Honorius III (1216-1227) 179th Pope
This was the first time that cardinals compromised in choosing a pope
He sought to achieve moral reformation of the Church
He sought to carry out a Crusade
He encourages evangelization of Prussia
He granted privileges to the universities,
He canonized a number of saints
He wrote a great deal
He defined the rights of the popes
Christianity spread into Estonia
Gregory IX (1227-1241) 180th Pope
A standard conclave was used to elect him
He was an experienced diplomat
He and the emperor vision of the Church and empire were irreconciable
He was a close friend of Saints Francis and Dominic, patronizing their orders and canonizing them and St. Anthony of Padua
He enacted a curriculum for parish schools, the world’s first for primary education
Manicheanism grew in Italy
He decreed that unrepentant heretics might be handed over to the secular authorities for punishment. Heresy was considered as treason to the state
He is looked upon as the originator of the Inquisition
The Inquisitions would be staffed with Dominicans and Franciscans. Its scope included both transgressions against Faith and morals
Celestine IV (1241) 181st Pope
He was elected in the first recognizable conclave
The word conclave (under lock and key)
Innocent IV (1243-1254) 182nd Pope
The Latins retained their hold on Constaninople
He safeguarded Henry VIII’ throne in England
He instituted the feast of the Visitation
He was a celebrated canonist
Alexander IV (1254-1261) 183rd Pope
He was a great friend and defender of the orders of friars
He canonized St. Clair of Assis, having seen her stigmata himself
He forbade summary trials for heresy
He condemned the flagellanti (self-floggers)
Urban IV (1261-1264) 184th Pope
Constaninople fell to the Greeks
He began the creation of new cardinals
He approved the feast of Corpus Christi
Clement IV (1265-1268) 185th Pope
He was a man of the world
He was a renowned lawyer
Blessed Gregory X (1271-1276) 186th Pope
He reformed the life of the Church
He sought papal control of the Papal States
Blessed Innocent V (1276) 187th Pope
He joined the Dominican order
He extended Christianity to far off Mongolia by baptizing foreign ambassadors
Adrian V (1276) 188th Pope
He annulled Bl. Gregory X’s rigid rules on conclaves
He decreed ecclesiastical laws
John XXI (1276-1277) 189th Pope
He acquired a reputation as a magician
He was much attracted to the philosophy of Aristotle
He issued new rules for the conclave and order punishment for those who rioted
He obtained the promise that churches and their income would be respected in the kingdom
Nicholas III (1277-1280) 190th Pope
He was a great friend of St. Francis and his order
He became renowned for his honesty
He sought to keep the papacy independent from the emperor
He promulgated a decree forbidding imperial interference in the selection of Roman senators and magistrates. He hoped to safeguard papal elections from secular interference
He was the first to permanently reside in the Vatican
He began to layout the famous gardens
Martin IV (1281-1285) 191st Pope
He strove to unite the kings and lords in the bonds of charity
Honorius (1285-1287) 192nd Pope
He was so old that he had to have his hands mechanically lifted during the elevation at Mass
All the Papal States were returned to the papacy
He was a great friend to the Franciscans, Carmelites, Augustinians
He condemned those who claimed to live the life of the original Apostles in absolute poverty (Apostolici)
He sought to establish closer relations with the Greek Church
He tried to reach some agreement with Islam
Nicholas IV (1288-1292) 193rd Pope
He was the first Franciscan pope
The Crusader strongholds fell in Palestine
He urged the merger of the Templars and Hospitallers
He renewed condemnation of the Apostolici
St. Celestine V (1294) 194th Pope
He became a Benedictine
He was unable to govern and resigned. It if for this act that Dante put him in hell
He refused to be a mere instrument in the hands of the lords
He decreed that the newly elected pope has the right to refuse his election
Bonface VII (1294-1303) 195th Pope
He was zealous for the rights of the Church
He felt compelled to safeguard the Celestine V under house arrest
He issued a clerical bull which renewed prohibitions against lay authorities taxing the clergy