Resounding The Faith

‎[Greek] παροικέω (paroikeō), [Latin] non cognoscere: to dwell (oikeo) beside (para-), be a sojourner, reside as a foreigner, to settle; Lk. 24:18, Heb. 11:9

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to dwell beside, to be a resident alien, to live near, and to be a foreigner. Isocrates’ Panegyricus 4.162 states “For since the barbarians are unequal to small divisions of the Hellenes, it is not hard to foresee what would be their plight if they should be forced into a war against our united forces.” Xenophon’s Ways and Means 1.5 states “Many as are the states near to her by land and sea, into none of them does even a thin vein of silver ore extend.”

Old Testament: The Old Testament discusses the ideas of being a refugee and also abiding and dwelling on the land. Although these may appear to be contrasting ideas, these concepts are related in terms of our relationship with God. In a sense, life on earth becomes a sojourning with God. The final destination will be dwelling and abiding in the heavenly Jerusalem.

New Testament: This term means to sojourn and to visit. On the road to Emmaus, Cleopas sees a wandering traveler who in fact was Jesus. Cleopas ask this visitor if he had knew of the things that had taken place in Jerusalem. Abraham sojourned in the promised land in a foreign country.

Scripture:

“One of them names Cleopas, said to Him in reply, ‘Are you the only visitor to Jerusalem who does not know of the things that have taken place there in these days?’” Lk. 24:18

Cleopas and his fellow traveler are lost and downcast sojourners on the road to Emmaus. They also think this stranger is a traveler.

“For here we have no lasting city, but we seek the one that is to come.” Heb. 13:14

The early Christians were also sojourners. The New Testament Church, in its growth and spread to other parts of the world, often persecuted, become strangers and travelers, in alien lands.

The Martyrdom of St. Polycarp (155-157 AD) : “The Church of God which sojourns in Smyrna, to the Church of God which sojourns in Philomelium, and to all the dioceses of the holy and Catholic Church in every place.”

Conclusion:

Parochial, parish, recognition

From this comes the words parochial and related parish.  A parish is essentially a congregation of Christians. In a sense all Christian are sojourners who are temporarily abiding in parishes, yet continuing to reach the heavenly Jerusalem. Still to this today, many Christian and non-Christian face struggles on their journey through life.

Refugees from Syria

‎[Greek] βασιλικός (basilikos), [Latin] regis: royal official, nobleman, robes, law, royal country; Jn. 4:46,49, Act.12:20-21, Jas. 2:8

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means kingly, ruling, authority, decree, and royal hall. Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 869 states “She it is who shall give birth to a royal line.” Plato’s Statesman 291e states “They divide the two forms we mention, giving to the two aspects of monarchy: the two names tyranny and royalty.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 1.91 states “Cyrus came to his end, an man who was the most kingly and the most worthy to rule all the Persians.

Old Testament: The monarch arose because of Phillistine pressure. Israel’s national religious identity had already been established. There is no hint of deification of the monarch. The expected king is of the house of David. Jahweh would would build this house forever. The Jews expected a powerful king, not a suffering Messiah as a monarch.

New Testament: This term means royal official, king’s territory, and royal law. The royal official asked Jesus if He could heal his ill son. Jesus healed his son because the royal official had faith in Jesus. The people of Tyre and Sidon was supplied with food from the king’s territory. The royal law according to the scripture is a Mosaic law which comes from God.

Scripture:

“However, if you fulfill the royal law according to the scripture, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself’, you are doing well.” Jas.2:8

This refers to Mosaic law which comes from the God, the universal king.  Jesus refers to this as greatest and first commandment.  So God’s royal law surpasses earthly royal law.  This law must and should apply to all persons.

Conclusion:

Basilica, basilican, basilisk, basil, regal

Basil is an herb familiar with Greek authors.  It is also known as the “king of herbs” and the “royal herb.” This herb in the past has been used in religious services for embalming.  Basil has been used as perfume, incense, and a cooking ingredient.

[Greek] καθέδρα (kathedra), [Latin] sedere, [Latin] cathedra: chair, seat, bench, seat of authority (representing the synagogue chair which symbolized the origin and authority of their teaching; Mt. 21:12, Mk. 11:15, Mt.23:2

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means seat, chair, sitting and idling. Polybius’ Histories 1.21 states “They made the men sit on rower’s benches on dry land, in the same order as they would sit on the actual benches in actual vessels.” After the army had assembled, he had further injured himself in public estimation by his loitering at the Isthmus and the slowness with which the rest of the march had been conducted.

Old Testament:  At some point in history, there was an actual chair or seat in which Moses sat. But more importantly, the Seat of Moses represents the authority to interpret the Jewish Law.  In Ex. 10:13 Moses sat in judgment for the people. Moses used his authority to settle matters and disputes among the people.  In Ex. 10:25 Moses appointed wise men as officers to help him in settling these issues.  These associate judges decided ordinary cases. The more difficult cases were referred to Moses.  A seat of authority (Moses’s Seat) is still remaining on the synagogue grounds at Delos, Greece. The synagogue is thought to have been built between 150 to 128 BC.

New Testament: Jesus entered the Temple and drove out all those engaged with buying and selling there. Jesus overturned the tables of the moneychangers and the seat of those who were selling doves. The scribes and Pharisees take their seat at the chair of Moses.

Scripture:

“The scribes and the Pharisees have taken their seat on the chair of Moses” Mt. 23:2

The chair of Moses mostly like represents Mosaic teaching authority.

Chair of St. Peter:  Tradition holds that Senator Pudens, an early convert to the faith, gave this chair to St. Peter. This chair became the throne of the See. The Puden residence became a house church.  Much of what remains is covered by the Church of St. Pudenziana. The chair of Peter was later excavated and now remains in the present Church of St. Peter’s.

Eusebius:  Eusebius, a Greek historian of Christianity, makes reference to throne of James, the bishop of Rome. Eusebius states, “Now the throne of James, who was the first to receive from the savior and the apostles the episcopate of the Jerusalem church.” (320 AD).

Conclusion:

Cathedral, see, sedentery

From this comes the word cathedral. The bishop’s seat of authority is his kathedra. This is the chair (cathedral) were he holds down office. The Greek kata- means down. The bishop’s see is his ecclesiastical jurisdiction. See comes from the Latin sedes, meaning seat. It is also interesting to note that there exists a similar leadership structure with Moses and his staff, the chief Jewish priests and his staff, the bishop James and his fellow Apostles, and the Pope and the Cardinals.

‎[Greek] λειτουργός (leitourgos), [Latin] ministrum: servant, minister, soldier, administrator, public servant in government; Rom.13:6, Rom. 15:15-16, Phill. 2:25, Heb. 1:7, Heb. 8:1-2

 Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means public servant, workman, minister, acolyte, sacrificial attendant. Polybius’ Histories 3.93.5 states “He led the pioneers out of the camp, ordered them to tie the fagots to the horns of the oxen. He place his light armed troops behind to assist the drivers. Polybius’ Histories 5.2 states “The gallant soldiers dug trenches, making palisades, and all such engineering work.”

Old Testament: Surprisingly, this term occurs only 14 times in the Old Testament. This term takes on a cultic sense and a servant position.  This person is not seen as a slave, but rather a staff person serving a superior religious or political leader. In Isaiah 61:6, this position of minister is referred as a priest of the Lord and ministers of God.  This takes on a cultic sense.

An Old Testament Priest

New Testament: Authorities are ministers of God, devoting themselves to this very task. Jesus is a minister of the heavenly and true sanctuary. The angels are also seen as God’s ministers. Paul is a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles. Epaphroditus is is a messenger and minister in Paul’s need.

Scripture:

“We have such a high priest, who has taken His seat at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in heaven, a minister of the sanctuary and the true tabernacle that the Lord has set up.” Heb. 8:1-2

Jesus performs His priestly duties as the High Priest in the heavenly tabernacle.

“This is why you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, devoting themselves to this very thing.” Rom. 13:6

The governing authorities are to be given respect. Whether they are conscious of this or not, they are considered as ministers of God. God is the recipient of the governing authorities’ actions.

“Because of the grace given me by God, to be a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles in performing the priestly service of the gospel of God, so that the offering up of the Gentiles may be acceptable.” Rom. 15:15-16

Paul is almost a priest in a cultic sense. He discharges a priestly duty in relationship to the Gospel.  He wins the Gentiles to the Christian faith and leads them to God.  Thus they are an acceptable sacrifice.

Conclusion:

Liturgy, liturgical, minister

From this comes the words liturgy and liturgical.  It is interesting to note that this term occurs only 14 times in the Old Testament.  This term occurs only 5 times in the New Testament.  Perhaps, many also would not associate this term with a public servant or government position.

‎[Greek] σχολή (scholē): school, a lecture hall, place for leisure; Acts 19:8-9

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means leisure, rest, enjoyment, discussion, lecture, school, learning, and office. Plato’s Apology 36d states “Now what is fitting for a poor man who is your benefactor, and who needs leisure to exhort you?” Euripides’ Heracles 725 states “Follow me, servants, that one may joyfully put an end to this delay of work.” Plato’s Laws 820c states “For students who are not absolutely worthless it is necessary to examine these and to distinguish the two kinds, and, by proposing such problems one to another, to compete in a game that is worthy of them. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 7.5.42 states “However, if great success is to have such consequences that a man is not able to have leisure for himself nor time to enjoy himself with his friends, I am ready to bid farewell to that sort of happiness.”

A schola built over a cemetery

Roman burial societies (collegia funeratica): Roman laws were very strict in regard to people associating into groups and associations. An exception was made for burial societies (collegia funeraticia). These societies were created to provide a decent funeral and burial place for their loved ones. An inscription was discovered of a Roman Senate decree: “It is permitted to those who desire to make a monthly contribution for funeral expenses to form an association” It was the custom to celebrate on the occasion of a feast each year.  Special buildings were erected to hold these feasts, as well for other meetings. These societies received gifts from rich members or patrons. It was quite possible that they gathered here for the breaking of the bread and the prayers (Mass).

Scola: The schola took the shape of a square lodge room with three apses (vaults). This structure was built over the catacombs. The schola above the Catacombs of Callixtus was excavated at the time of Pope Fabianus (236-250 AD).  The original schola was covered by a wooden roof and had no façade or door.  In the year 258 Pope Sixtus II, presiding over a meeting, was murdered by the persecution under Emperor Valerian. The schola was destroyed. Half a century later, Emperor Constantine restored the schola to its original shape with the addition of a vaulted roof and façade. Later the schola was changed into a church and dedicated to Sixtus. It became a great place of pilgrimage.

New Testament:

“He entered the synagogue, and for three months, debated boldly with persuasive arguments about the kingdom of God. But some in their obstinacy and disbelief disparaged the Way before the assembly, he withdrew and took his disciples with him and began to hold daily discussions in the lecture hall of Tyrannus.” Acts 19:8-9

Paul preaching in Ephesus:

Where did Paul preach?  As a Jew, Paul makes the first offer of the gospel to the Jews in the synagogue. Paul hopes to ingratiate himself with them. He hopes to win them over to his gospel message. When there were no Christian assemblies yet formed, Paul frequented the Jewish assemblies.

What did Paul preach to the Jews?  Paul preached the things concerning the kingdom of the Messiah, which the Jews were in expectation of.

How did Paul preach to the Jews?  Paul preached argumentatively. He disputed, gave scripture reasons for what he preached. He answered objections. He put questions to them and received their answers.  He persuaded, preached undauntedly, and spoke boldly.

How successful was Paul?  There were some Jews whom were persuaded to believe in Christ. Yet many Jews continued their opposition to Paul’s arguments. Many Jews were hardened and believed not. They soon grew weary of him. When their opposition grew more obstinate, Paul left the synagogue.

Where did Paul go?  He went to the lecture hall (school) of Tyrannus.  Instead of preaching every Sabbath day, Paul preached and lectured every day. Both Jews and Greeks attended his ministry. Some considered this place a divinity school of the Jews, the house of enquiry, a philosophy school of the Gentiles, or a place of leisure.

Conclusion:

School

From this comes the word school.  However, the present day idea of a classroom did not yet exist in this early point in history.

[Latin] Ecclesia Domestica

Background:

At this time, Christianity, as a practicing religion, was still against the law.  The Christians gathered in their homes.  This was the place of assembly, worship, prayer, and the celebration of the Mass. The congregants entered the house through the vestiblum (vestibule), entering into the atrium (court area). The impluvium (pool) was most likely used for washing hands and baptism.   A compluvium (central opening in the roof) let in air and light in the atrium. A sloping roof carried water in the pool.

The small number of congregants would gather in the tablinum (office). This is the room where the bishop or priest would preside over the Eucharist.  As the number congregants increased, the excess of attendees would gather in the atrium and peristylum (courtyard) surrounding the atrium.

The roof (compluvium) let in air and light in the atrium. A sloping roof carried water into the pool. The church community gathered in the triclinium (dining room) for a meal before worship. After dinner, services were held in the tablinum (office).  If the group was large, the extra visitors would gather in atrium and courtyard (peristylum).

                                             Typical layout of a Roman house

House of Pudents: Some have claimed that this is the oldest place of Christian worship in Rome. The later St. Pudenziana church was
built over the 2^nd century house, during  the pontificate of Pius I (140-155 AD).  This church was residence of the pope until 313 AD, until Emperor Constantine offered the papacy the Lateran Palace. This was also a tradition that Peter, Paul, and Mark may have lived at different times at this house.

A very old tradition, confirmed by the Liber Pontificalis, describes the modern church St. Pudenziana as the place where Pudens was baptized by the Apostles. It also suggested that the chair used by St. Peter was located here in this house church.

Scripture:

“They devoted themselves to the teaching of the apostles and to the communal life, to the breaking of the bread and to the prayers….Every day they devoted themselves to meeting together in the temple area and to breaking bread n their homes.” Acts 2:42,46

This scripture passage shows that they celebrated Mass in the home.

Inside the city of Rome, there exists authentic houses of prayer. There are five names that can be associated with Peter and Paul’s time in Rome.  The House of Pudens was led by Senator Cornelius Pudens.  His daughters were Pudentia and Praxedes.  The House of Prisca consists of Priscilla and Aquila.

House of Prisca:  Prisca may have belonged to one of the prominent families of Rome. Jewish tentmakers by trade, Prisca and Aquila, were banished from Rome by the edict of Emperor Claudius.  Prisca and Aquila later joined with Paul’s ministry in Corinth. She became a pupil of Paul. Paul’s letter to the Romans indicates that Prisca and Aquila later returned to Rome and established yet another house church there. Rom 16:3-4. St. Prisca Church was later built over a house church.

.

Possible relationship/connection between Pudens family and Prisca:   As a rule, early Roman churches were built above the houses attached to the names, going back to 145 AD.  Under the floor of St. Prisca, a bronze tablet showed the date of 224 AD.  The inscription on the tablet mentions the name of another Roman senator of a prominent Roman family.  His name was Caius Marius Pudens Cornelianus. It has also been shown that the Cemetery of Priscilla, was on a site belonging to the Pudens family.  So they must have shared the same cemetery.

Scripture:

“Try to get here before winter. Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia, and all the brothers send greetings.” 2Tim. 4:21

Here is scriptural evidence that Paul knew Pudens. Linus is known to be the Peter’s successor as pope.

“Aquila and Prisca together with the church at their house send you many greeting in the Lord.” 1 Cor.16:19

Scripture show that Aquila and Prisca had a church house.

Conclusion:

The components of the early house church later come the blueprint for the modern church.  The tablinum becomes the apse of the church.  The atrium becomes the nave of the church.  The side wings of the peristyle becomes the aisles of the church.  This confirms the idea that a church structure existed before established scripture.

It is also very interesting note that the Apostles Peter and Paul can be connected with the church houses. Tradition in addition to scripture provides a broader and clearer picture of the early church.

‎[Greek] ἀγών (agōn), [Latin] sollicitudo:fight, struggle, agony, opposition, foot race; Php.1:30, Col.2:1, 1Thess.2:2, 1Tim.6:12, 2 Tim.4:7, Heb. 12:1

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means contest, stadium, debate, conflict, and games. Sophocles’ Electra 686 states “When he had finished the race, the first contest he entered the list, a wonder in all the eyes there.” Sophocles’ Trachinae 159 states “He inscribed with words all the previous labors he endured. So great was his belief that he would triumph.” Euripides’ Orestes 847 states “He has gone to the Argive people to stand the appointed trial.” The agon was the place of assembly, a place of contests, and a stadium. The contest can involve litigation, debate, and conflict. This venue can provide an exercise of moral, mental, or physical struggle. The execution of martyrs occurred in the same place of athletic contests.

Old Testament: This term means to be weary, to be impatient, to be offended, and to contest. This term conveys the sense of the heroic struggles that the pious experience. The passion of martyrs are associated with the contest of athletes. But now that it comes to you, you are impatient, when it touches you, you are dismayed (Job 4:5). But now he has exhausted me; you have stunned all my companions (Job 16:7). The toil is exhausting, but the great filth will not come out (Eze.24:12).

New Testament: This term means struggle, competing, and running. Paul reminds us that all Christians may share in the same struggle as a Christian. Being a Christian may involve various forms of struggle, opposition, and persecution. The Christian life is like participating in a race (contest), requiring discipline, faithfulness, and perseverance. The final destination is eternal life. Martyrdom can be seen as ultimate victory in the Christian race. Paul states that he has competed well in being faithful. The saints in heaven support us in our in Christian path.

Scripture:

“Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us rid ourselves of every burden and sin that cling to us and persevere in running the race that lies before us.” Heb 12:1

The writer visualizes a great host of people surrounding these 1^st century readers. The writer speaks of a race, which is living the Christian life. The testimony of these witnesses are giving examples to urge these Christians on their way to be faithful. The contestants are urged to remove any impediments or hindrances that will weigh (or slow) them down in their race.

“Yours is the same struggle as you saw in me and now hear about me.” Phil.1:30

“I have competed well. I have finished the race; I have kept the faith.” 2 Tim.4:7

Paul, realizing that he is coming to the end of his life, claims that he was faithful to Christ.  Living the Christian life can be a both a struggle and a race to the finish line.

Early Church: Living the Christian life was like participating in a contest. Martyrdom was seen as a victory. The martyrdom writings allowed the person’s blessedness, but also accomplishes the triumph of the Church over all forces against it. The picture of the victorious contestant becomes the glorified symbol of the Christian martyr. The Christian martyr gains his victory over Satan. Christ Himself came to be celebrated as the great martyr who entered the contest of suffering on our behalf. Christ redeemed the world by conquering death and sin.

Conclusion:

Agony, agonize, solitude

From this comes the words agony and agonize. Jesus prayed so fervently in the garden. His sweat became like drops of blood. Jesus was in agony.

The athletes compete in the agon, the place for contests. The saints in their heavenly skyboxes are cheering us on!

‎[Greek] τροπή (tropē), [Latin] trophaeum: a turning, trophy, revolution, or change; Jas 1:17

Trophaeum Traiani. In 102 A.D. the Roman emperor Trajan erected a monument commemorating the victory (turning point) over the Dacians.

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means trope, turn, solstice, throwing, and change. Aeschines’ Against Ctesphion 3.90 states “But having wronged Phillip, and run away from thence, he made haste to throw himself at the feet of the Thebans.” Aristophanes’ Knights 246 states “Courage! Attack him, put him to fight.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 1237 states “And how the all-daring woman raised a shout of triumph, as when the battle turns, the while she feigned to joy at his safe return.”

New Testament: This term means change. All good and every perfect gift comes from above from the Father. Unlike the stars and planets, Father remains shining bright and constant.

Scripture:

“All good giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no alteration for shadow caused by change.” Jas 1:17

Trope: This term is also currently uses as a figure of speech for artistic effect. This literary device is used to change the appearance of the word. An example of a trope is Achilles’ Heel. This derives from Homer’s Iliad: “He pierced the tendons of both feet behind from heel to ankle.” The seemingly Achilles was killed in this way. This trope refers to one’s weak spot.

Conclusion:

Trope, trophy

A trophy in the secular world signifies a turning point (victory). Trophies in a religious sense are often referred to the remains of the martyrs who won the ultimate victory in staying true to Christ in the end. Today, trophies are associated with victories and winning. In recent times, there continues to be a practice in handing out participation trophies. What and where is the victory in that?

[Greek] βιβλίον (biblion), [Latin] liber: book, scroll, writing; Mt.19:7, Mk.10:4, Lk.4:17,20, Jn.20:30, Jn.21:25, Gal.3:10, 2Tim.4:13, Heb.9:19, Heb.10:7, multiple Rev. scriptures

Background Information:

Byblos: This was the ancient Phoencian port city of Gebal on the Mediterranean sea in what is, today, Lebanon.  Papyrus was the principal business trade. The city was named after the papyrus plant stalk (byblos). During the Decian Persecution, around 250 AD, Christians were forced to sign a libellus, a document that certified performing a pagan sacrifice. The Christians who refused were put to death. Some Christian went to hiding.  Some Christians apostasized by signing these documents and performing such sacrifices. Biblion is a small form of biblios (book).

New Testament: This term means bill of divorce, scroll, parchment, and book. By of hardness of heart, bills of divorce were often given for failed marriages. Jesus read the prophecies written on parchment scrolls in the synagogue. Jesus performed many signs not written in this book. All the books couldn’t contain all the things that Jesus did.

Scripture:

“When you come, bring the cloak I left with Carpus in Traos, the papyrus rolls, and especially the parchments.” 2 Tim 4:13

“No Jesus did many other signs in the presence of His disciples that are not written in this book.” Jn 20:30

“Cursed be everyone who does not persevere in doing all the things written in the book of the law.” Gal 3:10

“Then why did Moses command that the man give the woman a bill of divorce and dismiss her?” Mt 19:7

Conclusion:

Bible, bibliography, libel, library

There were Christians, for various reasons, gave up and handed their scriptures to the authorities. These Christians were called Traditores (who handed over).

It is important to note that there were no written books of scriptures and the gospels. Scriptures were considered the Old Testament at the time of the early Church. Learning of the faith was carried out my oral instruction (catechesis). At this time, there was yet no determination of what included the gospels and New Testament scripture. It was many years later that Church councils determine the canon of the New Testament. It was also years later that the printing press was invented. It is also important to note that the Gospels did not contain all the things that Jesus did.

‎[Greek] ἀπολογία (apologia), [Latin] defensio, [Latin] ratio, [Latin] defendere: defense, vindication, apology, explanation, justification; Act25:16, 2Cor 7:11,Phil 1:7,16,2 Tim 4:16,1 Pet 3:15

Justin Martyr (born 100 A.D.) is perhaps one of greatest apologists (defenders) of the Catholic faith.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means speech in defense of or response to something.

Antiphon’s On the Choreutes 6.7: “My own attitude to my defense is very different from that of my accusers to their prosecution. They have treated their speech as nothing but an opportunity for malicious falsehood. Even though I am entirely innocent.”

Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.61: “We should never have asked to make this speech if the Plataeans had contented themselves with shortly answering the question, and had not turned around and made charges against us. However, since they have done so, we must answer their charges and refute them.

Plato’s Apology 28a: “That I am not a wrongdoer seems to me not to need much of a defense, but what has been said is enough. But you may be assured that what I said before is true, that great hatred has risen against in the minds of many persons.”

New Testament: This term means defense and reason.

Scripture:

Acts 22:1: “My brothers and fathers, listen what I am about to say to you in my defense.” (Paul’s first defense is presented to the Jerusalem crowds. Luke presents Paul as a devout and zealous persecutor of the Christian community. Paul relates to others his conversion story to become a Christian apostle.)

Acts 25:16: “I answered them that it was not Roman practice to hand over an accused person before he has faces his accusers and had the opportunity to defend himself against their charge.” (As a Roman citizen, Paul was entitled to have the “right to be beheaded” rather than to be crucified like a slave or barbarian. Paul was also entitled to have the right to defend himself and the right to face his accuser.) 

2Tim.4:16: “At my first defense no one appeared on my behalf, but everyone deserted me.”

1. After the great fire of Rome in 64 A.D., Christians were looked upon as enemies of the state. Accused Christians were killed by being burned to death.
2. This scripture implies a second trial for Paul in Rome. Paul could have been charged and given a warning in the complicity of the introduction of Christianity in Rome.
3. The second defense (trial) leads to Paul’s second imprisonment for actively introducing Christianity in Rome.
4. Christians were fearful and afraid in standing with Paul against the Roman authorities.
5. Paul was mindful of other Christians’ fears and concerns. Paul did not hold this against them.
6. Tradition [Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History] indicates that Paul was finally beheaded in 64 A.D. in Rome.

1Pet.3:15: “Always be ready to give an explanation to anyone who asks you for a reason for your hope.”

Christians suffering and restraint: 1 Pet.3:13-17, 1Pet.18-21

1. If you suffer because of righteousness [of God], blessed are you.
2. Always be ready to give an explanation to anyone who asks you for a reason for your hope.
3. It is better to suffer for doing good, if that is God’s will, than to do evil.
4. Whenever anyone bears the pain of unjust suffering, following the God’s will, that is a GRACE.
5. If you are patient when you suffer for doing good, this is a GRACE before God.
6. For this you have been called [to share in Christ’s suffering], because Christ also suffered. Christ leaves you an example that you should follow in His footsteps.

Justin Martyr:

What is the original meaning of apologetics? This term can be used in a legal context, where the accused makes a systemic and logical defense or statement in response to  formal charges against detractors and unbelievers. St. Justin Martyr, used philosophical arguments to defend Christianity to the Roman authorities. His First Apology was written around 153-155 AD. His Second Apology was written around 148-161 AD.

How did Justin view Christ? Justin said that Jesus was the missing piece of Socrates’s puzzle. Socrates rejected pagan idolatry. Socrates searched for the one true God. Philosophy brought Justin to Christ. Justin remained as a philosopher to the end.

How did Justin view these Christians? Justin found it impossible that these Christians were not living in wickedness and pleasure. These Christians were fearless of death, even sometimes welcoming it. These Christians would rather escape the observation of others. This was a result of excellent Socratic reasoning. This allowed Justin to recognize baloney when he smelled it. Perhaps this is also the work of the Holy Spirit. Justin laughed at these accusations.

What was the early education of Justin? He showed an early philosophical interest in life. He spent much time with the Stoics, Peripatetics, and the Pythagoreans, before settling upon the study of Plato and Plato’s master Socrates. Justin still had many unanswered questions about Socrates’ Unknown God. Justin seems to have reasoned that these difficulties would surely be resolved one by one

When did Justin convert to Christianity?  This is thought to have happened in Ephesus around 130 AD. He was given a warm welcome into the Christian congregation.

Why was Justin’s conduct, after his conversion, somewhat unusual?  He raised a few eyebrows from others by his conduct as a new believer. Instead of remaining with his fellow Christians, Justin continued to meet with his fellow philosophers in the Temple grounds. He kept all his old friendships and ran with the same crowd. JUSTIN REMAINED ENGAGED WITH THE CULTURE!

Why did Justin do this? Justin was an apologist. He became a defender of the faith as a philosophical evangelist. Justin seemed to have the desire to see his own people, his fellow philosophers, and to bring the knowledge of the truth to them.

What is the significance of this temple area? Such places were where the philosophers of the day plied their trade. Groups of them could always be found arguing on the steps of every pagan shrine in the Empire. On this particular day, Justin drew the attention of Trypho, a Hellenized rabbi. These competing viewpoints all met here on equal terms, debating philosophy.

Despite being a Christian, why is Justin able to debate in these temple grounds? Justin knew that there was an unwritten code of honor among the Greek philosophers to allow for other points of view. Socrates’ great motto had been to follow the argument wherever it leads. Keeping an open mind was considered to be among the highest virtues. They prided themselves upon that just about any viewpoint could gain a respectful hearing among them, until they felt that viewpoint had been conclusively disproved. Therefore, to surrender their old comrade to the authorities would have been a serious violation of this code of conduct.

Etymology: In classical Greek this term apologia means well reasoned and thought-out reply (response). The Greek apologos means account or story. The Greek apo- means away from. The Greek logos means speech. First recorded in 1590, this term conveyed self justification and a frank expression of regret for wrong done. Currently, an apology signifies excuse and extenuating the fault rather than vindication and proving innocence. The Greek apologetikos means defensible.

Personal note: In addition to being a catechist, I am also a Catholic apologist. My website is called Resounding the Faith.  The Greek verb katecheo means to sound (-echeo) down (kata-). This is what I am seeking to do: “to resound the faith”. Katecheo ==> catechist, catechize, catechism (You should not be surprised!)

Conclusion:

Apology, apologize, apologetics, defense, rationality, rational

Shakespeare perhaps may have become the father of the modern apology: “My lord, there needs no such apologie.” Richard III

It is quite interesting to see how the term apologia (apology) has changed over history. In classical Greek this term was very important in one defending one’s beliefs, statements, and principles. Both Paul and Peter greatly held up the idea of defending one’s faith. Later, this leads to the development of Christian and Catholic apologetics. This study entails the examination of the Hebrew, Greek and Latin influences of scripture.

It is quite remarkable that St. Justin Martyr sought to evangelize and catechize his fellow philosopher peers “in the trenches” rather than staying comfortably safe among the Christian community.

Progression of this term: reasoned defense (justification) ==> self-justification (excuse) ==> apology (“I’m sorry!”)

Update:

Apologies/explanations/defenses/non-apologies for the Paris Olympics Opening ceremonies:

1. We intended to offend.
2. We are sorry for the offense. This did not depict the Last Supper.
3. This was intended to highlight diversity, inclusion, acceptance, and love. 
4. You do not understand French culture.
5. We did not intend to offend.
6. We have the right to do what we want.
7. Art is meant to offend.
8. Even Modernist clergy are giving tepid criticism to this sacrilege and mockery.

In Nicaragua, priests are continually being kidnapped, imprisoned, and expelled from the country. Unfortunately, these priests do not much recourse in this country ruled the Communist leader Ortega. Where is the Vatican in all this to defend these priests? At least, we can pray for these the persecuted priests and people of Nicaragua.

Unfortunately, there are too many cardinals, bishops, and priests WHO WILL NOT STAND UP AND SPEAK OUT AGAINST heresies, scandal, sacrilege, evil, and secular values. Perhaps these cowardly are fearful of being canceled, fearful of offending their superiors, and fearful of not getting that next great apostolic position.

Those progressive and Modernist clergy who claim that the Church must reform or change are actually denigrating and criticizing the magisterial authority of Jesus’ Church.

Modernists arrogantly claim that Jesus’ Church must change in a synodal Church in the image of man. Are they actually saying that Jesus got it wrong??

Yet, at the same time, these priests, suffering in the name of Christ, are actually receiving graces and blessings from God. Do they even realize this!

There are now priests being cancelled, laicized, and excommunicated for defending traditional Church teachings and criticizing Pope Francis’s Modernist changing of Jesus’ Church. This is not a good look for the Modernists! Yet, they continue to do this.

Each of us (in the trenches) most give a reasoned explanation for our appropriate criticism of Pope Francis’ Modernist practices and policies.

Each of us (in the trenches) must give a reasoned explanation for the reason of our hope to others (non-Christians and non-Catholics) in our call to evangelize others.

The GREAT CULTURAL DIVIDE between the secular world and Catholicism (Christianity) is quite evident when apologies are refused, ignored, and rebuffed by those who cause great sacrilege, scandal, and blasphemy.

CitizenGo claimed that the French government violated its neutrality laws regarding religious beliefs during the French Olympics. The French government was actively involved in Paris Olympics opening and closing ceremonies. As a result of CitizenGo’s efforts to bring this to their attention, the French authorities arrested and actually jailed some members of CitizenGo. As you can imagine, CitizenGo will be pursuing more legal action. https://go.citizengo.org/IT-2024-07-29-Global-FR-MGI-13626-Christian_Mockery_Olympics-Paris_Olympics_LP-OTD-IT.html?dr=533431%3A%3A8b5ae5f6debc3489dd499f72f53fb269&utm_source=em&utm_medium=e-mail&utm_content=em_btn&utm_campaign=IT-2024-07-29-Global-FR-MGI-13626-Christian_Mockery_Olympics-Paris_Olympics.17_FR_OTD_Launch&fd_buttonid=1-6&email_domain=gmail.com

This is a somewhat lengthy post:  Sorry ===> but not sorry! ☺☺☺

Next post: being pagan

[Greek] ἄθεος (atheos), [Latin] sine Deo: without God, ungodly, godless; Eph2:12

Modernism is a synthesis of all heresies. One’s human reason and religious sense only comes from one’s subconsciousness and lived experiences. Anything that suggests God and the divine must be excluded. Modernism ultimately leads to atheism.

Background Information:

Origins and sources of atheism:

1. Practical atheism of the ignorant.
2. Self-glorification of the State and secularization of religion (Greek gods, Roman gods, emperors)
3. Philosophical and humanistic enlightenment and removal of God in the culture (French Enlightenment)

Greek Hellenism: This term means with out God. Socrates, believing truth as inner voice coming from God, was accused of being an atheist.  Pagans also called Christians as atheists for believing in only one God.

Plato’s Laws 967c : “These were the views which caused thinkers to incur many charges of atheism and odium, and which also incited the poets to abuse them by likening philosophers to dogs howling at the moon.”

Plato’s Laws 908b :”Those, though they utterly disbelieve in the existence of the gods, possess a just character and are incapable of being induced to commit unjust actions.”

Old Testament: Atheism refers to avoidance and rejection of God. God’s providence is dismissed and ignored. Belief in God can be turned to hatred to God. The demonic hatred of God seeks to destroy all His works.

New Testament: This term means without God. Gentiles were called the uncircumcision by Israel, the circumcision. The Gentiles lacked messianic expectations and covenants with God. But through Christ, these barriers between Jew and Gentile have been transcended.

Scripture:

“Remember, you Gentiles, were at that time without Christ, alienated from the community of Israel and strangers to the covenants of promise, without hope and without God in the world.” Eph.2:11-12 (The Gentiles lacked messianic expectations and various covenants with God. But through Christ all these barriers between Jew and Gentile has been transcended. The Gentiles were morally godless in the sense that they were void of any recognition of God.)

Pope Pius X’s encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis prophetically warns about the evils, problems, heresies, and atheism of Modernism. (Aug. 7, 1907)

1. Pope X recognized that the Catholic Church was facing the rising threat of Modernism.
2. Modernism: human reason is confined to natural phenomena. Human reason cannot perceive the divine and supernatural realities. God and the divine must be excluded.
3. Vital  immanence: one’s religious sentiment (reaction or need) comes from within oneself but does not come from a response to God and the divine.
4. This human perspective allows Catholicism to be put on an equal footing with all other religions.
5. The Modernist is more easily able to reject Tradition and doctrines and to change or update other doctrines and teachings. Dogma becomes optional.
6. Those who seek to hold on to Tradition are perceived as rigid and “Pharasaic”.
7. The Modernist is more easily open to criticize and change (democratize) the Magisterium and Church teaching authority..
8. Pride, curiosity, error, and ignorance are the immediate causes of Modernism.
9. Modernism is the cumulative subjective human embracing of errors ultimately leading to atheism.

Practical atheism: (Cardinal Sarah warns of a subtle form of atheism):

1. God is no longer at the center of one’s center of divine worship. Modern man acts as if God does exist in his life.
2. Doctrine and faith are reduce to social activism.
3. One’s lived experiences becomes that basis for one’s moral guiding principles.
4. There is a continual need to adjust and change moral theology to the culture.
5. There is a greater focus on horizontal relationships (man to man) rather a vertical relationship (God to man).
6. There is a continual rejection of traditional Catholic morals and theology.
7. There is a suppression of the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM).
8. Cafeteria Catholicism: one picks and choose what he like from Catholicism.
9. Synodal path: there are continual efforts to transform Jesus’ Church into a synodal Church in the image of man.
10. Clergy are becoming more concerned and conscious about their status (position) in the Church rather than focusing on Jesus.
11. Adoration of Jesus becomes a distraction in comparison to other Church matters.

3rd century papyrus

Conclusion:

Atheist, atheism, prosper

Atheism was originally defined by the number of gods. Now atheism is now defined by the denial of theism.

[Greek] δόσις (dosis), [Latin] donum, [Latin] datum, [Old Norse] gift: activity of giving, a gift, thing given; Phil 4:15,Mt.6:1-3,Jas.1:17

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means gift, contribution, permission, bequest, legacy, portion, dose, and fate. Plato’s Euthypro 14c states “What do you say holiness is? Sacrificing is making gifts to the gods. Praying is asking for gifts from them (the gods). Herodotus’ The Histories 1.61 states “The opinion of Hippias prevailing, that they should recover the sovereignty, they set out collecting contributions from all the cities that owed them anything.” Homer’s Odyssey 14.58 states “For from Zeus, we are all strangers and beggars, and a gift though small is welcome from such as we.” Virgil’s Aenid 2.49 states “Do not trust the horse, Trojans! Whatever it is, I fear the Dannaans even if they are bearing gifts.”

Old Testament: This term means statute, ordinance, something prescribed, gift, offering, present, and reward. Thus Joseph made it a statute for the land of Egypt (Gen.47:26). No matter how high you set the bridal price and gift I will give you whatever you ask from me (Gen.34:12). Everybody is a friend of a gift giver (Pro.19:6). Moreover, that all can eat and drink and joy the good of all their toil—this is a gift of God (Ecc.3:13). Those to whom God gives riches and property, and grants power to partake of them. This is a gift from God (Ecc.5:18).

New Testament: This term means gift and the act of giving. Although Paul strives to be self-sufficient, he gives thanks to the Philippians for their gift (money) to him sent by Epaphroditus. Paul speaks of giving and receiving in commercial terms. Paul is more concerned about the spiritual growth of the Philippians. Paul emphasizes that the Philippians will receive God’s care. All good and every perfect gift comes from the Father. These gifts come from the Father who does not alter or change.

Scripture:

“You Philippians indeed know that the the beginning of the gospel, when I left Macedonia, not a single church share with me in an account of giving and receiving except you alone.” Php. 4:15

The Philippians gave help to Paul. Philippia was the first place that Paul preached the gospel in Europe.

“All good giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of light, with whom there is no alteration or shadow caused by change.” Jas.1:17

The Father never changes or diminishes in giving gifts.

Etymology: The Latin datum is the neuter past participle of the Latin verb dare, meaning to give. Data is essentially a thing given or granted. The Latin donum is a gerund (a verb form functioning as a noun). Interestingly, donum is also related to the Latin verb dare.

Paraclesus (1493-1541): “The dose makes it either a poison or remedy.” Poison was placed on an arrow for hunting. Poison also has been used throughout history for killing and assassination purposes. This later becomes involved with the administration and quantities of medication. The German word for poison and present is gift. It is also interesting to note that the German mitgift (with gift) means dowry. A dowry is an ancient family tradition. It was a practice by which the bridegroom offers to the father of the bride a satisfaction before he can receive. This practice appears in Gen.34:12.

Conclusion:

Dose, dosage, data, donation, dowry

It was interesting to discover the varied and nuanced meanings of this term in Greek Hellenism. Plato, a non-Christian, makes some astute observations about giving and receiving gifts. Plato unknowingly touches upon the Christian notion of holiness in sacrificing or serving others. In a sense, we also receive gifts from God in our prayer requests. We are also reminded that not all gifts may be good. Hence, we are all familiar with the expression, “Beware of Greek bearing gifts.”

In the Old Testament, it is also interesting to note that this term can also mean a statute or ordinance. The Old Testament provides the basis that all gifts come from God. The Old Testament develops the notion that wealth and prosperity were signs of God’s blessing. This provides the basis for all those pastors who champion the ‘wealth and prosperity’ gospel.

In the New Testament, Jesus initiates a new paradigm shift regarding wealth and prosperity. Jesus calls one to be humble servant to others. Instead of accumulating earthly wealth and riches, Jesus calls us to instead accumulate spiritual treasures. Although the Philippians provided money to Paul, Paul stresses that God will provide for others. All good gifts come from the unchanging and perfect Father.

Paraclesus (1493-1541):”The dose makes it either a poison or remedy.”  Poison was placed on arrow for hunting.  Poison also has been used throughout history for killing and assassination uses. This later becomes involved with the administration and quantities of medication. The German word for poison and present is gift. It is also interesting to note that the German mitgift (with gift) means dowry.  A dowry is an ancient family tradition. It was a practice by which the bridegroom offers to the father of his bride as a satisfaction before he can receive. This practice appears in Gen.34:12.

Scripture:

“You Phillippians indeed know that the beginning of the gospel, when I left Macedonia, not a single church shared with me in an account of giving and receiving, except you alone.”  Phil 4:15

Paul praises the Phillippians for their generosity to others.

“But take care not to perform righteous deeds in order that people may see them; otherwise, you will have no recompense from your heavenly Father. When you give alms, do not blow a trumpet before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogue and in the streets to win the praise of others. Amen, I say to you, they have received their reward. But when you give alms, do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing, so that your almsgiving may be secret. And your Father who sees in secret will repay you.” Matthew 6:1-3

Yes. It is important that we show generosity in giving gifts and alms.  But is also important in how we give these gifts to others.  God says that we should not draw attention to ourselves when giving gifts. In doing so, God may repay us in kind more favorably.

“All good giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights.” Jas. 1:17

All gifts come from the Father.

Conclusion:

From this we get the modern day words dose and dosage. Both gifts and poisons are often freely and given to others. In Matthew 14:7 it also interesting to note that Herod gave a birthday “gift” of John the Baptist’s head on a platter to his daughter Salome

‎

A dowry cabinet

κλείς (kleis), [Latin] clavis: keys: Mt16:19, Lk11:52, Mt 23:13, Rev 1:18

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means key, catch, door bolt, solution, collar bone, straight, and rowing bench. Euripides’ Medea states “Themis, goddess of oaths, brought her to Hellas across the sea through the dark salt-water over the briny gateway (straight) of the Black Sea.” Homer’s Iliad 14.168 states “She went her way to her chamber and had fitted strong doors with a secret bolt, that no other god might open.” Homer’s Odyssey 21.241 states, “But to thee, goodly Philoetius, do I give charge to fasten with a bar the gate of the court, and swiftly to cast a cord upon it.

Old Testament: This term means key, opener, and shoulder blade. Keys are used to represent power, authority, and office. I will place the key of the House of David on his shoulder, when he open, no one shall shut, when he shuts, no one shall open (Isa.22:22). So they took the key and opened them, and there was their lord lying on the floor, dead (Jdg.3:25). Then may my arm fall from the shoulder, my forearm be broken at the elbow (Job.31:22).

New Testament: This term means key. Jesus states that He will to Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven. The keys represent the heavenly authority of  the church on earth. The promise of the keys is given to Peter alone. The keys confer binding and loosing on earth and heaven. Binding and loosing confer authoritative teaching, lifting or imposing bans, and excommunicating. Woe is given to the law scholars for obscuring, defying, and denying the true knowledge of the Messiah. This key of knowledge was conferred by a delivery of a key bestowing authority.

Scripture:

“I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” Mt 16:19

Jesus gives Peter authority to lead His Church. Peter is given authority the authority of loosing (opening) and binding (closing) heaven. Like Eliakim, Peter becomes a prime minister for Jesus’ Church.  Then, when the time comes, a successor will follow Peter.

“Woe to you, scholars of the law! You have taken away the key of knowledge. You yourselves did not enter and you stopped those trying to enter.” Lk 11:52

The key represents attaining the knowledge regarding the kingdom of heaven. The key provide the means of access of authority.

Conclusion:

Key, clavicle

Catholics believe that Peter is the first shepherd (pope) of the Church on earth. In order for the Church to continue forward, God provided the mechanism whereby successor have assumed the office of authority of Peter. It is important to note that all the disciple were each given the power to bind and loose. The key of knowledge is both a literal and metaphor symbol of authority and access.

[Greek] εἰδωλολάτρης (eidōlolatrēs), [Latin] paganus, [Latin] idolum, [Latin] serverus idola (server of idols): idolater, pagan, idol worshiper, servant; 1Cor5:10-11, Cor6:9, Eph5:5, Rev21:8, Rev22:15

A local villager (paganus)

Background Information:

Ancient World:

1. A pagus denotes a specific demarcation of rural land. If you were a rural villager, rustic, peasant, or “country bumpkin”, you were a paganus.
2. A paganus (pagan) was a person who had not adopted the customs of the Roman cities, nor the official state religion. This was an uncivilized and primitive person.
3. A paganus (pagan) was not originally considered as a religious person.
4. Eidololatres (idolator) is not found in secular Greek. Idolatry was not considered sinful at this time before Christianity.
5. The term eidololatres (idolator) started in the New Testament and Christian literature in the first Christian centuries. Idolatry begins to take on a sinful sense.
6. When the Roman Empire converted to Christianity, the pagans were still viewed as outsiders and enemies.
7. With the introduction of Christianity, the term paganus (pagan) becomes later identified with the polytheistic religions.

Spiritual harlotry: This is an intercourse of the mixing of Old Testament values with worldly values, idolatry, paganism, and sin. Abandoning the Lord for a foreign god was called prostitution or adultery. Against God, the harlot prostitutes oneself with idolatry, paganism, and sin. Interestingly, the related Greek word is porneia ===> pornography, porn!  Not a good look! The Old Testament idol Moloch was associated with child sacrifice (abortion).

New Testament: This term means idolater. Paul warns his Christian communities not to associate or eat with idolaters. No idolaters will inherit (gain entrance) the kingdom of God.

Scripture:

1Cor.10:7: “And do not become idolaters, as some of them did, as it is written, ‘The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to revel’” (Pagans participated in their idol worship by eating (consuming meat), drinking, and dancing before their idols. This notion harkens back to the Israelites worshipping the golden calf in the wilderness.)

1Cor.6:9: “Do you not know that the unjust will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived; neither fornicators, idolaters, adulterers, nor sodomites.” (Immoral people will have difficulty entering into heaven. Sodomites refer to adult males who indulged in homosexual practice with such boys.)

Eph.5:5: “Be sure of this, that no immoral or impure or greedy person, that is, an idolater, has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God.”

Idolaters and other immoral people:

1Cor.5:9: “I [Paul] wrote you in my letter not to associate with immoral people.” (Paul calls other to avoid those who disgrace the Christian name. Although they say that they are Christians, they really are heathens engaged in sin and immoral behavior.)

1Cor.5:10: “I am not at all referring to the immoral of this world, the greedy, the robbers, or idolaters; for you would then have to leave the world.” (Although you should not associate with sinners, you must not abandon the world. You must engage the world and be a light to the world.)

1Cor.5:11: “But I now write to you not to associate with anyone named a brother, if he is immoral, a drunkard, or a robber.” (Paul urges the Corinthians to maintain the inner purity of their own community.)

Modern-day syncretism (spiritual harlotry) of Christianity with worldly values, paganism, and sin in the Church:

1. Remaking Jesus’ Church into a synodal Church: (remaking Jesus’ Church into the image of man)
2. A Panchamama idol at Mass at the Vatican and other pagan rituals in Mass: (inserting pagan rituals in the Mass)
3. Allowing Anglican services in Vatican cathedrals: (questionable ecumenism)
4. Dialog with Freemasons: (questionable ecumenism)
5. Appointing a Vatican doctrinal chief with a questionable past: (works of hard-core theological porn, accusations of heresy) 
6. Overlooking, ignoring, and normalizing sin: (a Church that looks more like a NGO rather than an institution that saves souls).
7. Clergy sharing decision-making authority with the laity:(bringing worldly values, poorly catechized laity decision-making, “lived experiences”, and sin into the Church)
8. Allowing sacrilegious gatherings in Church: (resulting in a transgender sacrilege in St. Patrick’s Cathedral)
9. Cardinals supporting Fiducia Supplicans: (offering non-liturgical “blessings” for same-sex couples [blessing evil])
10. Some clergy are silent or even OK in allowing abortion-supporting “Catholics” to receive the Eucharist:(scandalous Modernist clergy) 
11. Reducing Church doctrine, faith, and morals to social work: (Jesus is only given “lip service.” This becomes a form of “practical atheism.”)
12. Vatican considering woman deacons: (Vatican capitulating to women’s political pressure [rights] and lack of understanding of vocations)

Conclusion:

Idolatry, idolater, pagan, paganism, server, service

Historically, paganism held either a positive or neutral reputation. It was only after the introduction of Christianity, that paganism later attains a negative reputation. The traditional understanding of  paganism has generally passed.

Update: In our current secular society, many of us have engaged in some form of paganism. We have almost become like ‘little pagans’ “worshipping ” technology, money, power, status, politics, etc.

“Tech neck”: This is in fact a medical condition, consisting of neck strain, shoulder problem, pain from bowing down to our electronic devices.

In this secular and evil culture, many have elevated abortion to the level of morbid “sacrament”. Abortion supporters continue to celebrate the “Moloch ritual” (abortion).

The Democratic National Convention political platform includes the right of abortion. They are “celebrating” womens’ reproductive “rights”! They are even offering free abortions and vasectomies! 

Cardinal Cupic, part of Pope Francis’ inner circle, gave the invocation for abortion supporters at the Democratic National Convention. Cardinal Cupic is a typical Modernist who is engaging in SPIRITUAL HARLOTRY to the world’s values and evil. 

Cardinal Cupic had been a proponent of removing the St. Michael’s Prayer and the Hail Mary at the end of Mass.

Cardinal Cupic stated that the Church sexual abuse scandal was a distraction!

Cardinal Cupic stated that the Tradition Latin Mass impoverishes the Church! He says this while traditional parishes are thriving with the TLM. He says this while Novus Order churches are closing and Mass attendance is declining.

Salve Regina University Sisters of Mercy defended a fundraising event for the Democratic party because they support “freedom of speech”. Evidently, allowing a political party supporting abortion rights is no big deal! Are you surprised that they also support LGBTQ rights? Are you surprised that they are older sisters (and nuns) not wearing the religious habit? These Modernist sisters of mercy are kowtowing to the world’s values, not the Church’s teachings!

In this culture of relativism, one’s right to do “whatever I want” often becomes idolized at the expense of faith and morals.

We should not be surprised in saying that “one’s rights”, paganism, fame, wealth, sin, abortion, and porn are idols that we often “worship.”

Some of the organizers of the Paris Olympics Opening Ceremonies claimed that this was a depiction of honoring Bacchus, the god of wine. Do you remember the  blue man? The Olympics organizers engaged in idolatry, paganism, humanism, sacrilege, and blasphemy.

“The Lord God has no one else but you. You’d better get off your lead bottoms and go out there and change this pagan world.”  Mother Angelica

“Modernism leads to atheism and the annihilation of all religion.” Pope Pius X

Next post: being “tolerant”

[Greek] ‎εἰσάγω (eisagō), [Latin] inducere, [Latin] introducere, [Latin] conprehendere: to bring in, to spin, introduce, carry in, lead into; Lk 22:54, Jn 18:16,Act 9:8, Act21:28-29,Act 22:24,Lk2:27,Lk 14:21,Act 7:45, Heb 1:6

Eisagogies were magistrates who brought in legal cases before arbitrators in the public court.

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to lead in, to introduce, to import, to bring forward, and to register. Homer’s Odyssey 4.43 states “Then they tilted the chariot against the bright entrance and led  the men into the divine place.” Xenophon’s Hellenica 7.3.5 states “The officials brought those who slew Euphron before the senate.” Plato’s Apology 35b states “You will be much more ready to condemn a man who puts before you such pitiable scenes.” Aeschylus’ Eumenides’ 580 states “Bring in the case, and, in accordance with your wisdom, decide it.” Euripides’ Bacchae 260 states ” If  your gray old age did not defend you, you would sit in chains in the midst of the Bacchae.”

Old Testament: This term, used extensively, means to gather, to receive, to come in, to walk, to introduce, to go forth, to take in the hand, to lead, to be included, to pursue, to bear, to be brought, and to guide.

New Testament: This term means to come into, to bring in, to take someone, to arrest, and to lead. Joseph and Mary brought the infant Jesus into the temple to be consecrated. In the parable of the great feast, the master was enraged that the invited guest did not show up. The master instructed that the crippled, blind, and the lamp be brought to the feast. Having been identified with associating with Jesus, Peter was brought into the courtyard to be questioned. The Israelites in the wilderness brought with them the tent of testimony. On the road to Damascus, the speechless men brought the blinded Paul to the city. Paul was arrested for bringing a Greek into the temple. Paul was arrested (taken into the compound). God leads the First-Born into the world.

Scripture:

“He came in the Spirit into the temple; and when the parents brought in the child Jesus to perform the custom of the law in regard to Him.” Lk2:27

Joseph and Mary brought the infant Jesus into the temple to be consecrated.

“But Peter stood at the gate outside. So the other disciple, the acquaintance of the high priest, went out and spoke to the gatekeeper and brought Peter in.” Jn.18:16

Peter was identified with being associated with Jesus. Peter was brought into the courtyard for questioning.

“Saul got up from the ground, but when he opened his eyes, he could see nothing, so they led him by the hand and brought him to Damascus.” Acts 9:8

The speechless men were told to bring the blind Paul to Damascus. Paul was also experiencing a spiritual blindness.

Scriptural Eisegesis: This is the process of interpreting scripture in such a way as to introduce (“bring in”) one’s own biases, spin, presuppositions, or biases. This is often done to prove or reinforce a previously held belief system. This method generally ignores the original Hebrew, Greek, or Latin meanings of the text.

Conclusion:

Eisegesis, introduce, introduction, induce, comprehend

In classical Greek and Greek Hellenism, this term played an in important part in legal proceedings. The more nuanced examples are introducing a family member, introduce a conspiring member (conspiracy), introducing a subject (teaching), bring in troops (invasion), bringing in new customs (culture).

It is ironic that the master would invite the outsiders, downtrodden, and the lame to his feast. The men led the very helpless Paul to Damascus. Being brought in or taken in are common euphemisms for being arrested.

I think it is only human nature that each of us unconsciously bring in our biases and opinions as we seek to learn the meaning of scripture. This often helps to reinforce our belief systems and prejudices. But it is also important to be aware of the original meaning and intent of the Spirit filled writers of the Gospel and New Testament and Old Testament.

I wanted to take this opportunity to explore the basic methods that we can view scripture. These two methods are called exegesis and eisegesis. These two terms provide differing approaches to understanding scripture.

Exegesis comes from the Greek word exago, means to lead out or bring out.  This method seeks to understand the original intent of the writers of scripture.  Several factors are taken in consideration in this study.  There are several exegetical critical methods in use today.  Some of these many factors are: history, culture, syntax, word usage, literary uses, religion, society, typology, etc.

On the other hand, eisegesis comes the Greek word. eisago, which means lead into, or bring in.  We are all familiar with this method.  This is where we interpret scripture based on what we think it is.  In this method, be bring in our opinions, biases, and “spin” into the equation.  This method can become potentially problematic when multiple interpretations of the same scripture passage may result.  However, in spite of this, I think God will still be happy that we are looking at scripture at all.

So, in the future I will be examining scripture passages and key Greek words in an exegetical manner.  Essentially, I will expand of what I have been previously doing on Twitter. I will look at the original intent of scripture and find modern day words that are derived from Greek, Latin, and other languages. I try to make this fun and interesting. I like to call this “stealth catechesis”.