrence of a change from bad to good fortune or from good fortune to bad. The unraveling is from the beginning of the change down the road.”

Old Testament: This term, related to the Hebrew term mesher, means interpretation and solution. This term is found only in Eccl.8:1. Ecclesiastes is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Qoheleth, writer of this book. This book was written when Judea was under the oppressive domination of the Hellenistic kings from Egypt. The author celebrates wisdom. But sometimes humbleness is necessary in order to defer to the king. Who is like the wise person, and who knows the explanation of things? Wisdom illuminates the face and transforms a grim countenance (Eccl.8:1)

New Testament: This term, occurring only once in 2Cor.7:27, means divorce or separation. Paul addresses and offers advice to the married, unmarried, virgins, and widows. Paul states that it is a good thing for a person to remain as he is, provided that he can exercise self-control. Likewise, Paul calls upon those, who are married, not to seek a separation (divorce). This subject matter is also related to Paul’s belief that his single state is a more preferred path to effectively promote the gospel. Paul was addressing the issues of marital infidelity and immorality in the Corinthian community.

Scripture:

“Are you bound to a wife? Do not seek a separation. Are you free of a wife? Then do not look for wife.” 1Cor.7:27

Paul calls upon those, who are married, to be remain faithful to their spouse and to be faithful in their current vocations.

Etymology: Interestingly, this term is related to the Greek verb λύω (luō) and Latin verb solvere. A problem, from the Greek problema (something thrown forth), refers to a issue, task, or question in need of a solution. A problem must be taken apart or “dissolved” into its underlying components in order to find a solution. A solution, from the Latin solutio, is a loosening or a “dissolving” of something thrown forth (problem). An analysis is this process of breaking or loosening something down into its smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it.

Conclusion

Analysis, denouement, loss, loose, lysis, solve, solution, problem, quest, question

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the many nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include ransoming, releasing, and dissolving. As you can see, the common thread is loosening or unraveling. In the literary world, this was used a literary device to unravel the plot of a play.

I was surprised that this term was used as a solution (interpretation) in the Old Testament era. Perhaps this is connected with wisdom.

I really did not expect to see this term referencing a divorce (separation). Paul was addressing marital infidelity and immorality in the Corinthian community. It is also interesting to note that this idea is somewhat related to the expression ‘tying the knot’, coming from wedding traditions. Untying this knot can also relate to divorce or separation.

The French verb denouer means to untie. The denouement is a literary device which unravels or unties the plot.

Update: (8/5/2019): I wish the very best in relaying our prayers and thoughts for the families who have lost loved ones from these terrible mass shootings. We have a great problem. In the final analysis, we need to look at and “break down” this problem into its underlying causes (guns, mental health, violent video games, social media, isolation (in the social media realm), the breakdown of the family, inflammatory language, personal responsibility, etc) before we ever consider solving this and finding a solution!

[Greek] νόημα (noēma), [Latin] cogitatio, [Latin] sensus, [Latin] intellectus, [Latin] mens: mind, perception, purpose, disposition, design, scheme; 2Cor.2:11, 2Cor.3:14, 2Cor.4:4, 2Cor.10:5, 2Cor.11:3, Php.4:7

 

It is often helpful to be reminded that the devil can influence us through confusion, disobedience, rebellion, “spiritual dryness”, distraction, worldliness, busyness, sin, and vulnerabilities.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means thought, concept, the point of the matter, and what is willed.

Plutarch’s Alexander 35: “There was a certain Athenophanes, an Athenian, who was accustomed to minister to the person of the king and to furnish suitable diversion for his thoughts.”

Aristophanes’ Clouds 704: “Now meditate and examine closely; and roll yourself about in every way, and spring to another mental contrivance.”

Homer’s Odyssey 14.273: “But in my heart Zeus himself put this thought—I would that I had rather died and met my fate.”

Aristophanes’ Clouds 743: “Come, then, wrap yourself up, and having given your mind play with subtlety, resolve your affairs by little and little, rightly distinguishing and examining.”

Aristophanes’ Knights 1202: “Please tell me, how did you get the idea to steal it from him…The idea came from the goddess; the theft is all my own.”

Old Testament: This term, used only in an evil sense, means evil plan, attack, evil intentions, and wrath. 

Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden (where the Serpent tricked Adam and Eve):

Serpent: “Did God really say, ‘You shall not eat from any of the trees in the garden?”  The serpent is already planting seeds of doubt in Eve’s mind.

Serpent: “You certainly will not die!” The serpent is actually calling God a liar. ‘Therefore, you shouldn’t believe what God is saying. You can do whatever you want’!

Serpent: “God well knows that when you eat of the fruit, your eyes will be opened and you will be like the gods, who know good and evil.” The serpent is telling Eve: ‘God is holding you back from understanding wisdom’. ‘God doesn’t want you to know this! Don’t you want to be like God’ and [have infinite dignity]?

Pleasing to the eyes: What could ever possibly go wrong with this??

New Testament: This term, always used in the plural, means purposes, minds, thoughts, and perceptions. 

Scripture:

2Cor.2:11: “So that we might not be taken advantage of by Satan, for we are not unaware of his purposes.” (Paul calls for one to have forgiveness and encouragement for an offender. This is necessary so that Satan will not take advantage of this situation (or someone’s vulnerability). Satan may (or could) be at work in causing division and opposition in the Corinthian community. 2Cor.2:7: being overwhelmed by excessive pain [by the devil] ==>satanic activity.

2Cor.3:14: “Rather, their thoughts were rendered dull, for to this present day the same veil remains un-lifted when they read the old covenant, because through Christ it is taken away.” (The Corinthians’ thoughts were rendered dull like Moses veiling his face to protect the Israelites from God’s reflected glory. These dull thoughts (lack of understanding) become a barrier, a veil over their perceptions.)

2Cor.4:3-4: “And even though our gospel is veiled, it is veiled for those who are perishing, in whose case the god of this age has blinded the minds of the unbelievers, so that they may not see the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ.” (Paul confidently asserts that there is no veil over the gospel. If some fail to perceive its light, that is because of unbelief. This is a blindness induced by Satan, the god of this world. This is a sign that they are headed for destruction.

Php.4:7: “Then the peace of God that surpasses all understanding will guard your hearts and minds in Christ Jesus.” (The peace [of mind] of God surpasses and differs from the peace that the world offers. This references Jn.14:27 where Jesus offers us peace that the world cannot give. Jesus tells us to not let our hearts be troubled.)

2Cor.11:4-5: “We destroy arguments and every pretention raising itself against the knowledge of God, and take every thought captive in obedience to Christ.” (Paul states that, although we are in flesh, we fight spiritual battles destroying arguments and pretensions against God.)

2Cor.11:3: “But I am afraid that, as the serpent deceived Eve by his cunning, your thoughts may be corrupted from a sincere and pure commitment to Christ.” (Paul fears a repetition of the primal drama of seduction to evil. We can all can be deceived by the devil. CORRUPTION OF MINDS IS SATANIC ACTIVITY!)

Cogitation: This is the capacity to think or reflect. A cogitation is a thought, reflection, or reasoning. A cognition is the process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. A phenomenon is an observable object or event perceived through the senses.

Rene Descartes: This French philosopher posed this famous philosophical quotation: “Cogito ergo sum”. This means “I think, therefore I am”. He attempted to prove his existence as a thinking  being, by thinking.   

Understanding: “Houston, We have a problem!” Gender Ideology and LGBTQ ideology

This is a post-modern belief system that one’s experiences and “rights” [to determine one’s gender and marriage relationship] can be determined by oneself, but not by God.

Subjective reality rather than objective reality [what God has done] determines what gender is.

The intentional and unintentional blurring of the masculine and the feminine seeks to confuse one’s understanding of what it means to be masculine (man) and feminine (woman). What is a man?  What is a woman?

What was once considered disordered (homosexuality) has NOW become normalized and even celebrated.

One’s chosen gender and sexual behavior is now openly permitted, allowed, and celebrated in this secular culture. In some situations, one is even allowed and encouraged by some [parents] to physically alter one’s body with puberty blockers and gender reassignment surgery (transgenderism).

These attitudes are encouraged as these notions are couched in personal exploration, freedoms, liberties, and rights.

If you criticize or oppose this, you are deemed intolerant. Many often cannot see these issues and the potential societal consequences. 

Conclusion:

Phenomenon, phenomenology, cogitation, intellect, intellectual, mental, sense

I am not surprised that this term would be commonly used in the Classical and Hellenistic Greece era. This term was certainly “food for thought” for philosophers. I can imagine that Plato and Socrates would have a field day using this term. It does seem very plausible that man would write of gods putting thoughts into their minds. (The gods made me do it!)

In the Old Testament culture, you can clearly see that the serpent is causing mischief and creating confusion with Adam and Eve.

The proverbial moral genie has already been left out of the bottle in society as it pertains to the changes (and harms) to marriage, life creation (abortion), sex/gender. However, Paul states that forgiveness remains available to each one of us.

Our society is now redefining marriage, altering God’s life creation (abortion), becoming any gender we want to be, and changing gender/sex.  It is as if we are already becoming like God! 

We currently have many gods in our age: wealth, power, technology, fame, material stuff, etc. (We have become like little pagans each worshipping our own little god(s)!

Update: Ever since Vatican II, Pope Paul VI has claimed that the “smoke of Satan” has entered into the Church. A cardinal who personally knew Pope Paul VI stated that “the smoke of Satan = liturgical confusion and chaos. Does this sound familiar today with Pope Francis’ papacy in the Church? 

Pope Francis’ document Dignitas Infinita claims that man has infinite dignity. Man does NOT have infinite dignity! One can only wonder if this is intentional deception or just shoddy theology. THIS IS SOMETHING THAT SATAN WOULD SAY TO ADAM AND EVE!

The LGBTQ community is being deceived in thinking that homosexuality and same-sex unions are OK in the eyes of God. Their are not being told by clergy of the sinful nature of this lifestyle. This will lead to the eternal detriment of many souls. Now many are confusedly believing that the Church now approves of same-sex unions. One can only wonder if this failure to follow Jesus’ teachings to sin no more (Jn.8:11) is unintentional or intentional.

Rather, the Modernists are doubling down in stamping out Tradition and traditional practices. The Modernists are not blinded in efforts to push their Modernist ideology to “renew” and “reform” the Church in the image of man.

However, the Modernists are confounded as to why the problems resulting from Vatican II’s efforts continue (churches closing, decreased Mass attendance, lack of belief in the Real Presence, poor catechesis, etc.). Their thoughts continue to be rendered dull as how to overcome and solve these problems. They respond to this by more “renewing” and “reforming.”  [Rinse==> repeat]

The aftermath of Fiducia Supplicans has created an inflection point in what type of Church we should have. Do we want a Church that blesses sin?

God does NOT cause confusion! On the other hand, Satan causes confusion and takes advantage of vulnerable people.

Each one of us will face judgement before God. [What many may NOT realize]: Many who will have to answer [before God] as to why they felt THEY KNEW BETTER THAN GOD about one’s preferred gender, marriage relationship, or even mortal sins. Awkward! What would you say to God?

Post peractum cogito ergo sum!

(I think, therefore, that I have finished this post!)

[Greek] ἐγγράφω (engraphō), [Latin] superscribere: to record, to write on, to write in, to inscribe; 2Cor.2:2-3, Lk.10:20

Trajan’s Column, built in 113-107 AD, commemorates Trajan’s victory in the Dacian Wars

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to write, to inscribe, to post, to petition, to document, to engrave, and to paint on. Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 789 states “First, to you, Io, will I declare your much-vexed wandering, and may you engrave it on the recording tablets in your mind.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 3.3.52 states “If such sentiments are to be imprinted on men’s hearts and to be abiding, is it not necessary in the first place that laws be already in existence such that by them a life of freedom and honor shall be provided for the good.” Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.261 states “After getting yourself enrolled on the register of your parish, no one knows how you managed it. When you enrolled you most promptly chose a most generously occupation of clerk and errand boy.” Sophocles’ Trachiniae 157 states “For when lord Heracles set forth from home upon his latest undertaking, he left tablets behind, inscribed with words which he never deigned to tell me.”

Old Testament: This term means to prosecute (by means of documentation), to enroll, to inscribe, to record, to list, and to write. Inscriptions are found on altars, crowns, and breastplates. Philo, a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher, makes heavy use of the image inscribed of the list of citizens belonging to heaven (becoming citizens of God). These ideas are related to the ancient notion of the book of life, where God writes His people, scriptures, decrees, commandments, deeds (actions), and statues.  This Old Testament background provides the context for Luke’s scripture stating that ‘your names are written in heaven’.

If any of you are qualified for enrollment in our service, let them be enrolled (1Macc.13:40). All these words that were written against Babylon (Jer.28:60). They shall not belong to the community of my people, nor be recorded in the register of the house of Israel (Eze.13:9). Each stone was engraved like a seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes (Exo.39:14). I will place My law within them, and write it upon their hearts; I will be their God, and they shall be My people (Jer.38:33). Now if you would only forgive their sin! But if you will not, then blot out of my book (Exo.32:32).

New Testament: This term means to write or to record. Luke, also influenced by Hellenism, draws from the Old Testament and Philo’s imagery that Jesus’ followers’ names are written in heaven (citizens of heaven). These persons belong to Jesus and God’s realm. God also writes these people. Paul draws upon the ancient expression “to inscribe on the heart.” The Corinthians are Jesus’ and Paul’s letter, written on their hearts and engraved on their affections for all to see. The Corinthians are a letter, written by the Holy Spirit, that comes from Christ which Paul delivers. Paul draws upon the Old Testament notion of the book that God that has written (Exo.32:32). The book of life references the list of God’s faithful people.

Scripture:

“Nevertheless, do not rejoice because the spirits are subject to you, but rejoice because your names are written in heaven.” Lk.10:20

This references the book of life. These names are the citizens of heaven.

“You are our letter, written on our hearts, known and read by all.”2Cor.3:2

The Corinthians are the letter which comes from Christ, written by the Holy Spirit and delivered by Paul.

Conclusion:

Engrave, engraving, superscription

It was interesting to discover how engraving (writing) was used in different aspects of life in the Hellenistic era. Conquerors would often engrave permanent records of their accomplishments on pillars, posts, and tablets. This really speaks to the arrogance of such individuals. Patrons and choregos (choreographers), who won literary contests, also built monuments to themselves. Public adoptions were recorded in an official register. Criminal charges were written in public records in order to prosecute someone. Recording tablets in one’s mind is a flowery way of remembering something.

The Old Testament contributes a metaphorical sense of God as an author, writing the book of life. Citizens (names) were inscribe in lists, belonging to God and heaven, etc. Let’s not forget that Moses brings down the 10 Commandments engraved on two tablets.

Luke continues to use metaphorical imagery of names written in heaven. Luke was heavily influenced by Hellenism. The Corinthians are a letter written by Jesus and delivered by Paul. This letter was written on Paul’s and Jesus’ hearts. It also interesting to note that God is called the author of marriage, defining its traditional meaning.

A superscription is something written or engraved on the surface of or above something else. The superscription (on the top of the crucifix) “INRI” is the Latin translation of “Jesus, King of the Jews”. The words are Iesus Nazarenvs Rex Ivdaeorvm.

I must say that this post was very insightful and informative. I think this term will be engraved (etched) in my mind for a long time. (It is now recording on the hard drive of my brain).

[Greek] φορτίζω (phortizō), [Latin] portare: to load, to overburden, to be burdened, to be loaded down, to cause to carry, to be heaven laden; Mt.11:28, Lk.11:46

A yoke placed upon the oxen’s shoulder blades. The yoke is held in position by straps.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used only in an active sense, means to load, to load with burdens, to ship, to encumber (to impose a restriction or burden), and to take away a burden. Hesiod’s Work and Days 690 states “Do not put all your goods in hollow ships; leave the greater part behind, and put the lesser behind.” Euripides’ Phoenissae 50 states “It happened somehow that my son, Oedipus, guessed the Sphinx’s song, and so he became the king of the land and received the scepter of this land as his prize.” Aristophanes’ Peace 740 states “The comic poet was the first to cover them with ridicule and to chase them from the stage; he has also dismissed that slave whom one never failed to set weeping before you.”

Old Testament: This term is used in a more nuanced way referring to bestowing, bribing, or “loading” gifts upon others. Job was offered a gift. However, Job did ask for such a gift. Job only wanted friendship and comforting words. Ezekiel states that prostitutes both receive and give ‘gifts’. These gifts are infidelity and adultery bestowed upon each other. Prostitutes usually receive gifts. But you bestowed gifts on all your lovers, bribing them to come to you for prostitution from every side (Eze.16:33). Have I said, ‘Give me something, make a bribe on my behalf from your possessions’? (Job.6:22).

New Testament: This term means to cause to carry and to be burdened (loaded down). In Lk.11:46 the law scholars actively impose burdens on others, without any effort for the scholars to help or guide them. In Mt.11:28 Jesus’ message offers liberation (help) from physical and spiritual afflictions, troubles, and burdens of all kind. Jesus claims that His yoke is easy and His burden is light. However, Jesus does not promise a life without burdens. Interestingly Mt.11:28-30 similarly alludes to Sir.51:23,26 where the untutored are called upon to take restful lodging in the house of instruction (Wisdom). These untutored hunger for Wisdom’s food. The untutored are called upon to take her yoke upon their necks so that they may receive her teaching. Wisdom is personified as female.

Scripture:

“And He said, Woe also to you scholars of the law! You impose on people burdens hard to carry but you yourselves to not lift one finger to touch them.” Lk.11:46

The law scholars impose heavy burdens on the people.

“Come to me, all you who labor and are burdened, and I will give you rest.” Mt.11:28

Jesus offers rest and help for those who experience heavy burdens in life. Jesus does not promise a life free from burdens.

Conclusion:

Portion, import, export, report

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is primarily used in an active sense. Loading and shipping become important aspects in the Greek maritime and shipping industry throughout the Mediterranean regions. A nuanced meaning of this term refers to a comic bestowing (loading) ridicule to others on the stage. Although Oedipus correctly answered the Sphinx’s riddle, Oedipus’ life was later encumbered (imposed) with tragedy. Oedipus will later be fated to marry his mother and kill his father.

In the Old Testament, it is also interesting to note that this term refers to bestowing and receiving gifts. Job was offended by the gift he received from his friend. All that Job wanted was his friendship. Prostitutes receive and offer ‘gifts’ of infidelity and adultery.

In the New Testament, this term is used in both in an active and passive sense. The law scholars impose heavy burdens on others. Jesus offers rest for those who are experiencing heavy burdens in life. But Jesus does not promise a life free from burdens. In Sirach the uneducated hunger for knowledge and find rest in seeking the yoke of Wisdom. This may beg the question: When does knowledge become a burden and not a heavy yoke?

We all know that both importing and exporting become important aspects of shipping. Reporting is essentially the carrying or bring back of something. It is interesting to note that reporting can potentially load or bestow burdens (scandals and publicity) which can be potentially heavy to carry.

And this is all I have to report for now.

[Greek] ἔμπορος (emporos) [Latin] homini negotiatori: merchant, passenger on ship, tradesman, person on a journey (poros), one who buys and sells; Mt.13:45, Rev.18:3,11,15, 23

Remains of the ancient Phoenician city of Tyre on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. (Present day Lebanon)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means ship-board passenger, traveler, wayfarer, merchant, trader, importer, dealer, and trafficker. Aeschylus’ Libation Bearers 661 states “And it is time to drop anchor in some houses friendly to all guests.” Euripides’ Alcestis 999 states “Let your wife’s tomb be honored as are the gods, and object of reverence for the wayfarer.” Herodotus’s The Histories 2.39 states “Where there is a market and Greek traders in it, the head (of the sacrifice) is taken to the market and sold, where there is no Greek, it is thrown into the river.” Plato’s Sophist 231d states “First, I believe, he was found to be a paid hunter after the young and wealthy.” Euripides’ Hippolytus 964 states “It is a poor merchant of her own life you make her, then, if she destroyed what was most precious to herself for enmity for you.”

Old Testament: This term refers to the trading of merchandise (goods), traveling about, going about in trade, and trafficking. Ezekiel makes a prophecy about the destruction of the city of Tyre, one of the prosperous trading sites on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. The ships of Tyre were used to trade and exchange merchandise, linen, spices, grains, dye, and slaves. Merchants often traveled about in selling their wares (merchandise).

All the ships of the sea and their sailors were with you in order to deal in your merchandise (Eze.27:9). The ships of Tarshish were the carriers for your merchandise (Eze.27:25). With the abundance of your wealth and your merchandise, you enriched the kings of the earth (Eze.27:33). Thus you shall live with us, and the land shall be open before you, live and trade in it and acquire property in it (Gen.34:10). Solomon’s import of horses was from Egypt and Kue, and the king’s merchants procured them from Kue for a price (1Kgs. 10:28). Once or twice the traders and merchants of every kind of merchandise spent the night outside Jerusalem (Neh.13:20). Dedan traded with you in saddlecloths for riding (Eze.27:20)

New Testament: This term essentially means a merchant. A parable in Matthew’s gospel shows that the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant searching for fine pearls. The one who understands the supreme value of the kingdom of heaven gives up whatever he must to obtain it. In the 18^th chapter of Revelations, the merchants of the earth grew rich from their excessive desire for luxury in Babylon (Rome). Upon the fall of Babylon, these merchants weep for their lost markets (commerce).

Scripture:

“Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant searching for fine pearls.” Mt.13:45

This parable illustrates the highly sought treasure of the kingdom of heaven.

“For all the nations have drunk the wine of her licentious passion. The kings of earth had intercourse with her, and the merchants of the earth grew in her drive for luxury.” Rev. 18:3

Babylon (Rome) is condemned for her immorality, idolatry, and other excesses. With the fall of Babylon, the merchants weep for their lost markets.

Conclusion:

Emporium, pore, negotiate, negotiator

The Greek civilization flourished in part due to its nautical sea trading and commerce. It was interesting to discover that this term refers to more than a trader (merchant). Such examples include travelers, wayfarers, and passengers. One could possibly also include traffickers and mercenaries (for hire). The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.

In the Old Testament era, simple traders traveled about selling their wares (merchandise). This included linen, spices, livestock, etc. It is interesting to note that the Greek word bussinos, originally means fine linen. As you can see, this word becomes the precursor for the current word ‘business’.

The merchant is used in the parable of the kingdom of heaven to illustrate the great value of heaven. Revelations prophecies the fall of Babylon (Rome). The merchants of earth reveled in the excesses of Babylon. Just like greedy businessmen, these merchants weep for their markets.

There is a new-old saying about sophists: “You can get anything you want, if you help enough other people to get what they want.” This is not wisdom. This is what shady, greedy, and unscrupulous business people do to get ahead, regardless of the consequences.

This is not good business for a person (emporos) on a journey (poros)!

On a more personal level, I also can relate to all those many teenagers who have experienced another difficulty journey with acne (and other skin problems) coming through their pores. You will get through it!

[Greek] ὠδίνω (ōdinō), [French] travailler, [Latin] parturire: to have birth pangs, to be in labor, to travail, to travail in birth, to feel the pangs of child birth; Gal.4:19,27, Rev.12:2

Eileithuia, the Greek goddess of childbirth and labor pains, wields a torch representing the burning pains of childbirth.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means to have birth pangs or to travail. This can involve going through a painful or difficult process in a metaphorical, physical or emotional context. Such subject matter involves learning, giving birth, rearing children, and suffering. Interestingly, Eleithuia is the Greek goddess of childbirth and labor pains. The corresponding Roman goddess is called Natio. Pindar’s Olympian Odes 6.42 states “The golden-haired god sent the gentle-minded Eleithuia and the Fates to help her. From her womb and her sweet birth pangs, Iamus came right away into the light.” Plato’s Theaetetus 151a states “Now those who associate with me are in this matter, like women in childbirth. They are in  the pain and are full of trouble night and day. Are we then, my friend, still pregnant and in travail with knowledge?” Plato’s Laws 717b states “He should acknowledge that all he owns and has belongs to those who begat and reared him, thus making returns for the loans of care and pain spent on children by those who suffered on their behalf.” Sophocles’ Trachinae 325 states “She labor with the weight of her misfortune, and ever since she left her wind-swept country, she has wept bitter streams of tears.”

Old Testament: This term refers to the burdens or consequences of childbearing (giving birth) in a mainly metaphorical sense. Rather than bearing or being born, this term means to cause to tremble or quake. This meaning refers to the public distress, anxiety, affliction, fear, and national struggles at God’s wrath and judgment. Yahweh stands for the father who begets and the mother who gives birth in pain. Yahweh marries His bride Israel (Zion) who has known no travail since the separation. The metaphor of pregnancy and travail depict the time of distress and affliction which will precede salvation. Pangs and sorrows take hold of them, like a woman in labor they writhe (Isa.13:8). The voice of the Lord rocks the desert; the Lord rocks the desert of Kadesh (Psa.29:8). I hear the moaning, as of a woman in travail, the cry of daughter Zion gasping (Jer.4:31). You were unmindful of the Rock that begot you, you forgot the God who gave you birth (Deut.32:18). Can a country be brought forth in one day or a nation be born in a single moment? (Isa.66:8). So that at the mention of Your name they will quake and tremble before You (Deut.2:25).

New Testament: This term, found only in Galatians and Revelations, means to have birth pains and to suffer greatly. Paul, as a spiritual father, experiences birth pains as he begets the Galatians through his preaching. Paul makes reference to the barren Sarah who later becomes the mother of numerous children (Isa.54:1). Revelations makes reference to a woman giving birth in distress and pain. This image represents God’s people in the Old and the New Testament.

Scripture:

“My children, for whom I am again in labor until Christ be formed in you!” Gal. 4:19

Paul becomes a spiritual father to the Galatians. Paul experiences birth pains as he raises his congregation. Paul begets the Galatians through his preaching.

“For it is written: ‘Rejoice, you barren one who bore no children; break forth and shout, you who were not in labor; for more numerous are the children of the deserted one than of her who has a husband’” Gal. 4:27

Paul makes references to the barren Sarah who would later become the mother of numerous children (Isa.54:1). The children of mother Zion come into the world without pain. The woman, who does not bear and who is unfruitful, has many children through the miracle of God.

“She was with child and wailed aloud in pain as she labored to give birth.” Rev.12:2

Because of Eve’s sin, the woman gives birth in distress and pain. The woman symbolizes God’s people (Old Testament and New Testament). The Israel of old gave birth to the Messiah and then became the new Israel, the Church.

Conclusion

Synod, travail, travel, natal

In the Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that this term refers to more than literal birth pangs (child birth). This term refers to a process (sometimes difficult or painful). It was probably not surprising to discover that there was a goddess for child birth. Plato states that one can be ‘pregnant’ and in travail with knowledge. Spiritual pregnancy is the process of begetting a theory or idea in one’s mind. This ‘spiritual child’ is the actualization of this wisdom. I think every student can relate to this. I think Plato also states the profound notion that parents can also experience pangs and travail in rearing children!

In the Old Testament, this term is also used in a wider sociological context for Israel and God’s people. This focuses more on the consequences and results of God’s wrath and judgment. Yahweh and Israel are in a marriage relationship. It is also very interesting to note that barren persons may later have numerous children. Abraham and Sarah come to mind.

In the New Testament, Paul is a spiritual father who also experiences growth pangs from his Galatian “kids”. The old Israel gives birth to the Messiah. This then becomes the new Israel, the Church, which suffers persecution by the dragon. Interestingly, this notion corresponds to a widespread ancient myth of a goddess (pregnant with a savior) who is pursued by a horrible monster. By miraculous intervention, she bears a son who then kills the monster.

The same really can be said for priests, religious, sisters, nun, and consecrated. These are all spiritual fathers and spiritual mothers who teach their “kids”.

A synod is a traveling or journeying together (syn-) on the road (hodos). These travelers may often face difficulties, travail, and grieving. A synod can range from a meeting of church officials (meeting young people) to a journeying caravan. Pope Francis, in recent years, has initiated several synods regarding aspects of faith. The French travailler becomes the precursor for the modern term ‘travel’.

Warning –Useless Word Alert —

Parturition: The act of bring forth or being delivered of young

Fellow travelers, have a good journey! (“Are we there yet?” “No!” as the parent answers groaning.) 

[Greek] παραβολή (parabolē), [Latin] parabola: parable, a placing beside, a placing alongside, comparison, symbol, type, something that resembles something else, and illustration that teaches, analogy; (multiple scriptural references in Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Hebrews)

The Parable of the Good Samaritan: painting by Balthasar van Cortbemde (1647). The priest and Levite, in the background, do not want to get involved in helping.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means a comparison (a setting beside), similitude, juxtaposition, analogy, proverb, a moving side by side, astronomical conjunction, mathematical division part, venture, geometric parabola, and sidelong direction. This term, as a rhetorical device, can be a figure of speech, metaphor, simile, allegory, proverb, and similitude. A similitude is an archaic comparison between two different things. An allegory is a story, poem, or picture which can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning. The poets and playwrights made use of these rhetorical devices in producing commentaries (plays) about the human condition.

Polybius’ Histories 1.2.2 states “We shall best show how marvelous and vast our subject is by comparing to the most famous empire which preceded, and measuring then with the superior greatness of Rome.” Isocrates’ Panathenaicus 12.227 states “The Tribillians who according to what all man say, are of one mind as are compared to no other people on earth.” Polybius’ Histories 15.2.13 states “But they ran alongside of the vessel, and kept attacks at her at various points, and managed to wound the marines with their darts and kill a considerable number of them.” Plato’s Timaeus 40c states “But the choric dances of these same stars and their crossings of one another, and the relative reversals and progressions of their orbits, and which of the gods meet in their conjunctions.”

Old Testament: This term, essentially meaning to be similar, finds its expression in proverbs, parables, prophecies, taunts, sayings, and allegories. Proverbs, mostly sayings which impart practical wisdom, are found in Wisdom literature and prophetic sayings. These proverbs contain examples from life, rules of prudence and courtesy, vocational advice, oral and religious direction. The Synoptic parables are most closely related to the Palestinian Rabbinic short sayings and proverbs, which focus on aspects of the Law.

Therefore, hear the word of the Lord, you arrogant, who rule this people in Jerusalem (Isa.28:14). A wise son makes his father glad, but a foolish son is a grief to his mother (Prov.10:1). Better a little with virtue, than a large income with injustice (Prov.16:8). The mind of a sage appreciates proverbs, and an attentive ear is the wise man’s joy (Sir.3:29). The old proverb says, ‘From the wicked comes forth wickedness.’ So I will no take no action against you (1Sam.24:14). That he may comprehend proverb and parable, the words of the wise and their riddles (Prov.1:6).

New Testament:

Form of New Testament parables: This term can be illustrated as a parable, a telling of a parable, archetype (type), and proverb. Jesus tells synoptic parables in order to illuminate the truths of the kingdom of heaven. The synoptic parables include metaphors, similes, illustrative stories, and proverbs which relate to the experiences of the Palestinians Jews. These parables are to be understood in the context of Jesus’ preaching and proclamation.

Transmission of New Testament parables: The synoptic parables strongly capture the experience of the primitive Palestinian community and Jesus’ words. Any contemporaneous or subsequent changes are adapted to the intended community’s experiences, goals, and expectations. Some parables, originally addressed to opponents (self-righteous Pharisees), are now applied to believers.

Meaning and Purpose the New Testament parables: Parables were developed for the purpose of responding to the peoples’ lack of understanding. In addition, parables served to simply explain difficult subject matter. Jesus’ ideas about the kingdom (of God) and the nature of God often became very difficult to understand from the traditional Jewish perspective. Parables will fail (not be effective) if there is no spiritual understanding and/or rejection of Jesus’s teachings. Jesus faced these obstacles. Jesus often makes references to those who “may look and see but not perceive and “who hear and listen but do not understand.” The major themes of Jesus’ parables include the kingdom of God, the nature and work of God, and the destiny of man.”

Other parables:  Paul does not use this term. Paul, however, as a city dweller and Hellenist, draws comparisons from all aspects of his life. Paul’s worldview is vastly different from Jesus. James does not use parables, but uses figurative language. The Book of Revelations contain many visions, allegories, symbols, but no parables.

Scripture:

“Thus, the last will be first, and the first will be last.” Mt.20:16

This parable was originally addressed to opponents like the self-righteous Pharisees. This parable, later applied to believers, illustrates God’s love and the importance of service to others.

“The mystery of the kingdom of God has been granted to you. But to those outside everything comes in parables, so that they may look and seed but not perceive, and hear and listen but not understand, in order that they may not be converted and be forgiven.’” Mk.4:11

Jesus understands and anticipates that there will be those who do understand the gospel message.

“This is a symbol of the present time, in which gifts and sacrifices are offered that cannot perfect the worshipper in conscience.” Heb.9:9

The present age is compared/contrasted the age to come. The present tabernacle is a figurative form of the heavenly temple.

Parabola: In mathematical terms, this is a throwing beside formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane parallel to its side. The path of an object under the influence of gravity ideally follows a curve of this shape. The parabola is a curve where any point is at an equal distance from a fixed point and fixed straight line.

Conclusion:

Parable, parabola

In the Hellenistic era, I was surprised by the many uses of this term. It is important to note that this term essentially means a placing (setting) aside. I did not realize that this term can also mean an astronomical conjunction and running along a ship.

Proverbs play an important role in the Wisdom and prophetic literature. A similitude, an archaic form of comparison, presents common characteristics and draws upon wisdom from two seemingly unrelated ideas. The Synoptic parable eventually becomes an adapted form of the Palestinian Rabbinic proverb (saying). A parable is a rhetorical putting alongside of ideas for purposes of comparison and understanding. Jesus uses parables to help the simple minded disciples understand His message. It is interesting to note that these parables were originally attended for Jesus’ opponents. These parables were adapted for the Christians’ beliefs and experiences. Paul draws comparisons from his own worldview.

Parable of the Good Samaritan: Jesus often employs irony in His parables. Samaritans were often despised by the Hebrews. Yet, the Samaritan helped the victim. Hence, we have the Good Samaritan. (Irony can be so ironic!)

This post, placed alongside my current understanding of parables, helped me to further understand what a parable really means. I never realized how much I didn’t know about parables. Duh!  

[Greek] ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis), [Latin] simulatio, [Latin] sub iudicio: hypocrisy, pretense, play-acting, playing a part on the stage, pretending, deceit; Mt. 23:28, Mk.12:15, Lk.12:1, Gal.2:13, 1Tim.4:2, Jas.5:12, 1Pet.2:1

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, generally referencing an actor, means answer, playing a part (on the stage), oration (delivery of a speech), manner, tone, and outward show. This term essentially means under (hypo-) or behind the mask. The actor becomes the interpreter of the poet (playwright). The comparison of human experiences (life) with the stage and the actor (conduct and performance) become a common theme associated with this term. In contrast to the Old Testament (Hebrew) culture, there is no suggestion of evil intent concerning this term.

The Epistle of Aristeas 219 states “For you must no appear to be worse than the actors, who study carefully for the role, which it is necessary for them to play, and shape all their actions in accordance with it.” Plato’s Laws 803c states “Thus I say that every man and woman ought to pass through life in accordance with this character, playing at the noblest of pastimes, being other minded that they now are.” Epictetus’ Enchiridon 17 states “Remember that you are an actor in a drama of such sort as the author chooses. For this is your business, to act well the given part.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.2.9 states “Now do you really think it harder for you to listen to what she says than for actors when they abuse one another in a tragedy? But an actor, I suppose, doesn’t think that a question put to him will lead to punishment; and so he makes light of it.”

Old Testament: In contrast to Hellenism, this term does not relate to the actor. Instead, this term has an evil sense which is opposed to God’s righteousness. The hypocrite is one who does not fear God, who breaks God’s laws, and who alienates himself from God by his acts. This hypocrisy means evil, wrongdoing, apostasy, and opposition to God. Josephus, a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher, considers that hypocrisy can be utilized for political or strategic purposes. Josephus states that Joseph, while working in a position of authority in Egypt, remains loyal to his Israelite brothers.

Be not faithless to the fear of the Lord, nor approach it with duplicity of heart (Sir.1:28). Those who tell lies to one another speak with deceiving lips and a deceiving heart (Psa.12:2). The impious in heart lay up anger in themselves (Job 36:13). He who studies the law masters it, but the hypocrite finds it a trap (Sir.32:15). He who hates the law is without wisdom, and is tossed about like a boat in a storm (Sir.33:2). For the fool speaks foolishly, planning evil in his heart (Isa.32:6). That the triumph of the wicked is short and the joy of the impious but for a moment? (Job 20:5).

New Testament: As with the Old Testament, this term is viewed in an evil sense. This refers to the sinful nature of the Pharisees’ hypocrisy, Peter’s failure to offer table fellowship (with the Gentiles), and other deceitful effects of hypocrisy. The Pharisees, in their outward actions, fail to do God’s will, seeking others’ praise and clinging to human traditions. Instead, Jesus calls His disciples to follow God’s will. Paul admonishes Peter for failing to uphold the principle that Jews and Gentiles belong in the one Church. In the pastoral letters, hypocrisy is found in deceitful spirits and demons, the abuse of swearing oaths, and deceit.

Scripture:

“Beware of the leaven, that is, the hypocrisy of the Pharisees.” Lk.12:1

Jesus was referring to the Pharisees’ hypocritical actions. The Pharisees seek outward praise and recognition. The Pharisees’ failure to do God’s will is concealed behind their pious outward appearances.

“And the rest of the Jews (also) acted hypocritically along with him (Peter), with the result that even Barnabus was carried away by their hypocrisy.” Gal.2:13

Paul admonishes Peter failing to offer table fellowship to the Gentiles. The Jews and Gentiles belong to the one Church.

“But above all, my brothers, do not swear, either by heaven or earth or with any other oath, but let your ‘Yes’ mean ‘Yes’ and your ‘No’ mean ‘No,’ that you may not incur condemnation.” Jas.5:12

Swearing oaths to God was considered very important and binding. However, abuses later occurred by changing and removing important language concerning an oath.

Early Church: This term is also viewed in an evil sense contrary to God. Christians and Jews, due to their opposing faiths, viewed each other as hypocrites. Polycarp views hypocrites as false brethren (who bear the name of the Lord) and yet lead unstable men astray. The Shepherd of Hermes views hypocrites as those who become believers but no sin has dropped away from them. Ignatius views hypocrites as those who show disobedience to the bishop.

Etymology: The Latin noun  simulatio means pretence, feigning, simulating (acting like others), and hypocrisy

Conclusion:

Hypocrite, hypocritical, simulation, dissimulation, simulation, judgment

In the Hellenistic era, it is probably no surprise that this term is associated with the actor. It is interesting to discover that there is no explicitly evil sense to this term. It is perhaps inevitable that comparisons (metaphors) of life with the actor and stage occur. This continues through later history.

In the Old Testament, this term begins to have an evil sense, contrary to the ways of God. It is very plausible that this term could be applied in more nuanced ways in reference to Joseph in the Israelite captivity in Egypt.

I think most of us are already familiar with the hypocrisy of the Pharisees and others. I never considered that this would also have an evil and sinful sense. I do recall that scripture says that these hypocrites have already received their “reward”. Could this be associated with punishment or chastisement? It is not surprising that Peter’s weak human nature would cause him to fall in hypocrisy. It is also interesting to note that abusing and manipulating oaths can also be a form of hypocrisy. We all must remember God takes His oaths very seriously!

In the early Church, hypocrisy is viewed in a serious sense. Hypocrisy includes leading people astray, disrespecting Church leaders, and failing to stop sinning.

At various points in our life, we all play the hypocrite (under that mask) on life’s stage.

“The greatest way to live with honor in this world is to be what we pretend to be.”  Socrates

[Greek] εὐχαριστία (eucharistia), [Latin] gratia: thankfulness, gratitude, giving of thanks, words of gratefulness; Acts 24:3, 1Cor.14:16, 2Cor.4:15, 2Cor.9:11-12, Eph.5:4, Php.4:6, Col.2:7, Col.4:2, 1Thess.3:9, 1Tim.2:1, 1Tim.4:3-4, Rev.4:9, Rev.7:12

A monstrance containing the Eucharist

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means thanksgiving and gratitude.

1. Religious context: expressing thankfulness for the gods’ help (with healings and fortune), giving thanks to a deity with a specific writing style (format) in an epistle.
2. Secular context: giving a benefit to another, asking a favor implies the obligation of thanks, thankfulness, and gratitude.

Old Testament: This term is related to the Hebrew todah.

1. This term means thanksgiving, thanks offering, praise, and gratitude.
2. A todah sacrifice would be offered by someone whose life has been delivered from great peril.
3. The redeemed person would show his gratitude to God by a todah sacrificial meal.
4. The lamb, bread and wine make up the elements of this sacred meal.
5. This Hebrew todah points to the Eucharist in the New Testament.

New Testament: This term (noun) refers to the acts of thanksgiving, expression of thanks, and words of gratefulness in more general terms. Interestingly, this term, not found in the gospels, makes reference to the secular appreciation of others, giving thanks and praise to God, prayerful vigilance, and extending prayers (and petitions) to others. The related verb eucharisteo, meaning to give thanks, refers to Jesus’ offering up bread and wine. This verb, rather than the related noun, more closely corresponds to the Jewish ritual blessing of the bread and wine. Jesus’ offering of the bread and wine points to the Eucharist.

Scripture:

“We acknowledge this in every way and everywhere, most excellent Felix, with all gratitude.” Acts 24:3

This is simple form of secular gratitude from person to another.

“Everything indeed is for you, so that the grace bestowed in abundance on more and more people may cause the thanksgiving to overflow for the glory of God.” 2Cor.4:15

We receive grace from God. This grace allows for thanksgiving to overflow for the God’s glory.

“Persevere in prayer, being watchful in it with thanksgiving.” Col.4:2

Prayer of thanksgiving is necessary for vigilance on one’s spiritual condition.

Early Church:

“Take care, then, to use one Eucharist, so that whatever you do; you do according to God: for there is one Flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, and one cup in the union of His Blood.”

Ignatius’ Letter to the Philadelphians 4 (110 A.D)

“We call this food Eucharist; and no one else is permitted to partake of it, except one who believes our teaching to be true…the food which has been made into the Eucharist by the Eucharistic prayer set down by Him, and by the change of which our blood and flesh is nourished, is both the Flesh and the Blood of that incarnated Jesus.”  Justin Martyr’s First Apology (148-155 A.D)

“Every morning and every hour they give thanks and praise to God for His loving-kindness toward them; and for their food and their drink they offer thanksgiving to Him.” Apology of Aristides (125 A.D.)

When was the term ‘Eucharist’ first used? The Didache, also called the ‘Teaching of the Twelve Apostles’, is claimed to be the first written document containing the term ‘Eucharist’. Although not considered canonical, this book is estimated to be have been written around 65-80 AD.

Monstrance: This is a receptacle in which the consecrated Host (Eucharist) is shown for adoration or carried in procession. This term comes from the Latin monstrare, meaning to show. Essentially, monstrance means demonstration or proof. The monstrance was first used in 14^th century France and Germany when popular devotions to the Blessed Sacrament developed.

Nine Benefits of Eucharist Adoration:

“The grace of adoration of Jesus in the Most Blessed Sacrament is given to everybody.” (St. Peter Julian Eymard)

“Our Lord hears our prayers anywhere, but He has revealed to His servants that those who visit Him in the Eucharist will obtain a more abundant measure of grace.” (St. Alphonsus Ligouri)

“A Holy Hour in front of the Blessed Sacrament is worth more than a thousand years of human glory.” (St. Padre Pio)

“This is not merely a passing devotional practice. It is founded on divinely revealed truths.” (Pope Pius XII)

“Adoration is to enter into profound heartfelt communion with the Lord, who makes Himself bodily present in the Eucharist!” (Pope Benedict XVI)

“Jesus Himself is calling you to spend one special specific hour with Him each week.” (St. John Paul II)

“The Eucharist bathes the tormented soul in light and love. Then the soul appreciates these words, ‘Come all you who are sick, I will restore your health.’” (St. Bernadette Soubirous)

“Our Lord in the Blessed Sacrament has His hands full of graces and He is ready to bestow them on anyone who asks for them.” (St. Peter of Alcantara)

“Our Lord is hidden there in the Blessed Sacrament, waiting for us to come and visit Him, and make our requests to Him.” (St. John Vianney)

Conclusion:

Eucharist, Eucharistic, gratis, gratitude

I think it is important to note that this term occurs both in a religious and secular sense in the Greek Hellenistic era. This is very plausible during the times when man gives thanks for the gods’ help. Expressing thankfulness also is found in an epistle format. Epictetus and other Stoics have very interesting perspectives on expressing thankfulness. They give thanks to providence for allowing them to thank and embrace the good or bad that happens to them.

In the Old Testament, the todah points to the Eucharist. The todah utilizes the lamb, bread and wine. The lamb is offered up. In the Eucharist, Jesus, the lamb, is offered up in form of bread and wine. The sacrifice of the Eucharist is the re-presentation of the one sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross.

It was interesting to note that the noun eucharistia references thanksgiving in a more general sense (rather than the eucharist itself). On the other hand, the verb eucharisteo references Jesus’ offering the bread and wine. This term Eucharist (as we currently understand it) actually had not yet come into being until years later in the early Church.

It is significant to note that Ignatius had a direct relationship with the Apostle John. Ignatius was a disciple of John. John’s gospel has a strong focus on the Eucharist (although not explicitly stated). Ignatius would have been already familiar with this Eucharistic theology and Christology of Jesus.

Justin Martyr, a Gentile philosopher, normally associated with his fellow philosophers among the temple grounds. After his conversion to Christianity, rather than remaining with his fellow Christians, he remained with his philosopher friends. In the temple grounds, there was an unwritten code of conduct (between philosophers) that one can state his opinions (and beliefs) without fear of reprisal. Justin Martyr used his philosophical and rhetorical skills to define and defend Christian teachings. As a result, he also converted others to Christianity. Interestingly, the term apologia originally meant a speech in defense of. Essentially Justin Martyr was defending (“apologizing for”) the Christians and Christianity. (The modern meaning of “I am sorry” comes much later in the 18^th century).

Catholic perspective: The Eucharist (in its bread form) contains both the Body and Blood of Jesus. The liquid form (in the chalice) also contains both the Body and Blood Jesus. Therefore, it is not strictly necessary to partake of both forms. However, some people like to receive both forms.

I have to say that I have a greater appreciation (thankfulness) in learning the history of this word.

I certainly have lot to be thankful this year.

Happy Thanksgiving!

[Greek] διαίρεσις (diairesis), [Latin] divisio: division, diversity, variety, diversity, distribution; 1Cor.12:4-6

A Roman legion (divisio)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means divisibility, distribution, dividing, distinction, division, and dipthong. Plato’s Sophist 267b states “Some who imitates do so with knowledge of which they imitate, and others without such knowledge. And yet what division can we imagine more complete than which separates knowledge and ignorance.” Aeschylus’ Eumenides 749 states “Correct count the ballots cast forth, friends, and be in awe of doing wrong in the division of the votes.” Herodotus’ The Histories 7.144 states “When each man was to receive then drachmae for his share, Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to make no such division but to use the money to build two hundred ships for the war.”

Old Testament: This term means class, distribution, division, share, group, inheritance, and course. Divisions can refer to armies, priests, clans, tribes, and individuals. The Jewish Hellenistic philosopher Josephus makes references to the encampment of the Roman army. Josephus states “They divide the camps within into streets, and place the tents of the commanders in the middle. The general’s own tent, in the nature of a temple, has seats for the officers superior and inferior…They live together by companies.”

New Testament: This term, occurring only in 1Cor 12:4-6, means distribution or variety. The Corinthians were constantly attracted with phenomena, such as speaking in tongues. Paul relates how these unique (distinctive) gifts come from God. Interestingly, these scriptures make individual references to the Spirt, the Lord, and God (The Father). Paul begins to develop the notion of the Trinity (three Persons of God).

Scripture:

“There are different kinds of spiritual gifts but the same Spirit.” 1Cor.12:4

The Holy Spirit gives each of us unique gifts.

“There are different forms of service but the same Lord.” 1Cor.12:5

Service can be offered to different ministries (and others).

“There are different workings but the same God who produces all of them in everyone.” 1Cor.12:6

Our gifts and talents ultimately come from God.

Conclusion:

Diary, division

I can imagine that Plato would have a field day with this term. Diairesis involves defining a broad concept, then dividing this into sub-concepts. (Example: Animal==>mammal==>dog==>Fido). I was surprised that the Latin term for this term is divisio, referring to an army.

I am not surprised that Josephus would use this term in light of the Roman occupation of Jerusalem. In the Old Testament context, division can refer to a clan, family, and tribe. Also, this term frequently refers to inheritance and share.

It is interesting that this term is only found in 1Cor.12:4-6. Paul begins to elaborate on the theology of the Trinity. Ultimately, all gifts come God.

A diary is an account events recorded in a distinct (daily) basis.

WARNING – USELESS WORDS ALERT –

Diairesis: a form of classification used in ancient Platonic logic to systemize concepts.

Diaeresis: a punctuation mark applied over a vowel to indicate that is sounded in a separate syllable (usually applying to the second vowel).

To be honest, I am more or less naïve when it comes with using these punctuation marks. I appreciate your coöperation and patience in this matter.

[Greek] ὅρκος (horkos), [Hebrew] Sheva, [Latin] sacramentum: oath, vow, something which restrains someone, putting oneself under a curse, declaration; Mt.5:33, Mt.14:7,9, Mt.26:72, Mk.6:26, Lk.1:73, Acts 2:30, Heb.6:16,17, Jas.5:12

The Covenant at Beer-sheba (Well of the Oath[Seven]): Abraham made a covenant with Abimelech with seven lambs. This location later becomes Abraham’s Well. Seven becomes a number of perfection (sealing an oath).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term refers to an oath or declaration made in the presence of others (or of the gods). An oath taken (along with a self-curse) is generally believed to be strengthened. One promises to put oneself under a curse if one does not speak the truth. One may raise his hand upwards (in direction of the gods) when giving an oath. An oath given in public life (office) served to provide a divine (religious) basis to the political order. The invoked gods were seen as witnesses to the oaths being made. Judicial oaths wielded authority in sentencing, perjury, lack of witnesses, lack of proof, and legal dealings. The gods used the river Styx to swear oaths upon.

Hesiod’s Work and Days 282 states “And Zeus honored her (Styx) and gave her very great gifts, for he appointed her to be the great oath of the gods.” Homer’s Odyssey 374 states “But swear to tell naught of this to my dear mother. The old woman swore a great oath by the gods to say naught.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 3.2.10 states “I was saying that we have many fair hopes of deliverance. For, in the first place, we are standing true to the oaths we took in the name of the gods, while our enemies have perjured themselves in violation of their oath, have broken the truce.” Euripides’ Media 754 states “That is good. But what punishment do you call down upon yourself if you do not abide by your oath?” Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris states “You have bound me with an easy oath and sworn very well. I will not take much time to carry the oath I swore.”

Tattoos (marks): Tattoos were given to those to denote membership and loyalty in a group (slaves, soldiers, and cultic followers). The Latin word for tattoo is sacramentum. The soldier’s tattoo provided a visible and public image in showing one’s loyalty to his superior officer (and government). The recruit also makes an oath to the gods.

“Step forward, recruit [‘Lucius Junius Brutus’], and swear by the gods of Rome, the manes of your ancestors, and your own honor an unbreakable oath that you will follow your commander wherever he may lead you. You will obey orders enthusiastically and without question. You relinquish the protection of Roman civil law and accept the power of your commander to put you to death without trial for disobedience and desertion. You promise to serve under the standard for your allotted time of duty and not to leave before your commander discharges you. You will serve Rome faithfully, even at the cost of your life, and will respect the law with regards to civilians and your comrades in camp. Congratulations. You are now a soldier of Rome!”  Sacramentum military oath

Old Testament: This term is related to the Hebrew shevah, which means to swear, to raise one’s hand, and to “seven” oneself. In Hebrew culture seven is considered a number of perfection. An oath, a solemn profession of loyalty, is more powerful than a contract. God shows His faithfulness to His people through covenants (oaths). The oath is strengthened by self-cursing. Only an oath by God was permitted. Swearing by other gods was viewed as idolatry. Over time the oath was abused, desecrated, and trivialized. It is also interesting to note that are 394 scriptural references to the number seven.

The Lord, your God, shall you fear Him; Him shall you serve, and by His name shall you swear (Deut.6:13). You shall not take the name of the Lord, your God, in vain (Exo.20:7). Remembers that even though no one else is about, God will be witness between you and me (Gen.31:50). Not one shall see the land which I promised an oath to their fathers (Num.14:23). Let not your mouth form the habit of swearing or becoming too familiar with the Holy Name (Sir.23:9). This is why the place is called Beer-sheba, the two took an oath there (Gen.21:31)

New Testament: This term refers to different aspects of making an oath. Such examples include God swearing an oath, making (and abusing) an oath, and fulfilling a promise. The permanent nature of an oath is illustrated by God’s faithfulness to His people. One cannot make a true oath without the witness of God. Peter, fearful of being associated with Jesus, makes a false oath of not knowing Jesus. One also must not use clever language in hopes of avoiding being bound by an oath. Herod assents to Herodias’s request for John the Baptist’s head.

Scripture:

“Again Peter denied it with an oath, ‘I do not know the man!’” Mt. 26:72

In his fear Peter denies knowing Jesus

“But since he (David) was a prophet and knew that He would set up one of his descendants upon his throne.” Acts 2:30

God remained true in swearing an oath to David that his descendant (Jesus) will reign in his throne.

“Again you have hear that it was said to your ancestors, ‘Do not take a false oath, but make good to the Lord all that you vow.’” Mt.5:33

One can make at true oath by calling upon God as witness

Conclusion:

Exorcise, exorcism, sacrament, seven

The gods, as witnesses, played an important role in the making of oaths. Inanimate objects (representing the gods) and raising one’s hands (in the direction of the gods) were also sometimes used in making oaths. The validity of an oath was strengthened by a curse. I did not realize that the goddess Styx was very important in making oaths.

Roman soldiers often wore the ‘SPQR’ tattoo, which was an abbreviation for ‘The Senate and People of Rome’. It is interesting to note that in the movie Gladiator, Russel Crowe’s character Maximus also had worn a ‘SPQR’ tattoo.

In the Old Testament, to “seven oneself” means to swear an oath to another. Beer-sheba means well of the seven (oath). This is where Abraham made an oath with Abimelech. In this covenant Abraham gave Abimelech seven lambs so Abimelech can be a witness that Abraham dug this well. The New Testament continues its prohibitions against abusing, manipulating, and diminishing oaths.

Catholic perspective: It is not surprising that there are seven sacraments. Sacraments are the physical manifestations of God’s individual grace. Sacraments are also indications of God’s perfect and faithful covenant with His people.

An exorcism is a calling up or driving out of evil spirits. An exorcist may swear an oath (in the name of a higher power) to draw the demon out.

I swear that this has to be one of the most interesting terms that I have studied in recent times!

.

[Greek] συμμαρτυρέω (symmartyreō), [Latin] testificare, [Latin] reddere testimonium, [Latin] perhibere, [French] restituer, [French] demontrer: to bear witness with, to confirm something as one witness (along with others), to agree with, to agree with what was stated; Rom.2:15, Rom.8:16, Rom.9:1, Rev.22:18

The Martyrdom of Polycarp: painting by Niccoli Circignani (1583). Persecution may potentially produce two kinds of martyrs. A red martyr is one sheds his blood for his faith. A white martyr is one who does not shed blood for his faith.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to bear witness, to attest to, and to confirm. There may or may not be any distinctions between agreeing with and confirming something someone said.

Sophocles’ Philoctetes 438 : “I will attest to that, and with that very truth in mind, I will ask you, how fares a man of little worth, but sharp of tongue and clever.” Plato’s Greater Hippias 282b states “I can bear witness that you speak the truth, and that your art has really progressed in the ability to carry on public together with private affairs.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 3.3.2: “And time also, which is said to be the true witness, gave testimony that the god was right; for you were born in the tenth month.”

Isocrates’ Panegyricus 4.31: “The oracle of Apollo speaks, with authority, many of the Hellenes are agreed, and the words spoken long ago confirm the practice of today.”

New Testament: This term, not found in the Old Testament, means to testify in support, to confirm, and to witness along with others. Conscience confirms the Gentiles’ conduct. Although the Gentles were not subject to the Law, the Gentiles were allowed by God to know the difference between right and wrong. Paul’s conscience is guided by the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit bears witness that Christians, as sons of God, can call upon God as Father.

Scripture:

“They show that the demands of the law are written in their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness and their conflicting thoughts accuse or even defend them.” Rom. 2:15

The Jews cannot demand that the Gentiles adhere to the Mosaic law. The Gentiles were not bound by the Law. God gave the Gentiles the means to know the difference between right and wrong.

“The Spirit itself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God, and if children, then heirs, heirs of God and joint heirs with Christ, if only we suffer with Him so that we may be also glorified with Him.” Rom.8:16-17

Christians are adopted children and heirs of God. Christians are joint heirs with Christ. We are joint heirs wbith Christ if we suffer with Him so that we may also be glorified with Him.

St. Ignatius (35-107 AD): Ignatius, a disciple of the Apostle John, was the bishop of Antioch. Ignatius was encouraging Polycarp to lead his followers and to remain firm in the face of adversity, persecution, and even martyrdom. Ignatius was later martyred in the Colosseum.

“Bear the maladies of all as a perfect athlete. Where there is more toil, there is much gain.” Ignatius’ Letter to Polycarp

Types of martyrs:

1. Red martyrs: These are witnesses giving up one’s physical life, bearing witness unto death. Red is associated with the shedding of blood.
2. White martyrs: These are witnesses being persecuted for their faith, but never shedding any blood. It consists of living a life boldly for Christ.

Etymology: The Greek verb martyreo means to witness. The Greek prefix sym- means with or along with. The Latin verb reddere means to return, to restore, and to render. The Latin verb perhibere means to to hold out (display), bestow, to present, and to name. Prohibit means to hold back. Inhibit means to hold in. Exhibit means to hold out. 

Conclusion:

Martyr, martyrdom, testify, render, restitution, prohibit, exhibit, inhibit, demonstrate, demonstration

It was interesting to note that this term can apply to both agreeing with someone and confirming what someone said (regardless of their belief system). Perhaps it is not also surprising that time and the gods are used to provide witness (testimony). However, there is no emphasis on divine revelation.

In the New Testament, this term requires multiple witnesses and divine inspiration. The Holy Spirit (and God) provide guidance for one’s conscience. God gives the Gentile the abilities to determine right from wrong.

It is important to note that both Ignatius had a direct connection (disciples) to the Apostle John. Ignatius also confirms Paul’s notion that the Christian is like an athlete who runs the Christian race (life). 

We all have to be reminded that, as children of God, some of us may have to endure trials or suffer on Jesus’ behalf (just like Bishop Strickland).

Update: Bishop Strickland (of Tyler, Texas) has now been forcibly removed from his position by Pope Francis (and the Vatican). Bishop Strickland has had the audacity to uphold traditional Catholic teachings and to criticize Pope Francis when needed. Pope Francis has just made Bishop Strickland a white martyr!

It remains to be seen about whether cardinals, bishops, and priests will show support for Bishop Strickland. Many may not speak out or will just remain quiet for fear of reprisals from their superiors.

It is as if Pope Francis (and the Vatican) views Bishop Strickland more so as a disobedient district manger not following the Modernist policies of “Vatican Inc.”

Perhaps it was not surprising that Bishop Strickland was the only Catholic bishop protesting the honoring of the “Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence” at the LA Dodgers’ stadium. This begs the question: why were there no other Catholic bishops there? Were they fearful of offending the powerful LGBTQ lobby? Is it also because the Vatican was already engaging in a massive outreach campaign to the LGBTQ community?

It also bears repeating that while Pope Francis has removed Bishop Strickland, he has allowed fellow Jesuit Fr. Rupnik, accused of committing sexual crimes against nuns, to remain in ministry.

Pope Francis efforts and actions have produced much opposition and animosity from the American bishops. Removing Bishop Strickland for upholding traditional Catholic teachings and for not blindly following the Modernists is adding to this animosity. This is not a good look for Pope Francis.

Bishop Strickland has become next cancelled Bishop in opposition to the Vatican. 

We all have already witnessed the German Cardinals, bishops, and priests doctrinally going over the rails into heresy and schism.

We are all witnessing that Pope Francis and his Modernist allies remaking Jesus’ Church into a worldly synodal Church into the image of man!

Coalitions for cancelled are priests are now in existence. Archbishop Vigano is also providing support for such organizations.

We are all witnessing a further and further schism between conservative (traditional) Catholics and Modernist Catholics.

We are all witnessing and are rightfully alarmed that Pope Francis and his inner circle are continuing to doctrinally “push the envelope” (surpass normal limits) in Church teachings and doctrine. The latest examples are transgender baptism and transgender godparents!

My personal opinion: Pope Francis and his inner circle continue in their efforts to remake Jesus’ Church into the image of man. At some point, there will come a time when many will say: “They have gone too far!” They will clearly see the damage done by the Modernists. There will be a great public backlash from many to steer the Church back toward Tradition to the way that Jesus’ intended!

We are witnessing the continued anti-Semitism in these protests all over the world.

We are also witnessing many naive and clueless people being involved with pro-Hamas/Palestine protests, oblivious to the Hamas atrocities committed, not knowing the difference between right and wrong. Are they only thinking that it is cool to protest? In contrast, Israel supporters know exactly what is at stake.

This term truly bears witness to what it means to be a witness and even to be a martyr.

[Greek] κόσμος (kosmos), [Latin] cosmos: order, arrangement, world, cosmos, structure, adornment, unity; over 150 scriptures

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This important term is found extensively in all walks of life. The world can be viewed in both in a spatial and a temporal sense. This term conveys the meanings of order, unity, adornment, and understanding of the cosmos and world. Order infers unity between the totality and its parts. Adornments relate to spatial order, beauty (physical adornment), government, attitudes, and qualities. The cosmic “worldview” (world, heaven and the universe) is viewed with totality, structure, arrangement, beauty, and unity. This world can also be viewed in the sense of the inhabited world (individuals and the totality of humanity).

Literature:

Herodotus’ The Histories 8.67:  Soldiers sat in order one after another.

Aristophanes’ Birds 330:  Distribute the birds according to their character.

Homer’s Odyssey 8.469:  Trojan Horse made with Athena’s help.

Demosthenes’ On The Crown 18.216:  Your conducts elicited princes of all nations.

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.99: The first to establish the rule.

Hesiod’s Works and Days 76: Athena girded and clothed her.

Herodotus’ The Histories 3.123:  Splendid furnishing of the men’s apartment.

Lysias’ Against Eratosthenes 12.19:  Jewelry, furniture, and women’s apparel beyond what they expected.

Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics 1124a:  Crowing ornament of virtues.

Plato’s Timaeus 30b:  Cosmos..a living creature with soul and reason.

Plato’s Gorgias 508a: This world by the name of order, not of disorder or dissolution.

Plato’s Timaeus 32c: Cosmos harmonized by proportion.

Plato’s Timaeus 30b: The Cosmas as a living creature endowed with soul and reason.

Old Testament: This term has a biblical sense and a philosophical sense. Although Hebrew has no word for universe, this term means heaven, earth, and adornment. Under the influence of Greek Hellenism, the Greek notion of the ‘world’ develops in the later parts of the Old Testament and in Judaism. The Jewish Greek philosopher Philo becomes heavily influential in the use of such terminology as: universe, inhabited earth, humanity, and, “to come into the world”. This temporal sense of ‘world’ eventually finds itself in cultic and liturgical use. In the New Testament, Jesus will make references to the earthly world in contrast to His heavenly kingdom.

Thus the heavens and the earth and all their array were completed (Gen.2:1). These the Lord, your God, has let fall to the lot of all other nations under the heavens (Deut.4:19). You shall be arrayed with them all as with adornments, like a bride you fasten them on you (Isa.49:18). Like a chain of gold is learning to a wise man, like a bracelet on his right arm (Sir.21:21). Now with you is Wisdom, who knows your works and was present when you made the world (Sol.9:9). But by the envy of the devil, death entered the world, and they who are in his possession experience it (Wis.2:24). A great number of wise men is the safety of the world, a prudent king, the stability of his people (So. 6:24).

New Testament: This term means universe, earth, world system, people, adornment, tremendous amount, and supernatural power. The New Testament provides a Hellenistic perspective of the term world. Not surprisingly, over half of these scriptural references are found in John’s gospel. As with Apostle Paul, the Apostle John was heavenly influenced by Hellenism. The Hellenistic perspective perceives the world as heaven and earth, inhabited earth (temporal and spatial senses), and the abode of man. Jesus makes many references to the world being opposed to His heavenly (spiritual) realm.

Scripture:

“In which you once lived following the age of this world, following the rule of the power of the air, the spirit that is now at work in the disobedient.” Eph. 2:2

Paul speaks to the temporal aspects of the world which will pass.

“He said to them, ‘You belong to what is below, I belong to what is above. You belong to this world, but I do not belong to this world’”. Jn. 8:23

Jesus speaks of the differences between the world and His heavenly realm.

“For God so loved the world that He gave His only Son, so that everyone who believes in Him might not perish but might have eternal life. For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world might be saved through Him.” Jn.3:16-17

Jesus is speaking in His native Aramaic language. The Aramaic word chav means to cherish. The Aramaic word almah means young unmarried girl (in a singular sense). Rather than referring to a young girl, Jesus refers to a young naïve generation (in a sociological sense). Essentially, Jesus cherishes this young naïve generation. Also, it does not make sense that Jesus would cherish a political world system. Jesus makes a distinction between the people and the physical (spatial) world.

Etymology: From the Greek adjective comes the word cosmetic, meaning skilled in adornment or arrangement. This term was first coined in the 1640’s. So it is not really difficult to see how cosmos can lead to cosmetics.

Conclusion:

Cosmos, cosmological, cosmetics

This term becomes a very important subject of philosophical discussion in the Hellenistic world. It is was interesting to discover the various ranges of meanings like adornment and orderliness. These meanings can involve discipline, good behavior, fashion, and cosmetics (beautiful adornment). The Greeks viewed the cosmos as beautifully arranged, adorned, and ordered.

In the Old Testament, this term already has a theological sense, meaning adornments and heaven. It is significant to note that the Old Testament culture (and Judaism) later incorporate the Hellenistic understanding of the world. This will later become more significant as Jesus repeatedly makes references to the world in contrast to His heavenly kingdom.

I guess you can say that this term has a beautifully arranged sense of meanings. One does not need makeup to see this!

[Greek] πνοή (pnoē), [Latin] inspirare: wind, breath, breeze, soul; Acts 2:2, Acts 17:25

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means blowing (of the wind), breath, inspiration, breeze, blast, and soul. Euripides’ Bacchae 1094 states “They leapt through the torrent—streaming valley and mountain clifts, frantic with the inspiration of the god.” Homer’s Iliad 5.697 states “And his spirit failed him, and down over his eyes a mist was shed. Howebeit, he revived and the breath of the North Wind as it blew upon him and made him live again.” Euripides’ Phoenissae 454 states “Restrain the fierceness of your look and panting rage.” Euripides’ Orestes 145 states “Speak the breath of a slender reed-pipe.” Plato’s Cratylus 419d states “The creeping of the soul is likened to a breath.” Euripides’ Orestes states “How long is it since your mother breathed her last?”

Old Testament: This term, meaning wind, breath, life, and spirit, refers to aspects of both God and man. God provides the breath of life essential for man to live. This term also refers to man’s inner most part (spirit) that can respond to God. Man’s nature comes from his spirit (soul). God’s Spirit can range from a soft breath to a stormy wind. God’s wrath is often associated with a stormy wind. Philo, a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher states in his The Special Laws 4.123 “For the essence of the soul is breath of God.” Philo sometimes makes a distinction between God’s light breath (for the creation of Adam) and God’ s strong wind (for the Spirit created in the divine image).

The foundations of the earth were laid bare, at the rebuke of the Lord, at the blast of the wind of His wrath (2Sam.22:16). With His breath God brings the frost and the broad waters become congealed (Job.37:10). Because the breath in our nostrils is a smoke and reason is a spark at the beating of our hearts (Sol.2:2). Your God, is giving you as your heritage, you shall not leave a single soul alive (Deut.20:16). God blew into his nostrils the breath of life, and so man became a living being (Gen.2:7). Therefore thus says the Lord God: in My fury I will let loose storm winds (Ezek.13:13). And the earth was without from or shape, with darkness over the abyss and a mighty wind sweeping over the waters (Gen.1:2).

New Testament: This term means wind and breath. God provides both a strong driving wind and a gentle breath of life. At the time of Pentecost, Peter and the Apostles were all gathered together in one place. A strong driving wind, in the form of the Holy Spirit, filled the entire household. The Apostles, inspired by the Holy Spirit, began to speak in tongues. Paul was speaking to the Athenians about that ‘Unknown God’. Paul stated that this God gives everyone life, breath, and everything. Paul was appealing to the religiosity of the Greeks.

Scripture:

“And suddenly there came from the sky a noise like a strong driving wind, and it filled the entire house in which they were.” Acts 2:2

At Pentecost, a strong rushing wind, representing the Holy Spirit, comes upon the Apostles, who speak in tongues.

“Rather is He who gives to everyone life and breathing and everything.” Acts 17:25

Paul makes references to God who provides life (breath) to man.

Conclusion:

Pneumatic, pneumonia, inspiration, inspire

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the wide ranging meanings of this term. This term can range from strong blast, light breeze, hard breathing, and exhalation, soul creeping, and pipe puff. Even gods are associated with winds.

In the Old Testament, the intensity of winds is linked with God’s wrath. In contrast, God provides a gentle breath giving life to Adam.

In the New Testament, on the other hand, a strong wind gives inspiration to the Apostles at Pentecost. It is interesting that Paul indirectly alludes to God giving life (breath) to Adam. It is also interesting that spirit, breath, and soul are frequently linked together.

One can say that wind, breath, and the soul have been sources of inspiration throughout history!

[Greek] ζῆλος (zēlos), [Latin] aemulatio, [Latin] multem laborem: envy, zeal, jealousy, intense desire, eagerness, striving, indignation, fierceness; Jn. 2:17, Acts 5:17, Acts 13:45, Rom.10:2, Rom.13:13, 1Cor.3:3, 2Cor.7:7,11, 2Cor.9:2, 2Cor.11:2, 2Cor.12:20, Gal.5:20, Php.3:6, Col.4:13, Heb.10:27, Jas. 3:14,16

The Stoning of Saint Stephen: painting by Battista Dossi (1525).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, essentially meaning zeal, envy, and jealousy, is usually dependent on its context (good or bad). Jealousy can be illustrated with eager rivalry, emulation, or praise for others. Zeal can also be illustrated in about boasting in one’s honor and glory. This term also can be considered as one’s literary or personal style. Plutarch’s Life of Theseus 6 states “In like manner Theseus admired the valor of Heracles, until by night his dreams were of the hero’s achievements.” Lysias’ Funeral Orations 2.48 states “A Grecian war arose war arose from envy of what had come to pass, and jealousy of what had been achieved, great was the conceit of all.” Plato’s Republic 550e states “And so, as time goes on, and they advance in pursuit of wealth, the more they hold that in honor the less they honor virtue.” Zelos was the Greek god of rivalry, ambition, emulation, jealousy, and envy.

Old Testament: This term, also meaning jealousy or envy, can apply both to man and God. Jealousy (and envy) finds itself in the human condition and conduct in various contexts. This term pertains to God’s wrath in His relationship to His people. God intervenes when nations disrupt His plans for Israel. God’s zeal is provoked when Israel worships idols. God’s jealousy is like a marital jealousy. Apostasy is likened to adultery. God is jealous that man would put these idols in His place. Interestingly, The Old Testament excludes the Hellenistic Greek notion of celebrating or praising another (or oneself).

Envy and anger shorten one’s life (Sir.30:24). Anger is relentless and wrath overwhelming, but before jealousy who can stand? (Prov.27:4). For I, the Lord, your God, am a jealous God (Exo.20:5). The Lord’s wrath and jealousy will flare up against that man (Deut.29:20). I will inflict on you the sentences of adulteresses and murdereress (Ezek.16:38). For vindictive is the husband’s wrath, he will have no pity on the day of vengeance (Prov.6:34). Because zeal for Your Father’s house has consumed me (Psa. 69:10).

New Testament: This term conveys jealousy and envy in various contexts and perspectives. This includes ordinary jealousy, religious zeal (or envy), and religious outrage (and anger). Paul uses zeal in the Jewish sense in opposition to the proclamation of the Christian message. Paul approved the murder of Stephen and kept guard of the murderers’ cloaks. Paul illustrates God’s zeal in his concern for his community. Paul also illustrates God’s jealousy in terms of the Old Testament perspective of God. The New Testament community has taken the place of God’s ancient people. The book of James was written to the dispersed Israelites who settled throughout the Greco-Roman world. Not surprisingly, this term, found in James, references the Hellenistic aspects of jealousy, boasting, pride, and ambition.

Etymology: The Latin words multem laborem essentially means much work to be done or energetic with work.

Scripture:

“His disciples recalled the words of scripture, ‘Zeal for your house will consume Me.’” John 2:17

Upon seeing Jesus “cleansing” the temple, the disciples make reference to Psa. 69:10. Jesus was fulfilling scripture in responding to how the temple was being desecrated by money-changers and merchants.

“In zeal I persecuted the church, in righteousness based on the law, I was blameless.” Php. 3:6

Paul recounts his past life as a zealous Pharisees persecuting the Christians. As a Pharisee he zealously followed the Law.  Paul warns the Philipians to be aware of legalistic teachers.

“For where jealously and selfish ambition exist, there is disorder and every foul practice.” Jas.3:16

James speaks about human boast, pride, and ambition. The qualities of the true wise man are endowed from above.

Conclusion:

Zeal, zealous, zealot

Jealousy and envy, as in all time periods, can be used for both good and bad purposes. The Greco-Roman culture celebrated the health of the body (mind and soul). Not surprisingly, intellectual scholars, like Plato, would often provide a social commentary on the human condition.

God is often depicted with human characteristics, such as wrath and jealousy. God’s jealousy is like a marital jealousy when Israel strays into an adulterous relationship with idols. The Hellenistic notion of pride and ambition evidently was heavily discouraged in the Old Testament era.

The Jewish sense of zeal is illustrated by zealous adherence the Law and by hatred toward Christianity. It is interesting to note that the Hellenistic notion of pride only occurs in the book of James. This book was written to the Jews of the Diaspora who scattered through the Greco Roman world.

I am somewhat envious of all those historians (and others) who have had the opportunity to dive into the past.

[Greek] καρδία (kardia), [Latin] cor: heart, spirit, soul, mind; 132 scriptural references

The kneeling lover offers his affection to the damsel from the bottom of his “heart”. (1250’s) The pine cone represented the heart. The point of the pine cone represents the bottom of the heart.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: The heart is primarily viewed in a literal or physiological sense.

1. The figurative sense of the heart, although used infrequently, is utilized by the poets.
2. Poets present the heart as the seat of emotions, passions, anger, courage, fear, joy, or sadness.
3. Most of the philosophical schools viewed the heart in a literal sense.
4. The Stoics, who held virtue as the highest good, viewed the heart as the seat of reason, feeling, will, and intellect.

Sophocles’ Antigone 88: “Ah, it is a struggle, but I depart from my heart’s resolve and obey.”

Aristophanes’ Clouds 1391: “I fancy the hearts of the youth are panting to hear what he will say.”

Euripides’ Iphigenia in Aulis 475: “I swear to tell you the truth from my heart, without any covert purpose, but only what I think.”

Euripides’ Medea 99: “Your mother is stirring up her feelings, stirring up anger.”

Homer’s Iliad 2.452: “And in their heart of each man she roused strength to war and to battle without ceasing.”

Old Testament: This term is predominately depicted in the figurative sense.

1. The heart, considered the innermost part of the person, involves the emotional, mental, and spiritual faculties.
2. The heart stands firm in bravery and courage.
3. The heart is the seat of rational functions, given by God.
4. Planning, volition, and the will come from the heart.
5. Religious and moral conduct are rooted in the heart, which allows one to serve God.
6. The heart accepts the divine teachings. 

New Testament: The heart is the main source of psychological and spiritual life.

1. The heart is the place in man where God bears witness to Himself.
2. In the heart dwells feelings, emotions, desires, and passions.
3. The heart is the seat of understanding, thought, reflection, the will, and resolve.
4. The heart is also the center in man where God turns, where religious life is rooted, and where moral conduct is determined.

Heart: a symbol of romantic love:

1. The first known depiction of the heart as a symbol of romantic love dates back to the 1250’s.
2. This is depicted in a image of a kneeling lover offering his “heart” to a damsel.
3. The pine cone anatomically represented the heart in terms of current medieval scientific understanding.
4. The kneeling lover offers the pine cone.
5. The point of the pine cone represents the bottom of the heart.
6. The kneeling lover offers his affection from “the bottom of his heart”.

Conclusion:

Cardiac, courageous, cordial, accord

Greek Hellenism: literal sense of heart

Old Testament: figurative sense

New Testament: moral and spiritual sense

God is also referred to as kardiognostes (knower of hearts):

1. At the “heart” of the matter, God is the pre-eminent heart specialist!
2. Make an appointment with Him to check out your heart.
3. God’s domain is always in network.
4. No referrals needed.
5. All salvation plans accepted.
6. I hear the benefits are out of this world.

I really did not have the heart to inundate you with 132 New Testament scriptures about the heart. That would be heartless of me. ☺☺☺

Happy Valentine’s Day!

[Greek] στρέφω (strephō), [Latin] vertere: to turn, to turn words around in a sentence, to change, to turn around, to convert, to turn about, to reverse, to turn back; Mt. 5:39, Mt.9:22, Mt. 16:23, Mt.18:3, Lk.7:9,44, Lk.9:55, Lk.10:23, Lk.14:25, Lk.22:61, Lk.23:28, Jn.1:38, Jn.20:14,16, Acts 7:39,42, Acts 13:46, Rev. 11:6

A wise anastrophe (figure of speech which changes the order of subject, verb, and object) from Yoda (aka Anastrophe Master).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: Not surprisingly, this term is used extensively in various contexts. This use of turning itself can provide a wide range of meanings and nuances. Other meanings include encountering, rotating, upsetting, changing, tormenting, twisting, pondering, engaging, and withdrawing. Sophocles’ Trachiniae states “Even your rage would be deflated, if you learn the whole of it.” Euripides’ Medea 1152 states “You must not be unkind to your kin but must cease your anger and turn your face toward us again.” Homer’s Odyssey 4.520 states “And the gods changed the course of the wind that it blew fair, and they reached home.” Euripides’ Medea 411 states “Men’s thought have become deceitful. The common talk will so alter that women’s way will enjoy good repute. Honor is coming to the female sex: no more women will be maligned by slanderous rumor.”

Old Testament: This term is also used extensively in the Old Testament. Such examples include overthrowing, destroying, changing, disturbing, overwhelming, being weak, being unreliable, and turning. This term references man’s character, conversion, and God’s changing man’s hearts. Conversion involves man’s character, inner conversion, and the conversion experience through blessing (and cursing). The Spirit of the Lord will rush upon you, and you will join them in their prophetic state and will be changed into another man (1Sam.10:6). You changed my mourning into dancing; you took off my sackcloth and clothed me with gladness (Psa.29:12). God is not man that He should speak falsely, nor human that He should change His mind (Num.23:19). When the people had fled, Pharaoh and his servants changed their minds about them (Exo.14:5). I will not overthrow the town you speak of (Gen.19:21). They turned back, deceitful like their ancestors; they proved false like a bow with no tension (Psa.78:57).

New Testament: This term can mean to turn (around), to come to believe, to come to believe, to change one’s ways, to walk to, to walk away, to change, to return something, and to reject. Jesus often turned to the disciples who needed instruction. Jesus returned (responded) to those faithful persons in need of help. Such persons included the sinful woman, centurion, Jairus, and the hemorrhagic woman. Jesus says one must turn and become like children in order to enter the kingdom of heaven. The disciples must be like children who are more trusting, dependent, and innocent.

Scripture:

“Do not give what is holy to dog, or throw your pears before swine, lest they trample them underfoot, and turn and tear you to pieces.” Mt.7:6

Dogs and swine were contemptible Jewish terms for Gentiles. These term may have been derived from the Jews (and Jewish Christians) who opposed preaching of the gospel to the Gentiles.

“But I say to you, offer no resistance to one who is evil. When someone strikes you on your right cheek, turn the other one to him as well.” Mt. 5:39

Turning the other cheek: A Roman would generally use his right hand in order to strike someone. When striking something perceived as his equal, the Roman would use his right fist in striking the other’s left cheek. In striking someone deemed “inferior” (like a Jew), the Roman would use the back of his right hand in slapping the other’s right cheek. Jesus’ instructions to turn one’s other cheek is forcing the attacker to use right his hand to strike the left cheek. In other words, this action is forcing the attacker (Roman) to view his victim (Jew) as his equal.

“Amen, I say to you, unless you turn and become like children, you will not enter the kingdom of heaven.” Mt. 18:3

Jesus call each of us to be like children being dependent and trusting of God.

Catastrophe: A catastrophe is essentially a falling down (kata-). This word originally meant a fatal turning point in a drama. It was not until the middle of the 18^th century that this term took a “turn for the worse” in becoming a calamitous disaster.

Apostrophe: This is a punctuation mark used either to indicate possession or for the omission of letters or numbers. An apostrophe is also a rhetorical device in which the speaker turns away from his audience and instead addresses another person(s) or an object. A lawyer, who is speaking to the judge, will then turn toward the jury or the defendant. An apostrophe is frequently found in music and literature.

“Hello darkness, my old friend, I’ve come to talk to you again.” Paul Simon, The Sounds of Silence 1966

“Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are!” Jane Tyler 1806

“You stupid computer, why aren’t you working!”   Me and many others

Anastrophe: This is a figure of speech in which the normal word order of the subject, the verb, and the object is changed. Refer to Yoda, the wise master of anastrophes.

“Do or do not. There is no try!”  Yoda

Conclusion:      

Catastrophe, apostrophe, anastrophe, revert, convert

I was not really surprised that this term had many uses and meanings in the Greek Hellenistic era. It was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples included pondering, inquiring, waging, and encountering.

In the Old Testament, this term plays a significant role in man’s conversion (good and bad) in contrast to God’s unchanging nature. Turning to and turning away from God becomes another important theme.

In the New Testament, this term also plays a prominent role in various contexts. When Jesus turns, He encounters both faithful people (in need of help) and foolish disciples. So perhaps, encountering is not so nuanced as I thought! Jesus was really an expert of human behavior and psychology. Jesus’ wisdom about “turning the other cheek” was able to help to “turn” other peoples’ hearts away from violence.

WARNING — USELESS WORDS ALERT–

Hypostrophe: a patient turning himself, return of a disease

Antistrophe: the second section of a Greek choral ode

Peristrophe: a genus of a species of flowering plants

Diastrophe: a cross between a disaster and a catastrophe

Jesus calls all of us to turn to Him (and the Father) and become like children. Ok…“Twinkle, twinkle, little star…” ☺☺☺

[Greek] ὑπερβάλλω (hyperballō), [Latin] supere, [Latin] excellens, [Latin] eminens, [Latin] supereminens: to become an hyperbole, to surpass, to be far more, to “throw beyond”, to be much greater, to go beyond, to exceed; 2Cor.3:10, 2Cor.9:14, Eph.1:19, Eph.2:7, Eph.3:19

Michelangelo’s Moses at San Pietro Vincoli in Rome (1513-1515)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used quite extensively in various contexts, means to go beyond, to surpass, and to excel. The Greek verb ballo means to throw. Isocrates’ To Demonicus 1.28 states “But for your life in general, cherish your possessions not in excess, but in moderation.” Homer’s Illiad 23.843 states “Great Telamonium hurled the mass from his strong hand, and sent it past the marks of all.” Demostenes’ Against Aristocrates 23.122 states “But we should, I think, carry both our friendship and our hatred only so far as to not to exceed the due measure.” Euripides’ Alceste 1077 states “Do not then be excessive in grief but bear your sorrow moderately.” Plato’s Laws 12.945c states “It is by no means easy to find an officer of officers, who surpasses them in excellence, but still one must try to find some examiners of a divine quality.”

Old Testament: This term has the basic sense of going beyond. Fear of the Lord surpasses all else. Its possessor is beyond compare (Sir.25:11). He flattered him with such an air of authority that he secured the high priesthood himself, outbidding Jason (2Macc.4:24). The craze for Hellenism and foreign customs reached such a pitch (2Macc.4:13). Enough has been said about the sacrificial meals and the excessive cruelties (2Macc.7:42).  Both friends and bodyguards, seeing the severe punishment that had overtaken him, quickly dragged him out, panic-stricken in their exceedingly great fear (3Macc.2:23).

New Testament: This term, occurring in Paul’s letters, refers to (God) Jesus’ surpassing qualities and the new covenant’s glory. Ephesians makes reference to the saving event in Christ. Such examples include Jesus’ surpassing power, Jesus’ immeasurable graces, Jesus’ surpassing love, and God’s surpassing grace. Paul contrasts the relative glory of the two covenants. Paul speaks to the greater glory of the New Covenant (ministry of righteousness) as compared to the Old Covenant (ministry of death). Paul asserts that Christians have a glory that far surpasses that which Moses had received. Paul makes reference to Moses’ face being radiant upon coming down from Mount Sinai (Exo.34:2-30).

Scripture:

“That in the ages to come He might show the immeasurable riches of His grace in His kindness to us in Jesus Christ.” Eph.2:7

Jesus show His abundance in grace

“Indeed, what was endowed with glory has come to have no glory in this respect because of the glory that surpasses it.” 2Cor.3:10

The New Testament’s glory surpasses the Old Testament’s glory. Only the New Testament can be glorious.

Why does Michelangelo’s statue of Moses have horns? The Hebrew verb karan means to make radiant. As Moses came down from Mount Sinai, his skin (face) had become radiant when he spoke to the Lord. Interestingly, the related Hebrew noun keren means horn or projection. When applied to God, keren means ray of light. This ray of light would have started from a fixed point (from the sun) moving downward (and outward) like a ▲. This triangular figure not surprisingly also takes the shape of a horn. In medieval Christian Europe, this scripture passage would have been translated as “Moses horned with radiance”. Therefore, Michelangelo placed these unusual horns on Moses.

Conclusion:

Hyperbole, super, supercede, excellent, eminent

Regarding the Greco-Roman era, I was not surprised that this term would be used in many situations and contexts. I found an interesting statement about not cherishing possessions in excess. That’s quite a wise psychological and philosophical statement even in the secular world! I had provided just a few examples. Some of the more nuanced examples include outbidding someone, prevailing over someone, passing a day without fighting, and a kettle boiling over.

It makes sense that this term would highlight Jesus’ surpassing gifts and graces for the encouragement of Paul’s followers. It is interesting that Paul makes a clear distinction between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. The New Testament is superior. Paul also make references to the glory that Moses had received.

It is interesting to note that the Hebrew term is linked with radiance and with a horn. Therefore, it is plausible that being radiant is like being “horned” with radiance. I suppose it would make sense that Michelangelo would place these unusual horns on the statue of Moses.

A hyperbole is something exaggerated (thrown beyond). And that is not an exaggeration!

[Greek] βρέφος (brephos), [Latin] infantem, [Latin] fetus: newborn child, unborn child, baby, toddler, infant, embryo; Lk. 1:41,44. Lk. 2:12,16, Lk. 18:15, Acts 7:19, 2Tim.3:15, 1Pet.2:2

Background information:

Classical Greek Era: This term means infant, fetus, baby, embryo, and small child. Sons, rather than girls, were more desired in order to enhance the labor force and the status (power and glory) of a house. The newborn child was often included in cultic fellowship. The nurse (or female relative) would publicly place the child under the protection of the household gods. Pregnancy prevention methods (abortion) wore often used to weed out girls, “cripples”, and the unfit. Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris 898 states “For male children are the supports of the house.” Hesiod’s Works and Days 376 states “There should be an only one son to feed in his father’s house, for so wealth will increase in the house.” Homer’s Illiad 23.266 states “A foal in her womb.”

Greek Hellenism: There begins a rediscovery of the role of the child, as provisions are being made for the welfare of children. Efforts are undertaken to develop a more integrated and fully rounded (“encyclopedic”) education (and training) for children. Children and childlike characters are developed in poetry, comedy, literature, and the arts. Such characters include the gifted child, divine child, and the mischievous child. Even children can become emperors. Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 1096 states “Behold these babies bewailing their own butchery.” Euripides’ Ion 1339 states “In this I received you when you were once a new-born infant.”

Old Testament: To be without children is a sorrow and a religious curse. Children are a gift and blessing of God. A man’s name (progeny) lives on through his children. Those who die childless can still have descendants through Levirate marriage. Intercourse is necessary in some non-traditional situations for the sake of producing children. Abortion is considered pagan. The notion of the innocence of a child is foreign in the Old Testament, as Judaism generally views child as foolish (without understanding), selfish, and naughty. The child customarily participates in cultic fellowship. The firstborn belongs to Yahweh, and must be presented to Him and be redeemed by a sacrifice. Even in the womb, Jeremiah was already ordained (destined) by God to be a prophet for Him. (Jer.1:5) Having heard something, the fool goes into labor, like a woman giving birth to a child (Sir.19:11). O Lord God, what good will your gifts be, if I keep on being childless? (Gen.15:2). Unite with your brother’s widow, in fulfillment of your duty as brother in law, and thus preserve your brother’s line (Gen.38:8). For they went far astray in the paths of error, deceived like senseless infants (Sol. 12:24). Their infants shall be dashed to pieces in their sight (Isa. 13:16). Now I, in turn, give him to the Lord; as long as he live, he shall be dedicated to the Lord (1Sam.1:28). Certainly sons are a gift from the Lord, the fruit of the womb, a reward (Psa. 127:3)

New Testament: Jesus affirms and sanctifies the love of parents. Child-bearing can be called a work which promotes salvation and pleases God. Interestingly, Jesus holds a much higher esteem for children. Although Jesus never speaks of the children’s innocence, He refers to their modest, immature, trusting, unspoiled, and naïve qualities, which are more receptive to the fatherly love of God. Paul reminds that Timothy (and others) that they have learned since infancy that scriptures provide wisdom (in facing the issues of false teachings). Peter states that the newly baptized, like newborn infants, long for spiritual milk which is needed for salvation.

Scripture:

“For at that moment the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the infant John in my womb leaped for joy.” Lk.1:44

John leaps in the womb upon the presence of Mary.

“People were bringing even infants to Him that He might touch them, and when the disciples saw this, they rebuked Him.” Lk.18:15

Jesus calls for children to come to Him. We all must be like children in our relationship to God the Father.

“Like newborn infants, long for spiritual milk so that through it you may grow into salvation.” 1Pet.2:2

The newly baptized are like spiritual infants requiring spiritual milk.

The early Church’s terminology used in their historical position against abortion:

Other historical references: 

The Didache:(140 AD): “new born child”

Althenagoras (177 AD):  “fetus in the womb”

Tertullian (197 AD):  “fetus in the womb”

Clement of Alexandria (150-215 AD):  “embryos”

John Calvin: “the fetus, although enclosed in the womb”

Martin Luther: “single child in any woman’s womb”

Etymology: The word embryo (embruon) comes from the Greek verb bruo, meaning to grow or swell. The word infant comes from the Latin noun infans, one unable to speak. The Latin fetus means offspring and bringing forth

Conclusion:

Embryo, fetus, infant

In the classical era, it was interesting to discover that this term referred to a foal (baby mule) in the womb. I am not surprised that sons (males) were considered more valuable than daughters (girls) during this time period. Unfortunately, some societies (like China) have continued to carry out this practice in current times. It is also another unfortunate reality that abortion (other contraceptive practices) have been in existence since the beginning of time. Then Hellenism begins to present children’s welfare in a more positive light. Well-rounded education is provided to children. Aspects of children are found in the arts.

In the Old Testament, it was very important to have male children in order to continue the family progeny and to serve the Lord. Even non-traditional forms of intercourse were permitted to produce children. Abortion and other contraceptive measures were considered pagan. It was interesting to discover that children, although important for progeny, were often viewed negatively. Old Testament attitudes sometimes often did not have a high opinion of children.

Jesus affirms the love of parents. Interestingly, in contrast to prevalent cultural thinking, Jesus holds children in high esteem. Children are more receptive to the fatherly love of God. Paul calls his followers not to be childish (naive) in viewing evil. The newly baptized are like infants who need spiritual milk for salvation.

A quote from Martin Luther King: “Every aborted baby is like a slave in the womb of his or her mother. The mother decides his or her fate.”

Martin Luther King continues to inspires us in our march for life!

[Greek]σκορπίζω (skorpizō), [Latin] dissipare: to scatter, to be scattered, to disperse, to be dispersed, to put into flight, to give generously; Mt.12:30, Lk.11:23, Jn.10:12, Jn.16:32, 2Cor.9:9

The scorpion scatters

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means to scatter, to disperse, and to divide. Polybius’ Histories 1.47.4 states “The sea was too deep. The breakers and the force of the current dislodged and scattered everything that was thrown, before it could reach the bottom.” Polybius’ Histories 27.2 states “A rapid change passed over the face of things in each of the towns, for they were separated by a very narrow interval from each other. Their policy of splitting up the league of the Boeotian towns, and of destroying the popularity of the Macedonian royal house with the Boeotian populace having thus completely succeeded.”

Old Testament: This Greek term, relating to several Hebrew terms, takes on many meanings and contexts. This term can mean to be a stranger, to be estranged, to be alienated, to scatter, to be scattered, to be dispersed, to winnow, to shake out, to overthrow, to be tossed, to separate, and to be separated. This term makes frequent references to God’s judgment against His enemies (ex. Egypt). The people will be scattered because of their disobedience. Zechariah also speaks that the Shepherd of God will be smited and the sheep will be scattered. The Messiah will later gather His sheep.

He sent forth arrows to put them to flight, He flashed lightning and routed them (2Sam.22:15). They were scattered in fearful trembling, terrified by apparitions (Sol.17:3). Strike the shepherd that the sheep may be dispersed (Zech.13:7). The Lord will scatter you among the nations (Deut.4:27). But no unauthorized person may eat of them (Exo.29:33). They sacrificed to demons, to gods they had never known (Deut.32:16). This night he will be winnowing barley at the threshing floor (Ruth 3:2)

New Testament: This term means to scatter, to disperse, and to give generously. Jesus defines those who do not support (or who abandon) Him as ones who scatter. Jesus presents Himself as the faithful Shepherd who will not abandon His flock. Upon His arrest in the garden of Gethsemene, Jesus foretells the hour when the disciples will abandon Him. Jesus references Zech 13:7 which foretells that the sheep will be dispersed when the Shepherd is stricken. Paul states that God will provide enduring righteousness and overwhelming generosity. This references Psa. 111:7 which alludes to the blessings (children, wealth, and virtue) given to those who remain close to God.

Scripture:

“Whoever is not with Me is against me, and whoever does not gather with Me scatters.” Mt. 12:30

There is no neutrality or ambivalence where Jesus is concerned. One has to make choice whether or not to be with Jesus.

“A hired man, who is not a shepherd and whose sheep are not his own, sees a wolf coming and leaves the sheep and runs away, and the wolf catches and scatters them.” Jn. 10:12

Jesus is the Good Shepherd who is faithful to His sheep.

“As it is written, ‘He scatters abroad, He gives to the poor; His righteousness endures forever.’” 2Cor.9:9

God is capable of providing overwhelming generosity.

Conclusion:

Scorpion, scorpion, dissipate

I was surprised that in the Old Testament this term takes on many meanings and senses. The more nuanced meanings include stranger, layman, outsider, and enemy. Scattering and dispersing, used actively and passively, play an important role in defining the relationship with God (Yawheh) and Israel. God disperses the Israelites because of their disobedience. God also allows the Messiah to later gather the lost sheep (Israelites and Gentiles).

It is perhaps not surprising that Jesus requires total commitment to Him. Indecision and indifference are unacceptable for Him. Perhaps not enough attention or focus is given to the notion that God is abundant in His generosity. In other words, staying close to God has its own rewards. God scatters these blessings.

Don’t let these opportunities scatter from you!

[Greek] ἰάομαι (iaomai), [Latin] sanare: to make healthy (sanitary), to heal, to cure, to perform healing, to make whole, to cause someone to achieve health, to cleanse; Mt.8:8,13, Mt.13:15, Mt.15:28, Mk.5:29, Lk.4:18, Lk.5:17, Lk.6:17,19, Lk.7:7, Lk.8:47, Lk.9:2,11,42, Lk.14:4, Lk.17:15, Lk.22:51, Jn.4:47, Jn.5:13, Jn.12:40, Acts 3:11, Acts 9:34, Acts 10:38, Acts 28;8, Heb.12:13, Jas.5:16, 1Pet.2:24

A Temple of Ascelpius on the Isle of Kos, Greece (Patients would stay in sleeping quarters, waiting for the god Ascelpius visit them in their dreams. After interpreting their dreams, the temple priest would prescribe a cure.)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This is a period of a partial and limited understanding of healing and physical anatomy. This time begins the development of the medical and healing disciplines. There also existed an ambiguous relationship between the gods and healers. It was often difficult to ascertain whether gods removed diseases (healing) or exacted diseases (punishment). This term can mean to heal, to restore, and to make good. The objects of healing include disease, ailments, intellectual deficiencies, sins, and wrongdoing.

Euripides’ Orestes 650 states “He was trying to find a cure for the sin and wrongdoing of your wife.” Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 6.14 states “And you, Prytanis, if you think it your duty to care for the commonwealth, put the question to a vote, and take a second time the opinions of the Athenians.” Plato’s Laws 862c states “As regards unjust injuries and gains in case one man causes another to gain by acting unjustly towards him, all such cases as are curses we must cure, regarding them diseases of the soul.” Euripides’ Heracles 1106 states “Ho there, which of my friends is near or far to cure me in my ignorance? For I have no clear knowledge of things once familiar.”

Old Testament: There continues to be a primitive understanding of diseases (physical afflictions) and mental sickness. Mental sickness, leprosy, and dropsy were thought to be the works of demons. A religious perspective about sickness develops with the notion that God either can send or withhold sickness. Afflictions may occur in either a physical, figurative, or metaphorical manner. The Messiah will take upon suffering and affliction (the sins of man) as a means to restore man’s relationship with God. Exorcisms, oil, balsam, balm, hygiene, and spit begin to play a role in the acts of healing. However, the only one and true doctor is Yahweh. Prayer also becomes the chief means of healing. This process consists of the regular pattern of complaint, petition for healing, and of thanksgiving that God has heard.

Then they order the physicians in his service to embalm his father (Gen.50:2). God restored health to Abimelech, that is, to his wife and his maidservants, so that they could bear children (Gen.20:17). He shall declare the house clean, since the infection has been healed (Lev.14:48). O Lord, my God, I cried out to You and You healed me (Psa. 30:2). Return, rebellious children, and I will cure you of your rebelling (Jer.3:22). Heals the brokenhearted, blinds up their wounds. But He was pierced for our offenses, crushed for our sins, upon Him was the chastisement that makes us whole, by His strips we were healed (Isa, 53:5).

New Testament:

Jesus the great Physician: Although a primitive understanding of sickness still exists, physical suffering is also linked with God’s judgment and spiritual powers. Not only does Jesus recognize the connection between sin and sickness, He uses sickness as mean to illustrate God’s will (and glory). Paul later follows Jesus as he is struck blind on the road to Damascus. Sometimes, there is a need for medical attention (parable of the Good Samaritan and hemorrhagic woman). Figurative healings occur for those who hardly hear with their ears (and those have closed their eyes).

Jesus’ healing miracles: There are many parallels to other ancient pagan healings. Although we have no original testimony (or inscriptions) of Jesus’ miracles, the tradition (eyewitness accounts) had developed long before the written records. Many of these accounts are authenticated by their vividness and simplicity. Unlike contemporary miracle stories (which may promote fame, income, or prestige), Jesus’ miracles point to His mercy, saving faith, and simple glorification of Jesus and the Holy Spirit. Jesus helps where there is a real need. Jesus’ miracles are simple, inwardly transformative, and immediate. Jesus demands faith (and trust) from those who seek a miracle. Unlike the ‘healing’ at the temple of Ascelpius, Jesus’ healing miracles are immediate.

Gift of healing (given to the Disciples): This gift, not to be used for one’s self-glorification, is to be used to equip the disciple to be an effective witness of the kingdom of God. These acts of power awaken faith and further the progress of preaching. Missionary preaching appeal to the healing acts of Jesus. This gift of healing comes with the name of the exalted Christ. It is strongly emphasizes that forgiveness of sins is a prerequisite for healing.

Scripture:

“The centurion said in reply, ‘Lord, I am not worthy to have you enter under my roof; only say the word and my servant will be healed.’” Mt.8:8

The centurion expresses faith in Jesus’ healing word.

“The man who was healed did not know who it was, for Jesus slipped away, since there was a crowd there.” Jn. 5:13

Jesus healed this man on the Sabbath

“He Himself bore our sins in His body upon the cross, so that, free from sin, we might live for righteousness. By His wounds you have been healed.” 1Pet.2:24

This alludes to Isa.53:5. From out of the Father’s love for us, He sends His Son to take on the afflictions (sins of man) in order to redeem man. God does this to restore man’s relationship with Him.

Conclusion:

Sanity, sane, pediatric, geriatric

In the Greco-Roman era, it is interesting to note that the healing and medical disciplines were just developing. However, these professions maintained an ambiguous relationship with the gods. It was probably difficult to determine who (physicians or gods?) were the actual healers. It is also interesting to note that the healing god Ascelpius is depicted with a staff entwined with a snake. This symbol is associated with the medical and pharmaceutical industries.

In the Old Testament era, there begins the notion that Yahweh sends or withholds afflictions. Afflictions become an important part in the destruction and restoration of man’s relationship with God. Yahweh becomes the Physician. Prayer also becomes a part in physical and spiritual healing. The Messiah receiving His stripes develops the notion of redemptive suffering to redeem man.

Jesus use diseases (afflictions) to cure people and to illustrate God’s glory. Jesus’ healing miracles are simple, immediate, and selfless in comparison to the contemporaneous pagan healings.

Catholic perspective: The Mass uses an adaptation of Mt.8:8 to remind Catholics to be humbly worthy in receiving the Eucharist. The response is “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my soul shall be healed.” This response calls to mind the Roman centurion begging for his servant to be healed.

Mens sana in corpore sano! (A sound mind in a sound body).

[Greek] ἀγωνίζομαι (agōnizomai), [Latin] contendere, [Latin] sollicitus, [Latin] certere, [Latin] decertere: to struggle, to fight, to contend for a prize, to compete in the games, to make an effort, to strive; Lk.13:24, Jn.18:35, 1Cor.9:25, Col.1:29, Col.4:12, 1Tim.4:10, 1Tim.6:12, 2Tim.4:7

Christians must be be ready to run the race (Christian life) against the competition (secularism, paganism, evil, and Modernism).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used in various contexts, can mean to contend for a prize, to compete in the games, to provoke a contest (argument), to argue cleverly, to contend in court, to fight for a cause, to fight against an accusation, and to grapple.

Euripides’ The Suppliants 427: “But since you have thus entered the contest with me, listen awhile, for it was you that challenged a discussion.” Euripides’ Heracleidae 427 states “When I had taken up a quarrel with Heracles and realized that this was the struggle I would be engaged in, I became the inventor of much grief.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 8.26: “When the Arcadians told them that the Greek were holding the Olympic festival, the Persian asked what was the prize offered, for which they contended.”

Euripides’ Heracleidae 992: “When I had taken up a quarrel with Heracles and realized that, this was the struggle I would be engaged in.

Herodotus’ The Histories 2.160: “The Eleans boast that they arranged the Olympic games, claiming even the Egyptians could not to do better.”

Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.177: “So also you are in readiness to help men who are willing to fight for independence, and will come to their aid if they are attacked.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.76: “The fighting was fierce, many on both sides fell, and at nightfall they disengaged with neither side victorious. The two sides contended thus.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 9.26: “During the drawing up of battle formation there was much dispute between the Tegeans and the Athenians.”

Old Testament: This term means to struggle, to strive, and to endure. This term is quite often influenced by the Hellenistic Judaic tradition of the pious believer, who like an athlete, faces  obstacles, persecution. and martyrdom. Such metaphorical and graphic imagery illustrate the heroic virtues of those persecuted or martyred. 

New Testament: This term means to strive, to fight, to labor, and to compete. Luke states that one can only enter into heaven through a narrow gate. Rather than with relaxation and indecision, one can only enter this gate through struggle and striving. Paul presents himself as an athlete who has finished the race (Christian life) and who has kept the faith. Paul calls upon his followers (communities) to follow his example. The Christian, in order to be faithful, must have discipline, denial, and perseverance. Prayer, along with action, is needed for the salvation of many. In prayer there is a unity between God’s will and man.

Scripture:

Lk. 13:24: “Strive (struggle) to enter through the narrow door, many will attempt to enter but will not be strong enough.” (Jesus stresses that GREAT EFFORT is needed for entrance into the kingdom of heaven. There is also an urgency because the narrow door will NOT remain open indefinitely.)

Jn.18:36: “My kingdom does not belong to this world. If My kingdom did belong to this world, my attendants would be fighting to keep Me from being handed over to the Jews.” (Jesus’ kingdom is a spiritual (moral) kingdom not really in competition with the natural (political) world. The more important question is: “What values do you hold more important? The earthly world or the spiritual kingdom.)

1Cor.9:25-26: “Every athlete exercises discipline in every way. They do it to win a perishable crown, but we do it for an imperishable crown.” (The Christian is likened to an athlete requiring discipline, training, strengthening, and nutrients. Winning the imperishable crown is finishing the Christian race being faithful to Christ, even unto death. Fun fact: a martyr’s bones are also called trophies.)

Col.1:29: “For this I [Paul] labor and struggle, in accord with the exercise of His power working within me.” (Although Paul may labor and struggle, God provides Paul with the power and grace to carry out this mission.)

1Tim.6:12: “Compete well for the faith. Lay hold of eternal life, to which you where called when you made the noble profession in the presence of many witnesses.” (The Christian is likened to an athlete competing to win the Christian race of life.)

2Tim.4:7: “I [Paul] have competed well; I have finished the race; I have kept the faith.” (At the close of his life, Paul testifies that he has competed well in the Christian race in life. Acts 9:16 states that Jesus tells Paul that he will have to suffer for His name.)

Early Church: The early Church continues to take up the themes of the Christians’ struggles (and victories). As the decisive battle is seen in martyrdom, the victorious Christians accomplish the triumph of the Church. This presents a glowing picture of the heroic Christian martyr.

1 Clement 7:1: “For we are in the same arena, and the same contest is imposed upon us.”

2 Clement 7:2: “Let us contend that we all may be crowned.”

Epistle of Barnabus 4:11: “As far as in us, let us exercise ourselves in the fear of God.”

Conclusion:

Agony, agonize, solicit, contend, contention, certain

It was interesting to discover the many ways that this term was used in the Greco-Roman era. Aside from physical contests, this term can be used in verbal disputes and fighting for a cause. At yearly Athenian festivals, prizes for drama were awarded to the playwright and the choregos (the play’s benefactor and patron). Monuments were built in honor of the victorious choregos ==>choreographer. (Sounds like the precursor to the yearly awarding of prizes to nominees on steroids!)

In the Old Testament, the faithful believer is likened to an athlete. 4Maccabees develops the notion that pious believers can be victorious, in spite of persecution and martyrdom. Both athletes and believers can achieve victory.

In the early Church, some Christians were being persecuted and martyred, yet Christianity flourished and expanded. Perhaps this was in part due to others seeing how these Christians had set an example in standing up for their faith (even to the point of their deaths). This counterintuitive notion even still occurs today. In the midst of recent Christian persecution and genocide in Africa, Catholicism (Christianity) has been flourishing.

Update: It seems that Bishop Strickland has been made a “white martyr” who was punished (removed from office) under the Bergoglian Reign of Terror for having the audacity to speak the truth about the deposit of faith and for protesting the Los Angeles Dodgers honoring the ‘Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence.’ Evidently, Bishop Strickland refused to be a team player with the Modernists.

There are also other faithful clergy who have been cancelled, laicized, and excommunicated by the Vatican.

Catholics (and Christians) continue to face a soft martyrdom (being canceled) by the woke culture antithetical to Christian values. However, we (and parents) are now winning this race against the evils of cancel culture.

Through the help of the Holy Spirit, the younger generations of seminarians and priests are becoming more conservative and traditionally minded. It seem that the older progressive (and Modernist) clergy are unable to curtail this trend.

For all those who want to get to heaven: Each one of us should seriously evaluate if our actions are sinful. The door into heaven is already narrow to begin with!

In their “outreach” to the LGBTQ community, it seems that the Vatican must necessarily downplay, ignore, and de-stigmatize the sinful nature of homosexuality. No wonder why the Vatican gets criticized for making ambiguous, confusing or misleading statements about Church teachings on social media. This is the battle that faithful Catholics and Christians have to contend with: Does being inclusive also mean accepting sinful behavior? Or is it more compassionate to be truthful in stating what is sinful? We all must remember that one’s eternal mortal soul is at stake! WILL THEY BE ABLE TO ENTER THROUGH THE NARROW GATE?

Each of us must ask ourselves: what do we value more? God’s ways or the world’s ways

[Greek] νίκη (nikē), [Latin] victoria: victory, conquest, success; 1Jn.5:4, Mt.12:20, 1Cor.15:54-55,57

Statue of the goddess Nike in Rhodes, Greece

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, meaning victory or superiority, can be used in a physical, legal, psychological, and metaphorical sense.

1. Victories can range from public massacres to hidden victories. Such examples include battle (war), contests, Olympic sports, persuasion, suggestions, and choices (decisions).
2. True victory can sometimes be a hidden victory. It is sometimes mentioned that a victory cannot be an achievement by mortals alone.
3. Only gods (with divine power) can bring this about. Believers would build monuments to Nike (Greek goddess of victory) or to Victoria (Roman goddess of victory) for inspiration and help.   

Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 7.34: “The Athenians now sailed back to Naupactus and the Corinthians immediately set up a trophy (monument) as victors, because they disabled a greater number of the enemy’s ships.”

Xenophon’s Agesilaus 9.7: “How clearly his true nobility comes out in his opinion that a victory in the chariot race over private citizens would not add a whit to his renown. But if he held the first place in the affection of the people, and gained the most friends, then he would be victorious in the noblest and most splendid contests.”

Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colunus 1224-1228: “Not to be born wins any accounting; and by far second best is when is born to return to whence one has come as quickly as possible.”

Epictetus’ Arrian Discourses 1.18.22 states that one, who refuses to deviate from the right path, is an unconquerable fighter. This person’s victory can be independent of public success. He can be victorious even when he marches from defeat to defeat. (perhaps a “moral victory”?)

Old Testament: This term conveys victory and faithfulness.

1. This term is illustrated with the use of weapons (in battle), words, wisdom and faithfulness. Israel’s (and the prophets’) victory ultimately represent God’s victory.
2. The nuanced and various examples of faithfulness include having a clean (pure) heart, being justified, leading in songs of praise, and being faithful.
3. While not being obvious, this idea suggests the power (victory) of these songs of prayer.
4. 4 Maccabees provides examples of the witness of the victory of righteousness against persecution, even to the point of martyrdom.  

New Testament: This term, essentially meaning victory, refers to the victory of the Servant of God (Christ), victory over death, and faith that conquers the world. Christ is referenced to as the bruised reed who will not break, bringing justice to victory (Isa.41:1-4). Paul mentions that death is swallowed up in victory. Paul metaphorically asks ‘Death, where is your victory?’ The sting of death is sin (Isa.25:8). John states that those, who are begotten by God, conquer the world. Faith is this victory which conquers the world.

Scripture:

Mt.12:20: “A bruised reed He will not break, a smoldering wick He will not quench, until He brings justice to victory.” (Matthew speaks of the victory of the Servant of God, Christ. This alludes to Isa.42:1-4)

1Cor.15:54-55: “Death is swallowed up in victory. Where, O death, is your victory? Where is your sting?” (Scripture itself predicts death’s overthrow. God will conquer death and sin. This alludes to Hos. 13:14) 

1Jn.5:4: “For whoever is begotten by God conquers the world. And the victory that conquers the world is our faith.” (Faith is the source of the Christian’s power in the world and conquers the world of evil.)

Conclusion:

Nike, victory, victorius

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Victories can take on many forms and senses. Such examples include hidden or unintended victories. Sophocles’ Oedipus’ ‘victory’ of not being born would have spared him of living his tragic life of death and incest. Epictetus introduces the notion of a moral victory.

It has been said that Plato’s concept of essence inspired the marketing of Nike. Plato’s concept of essence is that THE DEEPLY HELD BELIEF (INSIDE A PERSON) IS THAT IDEA OF A THING. (Example: one’s idea of a chair has more “chairness” than any manufactured chair). One can achieve it if one believes. (This is also very instructive in understanding how Modernists think!)

Old Testament: It is also interesting to note that victory is frequently defined in relationship (faithfulness) to God. Even though 4Maccabees is not considered a canonical book, this book presents important elements such as a noble athlete, devout reason, endurance, and immortality.

2Tim.4:7-8: also states that the Christian is like an athlete running the Christian race (life). Like an athlete, the Christian requires training and perseverance to finish the race and attain the crown of salvation. Paul has competed well and has finished [this Christian race of life]. The crown of righteousness [salvation] awaits Paul.

Update: In a victory of sorts, many have become rightfully scandalized about how the Olympics opening ceremonies had mocked Christianity. It is encouraging to see that there are still some people who care about their faith. HOPEFULLY, [for many who still take their faith for granted], THIS WILL MAKE THEIR FAITH MUCH MORE THAN A THING!

In an informal on-line Vatican poll, 88% had rejected the Synodal way. As a result, the Vatican removed this poll. Shocker! 

We are all athletes running this race (life). I challenge each and every one of you to reflect on this.

Support your country’s athletes at the Paris Olympics. Just do it!  ☺☺☺

[Greek] γεννάω (gennaō): to generate, to begot, to be begotten, to bring forth, to bring into being, to give birth to, to be born, to father; Mt.1:2-20, Mt.2:1,4, Mt.19:12, Mt.26:24, Mk.14:21, Lk.1:13,35,57, Lk.23:29, Jn.1:13, Jn.3:3-8, Jn.8:41, Jn.9:2,19-20, Jn.9:32,34, Jn.16:21, Jn.18:37, Acts 2:8, Acts 7:8,20,29, Acts 13:33, Acts 22:3,28, Rom.9:11, 1Cor.4:15, Gal.4:23-24,29, 2Tim.2:23, Phm. 1:10, Heb.1:5, Heb.5:5, Heb.11:12, 2Pet.2:12, 1Jn.2:29, 1Jn.3:9, 1Jn.4:7, 1Jn.5:1,4,18

Elijah Taken Up in a Chariot of Fire: painting by Giuseppe Angeli (1709-1798)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used literally and metaphorically, can mean to beget, to bring forth, to spring up, to create, and to produce. The ancient Greeks had a form of adoption, which imitated birth, inferred legal position. Plato’s Symposium 209d states “While Solon is highly esteemed among you for begetting his laws…the manifold virtues the Greek begat. In their name has many a shrine have been reared.” Plato’s Republic 496a states “Of what sort will probably be the offspring of such parents? What sort of ideas and opinions shall be say they beget?….sophism and nothing that is genuine or that partakes of true intelligence.”

Old Testament:

Begetting in the master/disciple relationship: It was customary for the master to call his pupil (student) as “my son”. This attitude illustrated the warmth of the master toward his student and the reverence of the student towards his master. Sanhedrin 19b states “When a man teaches the son of another the Torah, the Scripture treats him as if the man has begotten him.” The more significant the achievement of the master and his relationship to the disciple, the more he is compared to as a father.

New birth (creation) through conversion: The proselyte, a Gentile, who begins his conversion to Judaism, is like a child just born. The proselyte is literally a new born child, having no parents or brethren since his previous life no longer exists. The proselyte does not become a true adult until his conversion to Judaism. The Jew, who wins another to his faith, fulfills the command to be fruitful and multiply. The winning of the proselyte can be compared to the creative work of God. This term is rarely used in reference to God. However, the king and wisdom are begotten to God. This generation is no more than institution to the son as heir. I will proclaim the decree of the Lord, who said to me, ‘You are my Son; today I am your Father’(Psa.2:7). In holy splendor before the daystar, like the dew I begot you (Psa.109:3). Before the mountains were settled into place, before the hills, I (Wisdom) was brought forth (Prov.8:25). When Elisha saw it happened he cried out, ‘My father, my father’ (2Kgs.2:12). The Lord begot me, the first-born of His ways (Prov.8:22).

New Testament: In John this term is always used in reference to the origin, Jesus being begotten by God. John emphasizes the ethical and religious consequences of His birth. By believing in and following Him, others can participate in this divine generation (on a lower level). Believers can participate in the Spirit and share in the divine life. 1Jn makes multiple references to those who believe, love and act in righteousness are begotten of God. Paul also assumes the role of master, becoming a father for his congregations. Paul begets through the gospel through public preaching. Paul begets communities, rather than individuals.

Scripture:

“And the angel said to her in reply, ‘The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. Therefore the child to be born will be called holy, Son of God.’” Lk.1:35

Through the Holy Spirt, Mary will literally bear Jesus, the Son of God.

“Even if you should have countless guides to Christ, yet you do not have many fathers, for I became your father in Christ through the gospel.” 1Cor.4:15

Paul becomes a spiritual father to his congregation. Paul begets through the gospel. Paul also educates them.

“If you consider that He is righteous, you also know that everyone who acts in righteousness is begotten by Him.”

John claims that others can share in this divine life.

Conclusion

Generate, generation

Throughout any time in history, adoption was a means to continue the family position (authority). Plato makes metaphorical references of begetting ideas, laws, and opinions.

The Old Testament develops the important master/disciple relationship in which the master becomes like a father to the pupil. The master becomes like a spiritual father. As Elijah was taken up into heaven, Elisha cries out, “My father!”. The follower can be a son or a proselyte. It is interesting to note that these actions are related to the Jewish notion of being fruitful and multiplying.

This notion of spiritual begetting provides insight in how Paul becomes a spiritual father to this congregations. John introduces the idea that one can share in this divine generation in being begotten by God. This also provides some context in understanding that one becomes a new creation through baptism. One begins a new life in Christ.

It seem that this term generated and brought forth many insights about begetting and being begotten.

[Greek] ποιμήν (poimēn), [Latin] pastor: shepherd, pastor, one who tends a flock, herdsman, shepherder; Mt. 9:36, Mt. 25:32, Mt.26:31, Mk.6:34, Mk.14:27, Lk.2:8,15,18,20, Jn.10:2,11-12,14,16, Eph.4:11, Heb.13:20, 1Pet.2:25

Jesus The Good Shepherd: Painting by Phillipe de Champaigne (1602-1674)

Background Information:

Ancient Orient/Greek Hellenism: This terms means ruler, king, shepherd, protector, herdsman, lord, master, chief, and captain. The Sumerian king is described as a shepherd appointed by a deity. The shepherd is a common epithet for a ruler in the Assyrian and Babylonian cultures. The Egyptian Osiris is presented as a ruler with a staff (crook) in tending his flock in the netherworld. Gods (deities) also bear the title of shepherd. Plato’s Republic 1.343a states, “you [Socrates] don’t know the difference between the shepherd and the sheep…Because you think the shepherds are considering the good of the sheep with anything else in view than the good of their master and themselves.” Aeschylus’ Suppliant Women 767 states, “Even at anchorage, shepherds of ships do not feel immediately secure above all if they have arrived on a harborless coast. In a cautious pilot, night is likely to beget anxiety.”