[Greek] ἀγρυπνέω (agrypneō), [Latin] evigilare, [Latin] vigilare, [Latin] vigilante, [German] wachen, [French] veiller: to be alert, to keep awake, to be on guard, to keep watch; Lk.21:36, Mk.13:33, Eph.6:18, Heb.13:17
Background information:
Greek Hellenism: This term means to lie awake, to pass sleepless nights, to suffer insomnia, to be watchful, to watch, and to be awaken.
Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 8.3.42 states “And yours shall be convinced that what I say is true for not one of those who are rich is made sleepless for joy, but of those who lose anything you will not see one who is able to sleep for grief.” Plato’s Laws 964c states “Their father, while gaining flocks and sheep, yet knew not that the children he should bequeath, then were without training in their father’s craft, which was a hard one, able to camp out in the open, and to keep watch. Xenophon’s Hellenica 7.2.19 states “Now inasmuch as the Philiasian had passed the night without sleep, they slept until far in the day.”
Old Testament: This term means to watch (over), to rouse oneself, to awaken, to stir up, to incite, to be alert, to be sleepless, and to be on the lookout. Like and eagle that stirs up its nest (Deu.32:11). Surely now He would rouse Himself for you (Job 8:6). Arouse Yourself to help me, and see (Psa.59:4). Men will keep watch over his tomb (Job 21:32). Therefore, the Lord has kept the calamity in store and brought it on us (Dan.9:14). Watch and keep them until you weigh them before the leading priests (Ezr. 8:29). Behold, I am watching over them for harm and not for good (Jer.44:27).
New Testament: This term means to be alert, to be watchful, to be vigilant, to take care of, and to watch over. One must be watchful and alert as only the Father knows men the Son of Man will return. One must be vigilant with prayer when facing trials and tribulations. One must be vigilant with perseverance in facing spiritual powers. These tests involve facing the temptation of falling away God. Leaders are called to a higher standard leading and watching over their flock (followers). These leaders, both religious and secular, will have to give an account for their actions before God.
Scripture:
“Be vigilant at all times and pray that you have the strength to escape the tribulations that are imminent and to stand before the Son of Man.” Lk.21:36
We are called to be awake and to be aware of imminent struggles and threats. We are called to prayer during these times.
“Obey your leaders and defer to them, for they keep watch over you and will have to give an account, that they may fulfill their task with joy and not with sorrow, for that would be of no advantage to you.” Heb.13:17
Responsible leaders deserve the respect (obedience) of the people. These leaders are called to a higher standard of conduct. They will be eventually be accountable to God.
Conclusion:
Vigilance, vigilant
It is not surprising that this term can be found in all aspects of life in positions of authority. This can apply to shepherds, govt. leaders, and religious leaders. It is interesting that this term refers to something mundane such as insomnia. Xenophon makes a timeless point in saying that loss of wealth can bring sleepless nights. On the other hand, those who are poor (without the trappings of wealth) often lead joyous lives.
In the New Testament, great emphasis is placed on being watchful, being vigilant, and being prayerful in the midst of trials and temptation. Leaders are called to a higher standard in ‘faithfully’ watching over their flock or constituency. These leaders will also have to stand before God.
Coronavirus pandemic: We all must support, obey, and pray for all of our leaders at the federal, state, and local levels. (Yes, this even includes President Trump!) We all must be cautious, watchful and prayerful in order to get through this pandemic (tribulation).