Resounding The Faith

[Greek] σπλάγχνον (splagchnon), [Latin] viscera, [Latin] intestina: gut, intestines, viscera, bowels, emotions, sympathy, inward parts; Lk.1:78, Acts 1:18, 2Cor.6:12, 2Cor.7:15, Php.1:8, Php.2:1, Col.3:12, Phl.7,12,20

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means inward parts (hearts, liver, kidneys), sacrificial offering, entrails, loin, viscera, heart (seat of feelings, affections, and anxiety. This noun mostly occurs in the plural form. The womb (and loins) represent the power of procreation. The Greek culture predominately does not equate the heart (gut) with compassion and mercy. The Jewish and Christian cultures will later take on these qualities. Euripides’ Electra 828 states “Aegisthus took the entrails in his hands and inspected them.” Sophocles’ Antigone 1066   “You will not live through many more courses of the sun’s swift chariot, before you give in return on sprung from your loins.” Aristophanes’ Frogs 1006 states “I am indignant at this encounter, and it grips my guts.” Aeschylus’ Libation Bearers 413 states “At once I am devoid of hope and my viscera are darkened at the words I hear.” Aeschylus’ Seven Against Thebes 1036 states “A thing to be held in awe is the common womb from which we were born of a wretched mother and unfortunate father.”

Old Testament: This term means womb, belly, seat of emotions, abdomen, heart, bowels, and compassion. Two nations are in your womb (Gen.25:23). He will bless the fruit of your womb (Deu.7:13). Ehud took the sword from his right thigh and thrust it into his belly (Jdg.3:21). Because he knew no quiet with him (Job.20:20). The spirit within me constrains me (Job.32:18). And strokes reach the innermost parts (Prov.20:30). And may God Almighty grant you compassion in the sight of man (Gen.43:14). Let us now fall into the hand of the Lord for His mercies are great (2Sam.24:14).

New Testament: This term means intestines, compassion (and mercy), the reception of mercy, the heart (seat of compassion and mercy), and the refusal to show compassion. Upon Judas’ death, his intestines fall out (sorry for that graphic image!). Paul states the Christian is called upon to show compassion and mercy toward others. The heart is seen as the primary source for mercy and compassion. Fellow Christians are the recipients of affection. If a worldly person (with means) refuses to help and show compassion for others, the love of God does not remain in him.

Scripture:

“He bought a parcel of land with the wages of his iniquity, and falling headlong, he burst open in the middle, and all his insides spilled out.” Acts 1:18

Judas, in his death, was opened up spilling his intestines.

“You are not constrained by us; you are constrained by your own affections.” 2Cor.6:12

Christians are called to show mercy and compassion. But Christians have the free will to choose not to.

“I am sending him that is, my heart, back to you.” Phm 12

Paul was sending Onesimus to the others. The heart, the seat of mercy and compassion, defines the Christian’s nature.

Conclusion:

Viscera, intestinal (fortitude), intestines

It also looks like that this term splagchnon is also may be related to spleen (which is also in the gut). The gut has become associated with feelings. Aristophanes and Aeschylus both make references to gut feelings.

In the Old Testament, the heart becomes a greater focus regarding the seat of emotions. It is interesting to note that one with a cheerful heart shows mercy and compassion.

In the New Testament, Paul states that the Christian must be one who is defined by compassion and mercy. The heart continues to be a seat of mercy.

Intestinal fortitude is defined as courage and endurance to go.

Update: I always had a gut feeling that there was something screwy about this “most secure in American history.” Then why are there investigations now in Arizona, New Hampshire, Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Georgia? Why has there been many instances of voter legislation on the local and national level? This is just the beginning. And that this new administration has become a disaster on so many levels!

My gut feeling says that you will hopefully find this post interesting!

[Greek] πλατύς (platys), [Latin] lata: wide, broad, flat; Mt.7:13

The Narrow Gate to Heaven and the Wicked Gate to Hell: painting by Cornelius de Bie (1627-1715)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means wide, broad, spread out, flat, and level. The more nuanced meanings include broad-shouldered, diffused, widespread, frequent, far advanced, and flat out (downright). Homer’s Iliad 17.432 states “Yet neither back to the ships to take the broad Hellespont straight were the twain-minded to go, not yet into the battle amid Achaeus.” Xenophon’s Hellenica 6.1.9. states “While Thessaly is an exceedingly flat land, all the peoples round about are subject to her as soon as a Tajan military leader is established here.” Sophocles’ Ajax 1250 states “It is not the stout, broad-shouldered men that are the steadiest allies. No, it is the ones who prevail in every engagement. Aristophanes’ Frogs 1096 states “Getting hit with the flat of the hands.”

Old Testament: This term means broad, wide, proud, spacious, inflated, and at liberty. The broad wall of Babylon will be completely razed (Jer.51:58). A place of rivers and wide canals (Isa.33:21). An arrogant man stirs up strife (Pro.28:25). Haughty eyes and a proud heart, the lamp of the wicked is sin (Pro.21:4). And I will walk at liberty (Psa.119:45). The work is great and extensive (Neh.4:19). And the land is large enough for them (Gen.34:21). For behold, the land is large enough for them (Exo.3:8).

New Testament: This term, used only once, refers to the wide gate (and broad road) that leads to destruction. Jesus illustrates two contrasting kinds of life within the Christian community. One can either obey Jesus or not obey Him. This metaphor of two paths also appears in pagan culture and in the Old Testament culture. Those few who enter through the narrow gate will find redemption. In contrast, those many who enter through the broad gate will find destruction.

Scripture:

“Enter through the narrow gate; for the gate is wide and the road broad that leads to destruction, and those who enter through it are many.” Mt.7:13

This wide gate, although more accessible, will lead to destruction.

Interestingly, the allegory Tablet of Cebes, by the disciple of Socrates, states “See though not a certain small door, in no way crowded, but few, very few, go in there? This is the way that leads to true discipline.”

Geography: Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator. The latitude is the breadth of a map of the known world.

Conclusion:

Plateau, plain, latitude

It was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term such as broad-shouldered, diffused, far advanced, and frequent. The Hellespont straight was located near the Aegan Sea. Xenophon makes an astute geopolitical observation about the military advantages of occupying a flat plain. It is perhaps not surprising that were would a Greek philosophical correlation to the narrow gate allegory in the New Testament. Discipline must also be needed to enter through the narrow door.

In the Old Testament, this term also has nuanced meanings (inflated, proud, and at liberty).

In the New Testament, the allegory of the narrow gate offers two paths one may take in the Christian life. It is interesting to note that Jn.14:6 states that Jesus is the way. The path through the narrow gate may not be without pain, struggle, or difficulty. This path also requires discipline.

To be honest, I was flat out (downright) surprised about what I learned about this term.

[Greek] σκληρύνω (sklērynō), [Latin] obdurare, [Latin] indurare, [French] perseverer, [French] persister, [German] hart machen (make hard): to be stubborn, to harden, to be hardened, to cause to be stubborn; Acts 19:9, Rom. 9:18, Heb.3:8,13,15, Heb.4:7

Hardness of heart: resistant attitudes toward others and the refusal to be faithful to Church teachings. God may even harden the hearts of some if He wills.

Background information:

Old Testament (The heart is the seat of emotions):

1. Hardening can viewed in a physiological (medical), spiritual, psychological, and ethical sense.
2. Hardness of heart is likened to arrogance, stubbornness, obstinance, wickedness, close-mindedness, unbelief, and toughness.
3. Hardness of heart can apply to unbelievers, enemies of Israel, Israel, Jews opposed to Christians, and Christians.
4. Hardness of heart can be illustrated by guilt and misery.
5. God can also permit the hardening of hearts of some (as He wills as part of His divine Providence). Ex. Pharaoh

The sin of Moses and Aaron at Kadesh (disobedience and acting like gods [Deut.20:2-12]):

1. The community, having no water, railed against Moses and Aaron.
2. Moses and Aaron went away from the assembly to the tent of meeting, falling prostrate before the Lord.
3. The Lord commanded them to assemble the community and to take the staff to command the rock to yield its waters.
4. Then Moses and Aaron said [to the assembly], ‘You rebels! Are we to produce water for you out of this rock?’
5. Moses struck the rock twice with his staff and water came out in abundance.
6. But the Lord said to Moses and Aaron: ‘Because you did not have confidence in Me, to acknowledge My holiness before the Israelites, you shall NOT lead this assembly into the land I have given you.
7. God did not permit Aaron to see the promised land. Aaron, who also made the golden calf, died at Mount Hor.
8. God did not permit Moses to see the promised land. Moses died at Mount Nebo.
9. Moses and Aaron were guilty of taking credit (with God) for making themselves out as gods) in producing this miracle.
10. Moses and Aaron were disobedient in believing in God.

New Testament: This term means to be stubborn (obstinate) and to harden (cause to be stubborn).

Scripture:

Acts 19:9: “But when some in the obstinacy and disbelief disparaged the Way before the assembly, Paul withdrew and took his disciples with him and began to hold daily discussions in the lecture hall of Tyrannus.” (While in Ephesus, Paul was experiencing opposition during his ministry. Some Jews became violently opposed to the gospel. Their hearts were insensitive as the truth made no impression on them. Perhaps the Jews were threatened by the Christians’ beliefs.)

Rom.19:17-18: “For the scripture says to Pharaoh, ‘This is why I have raised you up, to show My power through you that My name may be proclaimed throughout the earth. Consequently, He has mercy on whom He wills, and he hardens whom He wills.” (God raised up Pharaoh to be hard-hearted and to oppress His people. This allows Moses to begin his actions to oppose Pharaoh. God will permit hardness of heart in some people if it serves His will in His larger plans. In these situations, those who will not see or hear shall not see or hear. Yet, on the other hand, God can also open the heart through the Holy Spirit.)

Heb.3:8: “Harden not your hearts as at the rebellion in the day of testing in the desert.” (Paul warns against growing weary and giving up. He alludes to the Israelites’ disobedience in the desert. They provoked God in their unbelief, murmuring, ingratitude, sin, and idolatry.)

Day of testing: This harkens back to the murmuring, disbelief, impatience, idolatry, and hard-heartedness about whether God would provide water for the Israelites at Massah and Meribah. These places were called respectively “the place of the test” and “the place of strife.”

Heb.3:13: “Encourage yourselves daily while it is still ‘today’, so that none of you may grow hardened by the deceit of sin.” (Today is the day of grace before the coming of the day of glory and judgment of Christ’s coming. Today is the time to hear the voice of God. Hardness of the heart means obstinance, blindness to truth, unbelief, refusal to accept the gospel, rebelliousness, and refusal to recognize sin.)

Heb.3:15: “Oh, that today you would not hear His voice: ‘Harden not your hearts as at the rebellion.'” (Psa.95:8 makes reference to the place where the Israelites quarreled with God at Massah, where they put God to the test.)

The hard-heartedness of Modernism:

1. Pope Francis and his fellow Modernists are really “true-believers” in their Modernist ideology to finish and double down on the consequences of Vatican II.
2. They believe that the Traditional Latin Mass is divisive as long as it exists with the Novus Order Mass.
3. These Modernists seek to remove the TLM, a liturgical celebration which is thriving [where currently allowed], as the Novus Order Mass is declining. (Traditiones Custodes)
4. These Modernists ironically call those traditionally minded and (conservative) Catholics “RIGID” and “for having a nostalgic disease”.
5. According to Pope Francis, those priests who wear the cassock embody clericalism, spiritual worldliness, and a scandal. (As if looking like a priest is a bad thing!)
6. Modernists and Progressive priests are worried, unsettled, and helpless in being UNABLE to stop this growing trend of young traditionally minded (conservative) priests and seminarians.

My personal opinion:

1. The Holy Spirit is clearly slowly at work in bringing forth a true reform and renewal of Tradition for Jesus’ Church.
2. Young Catholics are being drawn to Tradition and the Traditional Latin Mass.
3. Because of the Holy Spirit, younger priests (seminarians) are becoming more conservative and traditionally minded. More older Modernist and progressive (clergy) are retiring and dying.
4. Despite continued opposition to Pope Francis, MODERNISTS CONTINUE TO REMAIN HARD-HEARTED in promoting in promoting their Modernist ideology on Jesus’ Church.
5. The Holy Spirit is permitting this hardness of the Modernists for a larger purpose: for others to see the consequences of liturgical confusion (chaos), to wake people up, and to inspire the longing for Tradition.
6. Liturgical confusion: more and more people are becoming alarmed about the liturgical confusion (chaos) in Church doctrine, teachings, and liturgy caused by the Modernists.
7. Waking people up: more and more people are waking up from their luke-warmness and stupor in not taking the Church and their faith for granted.
8. Pope Francis digging himself deeper: Pope Francis continues to cause confusion (with his own words) veering over the Church’s doctrinal rails about salvation.
9. Longing for Tradition: more and more people are seeking deeper truths; more and more people are seeing clergy being criticized, cancelled and persecuted for espousing traditional Catholic teachings.
10. This is the only way that Jesus’ Church will TRULY BE RENEWED AND RESTORED.
11. Not surprisingly, this movement embodies Archbishop Lefebvre’s prophetic statement: “Our future is our past” (The Church’s future path requires that it restores its traditions. Archbishop Lefebvre had misgivings about Vatican II.)

Conclusion:

Sclerosis, sclerotic, obdurate (not easily moved by feelings), heart, persevere, persist, endure, endurance

Update: Over many years both non-Arab nations and Arab nations have shown a hardness of heart (anti-Semitism) toward Israel and its citizens.

The Trump administration has been successful in overcoming Arab hard-heartedness in initiating peace accords with Israel and Arab nations.

Hard-heartedness in ideology and stupidity have contributed to creating the “Hamas wing” of the Democratic party.

One must also take pause that hard-heartedness plays an important in producing radical rightists, radical Islam, and radical leftists.

The Nicaraguan government continue to oppress and persecute the Catholic Church.

Pope Francis and his inner circle, in their hard-heartedness to Tradition and traditional Church teachings, have declared that Jesus’ Church is now a worldly synodal Church, made in the image of man and his lived experiences.

Pope Francis ironically call those who favor Tradition and traditional teachings as “rigid”, a “scandal”, a form of “clercalism”, and “having a disease for nostalgia”. (This is more reflective of the Modernists’ hard-heartedness against Tradition.)

The Vatican was forced to remove an online poll gauging the support for the Vatican’s Synodal path. The opposition against it was overwhelming!

Even after all this time, I think we can all come to the conclusion that Pope Francis and his fellow Modernists are NOT going to change in implementing their Modernist ideology, in light of opposition to them. 

Pope Francis and his inner circle, in their hard heartedness, has refused to acknowledge the traditional (and conservative) Catholics’ concerns about the Synod. Instead, like-minded appointed delegates are chosen to approve their already planned agenda. This Synod only represents 1% of Catholics.

It is very interesting to note that the Greek noun kardiognostes refers to God, knower of hearts. In a sense, God is the pre-eminent heart specialist! So make an appointment! God’s domain is always in network! No referrals needed! All salvation health plans accepted! I hear the benefits are out of this world! ☺☺☺

“Blessed is the one who always trembles before God. But whoever hardens his heart falls into trouble.” Prov. 28:14

Next post: being strong (firm)

[Greek] συμμιμητής (symmimētēs), [Latin] imitator: fellow imitator, one who mimics, one who imitates, to do what is seen to be done by someone else; Php.3:17

Plato’s concept of essence (the idea of the thing is the thing) becomes the inspiration for Nike’s marketing slogan “Just do it.”

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: Throughout history, man has imitated (mimicked) activities from nature: spiders (weaving and sewing), and birds (building), etc. Art seeks to copy or imitate. Such examples include drama, painting, sculpture, music, and dance. Interestingly, Plato viewed the poet (and artists) as mere imitators. Plato looked down upon tragic poets during his lifetime. God created the essence of the idea. The carpenter becomes a secondary creator. The painter or poet are just imitators, giving expression to the idea. They copy reality, remaining remote from the truth.

Ethical imitation: The notion of imitating or mimicking develops in the ethical sphere. Imitating in a negative sense can be illustrated in what is showy, aped, and weak and unoriginal copying. Emphasis is focused more on being good or imitating a good man. Children are called to follow the good example of their parents. Students are called to be attentive and obedient to their teachers. Plato’s Republic 597c states “God is the real author of the couch that has real being. God is its true and natural begetter. The carpenter is also a creator of some particular couch. The painter is the imitator of the thing which those others produce.” Plato’s Republic 601a states “The poet himself, knowing nothing but how to imitate it, lays on words and phrases. The creator of this phantom, we say, knows nothing of the reality but only the appearance.” Euripides’ Helen 940 states “I beseech you, grant me this favor, and imitate the character of a just father; for this is the fairest glory for children, when the child of a good father resembles its parents in character.”

Old Testament: The notion of imitation is generally a foreign concept in the Old Testament. There is no thought that we must imitate God. God is incomparable and inimitable to man in being and action. The Hellenistic philosopher Philo mentions obedience in imitation of fathers (and commands of their fathers). Men should imitate God.

New Testament: This term means joint (fellow) imitator. Paul presents himself as a type (model) on whom the Phillipians should conduct themselves. They are to follow his example of authority, not perfection. This imitation becomes a form of obedience. Paul states that those, who follow him, may experience suffering and will experience resurrection. In contrast, Paul references others who conduct themselves as enemies of Christ. Their end is in destruction.

Scripture:

“Join with others in being imitators of me, brothers, and observe those who thus conduct themselves according to the model you have in us.” Php.3:17

Paul calls upon the Phillipians to follow his example in conducting themselves. He calls them to be obedient.

Conclusion:

Imitate, imitation, mimic

I had never really considered that early man would observe and imitate the actions of creatures in the world. It was interesting to discover Plato’s view of creation and imitation. God and carpenters are creators. However, artists (painters, poets, writers, etc) are only imitators, giving expression to reality. Plato’s concept of essence is that the idea of a thing is the thing. (For example, one’s idea of a chair has more “chairness” than any manufactured chair). This concept provides the basis for Nike’s marketing slogan “Just do it!” It is also interesting how imitation enters into the ethical realm. Good character and obedience are the results of this idea.

In the Old Testament, it is significant to note that God does not directly apply to imitation. Imitation does not apply since God is so incomparable and different from man. However, Philo speaks of imitating God in being obedient to fathers (and commands of fathers).

In the New Testament, Paul calls upon the Phillipians to follow his example in being faithful to Christ. This is a form of obedience.

The Greek noun poiema means workmanship. And yet God is the perfect poet and I bet you didn’t know it!

[Greek] τόκος (tokos), [Latin] usura: interest, a bringing forth, usury, childbirth, offspring; Mt.25:27, Lk.19:23

The Madonna of the Incarnation: painting by Bernardino Luini (1515). Mary is the theotokos (God-bearer) or Mother of God

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means childbirth, offspring, interest, and a bringing forth.

Homer’s Iliad 15.141: “And a hard thing it is to preserve the lineage and offspring of man.”

Homer’s Iliad 19.119: “Hera departed from Olympos and swiftly came to Achaean Argos who bared a son in her womb.”

Plato’s Republic 555e: “These money-makers with bent down heads inserting the sting (interest) of their money into any of the remainder who do resist, harvesting them as in interests as it were a manifold progeny of the parent sum.”

Hymn 2 to Demeter 2.101: “And she was like an ancient woman who is cut off from childbearing and the gifts of Aphrodite.”

Aeschylus’ Seven Against Thebes 407: “Perhaps the folly of it might yield to onesome prophetic understanding, then to its bearer this arrogant symbol.”

Plato’s Republic 6.507a: “But at any rate receive this interest and the offspring of the good.”

Old Testament: This term, derived from the Hebrew verbal meaning to bite, means debt, interest (on a debt) and usury. Usury was generally forbidden by biblical ordinance.

New Testament: This term means interest on a monetary loan. The practice of usury, or charging interest on a loan, remained prevalent through the time of Christ and into the early church period. In the parable of the talents, the servant, who received one talent, buried his master’s money. In the parable of the ten gold coins, one servant stored the coin in a handkerchief. These two servants were scolded for not adequately increasing the value of their talent (coin). These servants’ resources (responsibilities) were taken away.

Scripture:

“Should you not then have put my money in the bank so that I could have got it back with interest on my return?” Mt.25:27

The servant was scolded for not effectively saving and earning interest on his talent. For to everyone who has, more will be given. But for one who has not, it will be taken away.

Theotokos: This is a Greek title given to Mary. This term means “God-bearer” or Mother of God. Theotokos is predominately used in eastern Christianity. The Solemnity of Mary, the Holy Mother of God is a feast day (holy day of obligation) celebrated by the Roman rite of the Catholic Church on January 1.

Conclusion:

Token, usury

At first glance (with just a token understanding), I had thought that this term only applies to tokens. Further study of this term ‘brought forth’ a deeper meaning. This term refers to begetting, bringing forth, and providing offspring. Plato presents nefarious money-makers who sting (charge interest) against others. In a sense, interest becomes an ‘offspring” from a financial transaction. A token is also a form of money or currency.

In the Old Testament, usury was prohibited by biblical ordinance.

In the New Testament, however, this term is used in a more positive sense in the wise use of money and wealth production. The servants were scolded for squandering their resources. To what one has, more will be given. For one who has not, it will be taken away.

Jan 1, 2024: This post was made as a small token of my appreciation for Mary, the Mother of God.

[Greek] ἐνέργημα (energēma), [Latin] operatio: effect, operation, energy, activity; 1Cor.12:6,10

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means what is effected, act, action, operation, and labors. Cosmic or physical forces are at work in man or in the physical world. Polybius’ Histories 4.8.7 states “Not only is it the case that the same man has an aptitude for one class of activities and not for another, the same will be exceedingly acute and exceedingly dull.” Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics 1101 states “May not we then confidently pronounce that many happy who realizes complete goodness in action, and is adequately furnished with external goods?” Polybius’ Histories 1.13 states “In Greece at the same time the war called after Cleomenes was in full action.”

Old Testament: This term, primarily occurring in Wisdom, 2Macc, and 3Macc, pertains to the work of divine or demonic powers. That I might know the organization of the universe and the force of its elements (Wis.7:17). This was the act of God who rules over all things (3Macc.5:28). Or if they were struck by their might and energy (Wis.13:4).While he lay speechless and deprived of all hope of aid, due to an act of God’s power (2Macc.3:29). But this was an act of the invincible providence of Him (3Macc.4:21).

New Testament: This term means deed, working, and activity. These charisms come from the Spirit, which distributes to others as He sees fit. The Corinthians seemed to have developed an esteem (interest) in tongues. These charisms are gifts, graces (outside of human terms), forms of service, and expressions (in purpose and effect.) All of these are workings or activities.

Scripture:

“There are different workings but the same God who produces all of them in everyone. 1Cor.12:6

God (and the Holy Spirit) distribute these gifts to certain person according to His providence.

Conclusion:

Energy, energetic, operation, operational

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term refers to divine, supernatural, and ordinary actions. Such ordinary actions (workings) can include sexual intercourse, operating in surgery, and accomplishing tasks.

In the New Testament, the Holy Spirit is source of all charisms and gifts. Each person is given gifts according to his capabilities or capacities.

There is not much else that needs to be said. I really do not expend any more energy in illustrating this term. So take it easy from your own workings.

[Greek] ἄνθραξ (anthrax), [Latin] carbones, [Swedish] kol: coal, charcoal, cause to be ashamed; Rom.12:20

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means charcoal, coal, precious dark stone, and malignant pustule (boil). Archanae, one of the regions of Greece, was the center of the Athenian charcoal burning industry. Aristophanes’ Archanians 322 states “I have the hostages of Archanae. I shall disembowel them. Let us see whether you have any love for your coals.” Aristophanes 348 states “The poor basket was so frightful, look, it has shed a thick black dust over me.” (Diakaiopolis and his household are set upon by a mob of charcoal burners from Archarnae. Diakaiopolis takes a basket of coal hostage. The Archanians agree to leave only if he spares the charcoal).

Old Testament: This term can mean dark gum resin, coal, dark emerald, hot stone, and black dust. This term makes reference to the sixth plague on Egypt (Exo.9:9-10). The Lord instructs Moses and Aaron to take black soot from a kiln. In the presence of Pharaoh, Moses scatters this black dust into the sky. This black dust will cause festering boils on human beings and beast through Egypt. So the Lord said to Moses and Aaron: each of you take handfuls of soot from a kiln, and in the presence of Pharaoh let Moses scatter it toward the sky. It will turn into fine dust over the whole land of Egypt and cause festering boils on human being and beast alike throughout the land of Egypt (Exo.9:9)

New Testament: This term can mean charcoal and cause to be ashamed. In his address to the Romans, Paul instructs his followers to show mercy. Rather than taking justice in their own hands, God will take care of the matters of vengeance. Paul makes reference to Prov.25:21-22. Paul instructs others to feed and to provide drink to the enemy. These actions will be like metaphorically heaping burning coals on his head. You will make your enemy more distressed (embarrassed) by your acts of mercy. Perhaps, this will provide a stirring or burning on that person’s conscience.

“Rather, if your enemy is hungry, feed him’ if he is thirsty, give him something to drink; for by doing so you will heap burning coals upon his head.” Rom.12:20

These acts of mercy will stress, confound, and embarrass your enemy. This may also strike against his conscience.

Conclusion:

Anthrax, carbon, coal

At first glance, I thought this term only referred to the deadly bacteria anthrax. Yet, this term also refers to black and coal. I never thought that I would come across a passage where a basket of coal is taken hostage!

In the Old Testament, it is interesting to note how black powder (soot) could be used by God to create the 6^th plague on Egypt. Perhaps, this is how God created anthrax.

In the New Testament, I can imagine many of us (including me) have not been very familiar with this expression “heaping burning coals” on someone. Perhaps, this was a way to fire up someone with shame and make them “burning hot” with embarrassment. (So don’t “rake anyone over the coals” for not knowing this.) ☺☺☺

[Greek] μωρός (mōros), [Latin] fatuus, [Latin] stultus, [Latin] imprudens, [Latin] stupidus: dull, insipid, foolish, stupid, unwise, dull-witted; Mt.5:22, Mt.7:26, Mt.23:17,19, Mt.25:2,3,8, 1Cor.1:25,27, 1Cor.3:18, 1Cor.4:10, 2Tim.2:23, Tit.3:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means dull, sluggish (of the nerves), stupid, folly, foolish, and insipid (flat taste). Regarding the intellect, this term can refer to dullness, lack of judgment, and a deficiency of intellectual or spiritual capacity. In medicine, this term refers to slackness, fatigue or dulling of the nerves. In hibernation, animals act sluggishly in winter.

Folly: This notion of folly can be a subjective judgment, lack of understanding (ignorance), condemnation, naivety, confusion, and impulsiveness. Sometimes folly can be perceived as being controlled by an outside force or power (beyond one’s understanding). Folly is a fate and an expression of arrogance against the unfortunate. Foolishness, irrationality, and impulsive actions (as a result of folly) occur in all aspects of life. Sophocles’ Ajax 594 states “You have foolish hope, I think, if you plan so late to begin schooling my temper.” Sophocles’ Electra 889 states “Now, for the gods’ love, listen so that you may know the rest from me before deciding whether I am sane or foolish.” Demosthenes’ Phillipica 3 states “But you have reached such a height of folly or madness. I know not what to call it that some demon is driving you to your doom.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 540 states “Is your attempt not foolish, to seek the throne without followers or friends—a prize which follows and wealth must win?” Sophocles’ Antigone 469 states “And if my present actions are foolish in your sight, it may be that it is a fool who accuses me of folly.”

Old Testament: This term means foolish, arrogant, senseless, stupid, quarrelsome, and wicked. This term occurs frequently in Sirach. Foolishness (and wickedness) can ruin and destroy one’s relationship with God. Foolishness and folly include leading others astray, breaking fellowship with God, apostasy, eyes not seeing, ears not hearing, arrogance, religious indifference, and lack of intellectual understanding. The Hellenistic philosopher Philo criticizes man’s worldly wisdom. God regards man as childish, immature, stupid, and irrational.

New Testament: This term means being foolish, foolishness, simplemindedness, and God’s ‘foolishness’ (wisdom). Jesus states that those who listen to His words (but who do not act on them) will be like a fool building his house on sand. Jesus condemns the scribes and Pharisees as being blind fools for their faulty and inconsistent oaths. The ‘foolishness’ of God is wiser than any human wisdom. The wisdom of this world is foolishness in God’s eyes. Likewise, God chooses the simple and foolish of the world to shame the wise and strong. The foolish virgins do not have oil for their lamps. Paul states that Christians are fools on Christ’s account but are wise in Christ. Those who follow the foolishness of Christ ultimately find the true wisdom of hope in the Spirit. Foolish words and quarrels can lead to serious consequences.

Scripture:

“And everyone who listens to these words of mine but does not act on them will be like a fool who built his house on sand.” Mt.7:26

The relationship between hearing and doing applies to every Christian. This parable helps to ascertain wise and foolish behavior. This also reinforces the need for works and not just faith.

“For the foolishness of God is wiser than human wisdom, and the weakness of God is stronger than human strength.” 1Cor.1:25

Wisdom and power are found to be paradoxical in the relationship with God and man. The folly of the cross is a foolish act contrary to all human reasoning. Likewise, God uses the simpleminded and weak to shame the wise and strong.

“Avoid foolish and ignorant debates, for you know that they breed quarrels.” 2Tim.2:23

Foolish actions and words can lead to quarrels and very serious consequences. Judaism states the serious of an injury by words.

Etymology: Fatuous means foolish and stupid but self-satisfied. Infatuation comes from the Latin verb infatuare, meaning to make stupid (harsh but can be so true!). Stultify and stultification come from the Latin verb stultificare, meaning to turn into foolishness. Imprudent means not foreseeing or being unaware. Stupid comes from the Latin verb stupere, meaning to be stunned, amazed, or confounded.

Pick any contentious political issue:

“There are two ways to be fooled. One is to believe what isn’t true. The other is to refuse to believe what is true.” Soren Kierkegaard

Conclusion:

Moron, moronic, imprudent, stupid, stupidity, infatuation

This is a very interesting term with multiple meanings in various disciplines. These meanings are derived from the perceived observation of others. In the Greco Hellenistic era, fate play a significant role in influencing and guiding others’ lives. Fate could potentially lead one to destruction. Moros was the good of impending doom.

In the Old Testament, foolishness (and wickedness) take on a more serious nature in potentially ruining or destroying one’s relationship with God. Such foolishness can lead to serious consequences. This culture develops the notion of God’s wisdom (actions) surpassing all human reason.

In the New Testament, there are numerous examples illustrating the foolishness of man. A parable illustrates the importance of acting on what one hears. To do otherwise is to build a foundation on sand. This requires works and not just faith. Paul repeatedly illustrates that God’s foolishness surpasses all human reason. God uses the simple and foolish to shame the wise and strong. Foolish words spoken can potentially cause great injury or harm.

Interestingly, Jesus refers to His disciples as the salt of the earth (Mt.5:13). Like useless salt losing its flavor, we too can lose our flavor (becoming tasteless, dull, bland, and becoming stupid!) in becoming disciples.

“The message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God.” 1Cor.1:18

It would be foolish to believe otherwise.

[Greek] βατταλογέω (battalogeō), [French] babiller: Mt. 6:7, to use many words, to babble, to speak much

The Tower of Babel: painting by Peter Bruegel (1560)

Background information:

Old Testament: This term means to babble, to speak incoherently and to speak needlessly. In contrast to God (Yahweh), the pagan gods were not all-knowing (omniscient). Pagan prayers (and requests) were crafted as elaborate, poetic and superfluous speeches in order for the pagan gods to understand their prayer intentions. These pagan prayers were spectacles in themselves.

The Tower of Babel: At this time in history, the whole world had spoken the same language and the same words. The people, taking great pride in themselves in their abilities to build a high reaching tower, sought to make a name for themselves. This tower was built in the region of Babylon. The Hebrew equivalent for this word is Babel. In His anger toward their arrogance, the Lord confused their speech and scattered them from there over all the earth. Ultimately, this was a fool’s errand in the “eyes” of God.

Nimrod: Christian and Hebrew traditions hold that Nimrod led the construction of the Tower of Babel. Nimrod was the great grandson of Noah. Nimrod, a mighty hunter and king, held his kingdom in Babylon, Erech, and Accad. Perhaps it is not surprising that the Tower of Babel is believed to have been located in Babylon.

New Testament: Jesus begins to instruct His disciples in how to pray to the Father. Jesus instructs them to not be like the hypocrites who like to been standing and praying by others. The Pharisees in the synagogues and street corners often like to seek this recognition. In the Old Testament, the pagans also gave elaborate and flowery rhetorical speeches to their gods. In contrast, Jesus instructs His disciples to pray to the Father in secret. The Father will likewise will respond to you in secret. Jesus provides the words for a prayer to the Father which can be repeatedly said. This prayer becomes the Our Father prayer.

Scripture:

“In praying, do not babble like the pagans, who think that they will be heard because of their many words.” Mt.6:7

Jesus instructs His disciples to pray to the Father in secret in a simple way like the Our Father.

Conclusion:

Babble, babbling

In the Old Testament, it is very significant to note that the pagan gods were not all-knowing, in contrast to God (Yahweh). Pagan prayers and petitions were elaborately crafted and superfluous speeches in order to let the pagan gods know of their intentions.

In their arrogance and pride, the people in Babylon constructed a tower reaching into the sky. In response, God saw fit to scatter and confuse the language of these people.

Jesus tells His disciples to pray to the Father in secret with a simple prayer, the Our Father. It is also interesting to note that Jesus never condemned repetition in a prayer appropriate to God. Up until the 16^th century, there had been no perceived harm in saying repetitive prayers. The Hebrews (Jews) have been historically known to say repetitive prayers. This later provides the grounds for the Protestant opposition to the Rosary and the Liturgy of the Hours. It is quite interesting that the Pharisees and others followed the example of the pagans in crafting elaborate and superfluous petitions and prayers.

And yet still to this day, Nimrod has never really took hold as a popular name for kids! Why???? ☺☺☺

This term is also an example of onomatopoeia. Babble just sounds like someone is babbbbbbbbbling. Wow! (another example)

Then later Bugs Bunny would mockingly refer to Elmer Fudd as “poor little Nimrod.” In response to these vewy vewy bad words, Elmer Fudd wants to make a statement:

Cancel culture (our modern-day looney tunes) is now also targeting Elmer Fudd.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uM8h22DeTbA

That’s all folks!

[Greek] κληρονόμος (klēronomos), [Latin] heres: heir, sharer by lot; Mt.21:38, Mk.12:7, Lk.20:14, Rom.4:13-14, Rom.8:17, Heb.1:2, Heb.6:17, Heb.11:7, Jas.2:5

The parable of the wicked tenants: painting by Maarten van Valckenborch (1580)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means natural heir, one named by a will or legal provision, one who bears consequences, and one who possesses or controls entrusted goods. Sonship is the basis of natural inheritance. One can inherit consequences (good or bad). Actions can leave behind consequences. Plato’s Laws 923e states “After a will is made, it is discovered that one of the sons or daughters owns a lot in the district; then that person shall resign his legacy in favor of the heir of him that made the will.” Demosthenes’ Against Midias 21.20 states “Some of his victims, gentlemen of the jury, suffered in silence, because they were cowed by him and his self-confidence, or by his gang of bullies, his wealth and all his resources.” Plutarch’s Cicero 41.3 states “These are the most plausible reasons given for the divorce. He did this to get means for the payment of his debts.”

Old Testament: This term, used quite frequently, means heir and owner. However, there are very many related Hebrew equivalent terms. Such meanings include to take possession of, to inherit, to impoverish, to be disposed, to destroy, and to bring ruin. We must put him to death for the life of his brother whom he has slain; we must extinguish their also (2Kgs.14:7). So also with the woman is unfaithful to her husband and offers her heir her son by a stranger (Sir.23:22). Since You have given no offspring to me, one born in my house is my heir (Gen.15:3). O Lord, God, how may I know that I will possess it? (Gen.15:8). Then they gave Hebron to Caleb, as Moses had promised (Jdg.1:20). So their sons entered and possessed the land (Neh.9:24).

New Testament: This term means son, heir, and recipients of God’s promises. Inheritance comes to Jesus, Moses, Noah, Moses’ descendants, and Christians. In the parable of the tenants, these tenants mistakenly think that they can make a claim by killing the landowner’s son. The son represents Jesus. Noah inherits righteousness. Moses and his descendants claim an inheritance from God. God makes His Son Jesus an heir of all things. Christians become heirs and recipients of His promise. Through the Spirit, Christians become heirs (children of God) free from earthly limitations. Christians become joint heirs with Christ, both suffering with Him and being glorified with Him. If one belongs to Christ, one is also Abraham’s descendant, heirs to the promise. The poor (of the Old Testament) were seen by Jesus as particularly open to God in belief and in reliance on Him.

Scripture:

“But the tenants saw the son, they said to one another, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him and acquire his inheritance.’” Mt.21:38

In the parable of the tenants, the tenants mistakenly though they could lay claim by killing the son of the landowner. If a Jewish proselyte dies without an heir, the tenants of the land would have final claim to it. The prophets represent the servants. The landowner’s son represents Jesus.

“For if those who adhere to the law are the heirs, faith is null and the promise is void.” Rom.4:14

It is not the law through which this promise is made. It is righteousness that comes from faith. It is God, rather than the law, that brings this promise. This inheritance cannot be won, but it is given by God.

“Did not God choose those who are poor in the world to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom that He promised to those who love him?” Jas.2:5

Those poor in the world are those open to belief and reliance on God.

Conclusion:

Cleric, clerical, inherit, hereditary, clerk

It is important to note that the Greek culture conveyed the notion of sonship through natural inheritance. It is also interesting to see this term metaphorically means to ‘inherit’ consequences (good or bad). So victim can inherit harm and danger.

In the Old Testament, it is not surprising that these related terms are used quite frequently. It is interesting to note that this term can also be used in a negative sense (to impoverish, to disinherit, to be dispossessed, to devour, and to bring to ruin).

In the New Testament, God’s promise of inheritance surpasses the Law. Righteous Old Testament characters (Moses and Noah) receive an inheritance. Christians receive an inheritance and sonship in the kingdom of God (outside the earthly domain). It is interesting to not this notion correlates with Greek Hellenistic thinking.

Cleric derives from klerikos, pertaining to an inheritance.

I hope you were able to ‘inherit’ some insight about his term.

[Greek] ἐμπτύω (emptuo), [Latin] sputare: to spit on; Mt.26:67, Mt.27:30, Mk.10:34, Mk.14:65, Mk.15:19, Lk. 18:32

The Mocking of Christ: painting by Fra Angelico (1440-1442)

Background information:

The Mocking of Christ: The painting shows an image of Christ sitting on a throne, wearing a thorn crown and being blindfolded. The painting depicts a king who is suffering. Angelico did not include the full bodies of His tormentors. Instead, Angelico shows the parts of the tormentors that are abusing Christ. There are four disembodied hands, two on each side. The hands on the right are prepared to slap Him and to strike Him with a rod. The hands on the left are prepared to slap Him and to pull His beard. A disembodied head spits on Him. On the bottom left appears the Virgin Mary looking down in sadness with her left hand pressed to her check. In contrast, she raises her other hand in a gesture of obedience to the divine will. On the bottom right appears St. Dominic looking down as he reads the account of the story and meditates on its meaning.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to spit at or be spit upon. Sophocles’ Antigone 1232 states “But the boy glared at him with savage eyes, spat in his face, and without a word, in response drew his twin-edged sword.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 8.1.42 states “He trained his associates also, not to spit or wipe the nose in public, and not to turn around to look at anything, as being men who wondered at nothing.” Sophocles’ Antigone 653 states “For what wound could strike deeper than a false friend? No, spit her out as if she were an enemy, let her go find a husband in Hades.”

Old Testament: This term means to spit upon. But the Lord said to Moses, ‘If her father had but spit in her face, would she not bear her shame for seven days? Let her be shut up for seven days outside the camp, and afterward she may be received again (Num.12:14). Then his brother’s wife shall come to him in the sight of the elders, and pull his sandal off and spit in his face; and she shall declare, ‘This it is done to the man who does not build up his brother’s house’ (Deu.25:9).

New Testament: This term also means to spit upon. In His ultimate fate in being led to the cross, Jesus was spit upon, struck, and scourged. Spitting someone in the face was perhaps the greatest form of contempt (disgrace) shown on someone else. Striking a person with fists on the temple was one of most despicable Greek punishments. Slapping someone with the back of one’s hand was also another form of contempt.

Conclusion:

Empty, sputum

It goes without saying that spitting on someone is a form of contempt in any time in history. In a sense, spitting can ‘cut’ such a deep wound as any sword attack. When one spits, one is emptying one’s saliva. Not surprisingly, the sound of spitting sounds like “ptuo”.

Update: For our new president to say that he is a “faithful Catholic” is a total mockery and contemptible to all truly faithful Catholics alike. This ‘Catholic’ president will soon eventually further promote abortion (the culture of death) and other anti-Catholic (Christian) policies in the months and years ahead. It is very difficult to have any respect for such a person like this!

I am myself empty. What else can I say about spitting?

Greek] μάχαιρα (machaira), [Latin] pugio, [Latin] cultellus, [Latin] gladius: sword, dagger, knife, judicial punishment, weapon; Mt.10:34, Mt.26:47,51-52,55, Mk.14:43,47-48, Lk.21:24, Lk.22:36,38,49,52, Jn.18:10-11, Acts 12:2, Acts 16:27, Rom.8:35, Rom.13:4, Eph.6:17, Heb.4:12, Heb.11:34,37, Rev.13:10,14

A 14th century fresco in the Sacred Monastery of the Ascension of Christ (Visoki Decani) in Kosovo

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means knife, weapon, dagger, sabre, power of life and death, shears, scissors, and blade. Plutarch’s Dion 9 states “For the elder Dionysus was do distrustful and suspicious towards every one, and his fear led him to be so much on guard, that he would not even have his hair cut with barber’s scissors, but a hairdresser would come and singe his hair with a live coal.” Xenophon’s On the Art of Horsemanship 12.11 states “For harming the enemy we recommend the sabre rather than the sword because, owing to his lofty position, the rider will find the cut with the Persian sabre more efficacious.”

Old Testament: This term means sword, war, dagger, knife, cutting tool, tooth, and spear. Swords were generally double-edged, while daggers were generally hidden. Flint knifes were used for cutting flesh. Cutting tools were used for construction work. The sword was seen as a metaphorical representation of war. Teeth and mouths, like swords, were known to give out sharp words (and attacks). Make flint knives and circumcise the Israelite nation for the second time (Josh.5:2). Then he reached out and took the knife to slaughter his son (Gen.22:10). He made of me a sharp-edged sword and concealed me in the shadow of His arms (Isa.49:2). Otherwise the Hebrews will make swords or spears (1Sam.13:19). I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them (Exo.15:9). And you shall chase your enemies, and they shall before you by the sword (Lev.26:7). There is a generation, whose teeth are as sword, and their jaw teeth and knives (Prov.30:14).

New Testament: This term means sword, war, discord, death, and power (to punish). Physical spears are used in persecution, violence, and death. Jesus brings a metaphorical sword to sow division among people. This metaphorical sword may cause dissent or division among families (man vs father, daughter vs mother, etc). Jesus states that one must buy a ‘sword’ to be prepared for the enmity they face. Yet the disciples thought that Jesus was speaking literally. Paul likens the Christian to a Roman solider, wearing spiritual armor. Christians are called to have readiness for combat against humans and spiritual powers. The Word of God is a spiritual sword. The Word of God is sharper than any double-edged sword. This sword penetrates the secret thoughts of the heart of man. Jesus foretells that the Jews will fall by the edge of the sword by the Romans (destruction of Jerusalem by Rome). Jerusalem will be trampled underfoot until the time of the Gentiles are fulfilled.

Scripture:

“Do not think that I have come to bring peace upon the earth. I have come to bring not peace but the sword.” Mt. 10:34

Jesus calls to set family members against each other. Jesus comes to shake others assumptions and worldviews. The sword represents battle.

“And take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit, which is the Word of God.” Eph.6:17

Jesus calls upon His followers to put on armor for the spiritual battle. The spiritual sword is the the Word of God.

“Indeed, the Word of God is living and effective, sharper than any two-edged sword, penetrating even between soul and spirit, joints and marrow, and able to discern reflections and thoughts of the heart.” Heb. 4:12

The Word of God penetrates the thoughts and hearts of men.

Conclusion:

Machete, pugilist, pugilistic, gladiator, cutlery

It was interesting to discover that this term can also refer to scissors.

It is significant to note that the Old Testament culture uses this term in metaphorical ways. Swords can represent wars (battles). More interestingly, mouths, like swords, can create sharp words (attacks). The Messiah also is presented as a sharp-edged sword. This foreshadows the Word of God in the New Testament.

In the New Testament, the Word of God is the sword of the Spirit, penetrating the innermost motivations of man. Jesus brings a sword of division among families. In contrast to the ministry of the Twelve and of the seventy-two during the period of Jesus, Christian missionaries must be prepared for the opposition they will face in the world hostile to their preaching.

Update: This new administration will continue to unleash destructive social policies. Christians and Christian institutions will continue to be under assault. Christians are continually challenging local, state, and national officials concerning the their rights to gather and assemble in churches.

I hope I was able to make some sharp points (yet nothing you haven’t heard before) in this post.

[Greek] εὐχαριστέω (eucharisteō), [Latin] agere gratiam, [Latin] participare cum gratiam: to give thanks, to express gratitude, to return thanks, to give thanks before meals, to express thanks, 41 scriptural references

The people give thanks (eucharisteo) to the emperor.

Background information:

Greco-Roman culture: When a favor was given, an obligation of thanks was expected. This practice of giving thanks is found both in a secular and religious sense.

Public sphere: Secular and religious thanksgiving, bestowing of honors to public leaders and servants, public worship of the Emperor and other gods, giving thanks for healings, sacrifices, and other petitions for gods

Private sphere: praising the recipient in a letter (literary device), giving thanks to the gods in the introduction in the letter

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.32.9: “For the god promises fortune to many people to many people and utterly ruins them.

Xenophon Cyropaedia 8.3.49: “And when any one does them a favor, they try to do him one in return.”

Polybius’ Histories 16.25: “The Athenian people sent envoys to King Attalus, both to thank him for the past, and to urge him to come to Athens.

Old Testament/Judaism: In Judaism, there is no Hebrew equivalent to the Greek word eucharisteo. Religious thanks are expressed in a Toda (thanks offering) and a song of thanksgiving.  Food and drink are objects of thanksgiving. This corresponds to the Jewish rule that a blessing should be pronounced on each food. But thanksgiving will never cease.

Old Testament foreshadowing of the Mass (celebration of the Eucharist): The book of Malachi is the final book of the Old Testament. The prophet, who lived 400 years before Christ, speaks of a future time when God will be worshipped by Gentiles worldwide again and again throughout the world in every place (and time zone). This sacrifice will be a perfect offering (sacrifice), not marked by blemishes like those offered by the Old Testament priests in Jerusalem.

“From the rising of the sun to its setting, My name is great among nations (Gentiles); incense offerings are made to My name and a pure offering. For My name is great among the nations, says the Lord of hosts.” Mal.1:11

New Testament: This term means to give thanks and to be thankful. Examples include: Jesus giving thanks, the leper giving thanks, the Pharisees giving ‘thanks’, Paul giving thanks, and idolaters not giving thanks. Paul also uses an introductory literary device thanking God at the beginning of his letters. After the greeting, Paul gives thanks to God. This serves to usher in the main theme of the letter. This literary practice follows a Hellenistic tradition of thanking a god for one’s safety.

Scriptures:

Mt.15:36: He took the 7 loaves and the fish, gave thanks, broke the loaves and gave them to the disciples, who gave them to the crowd.

Mt.26:27: He took the cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, ‘Drink from it, all of you’.

Lk.17:16: The Samarian leper fell at Jesus’ feet and thank Him for healing him.

Lk.18:11: The proud Pharisees thanked God that he was not like the rest of humanity: greedy, dishonest, adulterous, or like tax collectors.

1Cor.11:24: He had given thanks, broke the bread, and said, ‘This is My Body that is for you. Do this in remembrance of Me’.

Rom.1:21: Idolaters have no excuse. Although they knew God, they do not honor or give thanks to God. They become vain in their reasoning.

Catholic Mass: Through the process of transubstantiation, the priest, standing the person of Christ, calls upon the Holy Spirit to change the bread and wine into the Eucharist. Interestingly, this term Eucharist is not found in the gospels. Eucharist was later coined as the original first-century term for the Communion service. Some time before 100 A.D., the ritual of the Lord’s Supper came to be known as the Eucharist. Ever since, the Eucharist is offered again and again at each Mass. The Eucharist is a remembrance (calling back to mind) of Jesus sacrifice on the cross.

Number meanings in scripture:

1. 1000: everyone
2. 4000: everyone in all four corners of the world
3. 5000: everyone under the Mosaic law
4. 7: perfection

Etymology: The Latin verb agere means to conduct, to act, or to deliver something or someone. The Greek verb eucharisto means to thank (-charizomai) well (eu-). The related Greek noun eucharistia means thanksgiving. The Greek ana- means again. The Greek mnesis means memory. The Greek amnesis means forgetfulness. The Greek anamnesis means “a knowing  again” (remembrance).

Conclusion:

Eucharist, eucharistic, agent, agency, participate, grace, gracious

In the public sphere, the people would often honor or give thanks to the gods and public officials. In a great public spectacle, the people would cheer the emperor. It is interesting to note that the emperor was also seen as a divine being. Other gods (deities) often received the praise from the people. A greeting of thanksgiving was part of a standard Hellenistic letter.

In the Old Testament, the Todah was the Hebrew thanks offering. The Todah is somewhat similar to the Greek notion of giving thanks.

Jesus calls that this action be REPEATED AGAIN AND AGAIN. The Eucharist is repeatedly celebrated at every Mass.

Lk.17:16: Samaritans were seen as enemies (second-class citizens) by the Jews. This is an secular example of this term.

Lk.18:11: A Pharisee smugly and falsely thanks God for how great he is and not like others.

Rom.1:21: There is a close relationship between evil, idolatry, and immorality. Idolaters claiming to be wise, become fools. They exchange the glory of God for the likeness of the image of man. Man’s desires are now being “worshipped or idolized”. 

1Cor.11:24: This is the earliest written record of the institution of the Lord’s Supper in the New Testament (53-56 AD).

President George Washington declared that Thursday November 26, 1789 as a day of public thanksgiving and prayer. Thanksgiving is a day set aside to give thanks for one’s blessings. So Thanksgiving has become both a religious and secular form giving thanks.

Update: Pope Francis and his inner circle are seeking to exchange the glory of God (in Jesus’ Church) for the glory of man’s desires (IDOLIZE) in a worldly synodal Church ( in the image of man)!

Pope Francis’ synodal Church seeks to welcome and accept worldly values, sin, and the refusal to acknowledge sin. Welcoming these values into Jesus’ Church is EVIL!

Pope Francis arrogantly believes that the Church must change! Does Pope Francis think he knows better than Jesus??? How FOOLISH!

Happy Thanksgiving!

Greek] δαιμόνιον (daimonion), [Latin] diabolus, [Latin] spiritus: demon, spirit, god, malevolent force, supernatural being, devil; 60 scriptural references

St. Paul delivering the Aeropagus Sermon in Athens: painting by Raphael (1515). The Areopagus was considered the cultural center of the learned people of the Greek world. Paul was using this venue to spread the Gospel message.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means god, deity, supernatural power, divinity, and fate. These beings can be an unknown superhuman, a controller of fate, a protective entity, a divine element in man, and a conscience. Philosophy, in its attempt to dispel or support myths, views these entities as intermediary beings. These intermediary beings are messengers between gods and men. Heroes are set alongside demons.

Demons: Demons are spatial creatures in the domains of the earth and air. These intermediary beings are closest to animism (magic and incantations), associated with misfortune and distress, and involved with possession. Demons’ evil character is more closely associated with matter rather than with divinity. Demons are also fundamentally spirits of the departed. Demons (shades) manifest in all kinds of places (and times) and in the most diverse situations. Demons are seen as capricious and unpredictable. In some situations, man attains supernatural abilities from demons. In the Greek Hellenistic viewpoint, the demonic is brought into conjunction with the divine. There is no absolute separation between these domains.

Plato’s Apology 27c states “But if I believe in spiritual beings, it is quite inevitable that I believe also in spirits. It is, but we do not think the spirits are gods or children of gods.” Sophocles’ Oedipus at Tyrannus 828 states “Then would he who judged these things to be sent down by some cruel divinity not be right about Oedipus?” Pindar’s Olympian Odes 13 states “For now I am hopeful, although a god controls the outcome.” Plato’s Republic 617c states “No divinity shall cast lots for you, but you shall choose your own deity.”

Old Testament: This term means false god, good for nothing (worthless), Gad (Babylon of god of misfortune), desert dweller, malignant demon, and hairy goat. There are many traces of a belief similar to the Greek belief in spirits. Conjuring of the dead was strongly condemned. Therefore, the sphere of demons only appears in the periphery of the Old Testament culture. The Old Testament culture develops the notion of a messenger (angelos) which can mean messenger of peace, herald, prophet, angel, messenger of death, and interpreter. These messengers have a dualism (spirit or matter). True spirits can take on an evil or positive nature influencing man. Demons become associated with the gods of the heathens.

They shall no longer sacrifice their sacrifices to the goat demons (Lev.17:7). Inquire of mediums and fortune-tellers should not a people inquire of their gods (Isa.8:19). They offered sacrifice to demons, to “no-gods’, to gods whom they had not known before (Deu.32:17). But when the angel stretched forth his hand toward to destroy it, the Lord regretted the calamity (2Sam.24:16). The spirit of the Lord had departed from Saul, and he was tormented by an evil spirit sent by the Lord (1Sam.16:14).

New Testament: This term means demon, demons, and strange deities. The New Testament continues to illustrate the Old Testament understanding of demons. Scriptural examples primarily involve demonic possession. There is no strict reference to messengers (intermediaries). Two kingdoms (Kingdom of God) and the kingdom of Satan (prince of the world) are set frequently set against each other. The demons, having limited autonomy, are generally under the control of Satan. Faith in God ultimately conquers and overcomes the fear of the demons.

Scripture:

“And demons also came out from many, shouting, ‘You are the Son of God.’ But He rebuked them and did not allow them to speak because they knew that He was the Messiah.” Lk.4:41

The demons had already known and feared the authority of Jesus.

“No, I mean that what they sacrifice, [they sacrifice] to demons, not to God, and I do not want you to become participants with demons.” 1Cor.10:20

Jesus denied divinity of pagan idols. The powers behind the idols consist of demonic powers hostile to God.

“Even some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers engaged him in discussion. Some asked, ‘What is this scavenger trying to say?’ Others said, ‘He sounds like a promoter of foreign deities’ because he was preaching about ‘Jesus’ and ‘Resurrection.’” Acts 17:18

When Paul was in Athens, he grew exasperated at the sight of the city full of idols. These philosophers thought that Paul was a promoter of new deities. This speaks to the ignorance of these philosophers. Paul sees this situation as an opportunity to appeal to the religiosity of these Athenians.

Conclusion:

Demon, demonic, spirit, diabolical

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term primarily refers to intercessory beings. It is interesting to see that these beings influenced the fate of men. In other times, a divine sense would be invoked in a person. Demons are spatial creatures whose evil qualities are associated with matter.

In the Old Testament, this term essentially pertains to all elements outside of God’s domain. This culture introduces the notion of angels (good and evil). Demons are associated with the gods and idols. It is interesting to note that demons are associated with hairy goats in Lev.17:7.

In the New Testament, demons are primarily associated with possession. Even demons fear the authority of Jesus. Paul sees that Athens is filled with idols.

In more recent times, indigenous Amazonians were seen worshipping and prostrating themselves before Pachamama fertility statues at the recent Vatican Synod on the Amazon in Rome. Not surprisingly, people rightly criticized that this ceremony (promoting pagan deities) was permitted at this Vatican synod. People celebrated the fact that these statues were later thrown in the Tiber River. Rather than apologizing for this Pachamama idolatrous spectacle, the Vatican apologized to those who were offended by the statues being thrown in the river. I think this is a clear example of lack of doctrinal priorities. Yet it was the Vatican who allowed this ceremony to occur. Yet it was the German cardinals and bishops who initiated this Synod (rather than the South American cardinals and bishops). The German leadership was spearheading this Synod to promote their agenda for married priests.

Interestingly, in his encyclical Redemptoris Missio, St. John Paul II likened the modern media to the New Areopagus (global village of social media). It is very important to acknowledge that the younger generations are growing up conditioned by the mass media. It is not enough to use the media to spread the Christian message and Church’s authentic teaching. It is also necessary to integrate that Christian message in the new culture created by modern communications. Pope Paul IV stated “The split between the Gospel and culture is undoubtedly the tragedy of our time.” (From the encyclical Evangelii Nuntiandi)

Like Paul, we also can be unsettled by these strange foreign (and recognizable) ‘gods’.

[Greek] σκιά (skia), [Latin] umbra, [Old English] sceadwe: shade, shadow, foreshadowing; Mt.4:16, Mk.4:32, Lk.1:79, Acts 5:15, Col.2:17, Heb. 8:5, Heb.10:1

A solar eclipse. The moon is in shadow (penumbra).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means shadow, shade, copy, unreality (of an object), what is fleeting or empty, vanity, phantom, worthlessness, reflection, silhouette, and uninvited guest. Sophocles’ Ajax 125 states “For I see that all we who live are nothing more than phantoms or fleeting shadows.” Euripides’ Andromarche 745 states “But as for your words, I bear them with patience. For a shadow that walks, you have a voice but are powerless to do anything but speak.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.1.22 states “And there appeared two women of great stature. One was fair to see and of high importance. The other was plump and soft. Now one eyed herself, anon looked whether any noticed her, and often stole a glance at her own shadow.” Plato’s Republic 517d states “Do you think it all strange if a man returning from divine contemplation to the petty miseries of mean cuts a sorry figure becomes sufficiently accustomed to the environing darkness.”

Old Testament: This term, used in a metaphorical and literal sense, means shade, shadow, and darkness. Shadows are found with sundials, trees (plants), clouds, roofs, mountains, God’s protectiveness (shelter). Darkness, frequently described as the shadow of death, pertains to vanity, corruptibility, and disobedience, and separation. Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death (Psa.23:4). There is no darkness or deep shadow (Job 34:22). May darkness and gloom claim it (Job 3:5). The mountains were covered by its shadow (Psa.80:10). O God! We take refuge in the shadow of your wings (Psa.36:7). My days are like a lengthening shadow (Psa.102:11). Before I go whence I shall not return, to the land of darkness and of gloom (Job 10:21). Anguish has taken wing, dispelled is darkness (Isa.9:1).

New Testament: This term means shade, shadow, and foreshadowing (facsimile). The mature mustard plant’s large branches provide shade for the birds. The sick were laid down on cots and mats so that Peter’s shadow might fall on them. Prophecy (Isa.8:22 to Isa.9:1) was fulfilled when Jesus resides at Capernaum. Capernaum is in the region of Zebulum and Naphtali, two territories which where tribes were destroyed by the Assyrians. Hebrews employs Hellenistic dualism to compare and contrast the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Law is only a shadow of the covenant that Jesus brings. The existing Hebrew worship area is a copy and shadow of the heavenly sanctuary.

Scripture:

“But once it is sown, it springs up and becomes the largest of plants and puts forth large branches, so that the birds of the sky can dwell in its shade.” Mk.4:32

The mustard tree grows into the largest of trees, providing ample shade.

“The people who sit in darkness have seen a great light, on those dwelling in a land overshadowed by death light has arisen.” Mt.4:16

By coming to Capernaum, Jesus fulfills prophecy in becoming a light in the region of Zebulum and Naphtali, previously conquered by the Assyrians.

“They worship in a copy and shadow of the heavenly sanctuary.” Heb.8:5

This worship area is just a shadow of the heavenly sanctuary.

Umbrage: Used since the early 15th century, this term means shadow, darkness, and shade. Umbrage can also mean the suspicion that one has been slighted. The phrase ‘to take umbrage at’ is attested from the 1670’s. Although this phrase is not commonly used, its meaning can be applicable in any time period. Interestingly, this notion is related to the more current phrase ‘to throw shade,’ meaning to subtly insult someone or something. There now is shadow banning, a practice of blocking (or partially blocking) a user or their content from an online community.

Etymology: The Greek noun episkopos (bishop) is essentially one who shadows (skiazo) over (epi-) others. An umbrella is a diminutive form of the Latin umbra. A penumbra is the shadow of an eclipse of a celestial body (sun, earth, and moon). A squirrel (skiouros) essentially means “shadowed-tailed”.

Conclusion:

Shade, shadow, umbra, umbrella, episcopal, squirrel, penumbra, umbrage, scatter

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the wide range of meanings for this term. These are directly tied to the Hellenistic concept of dualism (copy/original), (old/new), (promise/fulfillment), and (shadow/reality). Such meanings include vanity, emptiness, what is fleeting, appearances, reputation, and uninvited guests.

In the Old Testament, the shadow of death is essentially a separation from God. Shade (shadow) is found in many situations. God also provides shade (shelter) for those in need. Capernaum is in the region of those cities which were conquered by the Assyrians. The Hellenistic notion of dualism serves to define and contrast Jesus and heavenly worship.

For many of us, a great sense of darkness has come upon our country in the form of censorship, cancel culture, restriction of the freedoms of speech and assembly, and disastrous policies of this new administration.

Update: Many Americans have taken umbrage with the Supreme Court’s ‘weak kneed’ and cowardly response to the 2020 election lawsuits. These actions will serve to further erode the American people’s confidence in elections. Essentially, all of the govt. institutions have failed the American people. In his dissenting opinion, Justice Thomas states:

“One wonders what this Court waits for. We failed to settle this dispute before the election, and thus provide clear rules. Now we again fail to provide clear rules for the future elections. The decision to leave election law hidden beneath a shroud of doubt is baffling. By doing nothing, we invite further confusion and erosion of voter confidence. Our fellow citizens deserve better and expect more of us. I respectfully dissent.”

I have no shadow of a doubt that this will spark a national movement to ensure election integrity (with forensic examination of ballots). This movement already has and will come from the citizens (at the grassroots level).

[Greek] τεχνίτης (technitēs), [Latin] structor, [Latin] artifex: craftsman, artisan, builder, artisan; Acts 19:24,38, Heb 11:10, Rev.18:22

Remnants of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus (near the present day town Selcuk in Turkey)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means artificer, craftsman, potter, skilled workman, person, person versed in religious practice, and artist. Plato’s Republic 530a states “He will be willing to concede that the artisan of heaven fashioned it, and all that it contains in the best possible manner for such a fabric.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.7.5 states “What is an artisan? One who knows how to produce something useful.” Xenophon’s Constitution of the Lacedaemonians 13.5 states “And so, could you watch the scene you would think all other mean mere improvisors and the Lacedaemonian the only artists in warfare.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.4.9 states “Yes, for I don’t see the master’s hand, whereas I see the makers of things in this world.”

Old Testament: This term means artisan, craftsman, expert, workman, mason, engraver, and carpenter. The work of the hands of an artist (Sng.7:1). And from studying the works did not discern the artisan (Wis.13:1). An abomination to the Lord, thw work of the hands of the craftsman (Deu.27:15). Then they gave money to the masons and carpenters (Ezr.3:7). As for the idol, a craftsman casts it (Isa.40:19). There are many workmen with you, stonecutters, and masons of stone and carpenters, and all men who are skillful in every kind of work (1Chr.22:15).

New Testament: This term means craftsman, skilled workman, and designer. The silversmiths (craftsmen) in Ephesus made miniature shrines (idols) to the goddess Artemis. Artemis was worshiped as a fertility and nature goddess in the Hellenistic culture. In response to Paul’s claim that these shrines were not gods, these silversmiths rioted. The silversmiths were very worried about their idols. By faith Abraham was called to go out to a place where he was to receive his inheritance. He was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and maker is God.

Scripture:

“There was a silversmith named Demetrius who made miniature silver shrines of Artemis and provided not little work for the craftsmen.” Acts 19:24

The silversmiths made idols to Artemis, the Hellenistic god of nature and fertility.

“For he was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and maker is God.” Heb.11:10

Abraham is ultimately seeking a city which was built by God.

Current culture: In a sense, many of us have almost become like little pagans bowing down to technology, smartphones, and other gadgets, etc. Some strive (‘worship’) for fortune, fame, or wealth. We get upset when our phones, computers, and other electronic gadgets are missing, lost, or broken down. (We cry out in fear when this happens. Count me in this category). Many of us have spent much time “bowing down” in texting on our smartphones. (At least, I am not this far gone because I do not text much). In fact, there is a medical condition of neck stiffness, strain, and soreness from extended periods of bending the neck. This condition is called “tech neck.”

Conclusion:

Artifice, artificial, construction, technical

In the Greek Hellenistic culture, it is interesting to note that this term can be conveyed in a religious sense (silversmiths). Xenophon makes reference to artisans (specialists) in military warfare. Perhaps these are elite soldiers. Plato develops the notion of a craftsman or designer of the cosmos. This notion comes somewhat towards the later Christian understanding of the universe.

In the Old Testament, artisans, craftsmen, and carpenters play a central role in developing the simple and rural communities. There are instances where craftsmen build pagan idols.

In the New Testament, Paul provokes a riot among the silversmiths when he claims that the shrines are not gods. Hebrews alludes to a city (with foundations) built and designed by God.

Artifice is the workmanship or making of something by craft or skill. Artifice may also imply a sense of falseness and trickery.

However, there is nothing artificial in how this term has been crafted (made) over history.

Next posts: receiving ashes; the broken shards of life

[Greek] ἀναιρέω (anaireō), [Latin] demolire, [Latin] adoptare: to take up, to take away, to do away, to put to death, to slay; Mt.2:16, Lk.22:2, Lk.23:32, Acts 2:23, Acts 5:33,36, Acts 7:21,28, Acts 9:23,24,29, Acts 10:39, Acts 12:2, Acts 13:28, Acts 16:27, Acts 22:20, Acts 23:15,21,27, Acts 25:3, Acts 26:10, Heb. 10:9

The Finding of Moses: painting by Lawrence Alma-Tadama (1904)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to take up, to carry off, to make away with, to appoint, to take up for oneself, to destroy, to annul, to do away with, to take up in one’s arms, to withdraw money, to take upon oneself, to adopt (to accept as ones own), and to cancel. Herodotus’ The Histories 7.16 states “Xerxes said this, but Artabanus would not obey the first command, thinking it was not right for him to sit on the royal throne’ at last he was compelled and did as he was bid.” Aristophanes’ Clouds 531 states “I exposed by offspring (comedy) and another girl took it up, owned it, and generously reared and and educated it.” Plato’s Republic 533c states “Then is not dialectics (investigating the truth) the only process of inquiry that advances in this manner, doing away with hypothesis in order to find confirmation?” Homer’s Iliad 1.449 states “Then Chryses lifted up his hands, and prayed aloud for them.”

Old Testament: This term means to slay, to plunder, to cut off, to ruin, to destroy, to take, to consecrate, to strike, to lift, to take away, to raise, to pour out, and to be lifted. Lord will You slay a nation, though blindness? (Gen.20:4). But you shall utterly destroy them (Deut.20:17). No one who may have been set apart among men shall be ransomed (Lev.27:29). The Lord God took the man and put him into the garden of Eden (Gen.2:15). He drew me out of many waters (Psa.18:16). When the child grew, she brought him to the Pharaoh’s daughter, and he became her son. She named him Moses (Exo.2:10).

New Testament: This term means to kill, to do away with (reject), and to adopt. The notion of taking up can be viewed in various nuanced ways. The majority of scriptural references pertain to killing or slaying. Acts 7:21 references the infant Moses who was brought and later adopted by Pharaoh’s daughter. Moses was taken up being raised in the Egyptian ways. Jesus takes away (rejects) the Old Testament authority and establishes the New Covenant. The Old Testament sacrifices cannot effectively remit the sins of the people. In following the will of God, Jesus offers His own body for this purpose.

Scripture:

“But when he (Moses) was exposed, Pharaoh’s daughter adopted him and brought up as her own.” Acts 7:21

Moses was taken up adopted into the Egyptian ways

“Then He says, ‘Behold, I come to do your will.” He takes away the first to establish the second.” Heb.10:9

Jesus takes away the authority of the Old Testament in providing salvation for others.

Etymology: The Greek verb anaireo essentially means to take (-haireo) up (ana-). The Greek verb haireo can also mean to choose. Interestingly, this term becomes the foundation for the words heresy, heretic, and heretical. In a sense, one chooses to kill, take up something, or to make a decision.

Conclusion:

Adopt, adoption, demolish, demolition, heretic, heresy, heretical

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is used in various and many nuanced ways. For the interests of brevity, I included only a few examples. Some interesting examples include taking up (an animal for a sacrifice), destroying an argument, taking something upon oneself, accept as one’s own, and adopting.

In the Old Testament, this term is also used quite frequently. Not surprisingly, this term frequently references killing. Other interesting uses include dedicating to, devoting to, and being consecrated.

In the New Testament, this term refers to killing, to doing away with, and to adopting. The most important use refers to Jesus taking away the power of the Old Testament law to provide salvation for others.

Update: Later this month, the Supreme Court will take up the election lawsuits involving Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Georgia involving the expansion of mail-in ballots (changing the rules), lacking security measures, machine vote tabulation, and denial of poll watcher access. Why is this happening now instead of before the election? Why weren’t these issues addressed before choosing the next president? Then we have local county officials who are choosing (taking much effort) in pushing back against having a full forensic examination of the votes in Arizona. What conclusions can you take from that?

I really have been taken away– [sorry, couldn’t resist] –by the many meanings associated with this term. So that is my take-away from this post.

The next post I crafted: when we ‘worship’ our own ‘idols’.

[Greek] χαρίζομαι (charizomai), [Latin] donare: to show favor, to give freely, to hand over, to give graciously, to do a favor, to show kindness, to grant a favor, to give generously; Lk.7:21,42-43, Acts 3:14, Acts 25:11,16, Acts 27:24, Rom.8:32, 1Cor.2:12, 2Cor.2:7,10,13, Gal.3:18, Eph.4:32, Php.1:29, Php.2:9, Col.2:13, Col.3:13, Phm.1:22

Barabbas: painting by James Tissot (1886). Barabbas grins as he is released from captivity.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to show pleasure, to show oneself to be pleasant (in word or deed), and to be agreeable. In Greek Hellenism, bestowing favor becomes associated with  rulers in a political and spiritual sense. Plato’s Philebus 54d states “We ought to be grateful to him who pointed out that there is only a generation, but no existence, of pleasure; for he is clearly making a laughing-stock of those who assert that pleasure is a good.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 4.3.16 states “ How am I to please the gods? The Delphic god replies ‘Follow the custom of the state. It is the custom that men propitiate gods with sacrifices according to their power.’”

Old Testament: This term essentially means to give favor. The majority of scriptural examples pertain to God as the source of favor and blessings. This in part speaks to the weakness, petitions, pleas, complaints, and insecurities of man. This term also pertains to the kind turning (attitude) of a person in helping or favoring others. There appears to be little correlation or relationship between grace and works. In my troubles, you cleared a way; show me favor (Psa.4:1). But he who is king to the need glorifies Him (Prov.14:31). Redeem me, be gracious to me (Psa.26:11). No good comes to him who gives comfort to the wicked, not is in an act of mercy that he does (Sir.12:3). Some begged Onias to invoke the Most Hight, praying that the life of the man who was about to expire might be spared (2Macc.3:31). But I walk without blame; redeem me, be gracious to me (Psa.26:11).

New Testament: This term means to give generously, to forgive, to cancel a debt, and to hand over into custody. Giving generously consists of healing, granting, bestowing, and freely giving. Luke uses this term in a legal context. Barabbas is handed over to the people, while Paul is handed over to the Roman authorities. Jesus gives sight to many who were blind. The generous creditor forgave the debt of two debtors. Paul uses this term in his understanding of salvation. We are called to forgive as Jesus forgives.

Scripture:

“At that time He cured many of their diseases, suffering, and evil spirits; He also granted sight to many who were blind.” Lk.7:42

Out of His mercy, Jesus heals others.

“You denied the Holy and Righteous One and asked that a murderer be released to you.” Acts 3:14

Luke uses this term in a legal context. The Jewish people seek the freedom of Barabbas.

“And be kind to one another, compassionate, forgiving one another as God has forgiven you in Christ.” Eph. 4:32

Paul uses this term in the context of salvation. Paul calls us to forgive other as Jesus forgives us.

Conclusion:

Charity, charitable, donor, donation

In a culture of a multitude of gods, pleasing or appeasing gods (deities) was a very important practice. It was understood that gods also bestowed favors. Hellenism introduces the idea that leaders can bestow favors in a political and spiritual sense. Emperors were also considered as gods.

In the Old Testament, God is seen as the primary source of bestowing favor (grace). This is in part due to the dependence of man on God.

The New Testament culture continues with the Hellenistic notion of leaders bestowing favors. Jesus heals and forgives others. Luke uses this term in a legal context. Paul uses this term in a salvation context. We are called to follow Jesus’ example in forgiving others. Interestingly, this term is related to the Greek charitoo (to make graceful). The perfect past participle of charitoo is kecharitomene, meaning full of grace. This applies to Mary. Scriptural exegesis states that Mary has received (through no efforts of her own) a perfection of grace. (This is not just a personal opinion. Scriptural evidence supports this.)

In our current times, we are often confronted with the circumstances of whether or not a bishop (priest) should give a pro-abortion politician Communion. I think Sir.12:3 offers timely wisdom regarding these situations. This does not provide a good look for a bishop or priest to tacitly allow such a politician to receive Communion. This is also not good for the eternal soul of such politicians. The real act of mercy is for the bishop (priest) to forbid this Communion and to instruct the politician about the seriousness of this practice. So now there will be cardinals, bishops, and priests willing to offer Communion to a pro-abortion president. Very sad.

Update: It can be charitably said that this new president has been elected legally through great political persuasion. It is difficult to be charitable toward a political campaign (and its  surrogates) who summarily dismiss the concerns of the other side. This is not how one earns their respect or even their moral support.

Can you do me a favor? Please consider my next post about separating, scattering, squandering, and dispersing. I promise not to squander your time. (There is even a scorpion in it!)

[Greek] ὀσμή (osmē), [Latin] odor: scent, aroma, odor, smell, fragrance; Jn.12:3, 2Cor.2:14-16, Eph.5:2, Php.4:18

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means smell, odor, sense (of smell), scent, perfume, and mist (vapor). Odors (scents), coming from nature, often have the power to give life over death. Scents can also come from the gods (deities). The ‘sweet savor of the gods’ is the scent which comes from the gods. Plato’s Timaeus 66e makes reference to smells existing the intermediate state when water is changing into air (or when air is changing into water). Euripides’ Hippolytus 1391 states “But what is this? O breath of divine fragrance. The goddess Artemis is in this place.” Homer’s Iliad 14.415 states “And even as when beneath the blast of father Zeus and oak falleth uprooted, and a dread reek of brimstone ariseth therefrom.” Sophocles’ Antigone 412 states “We then sat down on the brow of the hill to winward, fleeling the smell from him, lest it strike us.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 891 states “Do not trouble your men, so that they may not suffer from the foul stench before it is necessary. It will be trial enough for them to live on board with me.”

Old Testament: This term, used in both a positive and sense, means being morally offensive, smelling bad, becoming odious, fragrance, sweet odor, perfume, and aroma. The odor of soothing becomes a metaphorical term for a sacrifice to God. The Old Testament view holds that God “inhales” the savor of a sacrifice pleasing to Him. Pleasing sacrifices serve as a sweet savor to Him. Scents can provide powers of growth and protection (against demons). Wisdom also gives out a sweet savor. Likewise, if a sacrifice has no sweet savor, this is a sign of rejection. Their slain shall be cast out, their corpses shall send up a stench (Isa.34:3). The fragrance of my son is like the fragrance of a field that the Lord has blessed (Gen.27:7). You have brought us into bad odor with Pharaoh (Exo.5:21). Yet at the first whiff of water it may flourish again (Job 14:9). When the Lord smelled the sweet odor, He said, ‘Never again will doom the earth’ (Gen.8:21). Send up the sweet odor of your hymn of praise (Sir.39:14). I will lay waste your cities and devastate you sanctuaries, refusing to accept your sweet-smelling offerings (Lev.26:31).

New Testament: This term, used in both a literal and metaphorical (figurative) sense, means odor, fragrance, and scent. Such examples include fragrance (of oil), a pleasing  sacrifice, an odor of knowledge, an aroma of Christ, and an odor of death. Judas, one of the disciples, complained about Mary anointing Jesus’ feet with fragrant oil. Jesus offers Himself up as a fragrant aroma. The elderly Epaphroditus, in serving God and Paul, dies as a fragrant aroma. Christ perfuses the knowledge of God. Paul and others also perfuse the aroma of Christ. The odor of death leads to separation, judgment, and death.

Scripture:

“Mary took a liter of costly perfumed oil made from genuine aromatic nard and anointed the feet of Jesus and dried them with her hair; the house was filled with the fragrance of the oil.” Jn.12:3

This is a literal example of a fragrance. Judas complained that this expensive oil could have been sold for money to be given to the poor. Jesus stated that Mary’s actions were proper.

“And live in love, as Christ loved us and handed Himself over for us as a sacrificial offering to Go for a fragrant aroma.” Eph.5:2

Jesus’ sacrificial self-offering of Himself is likened to sweet swelling aroma. This sacrifice pleases God like a pleasant aroma.

“But thanks be to God, who always lead us in triumph in Christ and manifest through us the odor of knowledge of Him in every place. For we are the aroma of Christ for God among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing, to the latter an odor of death that leads to death, to the former and odor of life that leads to life.” 2Cor.2:14-16

The knowledge (odor) of God is dispensed by the Apostles. Paul himself perfuses the knowledge of Christ. Death has its unique odor. Life has its unique odor.

Odor of Sanctity (Osmogenesia): This is a supernaturally pleasant odor coming from the body or wounds, usually after death. It was presented as a physical sign of the superior spirituality of a person. This is also a favorable sign of holiness.

Scents associated with saints:

St. Padre Pio: roses and pipe tobacco

St. Polycarp: frankincense and myrrh

St. Therese of Lisieux: lilies, violets and roses

St. Teresa of Avila: roses

Etymology: The Latin verb perfumare literally means to smoke through. Perfume are fumes from a burning substance. The Latin perfundere means to pour (melt) over. The Latin perfusus is the past participle of perfundere. And for a final topping to this idea,  a fondue is something literally melted.

Conclusion:

Osmosis, odor

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that scents came from both nature and the gods. So it can be easy to make the connection with a pleasing sacrifice to a pleasing scent. I can imagine the gods would be pleased in ‘inhaling’ a sweet smelling aromatic sacrifice. This is then in stark contrast to the odor of corruption and death. It is also amusing that
Sophocles makes reference to B.O. (body odor). [Seinfeld would be proud!]

Perhaps not surprisingly, the Old Testament also holds the notion that God ‘inhales’ a pleasing sacrifice. On the other hand, a sacrifice without savor is insufficient.

The New Testament stresses the metaphorical (figurative) notion of a pleasing sacrifice. Jesus offers Himself as a fragrant aroma perfusing the knowledge of God. In God’s ‘eyes’, a pleasing sacrifice is a function of one’s self-giving of himself. Life and death each have their respective odors. The elderly Ephaphroditus, in his service to God and Paul, becomes a fragrant aroma. It is not surprising that some incorrupt saints perfuse a pleasant ‘aroma’.

Update: Our new president now says that we are now a systemically racist country. It stinks that he would see our country in this way.

I hope this post was able to perfuse further knowledge (understanding) about this term, either by sight or osmosis.

[Greek] ἀδύνατος (adynatos), [Latin] impossibilis, [Latin] impotens: incapable, powerless, impossible; Mt.19:26, Mk.10:27, Lk.18:27, Acts 14:8, Rom.8:3, Rom.15:1, Heb.6:4,18, Heb.10:4, Heb.11:6

St. Paul Healing the Cripple at Lystra: painting by Karel Dujardin (1663)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means unable, without strength, powerless, disabled, of no importance, impossible, unrealizable, unable, and feeble. Herodotus’ The Histories 9.60 states “But if, as may be, anything has befallen you which makes it impossible for you to aid us, do us the service of sending us your archers. We are sure that you will obey us knowing that you have been far more zealous.” Euripides’ Helen 811 states “You will hear. But to undertake impossibilities is no mark of wisdom.” Aristotle’s Athenian Constitution 49.4 states “The Council also inspects the Incapables; for there is a law enacting that persons possessing less than 3 minae and incapacitated by bodily infirmity from doing any work are to be inspected by the Council.” Herodotus’ The Histories 6.106 states “He told them what he had bee ordered to say, and they resolved to send help to the Athenians, but they could not do this, immediately for they were unwilling to break the law.”

Old Testament: This term means unable, needy, poor, oppressed, lowly, humble, impossible, and incompetent. But the poor from the edge of the sword and from the hand of the mighty, He saves (Job 5:15). Thou shall not wrest the judgment of my poor in His cause (Exo.23:6). Thou shalt no oppress a hired servant that is poor and needy (Deu.24:14) But man dies and lies prostrate (Job 14:10). And You save an afflicted people (2Sam.22:28). Let the weak man say, ‘I am a warrior’(Joel 3:10).

New Testament: This term means impossible, crippled, weakened, and failing. It is impossible to seek redemption for those who have turned away from the heavenly gift and the Holy Spirit. It is impossible for the blood of Old Testament sacrifices to take away sins. It is impossible to please and approach God without faith. It is impossible for humans to attain salvation by themselves. At Lystra Paul heals a lame and crippled man. The Law is powerless, weakened by the flesh.

Scripture:

“Jesus looked at them and said, ‘For human beings this is impossible, but for God all things are possible.’” Mt.19:26

In the Old Testament, wealth and material goods were considered a sign of God’s favor. Jesus claims that this type of wealth is a false sense of security. They were astonished when Jesus speaks of accumulating a more permanent spiritual treasure. Achievement of salvation is beyond human capability and depends solely on God’s goodness.

“At Lystra there was a crippled man, lame from birth, who had never walked.” Acts 14:8

Paul heals the crippled man. This is an opportunity for God’s grace to physically this man.

“For it is impossible that the blood of bulls and goats take away sins.” Heb.10:4

This scripture speaks to the ineffectual capacity of the Old Testament sacrifice to take away sins. Jesus offers Himself as a much superior sacrifice to take away sins.

Conclusion:

Dynamic, dynasty, impossible, impotent

It was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include disabled (ships), persons (of no importance), and undesirable (people). In light of the social-political structure of classes of people (powerful and wealthy, citizens, and slaves and the poor), I can see how this meaning would apply. Shipping was a very important industry in this Mediterranean culture. Incapables is a curious term for needy and incapable persons.

There are many Old Testament scriptural references pertaining to the down-trodden, humble, and oppressed. It was also interesting to discover the highly held Old Testament cultural preference for wealth. This Old Testament idea perhaps may have planted the seeds for the later notion of the “prosperity gospel” in current times (not in the New Testament era). Some could say Abraham was spiritually “rich” in his covenant with God. Therefore, one could also say wealth is also a blessing from God.

In the New Testament, the Old Testament sacrifice is less effective than the sacrifice offering from Jesus. In His providence, God uses Paul to provide a divine healing to the lame man. Jesus speaks against the Old Testament notion of wealth in talking about how one gets into heaven. Jesus claims that this material wealth is a false sense of security. Rather, Jesus claims that it is more important to gather spiritual treasures in heaven.

In my opinion, this notion of the “prosperity gospel” is a alteration (aberration) of the true meaning of the gospel message. A pastor (preacher) who has a mansion or a multi-million organization is not just a good look for others to see.

The Greeks called the needy and incapacitated Incapables. Hillary Clinton called Trump voters Deplorables. Now some are called worse names. These are examples of ridicule in any age. To say otherwise, would be impossible!

Update: We have now come into a time where powerful social media (tech) giants are beginning to censor, block and ban people (and followers) and articles (content information). As a result, many have flocked to other free speech platforms. Now these tech giants are working together to hinder this movement by restricting the downloading of apps and even potentially shutting off these platforms. These media tactics and practices feel like actions that are usually done by tyrannical and repressive regimes. It is very interesting to note that more and more people are making these same observations.

Many people feel worried, afraid, and helpless at this time in our country!

“Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by subduing the freeness of speech.” Benjamin Franklin

[Greek] κριτής (kritēs), [Latin] iudex, [French] juge, [French] oumpere, [Latin] testis: judge, umpire, witness; Mt.5:25, Mt.12:27, Lk.11:19, Lk.12:58, Lk.18:2,6, Acts 10:42, Acts 13:20, Acts 24:10, 2Tim. 4:8, Heb.12:23, Jam.2:4, Jam.4:11, Jam.5:9

Parable of the Unjust Judge: painting by Pieter de Grebber (1628)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means judge, umpire, and interpreter. Aeschylus’ Suppliant Women 397 state “The judgment is not easy—do not make the judge. I have declared already that, though I am ruler, I will not do this thing without the consent of the people.” Aeschylus’ Persians 226 states “According to our interpretation of these portents, the issue with all respect prove prosperous to you.” Antiphon’s On the Murder of Herodes 5.94 states “It is not haste, but discretion which triumphs; so take cognizance of the case today; pass judgment over it later, form an opinion as to the truth today: decide upon it later.” Aristophanes’ Birds 445 states “I swear it and, if I keep my promise, let judges and spectators give me the victory unanimously.”

Old Testament: This term means judge, advocate, judging, being judged, giving legal aid, litigating, and executing justice. The Lord therefore be judge, and judge between me and you (1Sam.24:15). Arise, Lord, let no mortal prevail; let the nation be judged in your presence (Psa.9:20). Whenever they have a disagreement, they come to me to have me settle the matter between them (Exo.18:16). Give your servant an understanding heart to judge your people and to distinguish right from wrong (1Kgs.3:9). Make justice your aim: redress the wronged (Isa.1:17). For the Lord shall judge all mankind by fire and sword (Isa.66:16).

Oath swearing (“putting a hand under someone’s thigh”): The thigh is considered a euphemism for the loins or testes. The ‘thigh’ was considered important for the purposes of taking an oath. Abraham had been promised a ‘seed’ by God. This covenantal blessing was passed on to his sons. Abraham made his trusted servant swear “on the seed of Abraham” that he would find a wife for Isaac. The Hebrew custom was to swear on circumcision, the mark of God’s covenant. Later Jewish tradition holds that allowing one’s hand to be sat on was a submission of authority.

“Abraham said to his servant of his household, who had charge of all his possessions: ‘Put your hand under my thigh, and I will make you swear by the Lord God, that you will not take a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites’.” Gen.24:2-3

Abraham, through a covenant action, was promised a ‘seed’ by God.  The loins become associated with making oaths.

“So the servant put his hand under the thigh of his master Abraham and swore to him concerning this matter.” Gen.24:9

The servant acts on his oath to carry out Abraham’s request.

“When the time approached for Israel to die, he called his son Joseph and said to him, ‘If it pleases you, put your hand under my thigh as sign of your enduring fidelity to me; do not bury me in Egypt.’” Gen. 47:29

Joseph swears to carry out his father’s earnest final request.

New Testament: This term essentially means judge. Scriptural examples refer to official judges, God, and people judging (and being judged by others). In his incarceration, Paul has confidence in the governor as a fair judge. Reconciliation with an offended brother is urgently preferable than facing judgment from an unrepentant judge. The persistent widow before the unjust judge makes reference to the need for persistent prayer. God is viewed as the eternal and just judge.

Scripture:

“There was a judge in a certain town who neither feared God nor respected any human being.” Lk.18:2

The poor widow kept bothering the judge. The poor widow was persistent in her efforts and the judge relented and gave a just verdict. This refers to the usefulness and benefits of perseverance in prayer.

“And if I drive out demons by Beelzebul, by whom do your own people drive them out? Therefore they will be your judges.” Mt.12:27

After pointing out the absurdity of this charge, Jesus asks by what authority do the Jewish exorcists have. Jesus asks how will these people make a judgment about this.

“Do not complain, brothers, about one another, that you may not be judged. Behold the Judge is standing before the gates.” Jam.5:9

We are called to not make judgments, lest we become judged.

Umpire: This word was originally derived from the French noumpere, which refers to a third person who arbitrates between two persons. The prefix non- means not and –per means equal. Later the letter n was removed. An umpire is essentially one without equal.

Conclusion:

Judge, judgment, testify, testimony, umpire, testes

Not surprisingly, this term is frequently found in a culture with rulers, kings, emperors, and generals. It was interesting to discover that this term also refers to an interpreter of the gods’ messages (portents). Perhaps, this is an apt definition of a judge. I was really taken aback in that the Latin word for judge is testis. (I am sure one can image what immediately comes to mind –a man’ sexual organs????). Testes and judges – I did not see that coming! Perhaps that is also why that the term loins is also used euphemistically used for this region.

In the Old Testament, I did some further research on this term. Then to my further surprise, I came across the early Old Testament practice of making an oath by putting one’s hand under someone’s “thigh”. A servant made an oath to Abraham by doing exactly this. This practice perhaps make sense in light of that God made a covenant blessing through Abraham’s seed (ability to have children). In a sense, one’s seed provides a witness (testimony) of one’s fatherhood.

In the New Testament, this term refers to actual judges, God, and people judging (and being judged by others). Parables and instructional advice pertains to prayer, perseverance, prejudices, and presumption.

I was quite surprised by the covenant practice of placing one’s under someone’s thigh. What do you think?

Update: election aftermath: Immediately, it is going to be very interesting to see what will unfold in this election. To be honest, the Trump campaign has had to deal with many under-handed practices (actions) from the other side. Examples include changing election rules without the legislatures’ authority, blocking election observers, claiming that illustrating and highlighting fraud is “undermining democracy”, many election whistleblowers (eye-witnesses), shady voting switches, “water leaks”, election software connected to the internet, political stonewalling, shredded ballots, foreign nation involvement, and potential political foreign influence of politicians.

How do you have more recorded votes than recorded voters (Pennsylvania)? How do accumulated recorded votes actually decrease during election night? It is also very unfortunate that we do not have impartial judges as (umpires) who can “call balls and strikes” for both sides. Instead, we have weak-kneed judicial decisions, and partisan judicial activism (by acting or not acting).

With all these events happening, it’s like we are in a Tom Clancy novel! (You can’t really make these things up). That is how it looks like it for me.  But I will let you be the judge of that!

[Greek] ἐρημόω (erēmoō), [Latin] desolare, [Latin] vastare, [Latin] perdere: to desolate, to lay waste, to put in a wilderness (desolation), to destroy, to bring to ruin, to make desolate; Mt.12:25, Lk.11:17, Rev.17:16, Rev. 18:17,19

Many of us are still wandering in this political and economic wilderness of uncertainty.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to desolate, to lay waste, to strip bare, to abandon, to desert, to leave alone, and to suffer. Aeschylus’ Suppliant Woman 516 states “Your father will not leave you alone for along.” Andocides’ On the Peace 3.21 states “What did our present allies propose to do with us? They proposed to sell our citizens as slaves and make Attica a waste.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 260 states “For it is fitting to give homage to the consort of a sovereign prince when her husband’s throne is empty.” Euripides’ Andromache 805 states “Hermione, deserted by her father and at the same time aware of what a dreadful deed she has committed in plotting to kill Andromache and her son, means to die, afraid her husband may send her away in disgrace.” Euripides’ Andromache 314 states “And if you do not leave and vacate this precinct, the boy here will be slaughtered in place of you.”

Old Testament: The wilderness can be a place of demons, dangers (to the body and soul), refuge (to the persecuted and criminals), and obedience. This place can be a place for communion with God, grace, and wonders (miracles). Judaism holds that the age of salvation along with the Messiah’s appearance will appear in the wilderness. The community of Christ will later remain hidden in the wilderness until Christ comes. John the Baptist arises out of the wilderness and prepares the way of the Lord.

Behold, the Lord lays the earth waste, devastates it (Isa.24:1). And a river becomes parched and dried up (Psa.106.9). And shudder, be very desolate, declares the Lord (Jer.2:12). He who sacrifices to any god, others than to the Lord alone, shall be utterly destroyed (Exo.22:20). Their land will be stripped of its fullness on account of the violence of all who live in it (Eze.12:19). He lived in the wilderness of Paran (Gen.21:21). I will also break down your pride of power (Lev.26:19). They took Absalom and cast him into a deep pit in the forest (2Sam.18:17).

New Testament: This term, used in a passive in a sense, means to be laid waste, to be desolate, and to be ruined. The Pharisees accused Jesus of driving out demons by the authority of Beelzebul. Jesus responds by pointing out that Satan would be driving out Satan (dividing against itself leading to waste). The new Babylon (Rome) is the harlot being left desolate and naked by the ten horns (kings) and the beast (Nero). The great wealth of this city (Babylon) will be ruined.

Scripture:

“But He knew what they were thinking and said to them, ‘Every kingdom divided against itself will be laid waste, and no town or house divided itself will stand.’” Mt.12:25

The Pharisees accused Jesus of driving out demons by the authority of Beelzebul. Jesus points out that then Satan will driving out Satan. These kingdoms divided itself will be laid waste.

“The ten horns that you saw and the beast will hate the harlot; they will leave her desolate and naked; they will eat her flesh and consume her with fire.” Rev.17:16

Babylon (Rome) is the harlot. The ten kings and Nero will leave this harlot desolate and naked.

Perdition: In Christian theology, this notion is a state of eternal punishment and damnation into which a sinful and unpenitent person passes after death.

Hermit: This is a person who lives in seclusion from society, usually for religious reasons. Some notable Christian hermits include:

John the Baptist

Paul of Thebes (4^th century): Regard as the first hermit

St. Jerome (4^th century): Doctor of the Church

St. Benedict of Nursia (6^th century):  founder of the Benedictine order

St. Juan Diego: visionary of the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe

Conclusion:

Hermit, hermetic, waste, desolate, desolation, perdition

Aside from the literal meanings of this term, it was interesting to discover this term’s more nuanced meanings. Such examples include abandoning, leaving alone, lacking, and setting free.

It was also instructive in understanding that the wilderness can have both positive and negative aspects. The wilderness can be a place of communion with God or a place of obedience. The wilderness plays a central role in the journey with God.

Jesus points out the Pharisees’ foolish and ignorant arguments about His authority. The description of Rome as the new Babylon refers to this city’s paganism, corruption, power, and excess.

It is also important to note that a wilderness does not necessarily need to refer to a physical place. Anyone can (may) enter into a spiritual wilderness. St. Mother Teresa and St. Faustina both experienced a spiritual wilderness. The Church, faced with this sexual abuse crisis, has already entered into its spiritual and moral wilderness.

My own personal wilderness is: “I am praying constantly. But, why aren’t you answering my prayers! Why am I still in this same situation!”

Update: election aftermath: We all continue to wander through this wilderness of political confrontation, resistance, judicial obfuscation (unclear and “weak-kneed” rulings), and uncertainty. Many people have been making foolish arguments stating that there is no evidence of voter (election) fraud, yet at the same time, push back against forensically examining the votes (and election software). One wonders: “Why are they afraid of transparency?” Hopefully, soon we will be reaching the “promised land” in revealing (uncovering) the fraud and perpetrators and restoring confidence in the integrity of this election for the American people.

As a fellow traveler (and bike rider), make sure you pack up your prayers, pleas, and intentions while you listen, camp, and ride out with the Lord. Camel’s hair not required!

[Greek] λιθοβολέω (lithoboleō), [Latin] lapidare, [Spanish] lapidar: to pelt with stones, to cast stones, to execute someone by a mob or group throwing large stones; Mt.21:35, Mt.23:37, Mk.12:4, Lk.13:34, Jn.8:5, Acts 7:58,59, Acts 14:5, Heb.12:20

The Woman Taken in Adultery: painting by Rembrandt (1644)

Background information:

The Woman Taken in Adultery: Rembrandt brings this scene to life with the pale dressed adulterous woman as the focal point. Jesus is depicted as an imposing benevolent figure of higher moral superiority. The accusers are depicted as darker and shadowy figures. Jesus refuses to be tricked by the darker figures around Him and her.

Old Testament: The Torah and Talmud both prescribe stoning as punishment for a number of offenses. Stoning appears to have been the standard method of punishment of capital punishment in ancient Israel. Its uses are found in the early Christian era. However, Jewish courts have generally avoided stoning sentences in later times. They will incite a crowd against you and they will stone you and cut you into pieces with their swords (Eze.16:40). Then let all the congregation stone him (Lev.24:14). He threw stones at David and at all the king’s officers (2Kgs.16:6). The whole community threatened to stone them (Num.14:10). If we sacrifice what is an abomination to the Egyptians, will they not stone us? (Exo.8:26). So you shall stone him to death because he ahs sought to seduce you from the Lord your God (Deu.13:10). Remove the stones, lift up a standard over the people (Isa.62:10).

New Testament: This term essentially means to stone someone. Scriptural references pertain to the parable of tenants, Jesus’ lament on Jerusalem, the adulterous woman, the stoning (martyrdom) of Stephen, and the ordinances against approaching Mount Sinai. In the parable of tenants, the servant stoned is likened to the persecuted prophets. The Jews, supported by the Law, intend to stone the adulterous woman. Stephen is stoned and martyred because of his inspired accusations against the Jews. The Jews and Gentiles, fearful of Paul’s effectiveness in the synagogue, stone Paul and Barnabas. Heb. 12:20 makes reference to that Mt. Sinai is such holy grounds, that man and animals must be stoned before touching these grounds.

Scripture:

“But the tenants seized the servants and on they beat, another they killed, and a third they stoned.” Mt.21:35

The parable of the tenants refers to a landowner who sent his servants to obtain his produce. The servants killed and stoned by the servants allude to the prophets sent by God.

“Now in the law, Moses commanded us to stone such someone. So what do you say?” Jn.8:5

The Pharisees and scribes state that the Law allows for the adulterous woman to be stoned. Jesus guilts the accusers, forcing them to leave. Jesus tells the adulterous woman to sin no more.

“They threw Stephen out of the city, and began to stone him. The witnesses laid down their cloaks at the feet of a young man named Saul. As they were stoning Stephen, he called out, ‘Lord Jesus, receive my spirit’”. Acts 7:58-59

Stephen, inspired by the Holy Spirit, likened his accusers to those who killed past prophets. In turn, his accusers became infuriated and begin to stone him.

Dilapidation: This refers to the state of disrepair, decay, ruin, misuse, neglect of something. This is a wearing down of something as if stones were thrown at it.

Lapis: Perhaps it is from the Latin lapis (stone) that we get the Spanish lapiz (pencil). (Or you can ‘draw’ – [sorry, couldn’t resist]– your own conclusions).

Conclusion:

Dilapidation, dilapidated, lapiz

In the Old Testament, stoning is one of the punishments carried out by a group as a whole. It is interesting to note that this term also refers to clearing out a place (path) by removing stones.

In the New Testament, the stoning regulations in the Law continue. In the Jews’ minds, Stephen’s ‘scandalous’ words were cause for stoning him.

At first glance, I really didn’t think that there would be any modern day words that would come from this Roman term lapis. This term makes perfect sense when you ‘throw’ stones and accusations together. But after further research, I found the Latin term lapidare. It was also within a small ‘stone’s throw away’ (the next entries), that I found the words dilapidated and lapiz.

Our current post-Christian culture: We seem to be living in a world where activity, once considered sinful, becomes acceptable or even celebrated. This refers to abortion, relationships, and redefining marriage relationships. (Remember, Jesus came for sinners and told them to sin no more, not to normalize it).

WARNING — USELESS WORDS ALERT — (Far be it for me to throw stones, but I think these words are useless).

Lapidation: stone throwing (but not in glass houses)

Lapidator: one who throws stones (So now you can also be a lapidator in glass houses)

Lapidary: one who cuts, polishes or engraves gems and stones

Lapicide: a stonecutter (sounds more like killing someone by stone throwing)

Update: Election aftermath: The Trump campaign has every legal right to litigate their concerns in the court about this election process. However, critics continue to summarily dismiss and “throw stones” at the Trump legal team’s efforts.

To be honest, I have to say I was ‘thrown for a loop’ (astonished) that I found all these useful and useless words!

[Greek] παρακοή (parakoē), [Latin] disobedentia, [Latin] diffidentia: disobedience, inattention, unwillingness to hear, hearing amiss; Acts 7:5, Rom.5:19, 2Cor.10:6, Heb.2:2

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, rarely found, means hearsay, misunderstanding, hearing defect, disobedience, and unwillingness. Polybius’ The Histories 3.15 states “The Romans gave a strong injunction for Hannibal to leave Sagantum. Hannibal, with his long standing hatred of Rome, seized the opportunity to put some of the leading citizens to death. He declared that the Carthaginians would not allow the Saguntines to be thus treacherously dealth with.” Plato’s Letters 341b states “For he claimed that he himself knew many of the most important doctrines and was sufficiently informed owing to the version he heard from his teachers. But of all this I know nothing.”

New Testament: This term, not found in the Old Testament, means disobedience and unwillingness to hear (“bad hearing”). Stephen, inspired by the Holy Spirit, accuses the Jews of being like their persecuting ancestors. These furious Jews, unwilling to hear of Stephen’s scandalous words, covered their ears. Jesus, the obedient one made righteous, is contrasted to the evil one who sows disobedience. Paul speaks with military language using weapons not of flesh against every disobedience. The exhortation of faithfulness will overcome disobedience.

Scripture:

“But they cried out in a loud voice, covered their ears, and rushed upon Stephen together.” Acts 7:57

Stephen, inspired by the Holy Spirit, accused Jews of being like their past Jewish persecutors. These Jews covered their ears, refusing to hear Stephen’s ‘scandalous’ words.

“For just as through the disobedience of one person the many were made sinners, so through the obedience of the one the many will be made righteous.” Rom.5:19

The evil one, sowing disobedience, is contrasted to Jesus, the obedient servant. Jesus’ followers will be made righteous.

“And we are ready to punish every disobedience, once your obedience is complete.” 2Cor.10:6

Paul uses military language. Paul will use weapons, not of the flesh to conquer disobedience.

Diffidence: This term conveys the sense of lacking confidence or trust in someone or something. Diffidence is a distrust or doubt in one’s ability, worth, or fitness. Confidence is the opposite meaning of diffidence. The modern sense of this term now means retiring, lack of confidence, and modesty.

Etymology: This term consists of a preposition (para-) meaning against or besides and the verb (akouo) meaning to hear. Essentially, this term hearing amiss, contrary hearing, or failing to hear. The modern word acoustics derives from akouo.

Conclusion:

Acoustics, diffidence, disobedience

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that this term also refers to hearsay and misunderstanding. It seems that this term conveys both willful and unintentional acts.

The Jews viewed Stephen’s inspired words as scandalous or blasphemous. This in turn prompted them to stone Stephen. It is significant to note the stark contrast between the evil one (disobedience) and Jesus (obedience). Essentially, the prevailing message of the evil one is “I will not serve.” In contrast, Jesus call each of us to serve others.

Diffidence, although not commonly used, means distrust, lack of confidence in others, and mistrust. The modern sense of this term means retiring, lack of confidence in oneself, and modesty.

Update: Election aftermath: There continues to be so much distrust and animosity from both sides of the political spectrum. One side believes that our nation has a new President-Elect, believing that there is no evidence of electoral fraud. This side for three years has questioned the election of President Trump. They do not want to hear the other sides’ concerns about potential irregularities and fraud claims (There is nothing to see here folks. Move along.). As a result of this unprecedented use of mail-in ballots (during this pandemic), there are many who are very concerned about the legitimacy and fairness of this election. It seems reasonable to let the lawsuits and litigation play out (to their inevitable conclusion one way or the other) to ascertain the integrity of this voting process. However, there are now many voters who still have concerns about these election results. So it is not surprising that one side’s call for unity falls on deaf ears with Trump supporters.

I think we can all agree that these feelings and arguments will not be easily settled. I hear you!

[Greek] φανερόω (phaneroō), [Latin] manifestare, [Latin] revelare, [Latin] ostendere, [Latin] apparere: to reveal, to make known, to show, to make visible, to make clear, to make manifest, to display; 58 scriptural references

The Final Judgment: painting by Franciso Pacheco (1614). Each one of us will come before the judgment seat of Christ. All our actions will be made manifest before Christ.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make manifest, to reveal, to make clear, to make known (or famous), and become so. Herodotus’ The Histories 6.122.1 states “This Callias is worthy of all men’s remembrance for many reasons; first, because he excellently freed his country.” Sophocles’ Oedipus at Coluns states “A man who deals in fairness with his own, he can make manifest justice in the state.” In Timaeus, Plato refers to the Demiurge (artisan or craftsman) as the agent who takes the pre-existent matter in making the universe (cosmos) manifest to us.

Old Testament: This term means to uncover, to remove, to be make naked, to disclose, to reveal, to remove, and to carry away. Noah drank some wine, became drunk, and lay naked inside his tent (Gen.9:21). The Lord opened the eyes of Balaam (Num.22:31). I went so far as to reveal Myself to your father’s house when they were in Egypt (1Sam.2:27). The bed of the sea appeared; the world’s foundations lay bare (2Sam.22:16). So one on the priests who had been deported from Samaria returned and settled in Bethel (2Kgs.17:28). It is then He opens their ears and with a warning, terrifies them (Job 33:16). And shelter over Judah is removed (Isa.22:8).

New Testament: This term, used in an active and passive sense, means to make known and to cause to be seen. There are numerous examples including aspects of God, the kingdom of heaven (entry into the sanctuary), and our intentions. In a proverbial saying, the Truth, like light, is meant to be made visible. God’s teachings are frequently made visible to all. The Corinthian community is Paul’s letter of recommendation written by the Spirit on the tablets of human hearts. We will must appear before Christ’s judgment seat. All of our actions will be made manifest before Him. For purposes of brevity, I will include scriptural examples other than aspects of God.

Scripture:

Mk.4:22:  The kingdom is to be proclaimed and not be kept secret.

Jn.7:4:  A disciple’s works must be known to the world.

1Cor.4:5  The Lord will make manifest the motives in our hearts.

2Cor.3:3:  The Corinthians are a letter written on our hearts.

2Cor.5:10:  We all must appear before the judgment seat of Christ.

Heb.9:8:  The way into the sanctuary had not yet been revealed. (Before Jesus, only the high priest (not the people) were able to stand in God’s presence.

Etymology: Interestingly, the Greek verb aphanizo means to vanish, to disappear, and to be removed out of sight. The Greek prefix (a-) means not or without. The Greek verb phaino means to cause to appear. The related Greek verb phaneroo conveys a more psychological sense. Rather than showing what is present, this term conveys one’s character, motivations or intentions to others.

Conclusion:

Manifest, manifestation, reveal, revelation, manifestly, appear, appearance

This term conveys more than just what is shown. This term provides insight into one’s character, intent, and motivations. It is interesting to note that Plato makes reference that a craftsman (artisan) makes the universe present to all. Plato did not yet get to the idea of God as the creator.

In the Old Testament, I was surprised by the many references of being made naked. In a more nuanced sense, uncovering relates to removing.

In the New Testament, this term is used quite extensively about revealing (manifesting) aspects of God. The Corinthian community is a letter of reference from Paul. Each one of us will have to account for ourselves at the judgment seat of Christ. It is here where our actions (good and bad) will be made manifest to Christ. (Remember this, abortion supporters. You may think that this is a right. However, you will also have to be accountable to God.) Truth, like the lamp, seeks to be made visible (manifest) to all. This term really shines a light on the nature of God.

Current events: This campaign and related debates have served to more fully illustrate the character of the politicians running for office. Oftentimes of what is said, not said, or even mistakenly said (making a gaffe) helps to manifest the true intentions of a candidate. (Can you say Joe Biden, the penultimate Washington swamp creature politician?) The same can be said for the actions (character) of a media who continue to censor, to brazenly protect political candidates, and to continually fail to manifest journalistic integrity. The media doesn’t even pretend to hide their bias (which reveals a lot). On the other hand, it is interesting to note that President Trump can still be seen as that outsider.

Update: Here we are now from the aftermath of this election. Joe Biden is declared the next President-Elect. And President Trump refusing to concede to this election, due to potential issues, concerns, or irregularities in the closeness in voting in Arizona, Nevada, Wisconsin, Michigan, Georgia, and Pennsylvania. How one views this can be also manifested in one’s political perspective.  As the Trump campaign initiates legal action, it remains to be seen how all this falls out as it pertains to the election. It is also very apparent that many will look at the validity (accuracy) of polling as it influences or manipulates (depresses or increases) vote turnout. It looks like polling is dead. So now we will be waiting for the results of the autopsy.

You must admit that this is a manifestly interesting term.

Next post: having to put with (you can fill in the blank).

[Greek] πιέζω (piezō), [Latin] compressare: to press down, to press together, to pack; Lk.6:48

A spice market in Istanbul, Turkey. God’s generosity is like that generous grain merchant who fills up your cup as much as possible. He presses the grain further down, so he can still pour more grain in your cup.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used in an active and passive sense, means to press down, to oppress, to distress, to press hard, to hold fast to, to insist upon, to pressure, and to outweigh. Herodotus’ The Histories 5.35 states “I don’t know, but my shoulders are sure hard pressed.” Aristophanes’ Clouds 437 states “I will do so in reliance upon you, for necessity oppresses me on account of the blood-horses and the marriage that ruined me.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 7.2.20 states “Then overwhelmed by the afflictions, I have suffered in connection with my sons.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 1.1.1 states “We reflected, moreover, how many of these individuals who have aspired to have absolute power have been deposed once and for all.”

Old Testament: This term means to tread, to tread upon, to bend, to tread down, and to walk. A star shall come forth from Jacob (Num.24:17). Surely the land on which your foot has trodden will be an inheritance to you and to your children forever (Jos.14:9). In those days I saw in Judah some who were treading wine presses on the Sabbath (Neh.13:15). He has bent his bow like an enemy (Lam.2:4). O my soul, march on with strength (Jos.14:9). He leads the humble in justice, and He teaches the humble His way (Psa.25:9).

New Testament: This term, occurring only once, means to press down. This term relates to the responsibilities and blessings of giving to others (‘give and it shall be given to you).” A good measure, pressed down, shaken down, and overflowing, refers to God’s generosity (blessings) for one’s good deeds. This is likened to the humble merchant who is grateful that you are buying his merchandise. This merchant fills your cup with grain, pressing the grain (inside) down tight, shakes it, and fills it again to the top of the cup (filled to the brim). The cup is overflowing with grain, almost running over the sides. This is the good measure from the generous merchant. God cannot be outdone with His generosity.

Scripture:

“Give and gifts will be given to you; a good measure, packed together, shaken down, and overflowing, will be poured in to your lap. For the measure with you which measure will in return be measured out to you.” Lk.6:38

Your generosity toward others will in someway will be rewarded by the generosity from God. God cannot be outdone in His generosity.

Piezo-electric lighter: This is a portable device used to create a flame. When a button is pressed, a high voltage produces a subsequent electrical charge which ignites the gas. An electric spark is usually generated by one press of the button. Such famous brands are Zippo and Bic.

Conclusion:

Piezoelectric (Bic) lighter, compress, compression

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is quite frequently used in many contexts. Not surprisingly, this term is often used in a military sense. The more interesting and nuanced meanings include insisting on, holding fast to, and being exhausted.

In the Old Testament, it is significant to note this term primarily takes on the sense of treading upon and being trodden (downtrodden). Treading can range from oppression, bending, and trampling on grapes. In Hos. 12:8 a merchant who has a false balance is one who extorts his customers. In Amos 8:5 false balances and short measures are condemned by the Law.

In the New Testament, this term is narrowly defined in a moral command to help or give to others. We will be measured in how we help others. By giving to others, a good measure we will be given to us. God will find a way to give generously to us for our good efforts. God cannot be outdone in His generosity.

To be honest, I really did not understand the notion of ‘a good measure, pressed together, shaken down, and overflowing’. After finally understanding the grateful merchant, a light went on in my understanding. We all must press on (do something) in being generous to others.

And I didn’t need to press a Bic lighter!

[Greek] εὐνοῦχος (eunouchos), [Latin] castratus: eunuch, celibate, court official, impotent male, servant; Mt.19:12, Acts 8:27, 34,36,38-39

Absalom’s Monument: Absalom set up a monument to himself because he had no son to perpetuate his name. (2Sam.18:18)

Background information:

Absalom’s Monument: This structure is an ancient monumental rock-cut tomb with a conical roof located in the Kidron Valley in Jerusalem. Absalom set this monument to himself for he said, “I have no son to perpetuate my name.” There was a highly held cultural value to perpetuate one’s family line with children (most importantly sons). This monument alludes to Isa.56:4-5 whereby the Lord will honor eunuchs who will keep His Sabbath and hold fast to His covenant. The Lord will give them a monument and a name (better than sons and daughters). Later in the New Testament, this scripture will take on more significance pointing to those unmarried eunuchs who will serve Christ.

Greek Hellenism: Eunuchs are the servants and overseers of women and confidants of nobles and princes. In certain cults, the eunuch priest occupies a prominent place of authority. The priest’s motive for self-castration (self-emasculation) often comes from the desire for mystical spiritual union with the gods (being setting aside) and public honor and recognition. It is just natural that this type of life would be dedicated to the deity.

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 7.5.60: “Those, who had children or congenial wives or sweethearts, such he believed were by nature constrained to love them best. But as he observed that eunuchs were not susceptible to any such affections, he thought they would esteem most highly those who were in the best position to make them rich and stand by them, if ever they were wronged, and to place them in offices of honor.”

Old Testament: Castration is strictly forbidden as it contradicts God’s command for procreation. Although there were generally no eunuchs in Israel itself, the royal courts were an exception.  Eunuchs, originally excluded from the community of the Lord, are now offered an honored place in His house for those eunuchs who kept His Sabbath and held fast to His covenant. These eunuchs will receive better blessings. The philosopher Josephus mentions that three eunuchs were held in the highest esteem in Herod’s place. The prophets (Isaiah and Jeremiah) introduce the surprising notion that unmarried and single persons can serve God.

Scripture:

“For thus says the Lord: ‘To the eunuchs who keep My sabbaths, who chooses what pleases me, and who hold fast to My covenant, I will give then, in My house and within My walls, a monument and a name better than sons and daughters.’” Isa.56:4-5

God promises that those, who remain single in Christ, will receive blessings that are better than the blessings of marriage and children.”

“But it was the Lord’s (God the Father) will to crush Him (Jesus) with pain. By making His life as a reparation offering, He (Jesus) shall see His offspring, shall lengthen His days, and the Lord’s will shall be accomplished through Him. Isa.53:10

By Jesus’ offering for guilt, He will produce many spiritual ‘children’ through His saving act. The new people of God will be formed not by physical procreation but by His atoning death.

“Raise a glad cry, you barren one who never bore a child, break forth in jubilant song, you who have never been in labor. For more numerous are the children of the deserted wife than the children of her who has a husband.” Isa.54:1

Jerusalem, pictured as a barren and deserted wife, now suddenly find herself with innumerable children (the returning exiles). Those who are single (unmarried) in Christ will often find themselves ministering to many others. Priests, nuns, religious, consecrated, lay single catechists are examples of such ministries.

New Testament: This term refers to eunuchs (those incapable of marriage) and a court official. Jesus mentions those who were born as eunuchs, those who were made like eunuchs (through mutilation), and those who have renounced marriage for the sake of the kingdom. Because Jesus was influenced by the Hebrew traditions, rather than Hellenism, Jesus was thinking of a voluntary “castration” (the renouncing of the sexual life and marriage to serve the kingdom of God on earth). These persons would focus their energies on a goal (new order) beyond the natural world. With the help of Phillip, the eunuch of Queen Candace comes to faith and becomes part of the kingdom of God.

Scripture:

“Some are incapable of marriage because they were born so; some, because they were made so by others; some, because they have renounced marriage for the sake of the kingdom. Whoever can accept this out to accept it.” Mt.19:12

Jesus recognized the circumstances of those who are incapable of marriage for various reasons. Jesus also recognized that there are those who are called to serve the kingdom as a single (unmarried) vocation. Jesus mentions that this is a worthwhile vocation.

Etymology: This term is derived the Greek noun eune (bed) and the Greek verb ekhein (to keep). This term essentially means bed keeper. Some were castrated in order to assume the roles of domestic servants, couriers, soldiers, govt. officials, royal guards, and guardians of women or harem servants. The Latin verb castrare means to cut or to prune.

Conclusion:

Eunuch, castration, castrate

It was very interesting in discovering the original meaning of this term (bed keeper). Not surprisingly, this evokes images of a soldier (eunuch) guarding a tent filled with beautiful harem servants. I did not realize that the practice of castration came from the Orient (Persia). Perhaps it is not surprising that priests gravitated toward this practice as a means to separate themselves from the world. These priests also attained public honor and acclaim, being closer to the deity.

In the Old Testament culture, castration was expressly forbidden against God’s command to procreate. Yet, eunuchs were held in high esteem in the king’s royal court. Then the prophets (Jeremiah and Isaiah) bring forth the idea that God has plans for eunuchs and unmarried persons in His Providence. God told Jeremiah to remain single in serving Him. Isaiah illustrates that the eunuch can attain a place of honor in the house of God. This relates to a barren Israel receiving many children (exiles). This notion of service later foretells that singles (unmarried) have a place in serving the kingdom of God.

It is significant to note that Jesus highly encouraged the single path to serve the kingdom of God. Priests (also being celibate) are spiritual fathers to their congregations. Sisters (nuns) are likewise spiritual mothers. These vocations allow one to be set aside in order to serve God. For a long time, our culture has been conditioned to think that the married state was the most preferable path for a young single person to pursue.

Update: However, in more recent times, there seems to be a concerning trend among young singles not wanting to get married. The high divorce rate, family issues, hook up culture, and gender ideology could perhaps account for this reluctance or reticence about marriage. I am also pretty sure that there are also many singles who are not aware about what scripture says about serving the Lord. For all those singles who seem to feel that they do not have any purpose in life: consider that better blessings can be attained for those you who seek this path. (God created us on earth to know Him, to love Him, and to serve Him).

So one can say that God leads some of us on a very unique (eunuch) path!  ☺☺☺

[Greek] νυμφίος (nymphios), [Latin] sponsus, [Latin] vir: groom, bridegroom, young husband, son-in-law; Mt.9:15, Mt.25:1,5-6,10, Mk.2:19-20, Lk.5:34-34, Jn.2:9, Jn.3:29, Rev.18:23

The Marriage Feast at Cana: painting by Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1672).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means groom, bridegroom, and son-in-law. Homer’s Iliad 23.223 states “As a father waileth for his son, as he burneth his bones, a son newly wed whose death has brought woe to his hapless parents, even so wailed Achilles for his comrade.” Plato’s Laws 6.783e states “The bridegroom, therefore shall apply his mind to the mind and the work of procreation, and the bride shall do likewise, especially during the period when they have no children yet born.” Aristophanes’ Birds 161 states “Why, ’tis the life of the newly-wed indeed.”

Old Testament: This term means bridegroom, husband, daughter’s husband, and son-in-law. From the time of Hosea, Yahweh and Israel have been viewed in a metaphorical marriage relationship. However, nowhere in the Old Testament is the Messiah presented as a bridegroom. Interestingly, there are frequent references for son-in-law. Exo.4:25 makes a curious reference to a ‘bridegroom of blood.’ This pertains to the notion that the marriage bond is sealed by the blood of the circumcision of the child. So He let him alone. At that time she said, ‘You are a bridegroom of blood—because of the circumcision.’”(Exo.4:26). Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, it rejoices as as strong mind to run his course (Psa.19:5). But he appeared to his sons-in-law to be jesting (Gen.19:14). And as the bridegroom rejoices over the bride, so your God will rejoice over you.” (Isa.62:5). What is my life or my father’s family in Israel, that I should be the king’s son-in-law? (1Sam.18:18).

New Testament: This term means groom or bridegroom. Jesus is the the Bridegroom to His spouse (the Church). Jesus’ proclaiming is likened to a marriage feast. It is not yet time to mourn. There will be a time for fasting when the bridegroom is taken away. The parable of the 10 virgins provides a commentary of the watchfulness or unpreparedness of the virgins waiting for the return of the bridegroom. The bridal metaphor provides a new relationship of love between God and Hi people. Jesus provides an abundant source of grace (wine). John, the best man, stands by the bridegroom Jesus.

Scripture:

“Jesus answered them, ‘Can the wedding guests mourn as long as the bridegroom is with them? The days will come when the bridegroom is taken away from them, and they will fast.’” Mt. 9:15

Jesus has a covenantal marriage relationship with the Church. This relationship is celebrated with a wedding feast.

“Then the kingdom of heaven will be like ten virgins who took their lamps and went out to meet the bridegroom.” Mt.25:1

Some virgins are prepared and some are unprepared for the bridegroom. This parable is a commentary on how much we are prepared for Jesus’ return.

“The one who has the bride is the bridegroom; the best man, who stands and listens to him, rejoices greatly at the bridegroom’s voice.” Jn.3:29

John the Baptist is the best man who decreases as Jesus increases.

The “Marriage Bed” of the Cross;

“Like a bridegroom Christ went forth from His chamber…He came to the marriage-bed of the cross, and there in mounting it, He consummated His marriage.”  St. Augustine Sermo Suppositus 120

“Christ’s noble nuptial bed was the very hard wood of the Cross on which He leaped with more joy and ardor than a delighted bridegroom.” St. Mechtilde, 13^th century German mystic

Catholic understanding of the priesthood: The Latin title (of the priest) Alter Christus (another Christ) reminds us that the priest stands in for Christ in the Mass. It is the priest who calls upon the Holy Spirit to change the offered bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ. By extension, the priest also is a bridegroom who serves the congregation (bride).

Current events: Just recently the Synod of the Amazon sought to promote the notion of having married priests in order to serve in the Amazon because of the priest shortage and the remoteness  of South America. Interestingly, this notion was promoted by the German Catholic bishops, rather than the South American Catholic bishops. The German bishops used this Synod to promote their own agenda. Also, not surprisingly, the German bishops and others have long been promoting the idea of woman priests. Many others say that the Catholic Church is discriminatory in only allowing male priests. However, they fail to understand that the priesthood is not a job, but a vocation. Critics fail to understand that the priesthood cannot be seen in terms of job that can be performed by both sexes. The notion of a female priest standing in for Jesus the bridegroom is ludicrous and nonsensical.

Conclusion:

Nuptial, spouse, virile, virility

In the Old Testament culture, the marriage relationship plays an important role. It primarily defines the relation between God and Israel. God is the groom to Israel, the bride. I was surprised by the many references to son-in law. Bridegroom of blood is a curious expression.

In the New Testament, Jesus assumes the role of bridegroom. His bride is the Church. John the Baptist is the best man at Jesus’ side. As John the Baptist decreases, Jesus increases. The parable of the 10 virgins provides a commentary on our preparedness for Jesus’ return.

Essentially, Jesus, the Bridegroom, consummates His marriage to His bride (the Church) on the cross.

The vocation of the priest must always be viewed in a spousal relationship, not as a career choice.

Make sure you keep your oil lamp lit!

Next post: Here come the brides (virgins)!

[Greek] κατήγορος (katēgoros), [Latin] accusator: accuser, one who accuses, prosecutor, one speaking against someone; Jn.8:10, Acts 23:30,35, Acts 24:8, Acts 25:16,18

The Woman Taken in Adultery: painting by Rembrandt (1644). Jesus appears in the light, while the Jews appear in the dark. Jesus’ taller height represents His morality superiority over those who attempted to trick Him. But Jesus ultimately compels everyone else to walk away.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means accuser, public prosecutor, and betrayer. Sophocles’ Trachiniae 814 states “Why do leave in silence? You must know that silence pleads the cause of your accuser.” Lysias’ On the Olive Stump 7.11 states “My accuser says that in Souniades, an olive stump was uprooted by the previous cultivators, who rented it for a number of years, have testified to you that there was no stump. I ask you, how could one convict the accuser more patently of lying?” Plato’s Apology 18a states “First then it is right for me to defend myself against the first false accusations brought against me, and the first accusers, and then against the later accusations and the later accusations.” Aeschylus’ Seven Against Thebes 439 states “Here too gain follows with interest from gain (insolence). The tongue prove in the end to an unerring accuser of wicked men’s thoughts.”

Old Testament: This term means strife, controversy, dispute, complain, cause, and adversary. He named the place Massah and Meribah because of the sons of Israel (Exo.17:7). You shall not follow the masses in doing evil, nor shall you testify in a dispute (Exo.23:2). Blessed be the Lord, who has pleaded the cause of my reproach from the hand of Nabal (1Sam.25:39). And may He see and plead my cause and delivered me from your hand (1Sam.24:15). If I have despised the claim of my male or female slaves when they filed a complaint against me (Job 31:13). And the indictment which my adversary has written (Job 31:35).

New Testament: This term means accuser. Paul was arrested by the Roman authorities. As a Roman citizen, Paul was entitled with certain rights when accusers make charges against him. An adulterous woman was set to be stoned to death by the people. Jesus intervenes and highlights the accusers’ moral consciences. Jesus states that the one without sin can be the first to throw a stone at her. As a result, they all went away one by one. Jesus tells the woman to sin no more.

Scripture:

“I answered them that it was not Roman practice to hand over an accused person before he face his accusers and had the opportunity to defend himself against their charge.” Acts 25:16

As a Roman citizen, Paul was entitled to certain rights in facing his accusers.

“Then Jesus straightened up and said to her, ‘Woman, where are they? Has no one condemned you?’” Jn.8:10

Jesus essentially guilts the accusers from throwing stones at the adulterous woman.

Etymology: The related Greek noun kategoria is essentially an accusation. The Greek noun agora means assembly (public arena). One speaks in assembly (-agoreuo) against (kata-) someone. In a sense the person accused can often become “categorized” by that charge (accusation).

Conclusion

Category, categorize, accuse, accuser, accusation

It is interesting to note that one can often be “categorized” (put into a category) by an accusation. For example: “you are a thief”.

Even in the Greek Hellenistic era, the public prosecutor held a position of authority. It is also true, in any period of time, that one’s silence (not speaking up in one’s defense) may be viewed as a sign of guilt.

The Old Testament culture also develops the notion of Satan as the great accuser and adversary. The Greek diabolos means one who throws (-ballo) accusations against (dia-) someone. This idea continues in the New Testament. The notion of a cause can take on both a positive and negative sense.

As a Roman citizen, Paul was entitled to certain rights pertaining to being accused. Paul had the right to a legal trial, the right for Caesar to hear his case, the right not be to be scourged, and the right not to receive the death penalty (with the exception of treason). Jesus essentially guilts the accusers of the adulterous woman. All the accusers walked away.

Currents events: As with past history, politics is being continually filled with accusations thrown by the accusers and the accused in the public arena (agora). There should be no question about that.

Categorically speaking, I found this term term to be very interesting, since I have an interest in etymology (word origins). No surprises there!

My next post: About being surprised and astonished. (Are you surprised?)

[Greek] ὑβριστής (hybristēs), [Latin] insolens, [Latin] superbus: insolent person, arrogant person, insulter; Rom.1:30, 1Tim.1:13

Superbia (Pride): One part of the Mosaic of Sins in Basilique Norte-Dame de Fourviere (Lyon, France)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means one who overestimates his own powers and claims, one who is insolent, and one who is arrogant. Hubris involves trespassing beyond one’s own sphere. The Greek tragedy (play) often illustrates the folly of hubris. The gods oppose man’s hubris with retribution, punishment, and destruction. Hubris often provides the impetus for conquest, world domination, violation of personal rights, and downfall. Hubris can also be associated with a mocker or a frivolous person. Homer’s Odyssey 3.120 states “Odysseus awoke, and sat up, and thus he pondered in mind and heart. ‘Woe is me! to the land of mortals am I now come? Are they cruel and wild and just? Or do they love strangers and fear the god in their thoughts?’” Lysias’ On the Refusal of a Pension 24.15 states “He says that I am insolent, savage and utterly abandoned in my behavior. But I expect you, gentlemen, to distinguish clearly between the people who act at liberty to be insolent and those who are debarred from it.” Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 717 states “Then you shall reach the river Hybristes, which does not belie its name. Do not cross this, for it is hard to cross, until you come to the mountain, where its very brows the river pours out its might in fury.”

Old Testament: This term means proud, arrogant, haughtiness, and loftiness. We have heard of the pride of Moab, how very proud he is (Isa.16:6). Look on everyone who is proud, and humble him (Job 40:12). The Lord will tear down the house of the proud (Prov.15:25). It is better to be humble in spirit with the lowly than to divide the spoil of the proud (Prov.16:19). We have heard of the pride of Moab; he is very proud of his haughtiness, his pride, his arrogance and his self-exaltation (Jer.48:29). Haughty eyes and a proud heart, the lamp of the wicked, is sin (Prov.21:4). The eyes of human pride shall be lowered, the arrogance of mortals shall be abased (Isa.2:11).

New Testament: This term means an insolent person and one who insults. Paul makes reference to those who boast, who have faith, and who will live. Likewise, those who have fallen away are filled with sins and every form of wickedness. Such sins include insolence, haughtiness, and boastfulness. Paul also recalls his past life as an enthusiastic persecutor of Christians. His overzealous and boastful actions were a high form of arrogance. Yet, Paul expresses his gratefulness (thankfulness) in his in being a zealous servant for Christ.

Scripture:

“They are insolent, haughty, boastful, ingenious in their wickedness, and rebellious toward their parents.” Rom.1:30

Paul makes reference to those who have fallen away in faith. These people are filled with sins and wickedness.

“I was once a blasphemer and persecutor and an arrogant man, but I have been mercifully treated because I acted out of ignorance in my belief.” 1Tim.1:13

Paul makes reference to his past life as a rabid Pharisees persecuting the Christians. Paul know gives thanks for the mercy shown to him by God.

“You are great, O Lord, and exceedingly worthy of praise! Your power is immense! And Your wisdom is beyond all reckoning. And so we humans, who are but a small part of Your creation, long to praise You—we who carry our mortality about with us, the evidence of our sin and the proof that You resist the proud. You so excite us to praise You so that it may be us joy because You have made us, and drawn us to Yourself, and our hear is restless in you.” (The famous opening lines of the Confessions by St. Augustine)

According to St. Augustine, what is the meaning of life? To praise, to thank, and to rest in God. Essentially, this means having the attitude to show gratitude better.

What was the Original Son of Adam and Eve? Adam and Eve resisted and refused gratitude. God had given them everything that the needed and wanted.

Why did Adam and Eve disobey God? They did not want to receive creation as a gift. Instead, they wanted to receive creation on their own terms. This is the primal sin of pride (superbia).

What is pride? This is the refusal of gratitude. However, gratitude is often viewed as a weakness. This becomes a deeply ingrained attitude of having life on one’s own terms, rather than as a gift.

Conclusion:

Hubris, insolent, insolence, superb

Here is another term which speaks of human nature in any time in history. Perhaps going beyond one’s sphere could be a very succinct meaning for this term. The Greek plays (dramas) in the theater often provided a commentary on human nature (hubris, tragedy, power, etc.). Hubris certainly plays an important motivation in power and conquest.

In the Old Testament, this term plays an important role in one’s relationship with God. Pride is often associated with sin and disobedience. Adam and Eve provide a perfect example of this. Likewise, humbleness, gratitude, and thankfulness foster a stronger relationship with God.

In the New Testament, this term refers to pride and sinful disobedience toward God. It is also important to note that Paul expresses gratitude for God in his zeal as an Apostle for Christ.

It was interesting to discover how St. Augustine speaks to the nature of man’s relationship with God. Adam and Eve sinned by failing to express their gratitude and thankfulness to God. Adam and Eve wanted to act on their own terms. Pride (Superbia) expresses the attitude of “that I know better”. Instead, St. Augustine states that we have to say “thank you” better.

I thank you for your attention in this matter.

[Greek] ἐμπαίζω (empaizō), [Latin] deridere: to mock, to ridicule, to jeer, to play with, to make fun of, to sport, to deride, to trifle with; Mt.2:16, Mt.20:19, Mt.27:29,31,41, Mk.10:34, Mk.15:20,31, Lk.14:29, Lk.18:32, Lk.22:63, Lk.23:11,36

The Maccabees: painting by Wojciech Korneli Stattler (1830)

Background information:

Related Greek etymology: This term is related to the Greek verb paizo which means to play like a child, to sport, to play with, to joke, and to make sport of. This term brings elements of children, playing, joking, and bullying. References include “being a student of”, “sports”, “was playing”, “was joking”, “making sport”, and “making fun of”. The Greek noun pais means child. The Greek noun paideia means education (training). A well rounded (cyclo-) education gives rise to the word encyclopedia.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to mock, to play with, to disparage, to ridicule, to jeer at, to make fun of, to make sport of, and to trifle with. This can be expressed in word, attitude, or act. This can be a wanton criticism or constructive criticism to show superiority. This hostility is often directed toward the righteous. Herodotus’ The Histories 4.134 “These men (Scythians) hold us in deep contempt’ I understand almost by reason alone how difficult it would be to deal with these Scythians. I understand even better, watching them toy with us?” Sophocles’ Antigone 799 states “Desire sits enthroned in power beside the mighty laws. For in all this divine Aphrodite plays her irresistible game.”

Old Testament: This term is related to several Hebrew terms. Such meanings include to reject, to trample down, to smite, to strike, to abuse, to mock, to laugh at, to make sport of, to deceive, and to deride. This term pertains to persecution, maltreatment, and martyr piety of Judaism. Derision, mockery, and torture often lead to one’s martyrdom. Gentile abomination against the Jews becomes a consistent theme. Through Your name we will trample down those who rise up against us (Psa.44:5). Our adversaries have trodden it down (Isa.63:18). Let the righteous smite me in kindness and reprove me (Psa.74:6). Because you have made a mockery of me (Num.22:29). The Hebrew slave, whom you brought to us, came in to me to make sport of me (Gen.39:17). In disdaining money, you were not like a harlot (Eze.16:31). I also laugh at your calamity (Pro.1:26). Perhaps my father will feel me, then I will be as a deceiver in his sight (Gen.27:12).

The Maccabees: Stattler creates an illustration representing several events occurring at different times related to the Greek king Antiochus’ order urging the Hasmoneans (descendants of the Maccabee family) to renounce their faith and bow down to pagan deities. This order forced them to rise in revolt. The painting shows a statue of the god Jupiter with a group of Jews at its feet, paying tribute to the deity. At the right hand side of the painting, one can see an altar with a hammer and open shackles (symbols of the Polish resistance against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia).

New Testament: This term, used in an active and passive sense, means to mock and to trick. Herod, interested in seeking out the infant Jesus, is tricked (duped) by the magi. The builder, unable to finish his work, brings ridicule upon himself. Jesus receives ridicule in the passion account from the soldiers, chief priests, scribes, and the elders. This ridicule includes mockery, scourging (smiting), spitting, receiving a crown of thorns and purple robe. This violence toward Jesus eventually leads to His crucifixion. This continues the Jewish martyrdom at the hands of the Gentiles.

Scripture:

“When Herod realized that he had been deceived by the magi, he became furious.” Mt.2:16

Herod considered the infant Jesus to be a threat. Being tricked is one aspect of being mocked or ridiculed.

“Otherwise, after laying the foundation and finding himself unable to finish the work the onlookers should laugh at him.” Lk.14:29

The builder looked foolish by others for being unprepared.

“He will be handed over to the Gentiles and He will be mocked and insulted and spat upon.” Lk.18:32

God’s providence permitted that Jesus be ridiculed and mocked, leading to His crucifixion.

To make sport of: This originally comes from the Latin verb deportare, meaning to carry away. The related Anglo-Norman term is desport, which means to entertain or amuse. This is also related to the French verb divertir. To sport (to make sport of), originating in 1400, means to take pleasure or to amuse oneself. Therefore, making sport of someone means taking advantage of someone else for one’s own amusement.

Conclusion:

Pediatrics, pedagogy, encyclopedia, pediatrician, deride, sport, divert, diversion

It is interesting to note that this term is related to the Greek verb paizo, which refers to playing like a child. Therefore, there are similar elements between empaizo and paizo. Yet, empaizo seems to be a much more serious form of this term. Essentially, mockery, ridicule, and bullying can apply to all people in any generation in time. It is perhaps not surprising that there is often a very fine line (distinction) between playing, mocking, and bullying.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on a much more serious sense. The mocking, ridicule, and persecution of the Jews occur during the Maccabean age. This will continue with Jesus.

In the New Testament, God’s providence permits the mocking and ridicule of Jesus (Son of Man).

In our current culture, social media provides many benefits to our society. Yet, some unanticipated consequences may result from social media. Oftentimes, people will make mistakes, but will be forgiven for their offenses, mockery, bulling, and other forms of ridicule. Mockery and bullying are readily visible in social media. However, social media at many times may leave a permanent reminder (record) of one’s offenses or mistakes. This may have the unintended result of ruining one’s reputation from something done in the past. This also becomes a cautionary message for those seeking work. Potential employers may often check these young persons’ social media posts (and social behavior). If these employers find something reckless or stupid (like being a Co-vidiot), then these job candidates may have difficulties finding employment.

During this pandemic, we continue to be stuck in our homes for work, school, and recreational activities. As you readily can understand and perhaps identify with (like me), puzzles have become a great diversion during these difficult times. Puzzles companies are doing very well during this time. These companies cannot keep up with the demand for puzzles. It should be not puzzling to figure out that puzzles and pandemics seem to go hand in hand.

In recent times, this hypersensitivity to mocking and bullying has entered itself into sports and games. Some people have done away with games such as “Tag”, since being “it” can hurt one’s sense  of self-esteem. Other games being banned are Red Rover, dodgeball, musical chairs, and snowball fights. Also, trophies are frequently given out for participation, rather than for competition and achievement. In other words, the 12th place team also now gets a trophy. (This ultimately makes a mockery of childhood games and sports.)

So each of us all need to be careful in how we use social media. Otherwise, we may make a mockery of our own reputations. This is no joking matter!

[Greek] συμβασιλεύω (symbasileuō), [Latin] conregnare: to reign with, to be king with; 1Cor.4:8, 2Tim.2:12

Triumph of Faith: Christian Martyrs in the Time of Nero, 65 AD: painting by Eugene Romain Thirion (1839-1910)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to rule with or to reign together. “Polybius’ Histories  30.2.4 states “Eumenes represented to Attalus that he was already practically joint king with his brother, and only differed from him in the fact that he wore no diadem, and was not called king, though in everything else he possessed an equal and identical authority.” Plutarch’s Lycurgus 5 states “Among the many innovations which Lycurgus made, was his institution of a senate (Council of Elders), being blended with the feverish government of the kings, and by having an equal vote with them in matters of the highest importance. This brought safety and due moderation into counsels of state.”

New Testament: This term means to reign (rule) together. This idea implies service, obedience, and patience. Reigning with Christ means following, witnessing, enduring, and suffering for Christ’s sake. Paul criticizes the Corinthians for being full of themselves for being “puffed up” and inflated with a sense of their own self- importance. This exaltation of their teachers was really a gratification of their own pride. Rather, Paul calls upon the Corinthians to look upon him and Apollos as examples of servants. The Corinthians were experiencing self-deception and complacency in their faith. If we endure, persevere, and suffer with Christ, we shall also reign with Him. Being united with Him, we will share in His triumphs and blessings. Likewise, if we deny Christ, He will deny us. The faithless and unbeliever will not have a share in the glories of the life to come.

Scripture:

“You are already satisfied; you have already grown rich; you have become kings without us! Indeed, I wish that you had become kings, so that we also might be kings with you.” 1Cor.4:8

Paul was criticizing the Corinthians for their complacency, inflated self-importance, and self-deception. The Corinthians were getting caught up in the world’s ways and values.

“If we persevere we shall also reign with Him. But if we deny Him, He will deny us.” 2Tim.2:12

Christ gives each of us the opportunity to witness and reign with Him. He will also deny us if we choose not to follow Him.

Trophies: The term martyr comes the Greek verb martureo, meaning to witness. A trophy was viewed as a monument to the defeat of one’s enemy. Caius, a presbyter of the Roman Church who lived during the reign of Pope Zephyrinus (198-217 AD), states “I can point out the trophies (relics and bones) of the Apostles.” Eusebius later records, “It is recorded that Paul was beheaded in Rome, and Peter, likewise was crucified during the reign of Nero.”  Tradition later developed where churches were built upon the relics of these martyrs. Yet paradoxically, these martyrs (witnesses) achieved ultimate victory by being faithful (even unto death) to Christ.

Conclusion:

Basilica, reign

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it is not surprising how this term is used in a governmental (ruling) sense.

To be honest, I was not very familiar with this notion of reigning with (or ruling with) in a religious sense. Paul points out that this reigning together must have a service aspect in focusing on Christ. Yet, the Corinthians became complacent, satisfied, and “puffed up”, exalting themselves and their leaders. (Yet, today we have preachers, pastors, and ministers who have multi-million dollar empires (corporations) with jets, mansions, and massive book sales). Like the Corinthians, we often can get caught up in the world with possessions, things, and other “stuff”. Many of us, including me, love our technological gadgets. Reigning or ruling with means standing, witnessing, persevering, or even suffering with Christ. Ultimately, this a choice we must make, to be with Christ or not.

I think we all need to be mindful that there are still many Christians around the world (China, Africa, Asia, Islamic countries, etc.) who continue to face persecution today. In their struggles, they are already reigning (witnessing) with Christ (even up to death).

Allow God to have free rein over your life, allowing Him to give you the freedom to reign with Him. Then we all can gallop our way into heaven, but not like a horse… of course!

[Greek] σφάζω (sphazō), [Latin] jugulare, [French] assassiner: to slay, to slaughter, to butcher, to kill, to wound; 1Jn.3:12, Rev.5:6,9,12, Rev.6:4,9, Rev.13:3,8, Rev.18:24

The central panel of the Ghent Altarpiece at St. Bavo’s Cathedral in Ghent, Belgium: painting by Hubert van Eyck and Jan van Eyck (1432). Here is a gathering of saints, sinners, clergy and soldiers in adoration of the Lamb of God

Background information:

Ghent Altarpiece (Adoration of the Mystic Lamb: This altarpiece is set of panels (paintings) in St. Bavo’s Cathedral in Ghent, Belgium. These panels were finished in 1432 by the Dutch painters Hubert and Jan van Eyck. This altarpiece is considered a masterpiece of European art. This portrait is one of the lower central panels illustrating the clergy and soldiers in adoration of the Lamb of God. This painting makes reference to blood and water immediately flowing out of Jesus’ side  (Jn.19:34).

Greek Hellenism: This term, used in a profane (secular) and cultic sense, means to slay or slaughter with a sword. The Greek term for sword is spathi. Customarily, the slaying of the sword is aimed at the esophagus where the carotid artery is located. This allows for the quick pouring out of blood necessary for animal sacrifices. Sacrifices were offered to the gods for the purposes of celebrating feasts, seeking the gods’ intercession, and withholding the gods’ wrath. Slaughtering of man can result from murder, battle, civil wars, atrocities, passion, and suicide.

Slaying of men: Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 3.1.25 states “It is still clear what a burden fear is; some, for fear that they will be caught and put to death, in terror take their own lives before their time; some, by hurling themselves over a precipice, others by hanging themselves, others by cutting their own throats.  Euripides’ Andromache 315 states “And if you do not leave and vacate this precinct, the boy here will be slaughtered in place of you. So consider this, whether you prefer to die or have this boy killed for the misdeeds you are committing against me and against my daughter.

Slaying of animals: Homer’s Odyssey 10.532 states “But do thou thereafter call to my comrades, and bid them flay and burn the sheep that lie there, slain by the pitiless bronze, and make prayer to the gods.” Homer’s Odyssey 3.449 states “Thrasymedes, high of heart, came near and dealt the blow and the axe cut through the sinews of the neck, and loosened the strength of the heifer.” Herodotus’ The Histories 2.39 states “After leading the marked beast to the altar where they sacrifice it, they kindle a fire, then they pour wine on the altar over the victim and call upon the god, then they cut its throat.”

Old Testament:

Slaying of men: Slayings are also illustrated in profane (secular) and cultic ways. The righteous are sometimes butchered by God’s enemies through massacres, wars, or civil strife. The Ephramites (in Jordan) and the Maccabbeans (in Israel) were slaughtered. God’s enemies are also sometimes slaughtered. In a cultic sense, Abraham, being tested by God, offered to sacrifice his son Isaac. Samuel slays the Amalekite king Agag. The adulterous Jerusalem is accused of slaughtering her children to the idols she has made. The Hellenistic Jewish philosophers make frequent mention of the violent motivations for slaughtering.

Slaying of animals: Slaying of animals were provisionally permitted in isolated regions. Generally, animal sacrifices were forbidden outside the cultic sanctuary. It was forbidden to let the blood flow to the ground and for one to eat the flesh before the blood completely drained out. The thief occasionally stole or slaughtered cattle. A stone was used for ritual offerings to collect the blood. The blood and fat were set aside for God. Altars were also used to gather and place the blood.

New Testament: This term essentially means to slaughter (slay). This term is found in 1 John and Revelations. These scriptural examples refer to Cain slaughtering Abel, the slain Lamb of God, the martyrs (souls of those who had been slaughtered), and the beast (whose mortal wound was healed). The Johannine tradition presents the Passover lamb which bears the mark of slaughtering on its neck. The martyrs are compared to animal sacrifices being slain on the altar. The blood of the martyrs also flow out at the heavenly altar.

Scripture:

“Unlike Cain who belonged to the evil one and slaughtered his brother. Why did he slaughter him? Because his own works were evil, and those of his brother righteous.” 1Jn.3:12

Cain, out of jealousy, slayed his brother.

“Then I saw standing in the midst of the throne and the four living creatures and the elders, a Lam that seem to have been slain.” Rev.5:6

The Lamb of God, a sacrificial victim, achieves ultimately victory redeeming mankind.”

“When he broke open the fifth seal, I saw underneath the altar the souls of those who had been slaughtered because of the witness they bore to the word of God.” Rev.6:9

The martyrs, like sacrificial lambs, shed their blood in witness to God. These martyrs are also sacrificed on a heavenly altar.

Conclusion:

Esophagus, jugular, assassinate

To be honest, I was unsure if the word esophagus is related to this Greek term sphazo. Perhaps, it was just a coincidence that a sword is placed at esophagus at the location of the carotid artery. Even the threat of potential slaughter can wield great power.

In the Old Testament, God plays a more prominent in ordaining that sometimes people (God’s enemies) die by the sword. Other times, some (like Abraham) are put to the test in offering sacrifices (Isaac). Some Maccabeeans were slaughtered due to holding (adhering) to the Law. Some Zealots used the sword to attack the Roman Empire.

For the Jews (Hebrews), it was very important to have the blood completely drained from the animal. It was absolutely forbidden to partake of the blood (Lev.23:27). The life was in the blood.

In the New Testament, the Lamb of God provides a paradoxical image of a meek animal which achieves ultimate victory. It is also interesting to note that the bones of the martyrs were called trophies. These martyrs achieved the ultimate victory in being faithful to God.

When Jesus told His disciples that they must eat and drink His Body and Blood, many disciples walked away. Some walked away because they thought Jesus was referring to cannibalism. Yet Jesus never said, “Wait a minute. Come back. I was just speaking figuratively!” Jesus was not speaking figuratively or metaphorically. Others Jews walked away because they were brought up to believe that drinking the blood was forbidden. Since the life was in the blood, the Jews were prohibited by their faith in drinking the blood. Yet, Jesus was saying that they will not have everlasting life if they do not partake of His Body and Blood. The greatest and saddest irony is that their sincerely held Jewish beliefs prevented them from obtaining this everlasting life. Catholics believe that the Eucharist contains the real Body and Blood of Christ. Other Christians denominations have other varying beliefs about what He offered to His disciples.

No matter how you slice it, this Catholic belief continues today in the Mass.

[Greek] παραδειγματίζω (paradeigmatizō), [Latin] traducere: to set forth as an example, to put something to shame, to make a public example, to disgrace publicly, to hold up to contempt, to expose to infamy; Mt.1:19, Heb.6:6

The Dream of St. Joseph: painting by Anton Raphael Mengs (1774). The angel tells Joseph that it is through the Holy Spirit that Mary is with child.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make an example (spectacle) of, to make a show of, and to show by example. Polybius’ Histories 2.60.7 states “For such an act of treason what he deserved was not to be racked under cover of night and then put to death, he ought to have been taken from city to city in the Peloponnese and to have ended his life only after exemplary torture in each of them.” The Roman senate welcomed the Rhodian ambassador to negotiate a peace. However, the senate seized the opportunity to make an example of the Rhodians. The senate thought that Rhodes had no desire to end the ward, but to rescue and save Perseus to the best of their ability.”

Old Testament: This term, used both in an active and passive sense, generally conveys a negative sense. These meanings include to punish, to put to shame, to do wrong, to do violence, and to alienate. Beholding can used both in a positive and negative sense. However, the general negative sense of this term refers to making an example of a person. Gather all the leaders of the people and publicly execute them (Num.25:4). I made you a spectacle I in the sight of kings (Ezek.28:17). Turn their own country against them and make an example of the one who began this against us (Est C:22). They punished and put to a public and shameful death any whom they met of their compatriots who had become defiled (3Macc.7:14). How great is your goodness, Lord, stored up for those who fear you. You display it for those who trust You (Psa.30:20). Be warned, Jerusalem, or I will be estranged from you (Jer.6:8).

New Testament: This term means to disgrace publicly, to hold to contempt, and to put to shame. Joseph was legally entitled to publicly expose (shame) Mary for being with child. The penalty for proven adultery was death by stoning. Being a righteous man, Joseph was willing to divorce Mary quietly. However, Joseph would have a dream that this child was conceived by the Holy Spirit. Paul makes reference to believers who have fallen away from the faith. Those who have fallen away (to apostatize) are shaming and deriding the Son of God. They cannot be renewed to repentance. The Latin translation conveys the sense of making a visible example, spectacle, disgrace, or shaming of someone. In their willful malice of apostasy, the false teachers are again re-crucifying and deriding the Son of God.

Scripture:

“And the have fallen away, to bring them to repentance again, since they are re-crucifying the Son of God for themselves and holding Him to contempt.” Heb.6:6

These fallen ones seek to publicly shame Jesus.

“Joseph her husband, since he was a righteous man, yet unwilling to expose her to shame, decided to divorce her quietly.” Mt.1:19

This scripture mostly speaks to the character of Joseph in his relationship to Mary. Joseph would soon later understand that this was part of God’s plan for man’s redemption.

Paradigm Shift: This concept, identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn, is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. This term illustrates an important change that happens in the usual way of thinking or doing something. A paradigm is a pattern (model) which is shown side by side. Plato uses the term paradigm as the model (pattern) that God (as a creator) uses to create the Cosmos.

Conclusion:

Paradigm, paradigm shift, ostentation, ostentatious

In studying this term, I already had the word ‘paradigm’ in mind. I just wasn’t too sure how closely related these terms were. The original meaning of this term means to publicly shame or to have contempt for someone. Not surprisingly the expression ‘making an example’ refers to a paradigm (model). It is interesting to note that Plato alludes to God as an artisan who creates the cosmos. So it can be easily understood in seeing how shaming can be identified with making an example of someone.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on several meanings ranging from murder, violence, making an example, and shaming. The more nuanced meanings include beholding and alienating.

In the New Testament, Joseph was an honorable man who stood by Mary. Joseph perhaps had every legal right to publicly shame (or to make an example) of Mary. This speaks volumes about Joseph’s own character. Joseph becomes a great model for a spouse and also later for a father (and step-father). Christ becomes re-crucified and derided by apostates.

You can pick any decade or year in recent times to illustrate paradigm shifts in technology, science, and medicine. Pick any invention (smartphones, streaming, tablets, internet etc), and you can clearly see how a later technology has put other earlier inventions (VCRs) to shame.

WARNING –USELESS WORDS ALERT–!

Traduce: to speak evil of, to falsely accuse, to slander, to parade in disgrace  (The prepositon tra- means across. The verb ducere means to lead.)

Traduction: a bringing over into shame

Emerging or potential paradigm shifts (because of this pandemic):

Epidemiological models: These models frequently change due to inefficient, unclear, or changing data, leading to changing and/or ambiguous actions and recommendations.

Social distancing: How long do we maintain this? Is this handshake a thing of the past?

Constitutional rights of assembly: How much power should fed./state/local govt. officials should have on people’s rights?

Washing hands: We are now more frequently doing this.

Public venues, restaurants, sporting events: When and how can these venues resume?

Businesses/merchants: How many business will return?

Businesses/corporations: Will this lead to further investment (interest) in telecommuting (working from home)? How many companies have been slow to adapt to this technology?

Education: Will this lead to further home school and investment (interest) in on-line studies?

Churches/Religious gatherings: When can churches open up? How can sacraments/ministry be carried out?

Plastic or cloth bags: Plastic bags are now being used to prevent the spread of germs.

And there will be other examples!

Wishing you the very best as we enter into this brave new world! I, like many of you, feel uncertain, fearful, and afraid at this time. (However, we have nothing to be ashamed about that!)

[Greek] ἐκτενής (ektenēs), [Latin] fervens, [Latin] vehemens: stretched, extended, earnest, fervently, without ceasing, continuously, strained, deeply, vehement, resolute, zealous; Acts 12:5, 1Pet.4:8

St. Peter Released from Prison: painting by Gerard van Honthorst (1616)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means tension, desire (of the will), resolute, strained, friendly (willing to reach out), capable of extending, and abundant. Polybius’ Histories 8.19.1 states “At the first opportunity Cambylus laid the proposal before the king. In the first flush of his exultation, he promised everything he asked. Being eventually satisfied on these points, he repeatedly begged and prayed Cambylus to bring it to a conclusion.” Aeschylus’ Suppliant Woman 983 states “They heard from my lips the conduct of your cousins toward their own kinfolk, and were moved to bitterness against them.” Polybius’ Histories 21.22.4 states “The senate received both the king himself and the speech with every mark of favor, and were enthusiastic for doing everything in their power to gratify him.” Aeschylus’ Suppliant Women 983 states “They heard from my lips the conduct of your cousins toward their own kinfolk, and were moved to bitterness against them.”

Old Testament: This term is used to measure the fervor of prayers. So their entreaty ascended fervently to heaven (3Macc.5:9). Man and beast shall be covered with sackcloth and call loudly to God (Jon.3:8). Gather the elders into the house of the Lord and cry to the Lord (Joel.1:14). They cried out fervently to the God of Israel not to allow their children to be seized, the wives to be taken captive, the cities to be ruined, or the sanctuary to be profaned or mocked (Jdt.4:12). Their neighbors and friends were pledging to protect them and to exert more earnest efforts for their assistance (3Macc.3:10).

New Testament: This term means without ceasing, continuously, eagerly, and earnestly. Christians must have fervent and continuous love for one another. Only this love can and will cover the sins which rend the community. Christians are called to a pure will of heart. Peter’s imprisonment was made known throughout the Church. Unceasing prayer is made for Peter’s release from prison. The Church knows what it is praying for.

Scripture:

“Above all, let your love for one another be intense, because love covers a multitude of sins.” 1Pet.4:8

Christians are called show a fervent and enduring love for one another. These prayers are needed in response to the community’s sins.

“Peter thus was being kept in prison, but prayer by the church was being fervently being made to God on his behalf.” Acts 12:5

The Church community was praying fervent for Peter’s release from prison.

Early Church: In the early Church, this term makes reference to the Christian’s attitude rather than an action (fervent request for prayers). Prayer itself is thus changed into an attitude. The Christians begin to have a future-looking view in reaching heaven. Clement’s 1^st epistle 34.7 states “And let us therefore, conscientiously gathering together in harmony, cry to Him earnestly, as with one mouth, that we may be partakers of His great and glorious promises”.

Conclusion:

Extend, extension, extent, extensive, vehement, fervent

At first glance, it may not seem clear how this Greek term can mean extending. In a sense, one needs to “extend” their understanding of this term in a more nuanced manner. Those, who are enthusiastic and eager, often times extend or heighten their feelings and desires. Those, who are are compassionate and friendly, extend themselves in reaching out in helping others.

In the Old Testament, although not insignificant, this term is narrowly focused on the fervor of prayer. The primary focus is on one’s relationship with God.

In the New Testament, this term, used only twice, is used both in a general and narrow sense. Christians are called to fervently and constantly pray for others. It is interesting to discover this new attitude in focusing on getting into heaven. Not surprisingly, we all hear many instances (anecdotes) of ordinary people, in their respective vocations, trying to help get their loved ones into heaven. (Spouses praying for each other to get into heaven. Parents praying for the children to get into heaven).

In recent times, many have prayed fervently for justice for the victims and perpetrators in the sexual abuse crisis in the Church. Many also pray fervently that they see authenticity in Church leaders. Still many fervently seek the truth (and tradition) in faith, doctrine, and morals.

I would like to extend my prayers, hopes, and wishes for new vocations. From what I see so far of this new generation of priests and religious, I am very hopeful and encouraged.

Update: corona-virus pandemic: First of all, we must all extend our prayers to all those folks who have lost loved ones and to all the medical professionals (and support staff) who have been on the front lines in fighting this virus. Moving forward, it will be prudent to continue our social distancing and to extend this practice for the future. Yet, in many places (like our own), there exists tension regarding the exercise of rights (movement, work (livelihood), releasing of prisoners, assembly, worship, etc.). Meanwhile, oftentimes our patience is getting strained or stretched thin. We all want to get back to work to support our ourselves and families! We all must fervently pray so we can get through this and be released from this isolation (prison) in our own homes.

[Greek] στράτευμα (strateuma), [Latin] exercitus, [Latin] milites: army, division, soldiers, army division; Mt.22:7, Lk.23:11, Acts 23:10,27, Rev.9:16, Rev.19:14,19

The Roman soldiers mocking Jesus: painting by Dirk van Baburen (1623)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means army, campaign, expedition, armament, mercenaries, and people. Euripides’ Suppliants 601 states “And I saw the companies of three armies; the armor-clad warriors deployed on the high ground by the banks of Ismenus.” Euripides’ Persians 758 states “Hearing such taunts many a time from evil counselors, he planned this expedition and army against Hellas.” Herodotus’ The Histories 8.112 states “There was no end to Themistocles’ avarice; he sent threatening messages to the other islands, demanding money and saying that if they would not give what he asked he would bring the Greek armada upon them and besiege and take their islands.”

Old Testament: This term means army, military service, service, afflictions of life, and cultic service. Cultic service refers to service of God or pagan idols. These afflictions of life may refer to drudgery, guilt, and harassment. Philo, a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher, uses military expressions of the group in a theological and psychological sense. Yahweh is presented as the general of the invincible army. When a man is newly wed, he need not go out on a military expedition, nor shall any public duty be imposed on him (Deut.24:5). Is not man’s life on earth drudgery? (Job.7:1). You renew your attack on me and multiply your harassment of me (Jb.10:17). And proclaim her that her service is at an end, her guilt is expiated (Isa.40:2). These are to undertake obligatory tasks in the meeting tent (Num.4:3). All the houses upon whose roofs they burnt incense to the whole host of heaven and poured out libations to strange gods (Jer.19:13).

New Testament: This term means army, troops, and soldiers. Soldiers are presented in both ordinary and apocalyptic ways. Christians, who obey their true God, recognize that soldiers also must follow orders from their superiors. Revelations presents a heavenly army (cloud of witness) lead by the Exalted Christ overcoming the beast and his followers. The Romans soldiers contemptuously mock Jesus, clothing Him in a purple garb. In the parable of the wedding feast, the king orders his soldiers to kill those who killed his servants. Upon learning of Paul’s Roman citizenship right, the commander brings Paul into protective custody.

Scripture:

“The armies of heaven followed Him, mounted on white horses and wearing clean white linen.” Rev.19:14

The Exalted Christ leads this heavenly army in destroying the beast and his followers. This heavenly army is a cloud of witnesses.

“Even Herod and his soldiers treated Him contemptuously and mocked Him, after clothing Him in resplendent garb, he sent Him back to Pilate.” Lk.23:11

The Roman soldiers mocked Jesus for being a king. These Roman soldiers believed in multiple pagan gods.

“This man, seized by the Jews and about to be murdered by them, I rescued after intervening with my troops when I learned that he was a Roman citizen.” Acts 23:27

Paul, once a loyal and rabid Pharisee, abandons his fellows in following Jesus. The commander, upon learning Paul’s rights of Roman citizenship, protected Paul from danger. Conclusion:

Etymology: The Latin exercitus (soldier) is derived from the Latin verb exercitare, meaning to keep busy, to keep at work, to carry into effect, to employ, and to exercise. Essentially, a soldier is one who is employed to carry out an action. From the 13th century, this refers to a physical or spiritual exercise. In Medieval Latin this refers to a play (in the dramatic arts). In the early 17th century, this refers to written schoolwork.

Conclusion:

Strategy, strategic, military, militant, exercise, exert

In the Greco-Roman era, I am not really surprised that this term would be frequently used. Not only are there soldiers (armies), but also mercenaries and extortionists.

In the Old Testament, it is important to note that this term is used in the cultic (religious) service in serving Yahweh and pagan idols. The Jews were sometimes under under the control (authority) of the Romans and Greeks (during the Maccabeean period). It is also not surprising that Philo would speak about God in militaristic terms.

In the New Testament, it is important to note that the Christians also acknowledged that even Roman soldiers were acting under the authority of their superiors. The parable of the wedding feast makes reference to God’s judgment and a warning against Matthew’s community. The parable of the wedding feast states that we are all invited to share in this feast. However, we need to be dressed up with a repentant heart in order to be able to sit at the table.

Update: George Floyd’s arrest and death: I think we can all agree that justice and other measures must be taken to address these wrongs. A more through examination of our police departments seems to be a practical first step. More must be done to remove and weed out any potential racist individuals (or tendencies) in these organizations. However, at the same time, we cannot paint a broad brush in claiming all police officers (and organizations) are racist. Even though our nation has had an unfortunate history with slavery and racism, a racist nation does not elect an African-American (Barack Obama) for two terms.

The unfortunate reality is that, more often than not, a racist individual infamously comes into national spotlight, resulting in a tragic situation. The vast majority of these officers who serve our communities should have and deserve our appreciation. This is ever more important during these unfortunate times when these same police officers must deal with those rioters and looters who have sullied and high-jacked the spirit of this earnest protest movement. In some situations, troops have been called in to respond to these criminal elements. Now there has been increased talk of the notion of ‘de-funding the police’. This seems to be a very reckless response which will result in hindering the police’s efforts in responding to such criminals and serving the community in other ways. This will further embolden criminal activity. We all should have the privilege (white, black, or brown, or whatever) of being able to depend on the police.

I wish you the best in your strategy in soldiering on in life!

[Greek] σφάλλω (sphallō), [Latin] fallere: to slip, to stumble, to fall, to bring to a downfall; Mt.15:14

“Hola, Amigo! I’ve fallen into a cenote and I can’t get out! (Cenote in Valladolid Mexico)

Background information:

Old Testament: This term means to fall, to lie, to die, to let drop, and to cause to fall. The more nuanced meanings include to fall prostrate, to fall short, to be inferior, to overthrow, and to fall into the hands of.

New Testament: This term means to fall or to stumble.

Jesus mentioned that what comes out of the mouth is what defiles oneself. The Pharisees took offense at this statement. The Law focused on purification rituals concerning what enters the body. Jesus calls His disciples not to be led by morally ‘blind’ Pharisees. Following the Pharisees is likened to falling into a pit. From the heart (inside) comes evil thoughts, ideas, and impulses. This is what defiles a person.

Scripture:

Mt.15:14: “Let them alone’ they are blind guides of the blind. If a blind person leads a blind person, both will fall into a pit.” (The Pharisees were morally blind concerning what defiles. Jesus focus on one’s internal impulses and intentions which causes one to defile oneself.)

The tradition of the Elders:

1. The Pharisees and scribes ask Jesus, ‘Why do your disciples break the tradition of the elders?’ (The disciples did not wash their hand when they are eating meals.)
2. Jesus ask them, ‘Why do you break the commandment of God for the sake of your tradition?’ (They have nullified the word of God through “lip-service” and distant hearts.)
3. Jesus calls the Pharisees and scribes as hypocrites [fulfilling Isa. 29:13]. (The Pharisees and scribes are creating human traditions.)
4. Jesus states that what defiles is what comes out of the mouth [from inside the person].
5. The Pharisees and scribes took offense when Jesus said this.
6. Doctrine is planted in the mind for the purpose of producing the fruit of right conduct, teachings, and doctrine.
7. Jesus states that every plant (doctrine) that the Father has not be planted will be uprooted [Mt.15:13]. (The Father will exclude human traditions.)
8. Doctrine is planted in the mind for the purpose of producing the fruit of right conduct, doctrine, and teachings.
9. Jesus states that the Pharisees and scribes as blind guides leading the blind. Both will fall in a pit.

The tradition of the Modernists:

1. Modernists take on several roles: philosopher, believer, theologian, historian, critic, apologist, and reformer.
2. Vital immanence: Modernists seek to find an explanation for religion and doctrine within themselves and their lived experiences.
3. Modernists start from an agnostic perspective. Modernists will ignore external supernatural reality because it is outside their lived experiences.
4. Pope Pius X states that Modernism is a synthesis of all heresies. Modernists fall into a series of subjective errors ultimately lead to atheism.
5. Modernists state that Tradition must and should be subject to change according to circumstances.
6. Doctrine is planted in the mind from the religious sentiment and lived experiences of the Modernist.

Etymology: Originally, the Greek verb sphallo means to deceive, to conceal, to dissemble, to make stagger, and to stumble into erring. Through putting forth, dissembling, and concealing, an obstruction appears in one’s way.

Falling for it: (This term becomes Latinized)

1. With this obstruction, one does not know what he is dealing with.
2. Therefore, one must “fall for” what is presented to him. When something else is presented, he falls down (he fell for it).
3. Bringing to a fall comes from the result of dissembling and concealing.
4. This dissembling and concealing now results in the false. This involves subterfuge, deceit, treachery, deception, and falsity.
5. In an active sense, the Roman imperium (command), in their attempts to oversee, dominate, or conquer other nations and opponents, were bringing their adversaries to a fall.

Conclusion:

Fall, befall, fallen, false

In the Old Testament, I was surprised by the very many references in scripture. The more nuanced meanings, like being prostrate or submissive, are noteworthy.

In the New Testament, the Pharisees are both blind and false, regarding purification rituals. Jesus contrasts this by speaking the truth that evil impulses come from within. The related Greek word episphales, occurring in Acts. 27:9, interestingly means dangerous or prone to falling. Falling into a pit certainly applies in this context.

I thought that this was just a term about simply falling down. I was wrong. Yes, the Greek term sphallo sounds very much like the word ‘fall’. However, I had “fallen” for this “false” and mistaken assumption. Quite humbling!

Update: The Modernists are evidently blinded by their ideology. The Modernists are “true believers in their ideology.

The Modernists are blinded by their disdain and contempt for Tradition, the Traditional Latin Mass, and traditional (conservative) Catholics.

The Modernists, in their blindness, have state that Church ecclesiology has has changed. Therefore, the Traditional Latin Mass is divisive and needs to go away.

In Mt.15:13, we are reminded that human traditions will inevitably be uprooted.

In his efforts to be ecumenical and getting along, Pope Francis not surprisingly fell into making very troubling and heretical statements concerning salvation.

Unfortunately, Pope Francis’s statements, actions, and documents may often fall into heresy.

“He who falls, falls by his own will, and he who stand, stands by God’s will.” St. Augustine

[Greek] μαρτυρία (martyria), [Latin] memoria: witness, one who remembers, one who can tell about it, the bearing of witness, testimony, evidence, reputation; Mk.14:55-56,59, Lk.22:71, Jn.1:7,19, Jn.3:11,32-32, Jn.5:31-32,34,36, Jn.8:13-14,17, Jn.19:35, Jn.21:24, Acts 22:18, 1Tim.3:7, Tit.1:13, 1Jn.5:9-11, 3Jn.1:12, Rev. 1:2,9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means testimony, witness, and evidence. The gods quite often were called upon to be witnesses to oaths, solemn agreements, and declarations. It was believed that the gods could confirm the truth (fact) of one’s statement. If one would lie, one who be subject to the god’s wrath. Testimony was often needed in a legal sense. Sometimes one’s convictions and conduct became a greater witness than one’s words. Philosophy was often thought to be a witness to the truth. Stoicism held that one must accept and embrace the experiences which one cannot control. Such impersonal witnesses include circumstances or poverty.

Homer’s Iliad 22.254 states “But come hither, let us call the gods to witness, for they shall be the best witnesses and guardians of our covenant.” Plato’s Apology 31c states “For I think I have a sufficient witness that I speak the truth, namely, my poverty.” Plato’s Symposium 179b states “And without any doubt what Homer call a fury inspired by a god in certain heroes is the effect produced on lovers by Love’s peculiar power. Only such as are in love will consent to die for others. Not merely men will do it, but women too. Sufficient witness is borne to the statement that Alcestis was willing to die for her husband.” Aeschines’ Against Timarchus 1.45 states “For I do not set down the actual name of the thing that Misgolas used to do to him, nor have I written anything else that would legally incriminate a man who has testified to the truth.”

Old Testament: This term, used in a legal and religious sense, refers to witness, testimony, and evidence of things (or people). In the legal sphere, a sufficient number of witnesses was needed to bring judgment against a person. A witness is often called upon to investigate the integrity (character) of a person. God is often called upon as a witness in a contract (agreement). In the religious sphere, God provides witness and judgment. Israel, nations, and man are often called to provide witness for and against themselves. In Later Judaism, martyrdom and sufferings of the righteous (in the Maccabean age) comes from piety (par excellence) for the Law. Therefore, although somewhat similar, this notion of martyrdom cannot be directly related to the Christian notion of martyrdom.

New Testament: Aside from few references from Mark, Acts, 1Tim, and Titus, this term is found primarily in John’s gospel, Revelations, and John’s letters. Essentially, John give witness to  God’s word and testimony of Jesus Christ by reporting what he saw. John provides evangelical witness and testimony to Christ’s nature and significance. Other testimony comes from Jesus, Paul, other eyewitnesses, and adversaries. Agreement of 2 or 3 witnesses was needed to bring formal charges against the accused. John’ testimony to the truth of Jesus provides the basis for the Christian martyrs’ faithful witness to Christ.

Scripture:

“Many gave false witness against Him, but their testimony did not agree.” Mk.14:56

The chief priests and the Sanhedrin wanted to obtain testimony in order to put Jesus to death. Ultimately, they only found false or conflicting testimony.

“Even in your law it is written that that the testimony of two men can be verified.” Jn.8:17

Two or three witnesses’ testimony was required to bring formal charges against the accused.

“It is this disciple who testifies to these things and has written them, and we know that his testimony is true. “ Jn.21:24

We refers to the Christian community. John’s witnesses provides the basis for others’ witness to Jesus even to the point of martyrdom.

Conclusion:

Martyr, martyrdom, memory, memorable

It was interesting to discover how the gods were called upon in agreements and oaths. Oftentimes, objects (representing gods) or raising one hand (in the direction of the gods) were used in oaths. Stoics introduced the notion that living one’s life becomes a form of witness. Plato makes reference to another form of witness, unconditional love in a secular sense. Witnesses were important in the legal sphere. In our current culture, when we take an oath, we raise our hand upwards (toward God) or on the bible (representing the Word of God).

In the Old Testament, God was often invoked in contracts and agreements. God also shows His faithfulness in covenants throughout history. It was important to have an agreement of consistent testimony. Two or three witnesses’ testimony was required to bring charges to the accused. Jesus also will later make reference in the gathering of believers. Although it is true that there is some commonality between Maccabeean martyrs and Christian martyrs, the difference lies in their motivations.  The Maccabeean martyrs were pious to the Law while the Christian martyrs were pious to Christ. Duet. 17:6 provides the basis for where when two or three are gathered in Jesus’ name, He is in the midst of them.

In the New Testament, John provides a witness and testimony for Jesus. Jesus’ enemies sought to find testimony (evidence) in order to put Him to death. An eyewitness had seen that a soldier had thrust his lance into Jesus’s side. Immediately after, blood and water flowed out. This eyewitness testified that this was true. This foreshadows baptism and the Eucharist. Christian martyrs provide a wonderful example to others in being faithful to Christ. Not surprisingly, Christianity had rapidly flourished during the Roman Empire’s persecution of Christians. Christianity also increased and flourished after the Christian persecution in Africa.

In current times there still exists Christian persecution in the world. Many Christians often face persecution, discrimination, or restriction of expressions for their views in the secular world and social media. In light of this pandemic, we are also witnessing the challenges that Christians face in their ability to assemble together. Some of these challenges are reasonable social distancing concerns. Other challenges will be settled in the courts.

Update: Christians are also witnessing questionable and disappointing legal rulings about abortion. The Supreme Court ruled that these cases infringed on the woman’s “right” to abortion. Some say the Chief Justice Roberts ruled to halt (or placate) the unrest over the issue of abortion. The Supreme Court based their decision on stare decisis, the doctrine of legal precedent. Yet, it is interesting to note that the Supreme Court Dred Scott case (1857) also ruled 6-3 in favor declaring blacks inferior to whites. Some say that this decision was motivated in part to halt the unrest over slavery. Slavery was the settled law. It was later that the 13th Amendment  (January 1865) banned slavery in the U.S. Up until 1920, women did not have the right to vote. Restricting women from voting was the settled law. The 19th Amendment (August 1920) gave women the right to vote. Just because it was settled law (like slavery or restricting women), it does not always mean that it is a good or moral one. (Having settled questionable (or immoral) laws from the past is really not that unprecedented!)

Here are some witnesses from the past:

“Every aborted baby is like a slave in the womb of his (her) mother.”  Martin Luther King

“When we consider that women are treated as property, it is degrading to women that we should treat our children as property to be disposed as we see fit.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leader in the anti-slavery and women’s suffrage movements.

“Abortion is the ultimate exploitation of women.” Alice Paul, author of the ERA Amendment (1923) who opposed the later trend of linking the ERA with abortion rights.

“We’re living in an age of genocide…They claim the poor are bringing forth tremendous numbers of children and so the solution is to kill them off.” Dorothy Day, founder of the Catholic Worker Movement (1933).

This can be your time to make your testimony and witness! Make it memorable! Don’t settle!

[Greek] διπλοῦς (diplous), [Latin] duplus: double, two-fold, twice as much, folded; Mt.23:15, 1Tim.5:17, Rev.18:6

These two metal plates (diploma) were issued by the emperor Trajan on Oct 14, 109. The text on the plates announces the granting of military honors and citizenship rights of retiring soldiers who served in the Roman army.

Background information:

Diploma: This term comes from the Greek diploma, meaning folded paper. During the Roman Empire, all passports and passes were stamped on double metal plates, folded and sewn together. These metals passes (diploma) conferred privileges or arrangements with foreign communities or tribes. Interestingly, the plural form of this term is diplomata. A traveler (diplomat), having possession of this diploma, was given the authority by the government to conduct negotiations (trade and international relations) with other nations and provinces. In the 1680’s, the diploma becomes a writing under seal coming from an authority conferring some honor or privilege.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to do be doubled, to double, folded up, and two-fold. Xenophon’s Hellenica 6.5.19 states “When the phalanx had been thus doubled in depth, he preceded into the plan with the hoplites in this formation, and then extended the army again into a line 9 or 10 shields deep.” Plutarch’s Camillus 41 states “But the Romans thrust their javelins into their faces received their strokes on the parts that were shielded by iron, and so turn the edge of their metal, which was soft and weakly tempered, so much that their swords quickly bent up double.”

Old Testament: This term references two Hebrew terms. One Hebrew term means to double, to fold double, and to double over. This meaning has the sense of to fold together and to repeat. The other Hebrew term means a copy, double, and second. This meaning has the sense of repetition, doubling, and being second in order (rank or age). It shall be square and folded double, as span in length and a span in width (Exo.28:16). You shall double over the sixth curtain at the front of the tent (Exo.26:9). He had him ride in his second chariot (Gen.41:43). Take double the money in your hand (Gen.43:12). On the sixth day, when they prepare what they bring in, it will be twice as much as they gather daily (Exo.16:5). He shall write for himself a copy of this law on a scroll in the presence of the Levitical priests (Deut.17:18). Now the name of his firstborn was Joel, and the name of his second Abijah (1Sam.8:2).

New Testament: This term refers to the doubling of honor, retribution, and zeal. The presbyters, supported by the community, were responsible for the preaching and teaching. These presbyters, often faced with public criticism (accusations), were honored for upholding these teachings. Converts, espousing right or wrong beliefs, have more zeal than the hypocritical scribes and Pharisees. Rome, harlot of Babylon, is to receive double retribution from God.

Conclusion:

Diploma, diplomatic, diplomacy, duplicate

As perhaps with many others, I never really considered how there could be a direct relationship with the words ‘diploma’ and ‘diplomat’. I really did not know that these terms were related by the sense of doubling or folding. It was very interesting to discover the original meaning of a diploma used for diplomacy. Now it makes very clear sense! This conferring of authority or recognition provides for the importance of a diploma.

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I can imagine that this term would be used in all walks of life and situations. Most notably, this term can be found in warfare.

In the Old Testament, I was surprised by its many scriptural references. It was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings such as a copy (imitation), and being second in rank (order).

In the New Testament, this term is used in various ways. This term makes reference to the scribes and Pharisees being indifferent and hypocritical. The faithful presbyter, who espoused faithful teachings and preaching, was bestowed with great honor (even in the face of adversity or persecution). This value of a faithful teacher or preacher still holds true in our current times.

Unfortunately, there seems to be more and more teachers and preachers, fearful of being criticized, who often seem to adapt, dilute or change church teachings in order to accommodate to the values of the modern secular world. As a result, this has led to much confusion for the faithful who are searching for truth and authenticity in church teachings and church leaders. Now oftentimes, Christian values are now called offensive or hateful!

Update Coronavirus Pandemic: In light of this pandemic, schools have closed. Perhaps the majority of schools have some type of online means to provide education for the kids. For many other students, this instruction will fall upon the parents. So, parents: to say this diplomatically, you need to bring your “A game” in being a teacher to your kids. https://www.khou.com/article/features/cy-fair-second-grader-my-mom-sucks-as-a-teacher/285-57b1496d-1532-4a5d-a8f2-26018f0005f5

I think it will go without saying that teachers will be doubly appreciated (by students and parents) for what they do. (One does not need to have a diploma to figure that out)!

[Greek] βύσσος (byssos): linen, cloth, sea silk, fine linen; Lk.16:19, Rev.18:12

The parable of the rich man and Lazarus: painting by Jan Steen (1677)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means fine linen, bleached linen, flax, and sea silk. This sea silk is a filament secreted by a Mediterranean mollusk. Strabo’s Geography 15.1.20 states “Their fine clothes were made from this wool. The cloth of silk are of a similar kind, and are made of dry byssos, which is obtained from sort of bark of plants.” Procopius states “Primary among these is a cloth (chlamys) made of wool, not produced by sheep, but gathered from the sea.” Euripides’ Bacchae 815 states “But they will track you down, even if they go in secret. Put linen cloths over your body. Lest they kill you if you are seen as a woman.” Aeschylus’ Supplicant Woman 117 states “And many times I lay my hands upon my Sidonian veil and tear its linen fabric to shreds.”

Byssinos: This related term, used as a noun and adjective, means fine linen or made of fine linen. The Greek civilization flourished in part due to its nautical sea trading and commerce. Merchants and travelers engaged in the trade of linen spices, dyes, livestock and other commodities. The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.

Old Testament: This means fine linen, something bleached, linen, white, and marble. He made the veil of violet, purple, crimson and fine linen, and he worked cherubim on it (2Chr.3:14). There were hangings of fine white and violet linen held by cords of fine linen (Est.1:6). Then Mordecai went out from the presence of the king in royal robes of blue and white (Est.8:15). She makes linen garments and sells them (Prov.31:24). Then I will give you thirty linen wraps and thirty changes of clothes (Jdg.14:12). Couches of gold and silver on a mosaic pavement of porphyry, marble, mother-of-pearl and precious stones (Est.1:6).

New Testament: This term means fine linen. These examples are used in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus and the fall of Babylon. Luke points out the reversal of fates for both the rich man and Lazarus. The poor man is taken up by angels to Abraham, while the rich man experiences torment in the netherworld. Revelations states that the merchants of the earth will weep for the fall of Babylon (Rome). These merchants lament that that there will be no more markets for their cargo (fine linen, purple silk, and scarlet cloth).

Scripture:

“There was a rich man who dressed in purple garments and fine linen and dined sumptuously each day.” Lk.16:19

This references the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. The reversal of fortunes illustrates Jesus’ views toward wealth and power.

Conclusion:

Business, busy

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that sea silk secreted by a mollusk provides the raw materials needed to produce linen. I also never knew that tree bark can also provide a source for producing linen. It goes without saying that linen was an important wardrobe resource for the characters on the Greek stage.

In the Old Testament, merchants often sold and traded various commodities such as linen. Rich and influential persons often wore fine white and colored linen. Byssinosis is an occupation related respiratory disease associated with the inhalation of cotton, flax, or hemp dust.

Update: The Coronavirus pandemic has caused great uncertainty and upheaval in the economy relating to many corporations, businesses, and livelihoods. The govt (federal, state, and local) can and will play important roles in dealing with this crisis. But the government cannot do it all. Now corporations and businesses (getting out of their comfort zone) are stepping up and producing needed products and devices to help combat this crisis. Many corporations and businesses (including a pillow company with fine linen products) are helping out in getting our nation back to business.

As to the business at hand, this post is finished.

[Greek] διαλύω (dialuō), [Latin] diluere, [Latin] dispergere, [French] disperser: to break up, to disperse, to dissolve, to scatter; Acts 5:36

A statue of St. Gamaliel appears on the upper niche of the altarpiece in Chapelle Saint Nicodeme en Plumeliau (Brittany region in northwest France). St. Gamaliel, a Sanhedrin official along with Nicodemus, told the authorities to do nothing against the Christians.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to disperse, to break up, to dismiss, to dissolve, to put an end to, to reconcile, to solve a difficulty, to relax, to weaken, to loosen, and to pay off. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.128 states “Thus the Median army was shamefully scattered.” Herodotus’ The Histories 8.56 states “Night fell, and they dissolved the assembly and boarded their ships.” Isocrates’ Panegyricus 4.40 states “This is apparent from the fact that those who in the beginning brought charges charges of homicide and desired to settle their mutual differences by reason and not by violence.” Herodotus’ The Histories 4.154 states “Etearchus made Themsion his guest and friend, and got him to swear that he would do him whatever service he desired. Then he gave the man his own daughter to be thrown into the sea. But Themison was very angry at being tricked on his oath and renounced his friendship.”

Old Testament: This term is related to several Hebrew terms, having several meanings. However, these various meanings convey the sense of separation or breaking apart. These terms mean to let loose, to undo, to set free, to be free, to tear apart, to break away, to deliver, to break, to dissolve, and to rest. Loosing the sandals and loosing the tied up animals implies rest and abiding. You bring darkness and night falls, then all the animals of the forest wander about (Psa.105.20). Even that God would decide to crush me that he would put forth His hand and cut me off (Job.6:9). Servants rule over us, with no one to tear us from their hands (Lam.5:8). If even after this you do not obey me, I will increase the chastisement for your signs sevenfold to break your proud strength (Lev.26:19). And may wickedness be broken like a tree (Job.24:20). Because this Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazar, has shown an extraordinary spirit, knowledge, and insight in interpreting dreams, explaining riddles and solving problems (Dan.5:12).

New Testament: This term, found only once, refers to Theudas’ loyal followers’ being disbanded. Theudas was viewed by the Jewish authorities as a rebel and insurrectionist. The Sandhedrin, concerned about the influence of Peter (and the Apostles), had forbidden this group to spread their teachings. Peter refused, insisting that they must obey God rather than men. Gamaliel, a member of the Sanahedrin, told the authorities to do nothing with these men. If this activity is of human origin it will destroy itself. But if it comes from God, no one will be able to destroy it.

Scripture:

“Some time ago, Theudas appeared, claiming to be someone important, and about four hundred men joined him, but he was killed, and all those who were loyal to him were disbanded and came to nothing.” Acts 5:36

Theudas was a Jewish rebel and an insurrectionist. Upon his death, his group eventually disappeared.

Conclusion:

Dialysis, dilute, dilution, disperse, dispersal, dialyze

I was surprised at how frequently this term was used in various contexts outside the medical (biochemical) arena. One such meaning can refer to a dissolution of a marriage (divorce) or a friendship. Interestingly, solving a problem by “dissolving” it into its smallest parts is called analysis. What becomes separated is called dialysis. Understanding these parts becomes the solution.

In the Old Testament, this term is also used in various ways denoting the sense of separation. Loosing one’s sandals infers resting and abiding.

In the New Testament, this term is used only once in a secular sense. Gamaliel provides timeless wisdom about the lasting effect of an activity either coming from man or God. If it comes from God, it will not be stopped. History bears this out in the time of Christian persecution. Counterintuitively, Christianity rapidly spread even in times of the persecution and martyrdom of Christians during the Roman empire.

In a medical sense, dialysis is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood for people whose kidneys cannot perform these functions.

In the final analysis, no matter how many ‘likes’ one has, God will always have more followers. There is no other way to separate this fact.

Update: March 24, 2020: There will continue to be speculation as to the cause of this Corona virus pandemic. (Was it caused by man or was it caused by nature?). Whatever the case, in His Providence God will use this pandemic for a greater good. Only God knows why He will allow this pandemic to continue (in spite of our prayers). We will be praying more. We will be together with our families more. We will be forced to slow down.

And we will continue to pray for God to dissolve, dilute, and remove this pandemic. As we always will figure it out, God will be provide the solution!

[Greek] προσφορά (prosphora), [Latin] oblatio: offering, sacrifice, oblation, thing offered, presentation, something presented, that which is offered; Acts 21:26, Acts 24:17, Rom.15:16, Heb. 10:5,8,10,14,18

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term can mean application, benefit (that which is added), wedding present, offerings for the dead, gift, income (revenue), food, flavor, and bouquet. Plato’s Laws 638c states “All those who take up (apply) and institution for discussion and propose, at first mention, to censure or commend it, is like a man who, when he hears somebody praising cheese as a good food, at once starts to disparage it, without having learn its effects, mode of administration, parts, condition, and people.” Plato Laws 791c states “When nursed are trying to discover what a baby wants, they judge it by these very signs in offering the baby things. If the baby remains silent when the thing is offered, they conclude it is the right thing, but the wrong thing if the baby weeps and cries out.” Theophrastes’ Characters 30.19 states “If a friend or friend’s daughter is to be married, he will go abroad while before, in order to avoid giving a wedding present.”

Old Testament: This term, referencing two Hebrews terms, means sacrifice, gift, tribute, grain offering, meat offering, face (person), and presence. The Hebrew lehem ha panim means Bread of the Face (of God). This bread itself is a visible sign of the heavenly reality of God. This is the bread, in front of the Holy of Holies, where the Shekinah (glory cloud  of the divine presence) would descend. The Bread of the Presence was meant to be a memorial and sign of the same covenant that had been sealed with Israel at Sinai. The Bread of the Presence, used with wine, is considered a bloodless sacrifice. This practice of placing this Bread of Presence ended with the destruction of Temple in 70 AD.

Why is the Bread of the Presence a foreshadowing of the Eucharist? Bread and wine, as gifts brought forth by the congregation, are consecrated by the Catholic priest into the Eucharist (Body and Blood of Jesus). The Eucharist is also a physical sign of the heavenly reality of Jesus. Like the menorah continually burning alongside the Bread of Presence, a sanctuary lamp always burns when the Eucharist is present inside the Tabernacle in a Catholic church. The Catholic priest initiates a perpetual unbloody sacrifice consisting of bread and wine. The Mass is the re-presentation (unbloody sacrifice) of the one-time original bloody sacrifice at Calvary. Moses went up with Aaron (and others) and beheld the God of Israel. They saw God and ate and drank in a heavenly banquet. Catholics partake of the heavenly banquet (Eucharist) in the communion liturgy.

Cohanim Hand Blessing: The Cohanim, who trace their lineage to Aaron, the High Priest, spread out both hands in blessing the congregation (Lev.9:22). The Shekinah peers through the fingers of the Cohanim in keeping with the Midrash verse “five cracks in the wall.” The spreading out of both hands provide a total of five separations between the fingers. One space between (and below) the thumbs, two spaces between the thumb and first finger of hand, and two spaces between the second and third finger of each hand. Leonard Nimoy stated that he got this idea for his famous salute (Vulcan greeting) as a small boy. Now this popular Vulcan hand greeting is essentially the one hand version of this Cohanim blessing.

Cain brought an offering to the Lord from the fruit of the ground (Gen.4:3). Then they set out their gifts to await Joseph’s arrival at noon (Gen.43:25). If your offering is a grain offering that is prepared in a pan, it must be made of bran flour, fried in oil (Lev.2:7). The sons of Israel sent tribute by him to Eglon the king of Moab (Jdg.3:17). Accept this gift from me, since to see you face is for me like seeing the face of God (Gen.33:10). Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God (Exo.3:6). On the table you shall always keep the showbread (Bread of the Presence) set before Me (Exo.25:30)

New Testament: This term, primarily meaning sacrifice, refers to the Levitical sacrifices and offerings, Jesus’ sacrificial offering of Himself, and the offering up of the Gentiles. The Levitical offerings and sacrifices now become now less effective and efficacious. With Jesus’ perfect sacrifice, there is no longer a need for multiple offerings for sin. The offering of the Gentiles is made possible by priestly service of Paul. This offering is sanctified by the Holy Spirit.

Scripture:

“To be a minster of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles in performing the priestly service of the gospel of God, so that the offering up of the Gentiles may be acceptable, sanctified by the Holy Spirit.” Rom.15:16

The offering up of the Gentiles is made possible by the ministry of Paul

“And live love, as Christ loved us and handed Himself over as a sacrificial offering to God for a fragrant aroma.” Eph.5:2

Christ provides a sacrifice superior to the multiple Levitical sacrifices.

“Where there is forgiveness of these, there is no longer any offering for sin.” Heb.10:18

With Jesus’sacrifice there is no need for other Levitical sacrifices for sin.

Conclusion:

Prosper, prosperous, proffer, oblation

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I was not surprised that this term refers to offerings, sacrifices, and oblations in a time period associated with gods. It was interesting to learn about the more nuanced meanings such as income, benefit, and bouquet. Plato warns against making assumptions (judgments) before analyzing its various parts and aspects. In a more practical sense, this term refers to a wedding gift.

In the Old Testament era, this term references the Hebrew lehem ha panim, which literally means Bread of the Face. This is also referred to as shewbread or the Bread of the Presence. This bread was placed in the temple. This bread is a visible sign of the heavenly reality of God. It is quite interesting in how this bread foreshadows the Eucharist.

In the New Testament era, this term references how the Levitical sacrifices become inferior to Jesus’ sacrifice. The offering up of the Gentiles is made possible by Paul.

This idea of benefit (mentioned previously) provides the background context for the current words prosper and prosperous.

In conclusion, as Spock would say, “Live long and prosper.”

[Greek] δάκτυλος (daktylos), [Latin] digitus: finger, digit, hand, toes; Mt.23:4, Mk.7:33, Lk.11:20,46, Lk.16:24, Jn.8:6, Jn.20:25,27

Nicknamed the “Hand of God’, this pulsar wind nebula was captured by NASA’s Nuclear Spectroscopic Array, or NuSTar.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means finger, thumb, toes, measure of length, and poetic syllable. The daktylos is the smallest unit of measure, a unit representing the thickness of a finger. The daktylos is equivalent to .76 inches. This term also refers to a long accented syllable followed by two short syllables. The word “poetry” is such an example. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.60 states “There was a woman called Phya, three inches short of six feet, four inches in height, and otherwise, too, well formed.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 4.5.12 states “Some of the soldiers were falling behind—those whose eyes had been blinded by the snow, or whose toes had rotten off by reason of the cold.”

Old Testament: This term means hand, finger, toe, power, and authority. God is often sometimes given human qualities. The “hand” and “finger” of God reference His power and creation. The finger of God denotes His direct intervention into man’s affairs. This activity involves moving over the upper waters, inscribing the commandments (on stone tablets), working miracles, and enacting plagues. When I see your heavens, the work of Your fingers, the moon and starts You set in place (Psa.8:3). He gave Moses the two tablets of the commandments, the stone tablets inscribed by God’s own finger (Ex.31:18). The priest dipping his finger in the blood, shall sprinkle some of it seven times before the Lord (Lev.4:5). And blessed be God Most High, who delivered your foes into your hands (Gen.14:20). The magicians said to Pharaoh, ‘This is the finger of God’ (Exo.8:

New Testament: This term means finger and power (authority). References to the use of the fingers occur in various situations. The Pharisees and scribes, acting like hypocrites, fail to lift their fingers in helping others’ burdens. Jesus heals the deaf man by putting His fingers into the deaf man’s ears. Thomas, lacking in belief, sought to place his fingers in Jesus’ nail marks. The rich man, suffering in the netherworld, sought out Lazarus to dip his finger in water to cool his tongue. Jesus begins to write on the ground with His finger in His efforts to shame others from throwing stones at the adulterous woman. It is by the finger of God that Jesus has the authority to drive out demons.

Scripture:

“They tie up heavy burdens (hard to carry) and lay them on people’s shoulders, but they will not lift a finger to move them.” Mt.23:4

The Pharisees and scribes act like hypocrites in not helping others.

“But Thomas said to them, ‘Unless I see the marks of the nails in His hands and put my finger into the nail-marks and put my hand into His side, I will not believe’”. Jn.20:25

“But if it is by the finger of God that I drive out demons, then the kingdom of God has come upon you.” Lk.11:20

The finger of God represents His authority.

Conclusion:

Digit, digital, pterodactyl, tactile (from the Latin tactillus [that may be touched])

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that this term was used for a standard of measurement. I was also never aware of the use of dactyls in po’-e-try. This is dif’-i-cult for me to wrap my “fingers” around.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on greater significance illustrating God’s authority and power.

In the New Testament, this term continues to convey the idea that Jesus gets His authority from God to drive out demons. Jesus also uses his hands (fingers) in His ministry.

In fact, there are about 22 words that end in –dactyl. So my candidates for useless words are:

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–

Syndactyl:  a condition where 2 or more digits (fingers or toes) are fused together

Hemidactyl: an ancient gecko having dilated toes

Paradactyl: the side of a bird’s toes

Hermodactyl: a type of root used in Western medicine (“Hermes finger”)

You have to ‘hand’ it to NASA for their amazing telescopic photography!

[Greek] θροέω (throeō), [Old English] thrawan, [Latin] perturbari: to be alarmed, to be disturbed, to be troubled, to frighten, to wail, to clamor, to be terrified; Mt.24:6, Mk.13:7, 2Thess.2:2

The Throes of Creation: painting by the Russian impressionist painter Leonid Pasternak (1862-1945)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make a loud sound, to cry loud, to utter aloud, to be stirred, to be moved, and to terrify. Sophocles’ Electra 1410 states “Look once more someone cries out!” Sophocles’ Ellectra 1195 states “There is no reason for indignation when the words of one crazed by a storm of pain are senseless.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 1141 states “Frenzied in soul you are, by some god possessed, and you wail in wild strains your own fate, like that brown bird that never ceases lament.” Sophocles’ Antigone 1287 states “Why do you ruin me? Herald of evil, of grief, what word do you say? What is this you report to me?” Euripides’ Orestes 187 states “Tell me, what end of trouble awaits him.”

Old Testament: This term means to make a loud sound, to be stirred, to be troubled, and to murmur. Surely they make an uproar for nothing (Psa.39:6). Why are you in despair, O my soul? And why have you become disturbed within me? (Psa.42:5). The nations made an uproar, the kingdoms tottored (Psa.46:6). And they will drink and be boisterous as with wine (Zec.9:15). And their waves will roared like many waters (Jer.51:55). Therefore My heart wails for Moab, like flutes (Jer.48:36). My heart yearns for him (Jer.31:20).

New Testament: This term essentially means to be alarmed or to be disturbed. Jesus was explaining to His disciples of the signs and happenings leading to His coming and to the end of the age. Jesus instructs the disciples not to be alarmed of wars (and reports of wars) which will come. Upon His return to His disciples, the despondent disciples were startled by His appearance. The insecure and uncertain disciples were encouraged and empowered by Jesus’ presence. Paul warns the Thessalonians not to be alarmed about deceitful spirits, false statements, and forged letters stating that the day of the Lord has already come. These deceptions will come as part of the events leading to the end of the age.

Scripture:

“But they were startled and terrified and thought they were seeing a ghost.” Lk.24:37

After Jesus had left the disciples, they were fearful and afraid. When they saw Jesus, they thought they saw a ghost.

“Not to be shaken out of your minds suddenly, or to be alarmed either by a spirit, or by an oral statement, or by a letter allegedly from us to the effect that the day of the Lord is at hand.” 2Thess.2:2

Paul warns the Thessalonians not to be alarmed by events (spirits, statements, or letters) stating that the day of the Lord is already at hand. Paul tells them these deceptions are bound to occur.

Throws/Throes: These two terms are homonyms (sounding the same, but having different meanings). Throes, a plural noun, is a violent condition or painful struggle. However, throws and throes, both closely related, come from the same Old English root thrawan, meaning to twist, to turn, and to torment. The original meaning of “throwing something” pertains to shaping it on a turning potter’s wheel. It is also interesting to note that the Old English word threa means calamity.

Conclusion:

Throes, throws, threat, perturbed

In Greek Hellenism, this term is present in all walks of life. After all, the Greek playwrights presented their plays as social commentaries on the human condition.

In the Old Testament, the downtrodden or less fortunate often experienced throes of difficulties or despair.

In the New Testament, Jesus and Paul both mention that struggles and difficulties will come first. Jesus tells His disciples not to be alarmed by such news. Paul warns his congregation about false messengers of doom.

We all are at some point in the throes of something (difficulties and struggles). Many times we all are like that clay pot being shaped and formed in these trials by God’s potting wheel.

Update March 2020: We are now in a time when we are all are trying to keep ourselves away from an unseen enemy, this Corona virus. May our social distancing become wary and wise!

[Greek] κίνησις (kinēsis), [Latin] motus: a moving, a stirring, agitation, movement, motion; Jn.5:3

Autokinesis: the visual illusion that stationary objects appear to be moving

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means motion, emotion, dance, political movement, revolution, change, army movement, punitive action, and a setting a process in motion. Plato’s Phaedrus 245c states “Every soul is immortal. For that which is ever moving is immortal but that which moves something else or is moved by something, when it ceases to move, ceases to live. Only that which moves itself never ceases to move.” Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian Wars 3.75 states “He at once endeavored to bring about a settlement, and persuaded the two parties to agree together to bring to trial ten of the ringleaders, who presently fled, while the rest were to live in peace, making terms with each other.”

Old Testament: Interestingly, this term occurs only once, pertaining to the movement of the lips. This term indirectly conveys solace. There is no Hebrew term for “your grief.” I could strengthen you with my mouth, and the solace of my lips could lessen your pain (Job.16:5).

New Testament: This term is sometimes not explicitly stated in Jn.5:3. The implied meaning refers to the movement of the water when the blind, lame and crippled man, suddenly healed, gets out of the water. An intermittent spring in the pool bubbling upon this occasion was also believed to cure. Later traditions held that an angel of God came down into the water. So the first person to get in the water was healed of the disease afflicting him.

Scripture:

“In these (pools) lay a large number of ill, blind, and crippled.” Jn.5:3

Later scriptural translations added ‘waiting for the movement of the water.”

Conclusion:

Kinetics, kinetic, kinesiology, telekinesis, motion, emotion

In Greek Hellenism, this term is often broadly referenced in politics, justice, and the soul. It is interesting that Plato touches upon the immortality of the soul. Plato believed immortality is related to motion. In a sense, Plato infers the idea that God is the ultimate mover, the source of all creation. As with later generations, politics is replete with political movements.

In the Old Testament, it was interesting to discover that this term, in a nuanced way, coveys solace by the movement of the lips.

In the New Testament, this term is sometimes only inferred when the healed man gets up out of the water. It is perhaps that  the bubbling (moving) springs was often believed to have healing powers.

Kinesiology is the study of the mechanics and anatomy in relationship to movement. In recent years, athletics are seen using kinesiology tape (varying shapes of black tape) on their muscles.

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–

This time, there was a large number (40) of terms to choose from for the “best” useless words. It was a difficult decision, but the nominees are:

Pyrokinesis: the ability to set objects or people on fire

Autokineses: the visual illusion that stationary objects appear to move

Biokinesis: the power to influence matter on a microscopic level

Chronokinesis: the ability to manipulate the flow of time

Echokinesis: the compulsion (act) of imitating others’ movements

Metallokineses: the psychic ability to manipulate or control metals

(I am sensing a science fiction vibe here…)

Well, it’s time for me to move on to my next post!

[Greek] σχολή (scholē), [Latin] scola: school, assembly hall, group of students, lecture hall, leisure, idleness; Acts 19:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means leisure, rest, enjoyment, discussion, lecture, school, learning, and office. Plato’s Apology 36d states “Now what is fitting for a poor man who is your benefactor, and who needs leisure to exhort you?” Euripides’ Heracles 725 states “Follow me, servants, that one may joyfully put an end to this delay of work.” Plato’s Laws 820c states “For students who are not absolutely worthless it is necessary to examine these and to distinguish the two kinds, and, by proposing such problems one to another, to compete in a game that is worthy of them. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 7.5.42 states “However, if great success is to have such consequences that a man is not able to have leisure for himself nor time to enjoy himself with his friends, I am ready to bid farewell to that sort of happiness.”

New Testament: For three months Paul debated theological issues in the synagogue in Ephesus. The Jewish opposition forced Paul and his disciples out of the synagogue. Paul rented a schole (lecture hall) from Tyrannus, a fellow Christian follower and school teacher. The workers took a break (leisure time) during the hot hours of the afternoon. Paul taught in the hall of Tyrannus from 10:00am to 4:00pm. Work, starting in the early morning, was usually completed by noon. Paul worked as a tentmaker. Acts. 19:8-10 makes reference to these events in scripture.

Scripture:

“But when some in their obstinance and disbelief disparaged the Way before the assembly, he withdrew and took his disciples with him and began to hold daily discussions in the lecture hall of Tyrannus.” Acts 19:9

The Jews’ opposition forced Paul and his disciples out of the synagogue. Paul had to find another location.

Etymology: The related Greek verb scholazo means to devote oneself to (studies).

Conclusion:

School, scholastic

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is used quite frequently referring to rest (leisure) and instruction. The Greeks used their leisure for education and social interaction. This term even refers to making time or not having the time for something.

Essentially, Paul and his followers were kicked out of the synagogue by the Jews. Paul used the hall of Tyrannus for instruction. Paul was essentially a scripture professor lecturing his students in this hall.

Another more nuanced meaning referring to a house being empty (unoccupied) as one leaves the house to seek leisure or other activity.

I hope that you were able to enjoy this post at your leisure!

[Greek] κόσμιος (kosmios), [Latin] compositus: well ordered, modest, of good behavior, orderly, respectable, decent, moderate, well arranged; 1Tim.2:9, 1Tim.3:2

St. Ignatius of Antioch Condemned by Trajan: a fresco at Church of St. Clement, Rome

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means one who disciplines himself, genuinely moral and respectable, controlled, measured, balanced, well mannered, and honorable. Plato’s Republic 500c states “But he fixes his gaze upon the things of the eternal and unchanging order, and seeing that they neither wrong nor are wronged by another, but will endeavor to imitate them.” Plato’s Phaedrus 256b states “They live a life of happiness and harmony here on earth, self controlled and orderly, holding in subjugation that which causes evil in the soul and giving freedom, to that which makes for virtue.” Lysias’ On the Scrutiny of Evandros 26.3 states “He will tell that he is an orderly person and is not seen as acting as other of our people venture to act, but he prefers to mind his own business.”

Greek world view: Beauty, harmony, and order were highly held Greek values. The Greek sought to attain these values. The universe (kosmos) was a highly ordered and inter-connected  system (earth, world, man and heavens). The Greek verb kosmeo means to beautify. The Greek adjective kosmetikos means skilled in adornment. Adornment pertains both to beauty, arrangement and structure. Athenian woman, living in a patriarchal society, usually lived in seclusion (living a well-ordered life). These women only left the house to attend religious ceremonies or festivals.

Old Testament: This term means to make straight, to set in order, and to arrange in order. Philo, a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher, states that the priesthood must have the qualities of justice, purity, and qualities above reproach. What is crooked cannot be straightened and what is lacking cannot be counted (Eccl.1:15). Consider the work of God, for who is able to straighten what He has bent? (Eccl.7:13). In addition to being a wise man, the preacher also taught the people knowledge, and he pondered, searched out and arranged many proverbs (Eccl.12:9).

New Testament: This term, used both as an adjective and an adverb, means modest, well ordered, proper and respectable. 1Tim.3:2 pertains to the necessary personal qualities needed for an effective bishop. Such qualities include hospitality, decency, temperance, self-control, and teaching abilities. 1Tim.2:9 pertains to how woman should adorn themselves. Women should adorn themselves with proper conduct, modesty and self-control. One must wear clothing appropriate to the occasion.

Scripture:

“Similarly, (too), women should adorn themselves with the proper conduct, with modesty and self-control, not with braided hairstyle and gold ornaments, or pearls, or expensive clothes.” 1Tim.2:9

Paul must have been aware of a serious problem (issue) where woman had inappropriately dressed. Paul, also influenced by Hellenism, was familiar with the Greek ideal of modesty and proper conduct.

“Therefore, a bishop must be irreproachable, married only once, temperate, self-controlled, decent, hospitable, able to teach.” 1Tim.3:2

Paul was essentially stating the necessary qualities for a good bishop.

Conclusion:

Cosmos, cosmetic, cosmic, composite, composition, composed

It was a highly held Greek value to seek harmony, order, and beauty. This order in creation extended to human behavior advocating a morally ordered life. Adornment extends to order and beauty which are inter-related. Plato makes an important observation of one seeking and finding the divine. This seems to be an early secular precursor to the idea of man seeking the way of God.

In the Old Testament, seeking to keep straight and keeping in order pertain to one’s relationship with God. Even later in the New Testament, John the Baptist makes references of preparing the way of the Lord and making straight His paths (Mt.3:3).

Ancient Greek Female Athletes

In the New Testament, Paul provides a timeless commentary on the necessary qualities that a bishop must have to in order to be faithful in his ministry. This takes on greater importance in light of the social and moral failings of many bishops (and priests) in the current sexual abuse crisis in the Church. It is rather curious as to why Paul makes such an issue about what woman should wear. Evidently, there must have been a serious issue (crisis) that Paul had to respond to. Aside from that, I think it goes without saying both men and woman should dress with modesty. This is both a Greek and Christian value. Paul is essentially saying that one must dress appropriately for the occasion. In other words, do not dress as if for a fashion show if one is going to a religious assembly.  Interestingly, in ancient Greece, woman often dressed in bikinis (or sports bras) — yes, that is right– in athletic competitions. (They dressed for this purpose).

St. Ignatius of Antioch provides a wonderful example for bishops in upholding one’s moral conduct and teachings. He even died for what he stood up for . St. Ignatius was adorned (composed) with moral courage and fortitude. That is very attractive to any one!

[Greek] ἡλικία (hēlikia), [Latin] helix: maturity, age, stature, lifetime, generation; Mt.6:27, Lk.2:52, Lk.12:25, Jn.9:21,23, Eph.4:13, Heb.11:11

The scroll (volute) is the decoratively carved spiral part of the violin.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means age, advanced age, youth, prime of life, adulthood, physical maturity, and age of discretion. This term, also known as a volute, was a spiral ornamentation in Corinthians or Ionic columns. Homer’s Iliad 22.419 states “I will make prayer to you ruthless men, yon worker of violence, if so be he may have same before his fellows and have pity on my old age.” Desmothenes’ Funeral Orations 60.11 states “They went on bearing the brunt of all dangers that chanced to arise until the laps of time brings us to the generation now living.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.209 states “Darius was the eldest of his sons, then about twenty years old, this Darius had been left behind in Persia, not yet being of age to go on campaign.”

Old Testament: This term means age, stature, height, and maturity. The altar shall be square, at its height shall be three cubits (Exo.27:1). Do not look at his appearance or at the height of his stature, because I have rejected him (1Sam.16:7). The height of one cherub was ten cubits (1Kgs.6:26). Your stature is like a palm tree, and your breasts are like its clusters (Sol.7:7). Those also who are all tall in stature will be cut down and those who are lofty will be abased (Isa.10:33). Therefore its height was loftier than all the trees of the field (Eze.31:5).

New Testament: This term means lifespan, stature, height, maturity, and age. God calls each of us to have trust in Him, despite our worries and insecurities. After they had lost the young Jesus, Joseph and Mary found Jesus in the temple. Despite His youth, the young Jesus advanced in wisdom, age, and favor before God and man. The blind man, healed by Jesus, was of the age to be able to speak for himself. The final goal of the Christian is to attain spiritual maturity. The work of the apostles, pastors and teachers serve to provide this instruction to others.

Scripture:

“Can any of you by worrying as a single moment to your life-span?” Mt.6:27

God calls upon us to trust in Him. However, our fears and insecurities in life often get in the way of doing this.

“And Jesus advanced in wisdom and age and favor before God and man.” Lk.2:52

The young Jesus grew in His stature in His Father’s house.

“Until we all attain to the unity of faith and knowledge of the Son of God, to mature manhood, to the extent of the full stature of Christ.” Eph.4:13

We are called to grow to in spiritual maturity. We are also called  to utilize the resources of the Church in order to grow spiritually.

The volute (spiral ornamentation) of the Ionic column.

Helix: A helix, a spiral thing, finds itself in mathematical curves, coil springs, DNA and RNA sequences, staircases, architectural ornamentation, shells, and violins. In architecture, a helix is the scroll ornamentation found on a Corinthian column (capital). A volute is the scroll ornamentation found on an Ionic column (capital). In mathematics, the helix is a curve in a three-dimensional space. The DNA and RNA helix make up the building blocks of life.

Conclusion:

Helix, helical, scroll

First of all, I would have never have thought that this term would mean age, maturity, and stature. The idea of a helix or a spiral does not come up in this primary meaning. However, this comes up in the spherical ornamentation of a Corinthian or Ionic column.

Jesus’ stature increases in wisdom in the eyes of His contemporaries. Most importantly, this term pertains to attaining spiritual maturity. As spiritual infants, we are called upon to seek the resources of the apostles, pastors, priests, and teachers in our spiritual growth.

It is interesting to note that the Latin volute means scroll. The spiral shape is most notably found in the violin.

Little did I know that this spherical (helical) sense would take second fiddle to the original meaning of this term from ages past.

[Greek] ἐντρέπω (entrepō), [Latin] vereor, [Latin] revereor, [Latin] irreprehensibilis, [Latin] confundere: to stand in awe: to put to shame, to invert, to respect, to confound, to reverence, to make ashamed, to feel respect for, to turn in; Mt.21:37, Mk.12:6, Lk.18:2,4, 1Cor.4:14, 2Thess.3:14, Tit.2:8, Heb.12:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to turn about, to make one turn, to hesitate, to fell misgivings, to turn toward to, to give heed to, to reverse, to respect, to show reverence, and to shame.

Polybius’ Histories 31.2: “To the ambassadors of the Gauls in Asia they granted autonomy, on condition that they remained within their dwellers, and went on to warlike expeditions beyond their frontiers.”

Sophocles’ Ajax 90: “You there, Ajax, once I again I call you! Why do show so little regard for your city?”

Plato’s Crito 52c: “And moreover even at your trial you might have offered exile as your penalty. But then you put on airs and said you were not disturbed if you must die. And now you are not ashamed to think of those words, and you do not respect us and the laws.”

Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 724: “Pay them no regard.”

Old Testament: This term, related to several Hebrew terms, means to shame, to confound, to insult (humiliate), to humble, to be humble, to be contrite, and to dishonor.

New Testament: This term means to respect, to make ashamed, and to be ashamed. Jesus presents the parable of the tenants, a story of the wicked tenants rejecting the landowner’s son and servants. For purposes of brevity, I will exclude mention of the parable of the tenants.

Scripture:

1Cor.4:14: “I am writing you this not to shame you, but to admonish you as my beloved children.” (Paul, in a constructive manner, uses shame to correct his congregation. Paul acts like a loving father.)

2Thess.3:14: “If anyone does not obey our word as expressed in this letter, take note of this person not to associate with him, that he may be put to shame.” (Paul calls upon the Thessalonians not to be remiss in doing good. Those who do not obey this word are to be shamed and ostracized. Some of the Thessalonians are acting in a disorderly way.)

Lk.18:4: For a long time the judge was unwilling, but eventually he thought, ‘While it is true that I neither fear God  nor respect any human being, but this widow keeps bothering me.” (The persistent women alludes to the importance of persistent prayer.)

Tit.2:7-8: “Show yourself as a model of good deeds and sound speech that cannot be criticized, so that the opponent will be put to shame without anything bad to say about us.” (One’s good behavior and example will put others to shame.)

Heb.12:9: “We had our earthly fathers to discipline us and we respected them. Should we not then submit all the more to the Father.” (As God treats us sons and daughters, we must endure our trials as discipline from a loving Father.)

Entropy: This is a measure of the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system. The 2^nd Law of Thermodynamics states that the energy state of system moves from a state of order to a state of disorder over time. The process will cease when an equilibrium of energy states has been achieved.

Etymology: This term literally means “turning in upon oneself.” This inward turning (en-) provides a time of self-reflection and allowing one to examine one’s actions. This self-reflection can involve shame, humbleness, remorse, or reverence. This inward turning often allows for conversion. Entropy is a measure of disorder (reduction of order).

“Entropy makes things fall, but life (and God) ingeniously rigs the game so that when they do they often fall into place.” John  Tooby

“If you look at the world, you’ll be distressed. If you look within, you’ll be depressed. If you look at God you’ll be at rest.” Corrie ten Boom

Conclusion:

Entropy, reverence, revere, confound, confounding, reprehensible

It is interesting to note that turning inward, disorder, and reducing are related. Turning inward in self reflection may cause one to feel small or humbled. One can feel troubled or disordered (out of sorts).

It is significant to note that the process of turning inward (self-reflection) may involve shame, remorse, humbleness, hesitation, fear, and reverence. On the other hand, having no shame means doing whatever one wants, not caring what others think.

This term, used both positively and negatively, quite frequently appears in the Old Testament culture. This term is very relatable to poor, humble, and vulnerable people. Interestingly, having a humbleness in heart and contriteness often leads to a favorable relationship with God.

Interestingly, thermodynamic laws have a similarity with the spiritual life. A person, who turns inward to draw upon his own powers (abilities), will ultimately face spiritual weakness and emptiness. On the other hand, one, who humbles (decreases) himself and seeks outward help from God, will find spiritual strength.

Update: Pope Francis (and his inner circle), in their “outreach” to the LGBTQ community, continually fail to point our sinful nature of homosexuality and same-sex unions. These clergy are not stating traditional Church teachings and Jesus’ command to sin no more (Jn.8:11). They have no respect for Church teachings and Jesus’ commands.

Pope Francis and his inner circle are not respecting (telling the truth about) the LGBTQ community. These clergy are putting these people eternal soul in mortal peril by saying that this lifestyle is permitted by God.

The LGBTQ community often get upset by traditional Catholic and Christian beliefs. Rather than being told the truth, many perceive the Church is being hateful and intolerant.

Gender ideology advocates and transgenders also get upset by traditional Catholic teachings believing the God created only two genders.

[Greek] σκανδαλίζω (skandalizō), [Latin] scandalizare, [Latin] offendere: to take offense, to be offended, to cease to believe, to set a trap, to fall into sin, to cause sin, to stumble, to get caught in a trap (snare); Mt.5:29,30, Mt.11:6, Mt.13:21,57, Mt.15:12, Mt.17:27, Mt.18:6,8-9, Mt.24:10, Mt.26:31,33, Mk.4:17, Mk.6:3, Mk.9:42,43,45,47, Mk.14:27,29, Lk.7:23, Lk.17:2, Jn.6:61, Jn.16:1, 1Cor.8:13, 2Cor.11:29

The ancient bait trap, snare, or dead-fall trap was called a skandalon.

Background information

Skandalon: A skandalon is essentially a dead-fall trap or snare. Meat or bait is secured on a stick to trap an animal. This term later takes on a metaphorical sense of falling in a trap (scandal). In addition, this term takes on the metaphorical sense of a stumbling block causing one to fall (or fail) in some activity. The related verb skandalizo makes reference to falling in a trap (snare) and stumbling.

Greek Hellenism: This term, rarely used, essentially means to set traps. Aristophanes’ Acharnians 687 makes a metaphorical reference of this term. The old veterans of Acharnai (in Athens) complain at length about the ungrateful treatment they receive from the young lawyers who take them to court. During cross examination, these lawyers set verbal traps for them, resulting in their conviction. These veterans have to use their life savings (for funeral expenses) to pay the fine. This story leads to a tragic conclusion.

Old Testament: This term, originally meaning to catch in a snare, now primarily means to stumble or slip in a spiritual context. The related noun, originally meaning stick, now primarily means obstacle, stumbling block, and cause for ruin. However, both of these terms still continue to convey a sense of a trap or getting caught in a trap. He shall enter the glorious land and many shall fall (Dan.11:41). Through his lips is the sinner ensnared; the railer and the arrogant man fall thereby (Sir.23:8). He who studies the law masters it, but the hypocrite finds it a trap (Sir.32:15). The way of the wicked is like darkness. They do not know over what they stumble (Prov.4:19). When my enemies turn back, they stumble and perish before You (Psa.9:3). Therefore He humbled their hear with labor; they stumbled and there was none to help (Psa.107:12).

New Testament: This term means to stumble, to fall into sin, to cause to sin, to fall away, to take offense, and to offend, and to cease to believe (have one’s faith shaken). Interestingly, examples include mostly from Matthew’s and Mark’ gospel. Scriptures include parables, hyperboles, and Jesus’ statements. This term essentially means ruining or destroying one’s relationship with God. The references to Old Testament scriptures point to the fact that the eschatological temptation (fall) is already occurring. Jesus uses hyperboles and parables to illustrate the seriousness of falling into sin. The scribes, Pharisees, and Sadducees, acting like scriptural gate-keepers often take offense at Jesus’ statements and actions. Even some disciples walk away when Jesus mentions that they must eat His Body and drink His Blood.

Scripture: (focusing on taking offense, being offended, being shocked)

“And blessed is the one who takes no offense at Me.” Mt.11:6

Jesus mentions that the time of salvation will be marked by healings and raising of the dead. Jesus tells John the Baptist’s followers that He is the one who will come after him.

“And they took offense at Him. But Jesus said to them, ‘A prophet is not without honor except in his native place and in his home.” Mt.13:57

The people in Jesus’ native place Nazareth were astonished by Jesus’ wisdom and deeds. They could only see Jesus as Joseph’s and Mary’s son. Familiarity with Jesus’ background causes others to view Jesus as pretentious.

“Hear and understand. It is not that what enters one’s mouth that defiles the person; but what comes out of the mouth is what defiles one. Then His disciples approached and said to Him, ‘Do you know that the Pharisees took offense when they heard what you said?’” Mt.15:10-12

The Pharisees took offense at what Jesus said. The Pharisees defend the Law prescriptions of purity practices. Jesus makes a statement contradicting what the Law says. Jesus calls these Pharisees blind guides. Jesus states comes that what comes out of one’s heart is what defiles.

“Whoever eats My flesh and drinks my blood remains in Me and I in him…Since Jesus knew that His disciples were murmuring about this, He said to them, ‘Does this shock you?’” Mt.6:56,61

Many of the disciples became uncomfortable with Jesus’ words that they must eat His flesh and drink His blood. Jesus’ words were “offensive” to them. Some disciples walked away because of their lack of faith and understanding. These disciples did not understand what Jesus was saying. The disciples must probably thought that Jesus was referring to cannibalism.

Literature: The Catholic Douay-Rhims translation of the New Testament, published in 1582, caused quite a stir when it replaced the words “offend” and “stumbling block” with “scandalize” and “scandal.” Despite initial criticism, this terminology was accepted in the European continent accustomed to and familiar with scandals in many aspects of life. Medieval and Renaissance writers, including Shakespeare, quickly adopted these terms. Interestingly, Shakespeare’s play Hamlet makes references to mousetraps and scandals.

Social Media: We now live in an age where news, events, opinions, thoughts, and pictures can be instantaneously shared and transmitted. With this comes varying viewpoints, ideologies, and moral beliefs. These changing cultural, social, and religious values often clash, resulting in debates about what is considered socially acceptable. Issues concerning what is freedom of speech, hate speech, censorship, and what is considered offensive are coming to the forefront. Social media corporations are constantly confronting these issues with mixed results. These social media platforms (gatekeepers) have often been accused of using bias in filtering the transmission of information, often resulting in blocking or not blocking users.

Conclusion:

Offense, offence, scandalous, scandal, scandalize

To be honest, I had never heard of a skandalon being a trap or snare. In hindsight, this meaning make sense in light of its current meaning. I was surprised that this term was not frequently used in a non literal way. The Greek writer Aristophanes employs this term referring to lawyers setting verbal traps. Perhaps, this becomes the starting point for the unfavorable image of inscrupulous lawyers.

For the New Testament, I wanted to focus on the scriptural examples of being offended. Scandalizing also extends to man’s relationship with Jesus. The Pharisees, scribes, and Sadducees were often offended by Jesus’ statements and actions. They perceived Jesus acting in contradiction to the Law and Jewish practices. Falling away in sin or faith takes on serious eschatological consequences. This is why Jesus often used hyperbolic language (drowning in the sea and cutting off a body part) to illustrate its serious consequences. It is important to note that Jesus did not try to convince His disciples to come back saying, “Come back. I was only speaking figuratively!” Jesus was speaking literally of His Body and Blood. The great sad irony is that the Jews could not drink (the blood) because the blood is life (Deut.12:23). This was an established Jewish restriction. Yet, Jesus was offering everlasting life through His blood. It is quite interesting to note that Jn.6:66 refers to many disciples walking away and returning to their former way of life.

Even some Church leaders are having to confront the realities of the changing definition of marriage. Many Church leaders often “stumble” in failing to defend the traditional definition of marriage for fear of being viewed as hateful or intolerant. The LGBTQ community is often offended when Christians (and Catholics) do not change their beliefs in order to accommodate them. Many Catholics are becoming upset as to why a Catholic president (who supports abortion) should be allowed to receive Communion. Many of us are upset about critical race theory being taught at various levels of government. Believing that you are not capable of accomplishing something because of others is very offensive.

The social media platforms have declared themselves as gate-keepers in the transmission of information and news. These social media gatekeepers have quite often been rightly accused of being biased,  ignorant, and theologically “blind”, resulting in inconsistent and confusing actions. Social media platforms have often banned traditional Christian viewpoints (abortion, marriage, etc) deemed “offensive” to current social thinking. St. Mother Theresa’s statements about abortion: “Abortion is profoundly anti-woman” was ruled offensive on Twitter. It was only after the public outcry that this decision was reversed. We seem now to be living in a bizzaro post-Christian world in which oftentimes Christian views (which come from God) are deemed offensive. (Taking this to its logical conclusion, one must conclude that God is offensive!)

Then there all the unresolved issues about this past election.

Now these are things which we can really take offense at!

[Greek] ἐξαρτίζω (exartizō), [Latin] complere: to fit out, to equip, to complete, to furnish, to accomplish, to finish; Acts 21:5, 2Tim.3:17

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to complete, to finish, to equip, to furnish, to supply, and to provide for oneself. Herodotus’ The Histories 9.66 states “He had with him a great army as many as 40,000 men. He knew full well what the outcome would be, and no sooner had the Greeks and Persians met than he led these with a fixed purpose; telling them to follow him all together wherever he should lead them, whatever they thought his intent might be.”  Plutarch’s Alexander 7 states “It would appear, moreover, that Alexander not only received from his master his ethical and political doctrines, but also participated in those secret and more profound teachers which philosophers designate by the special terms acroamatic and epoptic.”

Old Testament: This term essentially means to bind or to unite. All these came as allies to the valley of Siddim (Gen.14:3). Ephraim is joined to idols (Hos.4:17). Jerusalem, that is built as a city that is compact together (Psa.122:3). Five curtains shall be joined to one another (Exo.26:3). They made attaching shoulder pieces for the ephod; it was attached so that it would be a unit (Exo.36:18). It shall have two shoulder pieces joined to its two ends, that it may be joined (Exo.28:7).

New Testament: This term means to finish (bring to an end) and to equip. In a strictly secular sense, after arriving by ship to Tyre, Paul and the others resumed their journey. Paul denotes what is right or proper in how a Christian should act. In his letter to Timothy, Paul states that all scripture is inspired by God and is useful to teaching, instruction, correction, and training in righteousness. Scriptures are the word of God in human language. These scriptures’ divine authority (along with God) equip Christians in sharing the gospel.

Scripture:

“So that one who belongs to God may be competent, equipped for every good work.” 2Tim. 3:17

God calls and equips (provides for) others the means to serve and share the gospel message.

Etymology: This term is related to the Greek artios and katartizo. Artios, also found in 2Tim.3:17, means perfect or competent. Interestingly, artios is related to the Latin ars, meaning skill and craft. This idea implies unity, harmony, working together, art, skill, and craft. The early Greeks make reference to how a ball and socket joint is fitted together. This imagery describes a skilled artisan fully equipped to undertake a craftsmanship or ministry. Katartizo is a strengthened from of the Greek artizo. Katartizo, used in the sense of restoring, can mean repairing nets, mending bones, outfitting a ship, and training an athlete.

Conclusion:

Complete, art, artisan, artistic, arthritis, completion

First of all, I was curious if this Greek term was in fact related to the word ‘art’. I was correct. This term seems very applicable to all walks of life and situations such as leading, instructing, and teaching.

In the Old Testament, this term is more narrowly defined as binding or uniting. This term makes reference to binding (worshiping or showing allegiance) to idols.

In the New Testament, God and scripture provides for all what we need. The above picture and quote says it best.

To all Christian contestants, make sure you put on your equipment (gear) and ‘drink in your electrolytes of faith’ as you compete in the Christian race (life).

[Greek] παράπτωμα (paraptōma), [Latin] transgressio, [Latin] lapsi; false step, transgression, error, fault, offense, sin, blunder; Mt.6:14-15, Mt.18:35, Mk.11:25-26, Ron.4:25, Rom.5:15-17,18,20, Rom.11:11, 2Cor.5:19, Gal.6:1, Eph.1:7, Eph.2:1,5, Col.2:13, Jas.5:16

The Lapsi were early Christians who had fallen (lapsed) in their faith. The Traditories were early Christians who handed over their scriptures and fellow Christians to the Roman authorities.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means false step, slip, and blunder. Polybius’ Histories 15.23 states “Just when Phillip’s ambassador was defending his master before the Rhodians, a man entered and brought the news of the enslavement of the Clans and the cruelty which Phillip exercised on them. The ambassador then had been betrayed himself, and so blind or misguided to the principles of right and wrong.” Polybius’ Histories 16.20 states “These and similar blunders appear to me to reflect very great discredit upon writers. It is necessary to endeavor to make one’s self master of all departments of history alike. If I am ever deflected in making a deliberate misstatement, and disregarding truth in any part of my history, to criticize me unmercifully. But If I do so from lack of information, to make allowances.”

Old Testament: This term is related to several Hebrew terms. This term can mean lamenting, mourning, wickedness, treachery, sin, transgression, moral mistake, neglect, and rebellion. Who can detect heedless failings? Cleanse me from my unknown faults (Psa.18:13). Then he makes known to them what they have done and their sins of boastful pride (Job.36:9). Beware of being negligent in carrying out this matter (Ezr.4:22). But Haman hurried home, mourning, with his head covered (Gen.37:35). Thus I will make the land desolate, because they have acted unfaithfully, declares the Lord God (Eze.15:8). So Saul died for his trespass which he committed against the Lord (1Chr.10:13). Who can discern his errors? Acquit me of hidden faults (Psa.19:12). Then these mean said to themselves, ‘We shall find not grounds for accusation against Daniel unless by way of the law of his God (Dan.6:5).

New Testament: This term essentially means transgression and trespass. Transgressions can occur between man and man and between God and man. Being caught up (dead) in transgressions follows the ways of the world. One must correct a person (caught in transgressions) with a gentle spirit. Jesus was handed over for our transgressions. The Jews’ unbelief (transgressions) has made it possible for the preaching of the gospel to the Gentiles outside the confines of the Jewish culture. Jesus’ grace, mercy, and redemption far surpass our transgressions.

Scripture:

“Jesus was handed over for our transgressions and was raised for our justification.” Rom.4:25

Jesus’ grace and redemption far surpasses our transgressions.

“Hence I ask, did they stumble so as to fall? Of course not! But through their transgression, salvation has come to the Gentiles, so as to make them jealous.” Rom.11:11

God’s providence foreknew the Jews’ unbelief. God allows for a greater access and acceptance of the gospel outside the confines of the Jewish culture. Paul hopes to fill the Jews with jealously. Israel is also called to accept the gospel message.

“You were dead in your transgressions and sins.” Eph.2:1

Transgressions in sin are part of the culture of the world (culture of death). God comes to be bring life to those in the world. This world is ruled by the lies and deception of the evil one.

Lapsi: The Lapsi were apostates in the early Church who renounced their faith under persecution of the Roman authorities. These people were essentially those whose faith had lapsed or fallen away. Fearful of persecution, these Christians complied with the Roman demands that they give their allegiance to pagan gods and to the emperor. The Decian persecution (250 AD) forced Christians to make sacrifices. Upon completion of these sacrifices, one received a libellus (legal document proving conformity with Roman religion). Traditores were those who handed over their sacred scriptures to the authorities. The Greek word trader means to hand over. Christianity also was handed over to younger generations through tradition.

Ptomaine: Ptomaine is any of a group of organic (amine) compounds of unpleasant taste and odor formed in putrefying animal and vegetable matter. This is the process of bacterial decomposition of organic patter. Ptomaine poisoning is caused by bacteria.

Etymology: This term means a falling beside (para-) of one’s intended or proposed way. This term is related to the Greek verb pipto, meaning to fall down. This term means to trespass into a wrong area, to make a mistake, to make an offense, to lapse, to slip, to make a transgression, and to make a trespass. Essentially, this term means to be like a fallen one. The Latin verb tradere means to hand over or to deliver. Handing over values, faith, books, stories, etc. to subsequent generations becomes a practice of tradition.

Conclusion:

Ptomaine, transgress, transgression, lapse, relapse, traitor

It is not surprising that trespassing and transgressions are related to falling down. Transgressing means falling into trouble, danger, and temptation. Lapsing (relapsing) means falling down in discipline. Temptation means falling into questionable behavior. In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is often used in geopolitics. In the Old Testament, this term is also used quite extensively.

Jesus was handed over (and betrayed by Judas) to the Jewish authorities by man’s transgressions. In God’s providence, He knew and permitted the Jews’ unbelief for a greater good. Because of the Jews’ unbelief, God allows for a greater access and receptivity for the Gentles to accept the gospel message. Ultimately, the gospel would also be available to the Jews. It is interesting to note that being dead in transgressions is a sign of the world. This idea leads further credence to the notion of the culture of death. Of course, we are all familiar with temptation and transgressions from the Our Father prayer.

Many Christians fell in their faith in becoming a Lapsi. Others handed over their scriptures to the Roman authorities.

I hope this post helps lead us not into complacency but delivers us from ignorance (about transgressions and trespasses).

[Greek] θυρεός (thyreos): long oblong shield, armor for protection; Eph.6:16

A re-enactment of the testudo (“turtle”) formation of the Roman infantry. The Roman scutum (shield) has a rectangular circular shape.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means shield. The original meaning refers to a large stone placed in front of a door as a guard against intrusion. The shield’s form has varied over time among cultures. A scutum is a Roman rectangular semi-circular shield protecting the soldier. Homer’s Iliad 15.646 states “For, as he turned back, he tripped upon the rim of the shield that he himself bare, a shield that reached to the feet, a defense against javelins.” Polybius’ Histories 2.30 states “For the Gallic shields, not being big enough to cover the man, the larger the naked body, the more certainty was there of the spear hitting.”

Old Testament: This term means shield, buckler, thorn (hook), and God’s protection. A buckler is a small hand-held shield. This term metaphorically refers to God’s faithfulness, protection, and favor. Hedges of thorns are also used as a barrier of protection. Prepare shield and buckler! March to battle (Jer.46:3). Take up the shield and buckler, rise up in my defense (Psa.34:2). Lord, bless the just; you surround them with favor like a shield (Psa.5:12). God’s faithfulness is a protecting shield (Psa.91:4). He shall take invincible rectitude as a shield (Sol.5:19). Better than a stout shield and a sturdy spear it will fight for you against the foe (Sir.29:13). He is a shield to all who take refuge in Him (2Kgs.22:31). A shield before me is God who saves the honest heart (Psa.7:10).

New Testament: This term, found only once, refers to a shield. Faith is metaphorically presented as a shield. This metaphorical shield is used to quench (put out) the flaming arrows of the evil one. These flaming arrows are the attacks (actions) of the devil. Faith, like a shield, is a divine given reality. The faith (fellowship) granted to believers can ward off these attacks.

Scripture:

“In all circumstances, hold faith as a shield, to quench all the flaming arrows of the evil one.” Eph.6:16

Thyroid: The name of this gland comes from thyreos (shield) and eidos (like). The thyroid has an oblong shield shape. The term thyroid was first used by Thomas Wharton in 1675. The thyroid regulates the body’s metabolism. Interestingly, goiter (enlarged thyroid) comes from the Latin term gutter, meaning throat. The Latin word glandulae refers to thyroid.

Conclusion:

Thyroid

It is perhaps not surprising that this term has the sense of protection. The original meaning of this term refers to a stone before a door. It does make sense that the early Greek physicians would have described the thyroid as door shaped.

In the Old Testament, it is important to note that God, not faith, is considered as a shield. I learned that a buckler is a small hand held circular shield. Thorns and hooks are also related to this term.

In the New Testament, this term only metaphorically represents faith as a shield protecting against the fiery arrows of the evil one.

The Christian life and a battle are often like two sides of the same shield.

[Greek] ἐπιστέλλω (epistellō), [Latin] mittere, [Latin] scribere: to send a message (by letter), to enjoin by writing, to communicate by letter, to write a letter; Acts 15:20, Acts 21:25, Heb.13.22

The tabula (wax tablet) was also used for writing and children’s education.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means sending a message, writing a letter, receiving a message, enjoining, giving orders, receiving orders, receiving instructions, and giving orders. Herodotus’ The Histories 7.239 states “Xerxes was resolved to send word of the king’s attack. Xerxes feared detection and had not other way of informing them than this trick—taking a double tablet, he scraped away the wax from it, and then wrote the king’s plan on the wood. Next he melted the wax back again over the writing.” Herodotus’ The Histories 4.131 states “The Scythian kings sent a herald to Darius with the gift of a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows. He said that he had only been told to give these gifts and leave at once; he told the Persians to figure out what the presents meant themselves.”

Old Testament: This term has many Hebrew references. Such examples include sending, sending forth, sending out, sending away, casting out, and letting go.

New Testament: This term essentially means writing a letter. Paul, influenced by Hellenism, constructs a letter consisting of an opening (greeting), thanksgiving (prayer), body (doctrinal teachings and instructions), and conclusion (signature). The senders (Paul and Luke) attain a status of authority as deputies of Christ. The Christian epistles become literary sources of authority. These letters often were written in order to address a specific situation or matter at a point in time. Written epistles (letters) and oral tradition both contribute to the transmission and clarification of faith matters.

Scripture:

“But tell them by letter to avoid pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, the meat of strangled animals, and blood.” Acts 15:20

The Council of Jerusalem addresses the social issues concerning the Gentiles. The issues involve idols, unlawful marriage, and meat from sacrifices. The council sent a letter to the Gentiles in order to clarify what the Gentiles must accept and avoid concerning these issues.

Conclusion:

Epistle, scribe, transmit, describe, transmission

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include giving and receiving orders, subterfuge, and ambiguity.

It is also important to note that Paul, a Roman citizen, and Luke, a Greek, were both influenced by Hellenism. They already would have been familiar with the Hellenistic letter form. These letters served to address a doctrinal matter or question. It is also interesting that the Greek term porneia refers to an unlawful marriage. (It seems very providential that Luke would use the Greek porneia in light of our current society’s desire to redefine marriage. We must also not forget that Luke was inspired by the Holy Spirit in using this specific term. That Luke would use this term sends a very powerful message that God intended marriage to be only between a man and woman.) The Latin term tabula refers to a wax tablet.

At the beginning of the New Testament culture, the Old Testament was the only written scriptures in existence. The New Testament scriptures, in a written form, were not yet in existence at this time in history. Rather, Christianity was transmitted by oral tradition (word of mouth). Letters were also used to respond to issues and to transmit the faith in farther geographical locations. Over time, numerous scriptures were written. Years later, church councils were convened to determine which scriptures were considered valid (inspired). History shows that the Church developed and existed many years even before the official canon of scripture was formerly determined.

I hope this post has helped you to really wax nostalgic in thinking how the Church and bible came into being.

[Greek] κατηγορία (katēgoria), [Latin] accusare, [Latin] accusatio accusation, category, predicament, complaint, criminal charge, legal charge, predicate (something which affirms); Jn.18:29, 1Tim.5:19, Tit.1:6, Lk.6:7

The remains of the Roman agora in Athens.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means accusation and charges made against. This term derives from (agoreuo) “to speak in assembly” and (kata-) “against”. In a sense, one being accused of something is essentially put in a “category”. Aristotle’s Organon, a standard collection of logic, states that all possible kinds of things can be the subject or the predicate of a proposition. A predicament is essentially something predicated (something required). Interestingly, the related Greek verb diaballo means to accuse or to slander. This term essentially means to “throw (-ballo) across (dia-). The Greek diabolos means accuser or slanderer. Not surprisingly, this refers to the devil (Satan).

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.50 states “Regarding this accusation Cleomenes crossed over to Aegina intending to arrest the most culpable of all people.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 5.8.1 states “Accusations were also made against Xenophon by certain men who claimed that he had beaten them, and so brought the charge of wanton assault.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.2.9 states “But said his accuser (Polycrates), Socrates taught his companions to despise the established laws by insisting on the folly of public officials by lot.”

New Testament: This term means crime, accusation, and charge. These scriptural references pertain to the reasons for a charge and accepting a charge. Pilate inquires about what type of crime that Jesus should be charged with. The scribes and Pharisees, watching Jesus to see if He heals on the Sabbath, will have a reason to charge Him for violating the Sabbath laws. Paul warns against accepting an accusation against a presbyter unless it is supported by 2 or 3 witnesses. Paul instructs Titus to appoint blameless presbyters without accusations of bad character.

Scripture:

“Do not accept an accusation against a presbyter unless it is supported by two are three witnesses.” 1Tim.5:19

Paul instructed Timothy to make sure the truth of an accusation against someone be made public and be proven.

“The scribes and the Pharisees watched Him closely to see if He would cure on the Sabbath so that they might discover a reason to accuse Him.” Lk.6:7

It was against the Sabbath laws to work on the Sabbath. The scribes and Pharisees were looking for any reason or cause to arrest and persecute Jesus.

Conclusion:

Category, categorical, accuse, accusation

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that this word was a legal term for accusing or charging someone. This is in contrast to one responding to a charge (apology). Aristotle provides a more philosophical perspective in providing classifications. This term also becomes a grammatical term affirming or stating something about the subject in a sentence. The predicate essentially tells what happens with the subject.

Not surprisingly, Satan is the greater accuser, who “throws” accusations, deceit, and defiance toward individuals.

The Law required that 2 or 3 witness must be needed to prove the evidence of the accusations (charges) against a person. Otherwise, a charge cannot be made. Interestingly, Jesus uses this principle of 2 or 3 gathered together as witnesses of His presence.

The scribes and Pharisees were very happy to find any reason (evidence) to accuse Jesus of blasphemy. The Jews wanted Pilate to charge Jesus of such crimes. Paul instructs Timothy to appoint presbyters with great integrity and integrity. Any such stated accusations made must be publicly investigated.

One who is accused of crimes (sexual abuse, harassment, etc) is put in a “category” in the public arena. These persons receive greater scrutiny, publicity, or notoriety. Whether or not these are true or false, these persons find themselves in a predicament (a situation defined by something). In light of the Church sexual abuse crisis, the scriptural mandate to appoint honest and worthy presbyters and priests is now more important than ever.

I must categorically state that I found this term to be very interesting. This was predicated on my previous lack of knowledge about this term.

[Greek] ἀνάπαυσις (anapausis), [Latin] resto: rest, cessation, intermission, respite, relaxation, refreshment; Mt.11:29, Mt.12:43, Lk.11:24, Rev.4:8, Rev.14:11

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means rest (from something), repose, relaxation, and recreation. Plutarch’s De Liberis Educandis 13 states “While they (parents) are over-hasty to advance their children in all sorts of learning beyond their equals, they set them to hard and laborious tasks. We ought therefore to give children some time to take breath from their constant labors.” Xenophon’s Constitution of the Lacedaimonians 12.6 states “After the exercises the senior colonel gives the order by herald to sit down. This is their method of inspection and next to take breakfast and to relieve the outposts.” Xenophon’s Hiero 2.11 states “Once again, to private citizens a truce or peace brings rest from war’ but despots are never at peace with the people subject to their despotism, and no true can ever make a despot confident.”

Old Testament: This term, meaning rest, place of rest, and day of rest, is related to several Hebrew terms. Two such terms include shaqat (to be quiet) and shabbath (Sabbath). Wisdom is likened to a yoke and a house of instruction where one can receive teachings. The foolish and naïve are called to take up lodging in this house of instruction. In the New Testament, Jesus also offers a yoke (and instruction) and provides rest.

Thus will you afterward find rest in her, as she will become your joy (Sir.6:28). Preferable is death to a bitter life, unending sleep to constant illness (Sir.30:17). Among all these I sought a resting place; in whose inheritance should I abide? (Sir.24:7). Come aside to me, you untutored, and take up lodging in the house of instruction (Sir.51:23). Take her yoke upon your neck; that your mind may receive her teaching (Sir.51:26). You naïve ones, gain sense, you fools, gain sense (Prov.8:5)

New Testament: This term means rest, ceasing (stopping), relief, and resting place. In Revelations the smoke of the tormenting fire rises forever and the winged creatures do not stop exclaiming. An unclean spirit cannot find rest as it roams through arid regions. Jesus provides an easy yoke for those who labor and who are burdened. Taking His yoke and learning from Him, they will find rest. Jesus draws upon Wisdom imagery of providing rest (and wisdom).

Scripture:

“Take My yoke upon you and learn from Me, for I am meek and humble of heart; and you will find rest for your selves.” Mt.11:29

Jesus draws upon Wisdom imagery in proving wisdom and rest. Jesus states that the yoke of the Law creates more burdens. Jesus invites the burdened to take the yoke of obedience to His word, under which one will find rest.

“When an unclean spirit goes out of a person it roams through arid regions searching for rest but find none.” Mt.12:43

Jesus has broken Satan’s hold over Israel. This unclean spirit cannot find rest.

Conclusion:

Pause, rest

In the Greek era, it was quite interesting to see how this term was used. I didn’t expect to find a reference to a parenting guide for gifted students. It seems all children need a break from studies. I was not surprised that this term would find itself with war, despots, and reconnaissance.

In the Old Testament era, this term is related to many Hebrew references. For the purposes of brevity, I only made passing reference to the Sabbath. It is significant to note that Wisdom is likened to a yoke and school of instruction. The ignorant and naïve are called to instruction. Jesus later borrows from this Wisdom imagery of a yoke in providing rest and instruction.

Jesus offers an easy yoke (and instruction) for those who labor and are burdened.

This post has helped me give me pause for thought about this yoke that Jesus provides.

[Greek] ἀπολογέομαι (apologeomai), [Latin] defendere: to make a speech in defense of, to defend oneself, to give an account of oneself, to make a defense of, to defend oneself; Lk.12:11, Lk.21:14, Acts 19:33, Acts 24:10, Acts 25:8, Acts 26:12, Rom.2:15, 2Cor.12:19

A statue of St. Apollinaris at Santa Maria del Suffragio Church in Ravenna Italy

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to speak in defense of, to speak for oneself, to defend oneself against, to speak in another’s behalf, to defend what one has done, and to refute a charge. An apologist is one who performs these actions. An apology is the act of defending. Thucydides’ The Peloponessia War 1.72 states “Their intention was not to offer a defense on any charges which the city brought against them, but to showon a comprehensive view that it was not a matter to make a hasty decision.” Antiphon Second Tetralogy 3.2.1 states “I have today been forced by sheer misfortune to depart from my habitgs and appear as a defendant in a case which I found it hard enough to arrive at the exact truth. Lysias’ Funeral Orations 2.65 states “By their conspicuous greatness and nobility of their conduct, they justified the claim that the formers disasters of the city were due to no resmissness of their own nor to the valor of the enemy.”

New Testament: This term means to defend oneself, to speak in one’s own behalf, and to equip oneself. Paul makes a quite a valiant effort in defending his actions, proving himself not to be accountable to the Jews’ accusations. Paul eloquently explains that his efforts as a Christian are the results of fulfillment of the Jewish people. God makes the provision that the Gentiles are not bound by the Law. God has placed in their hearts the ability to know right and wrong. One’s conscience bears witness to defending the laws. In his efforts to build his congregation, Paul offers a defense (way of life) for how the Christians should conduct themselves. Paul speaks for their behalf.

“When they take you before synagogues an before rulers and authorities, do not worry about how or what your defense will be or about what you are to say.” Lk.12:11

Jesus provides us access to the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit will provide the words needed in the face of persecution. The Holy Spirit will provide guidance in the Christian mission.

Scripture:

“They show that the demands of the law are written in their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness and their conflicting thought accuse or even defend them.” Rom.2:15

The Gentiles are not obligated to follow the Law. God made it possible for the Gentiles to know (in their hearts) the difference between right and wrong. One’s conscience bears witness to defend these laws, despite one’s conflicting thoughts.

“Have you been thinking all along that we are defending ourselves before you? In the sight of God we are speaking in Christ, and all for building you up, beloved.” 2Cor.12:19

Paul’s actions and efforts served to build up the Christians. Paul offers a defense (way of life) for the Christians to follow and to conduct themselves.

St. Apollinaris: He was a second century bishop of Phrygia (western Turkey). He addressed an “apology” (defense) of the Christian religion to the emperor Marcus Aurelius, who previously before had obtained a military victory with one his legions, composed mainly of Christians. Apollinaris reminded the emperor that a copious rainfall has saved this dying and dehydrated legion because of prayers. This storm had saved the legion and helped the legion to conquer the Germans. His preaching to the pagans was so successful that the pagans beat and drove him from the city of Ravenna. Apollinarius was ultimately martyred.

Conclusion:

Apology, apologetic, apologetics, defend, defence (defense)

First of all, I have to say that this has to be one on my favorite terms. I make no apologies about this. I will explain later. An apology (in the classic sense) is a reasoned statement (argument) in defense of something or someone. Not surprisingly, this term finds itself in courtroom settings and political contexts. Philosophers quite often use their skills in presenting their positions.

Paul was quite effective in defending himself from Jewish accusations. As a Roman citizen, he was given the right to be to be killed as a Roman citizen, rather than as a Jew or slave. Paul provides for his followers an ‘apology’ in how to live as a Christian. The Holy Spirit is given to us to help us have the words in the Christian path.

It is interesting to note that Apollinaris was a disciple of Peter. Apolliniaris followed Peter to Rome. It was sometime during Claudius’ reign (41-54 AD) that Apollinaris was appointed bishop of Ravenna.

Justin Martyr is perhaps the most notable Christian apologist. After his conversion, he continued to use his philosophical skills in converting others to Christianity. Rather than remaining with his fellow Christians, he continued to associate with his fellow philosophers at the temple grounds. The philosophers had a code of conduct which allowed one to present his arguments without fear of recrimination or arrest.

It was perhaps at end of the 16^th century that this term begins to take on the meaning “I’m sorry.” This may have started with Shakespeare. This term also took on the meaning of making an excuse. Then one can clearly see how this meaning had changed over time.

On a personal level, in addition to being a catechist, I am also a Catholic apologist. I am also very much interested in etymology (the original meaning of words). My blogging site is extensively involved with exegesis (drawing out the original meaning of words). This is contrasted with eisegesis (what I think this word means).

I am sorry (not really) for the length of this post, but I wanted to apologize (give an account for this important term).

Update: July 20 is a day we celebrate St. Apollinaris.

[Greek] γυμνιτεύω (gymniteuō), [Latin] nudare: to be naked, to be in ragged clothing, to be poorly clothed; 1Cor.4:11

Two lightly armed combatants (veles) wearing animal skins.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: Interestingly, this term means to be lightly armed. Heavily and lightly armed combatants both competed in warfare. The poorest citizens (velites) were lightly armed, wearing slings, arrows and swords. These velites, given the opportunity to prove themselves, often wore animal skins. These citizens were often called up during times of manpower shortages. Homer and Aristotle both make mention of the contributions and successes of these combatants. Polybius states “These are not given to a soldier if in the formed way, who have voluntarily and by choice placed themselves in danger.” Dio Chrysostom 25.3 states “For at his command even now the Spartans are scourged and sleep in the open and go, lightly clad and endure many other things that would seem as hardships to other people. Plutarch’s Amemilius Paulus 16 states “And while Milo was flying most disgracefully with his armor or his cloak, he followed after them without danger.” Dio Cassius 47.34.2 states “Indeed his forces would have been utterly destroyed had they not pushed their way through the very fire and unexpectedly attacked their assailants who were lightly armed.”

New Testament: This term means poorly clothed. Paul contrasts his and other Christians’ suffering with the Corinthians’ self-delusion of their spiritual state.  Paul’s language echoes the beatitudinal promises of a future reversal of the Christians’ fate. The Christians are also seen as spectacles, foolish, weak, hungry, thirsty, naked and homeless.

Scripture:

“To this very hour we go hungry and thirsty, we are poorly clad and roughly treated, we wonder about homeless.” 1Cor.4:11

Paul presents himself and the Christians as vulnerable, but yet receiving the promises of salvation. Paul contrasts himself with the Corinthians’ self-deception and deceit.

Etymology: The Greek adjective gymnos means naked. The gymnastai were the teachers, coaches, and trainers of the athletes.

Conclusion:

Gym, gymnastic, gymnastic, nude

It was interesting to discover that this term is found in the context of being lightly armed for battle. The gymnasium was a place for physical exercise and intellectual education. These athletes actually trained in the nude. The gymnasium also held lectures on philosophy, literature, and music.

Paul presents Christians oftentimes struggling and vulnerable in the world. Christians often are in need of mercy, clothing, and shelter. Paul’s message still holds true today.

This is the absolute naked truth about this term. I have nothing to hide!

[Greek] μετασχηματίζω (metaschēmatizō), [Latin] transformare, [Latin] transfigurare: to change in fashion (or appearance), to disguise, to transfigure, to transform, to change the form of; 1Cor.4:6, 2Cor.11:13-15, Php.3:21

The Transfiguration: painting by Raphael (1520). Php. 3:21 makes reference to that Jesus will change our lowly bodies to conform to His glorified body.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to transform, to alter, and to change the outward appearance of a person or thing. Plato’s Laws 10.903e states “For if one were to shape all things, without a constant view of the Whole, by transforming them as, for instance, fire into water, instead of merely converting one into many or many into one, they would be countless in number in such a system of transformation.” Plutarch’s Agesilus 14 states “The Persian viceroys and generals, who had been insufferably cruel, and had reveled in wealth and luxury, now fearful before a man who went about in a paltry cloak. And at one brief and laconic speech from him they conformed themselves to his ways.”

Old Testament: This term means to transform and to disguise. Philo makes reference to what changes into corruption, transforming into a god, and transforming a temple into a pagan idol. Josephus makes reference to David changing his outward appearance, disguising Jeroboam’s wife, and changing one’s habits. But as though transformed by fire into immortality, he nobly endured the rackings (4Macc.9:22). So he disguised himself, putting on other clothes, and set out with two companions (1Kgs.28:8).

New Testament: This term means to disguise oneself, to change one’s attitude, and to change oneself. Paul calls upon the Corinthians to change their worldly attitudes into one of a Christian attitude. Paul and Apollos provide them with an example of the true attitude of a Christian. The deceitful workers masquerade as false apostles. These false apostles hide their true being by their outward appearances. Christians, although having the Holy Spirit, still live in mortal flesh. At Christ’s coming, He will change our lowly bodies to conform to His glorified body.

Scripture:

“I have applied these things to myself and Apollos for your benefit, brothers, so that you may learn from us not to go beyond what is written, so that none of you will be inflated with pride in favor on one person over against another.” 1Cor.4:6

Paul calls upon the Corinthians to look at Paul and Apollos as examples of the proper attitude of a Christian. The Corinthians must follow Paul and change from their vain and false wisdom.

“For such people are false apostles, deceitful workers, who masquerade as apostles of Christ. And no wonder, for even Satan masquerades as an angel of light. So it is not strange that his ministers also masquerade as ministers of righteousness. Their end will correspond to their deeds.” 2Cor.11:13-15

These deceitful workers disguise themselves as apostles of Christ. These deceitful workers, like Satan, masquerade as ministers of light.

“He will change our lowly body to conform with His glorified Body by the power that enables Him also to bring all things into subjection to Himself.” Php.3:21

Although believers have the Spirit within them, they still live with the flesh of humanity. At Christ’s coming, their bodies will also share in this divine being.

Conclusion:

Schematic, transformation, transform, transfiguration, transfigure

This term not surprisingly can be found in many contexts and situations. Other nuanced meanings can include changing one’s posture and the configurations of the stars and planets.

In the Old Testament, this term is used infrequently. The Jewish Hellenist philosophers make frequent use of this term. 4 Maccabees introduces a spiritual dimension of this term. Martyrdom is regarded as the victory of incorruptibility. The martyr is transformed by the fire into incorruptibility.

It is interesting that the New Testament presents this term in different ways. These include disguising oneself, being transformed in a glorious body, and changing one’s attitude.

A schematic is a design or representation. This term essentially means a changed design or representation.

Here’s to all us of changing for the better!

[Greek] ψηφίζω (psēphizō), [Latin] calculare: to vote, to count, to compute, to calculate, to count with pebbles, to figure out: Lk.14:28, Rev.13:18

Election Day in Philadelphia 1815: painting by John Lewis Krimmel (1815). The people are gathered together waiting for the results of the election. This picture captures the festivities and excitement of elections in the decades that followed American independence.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to count or calculate with a stone, to reach a verdict (decision), and to condemn. Small stones (psephos) were used in board games, counting, voting, astrology, and magic. A stone was synonymous with a voice (and opinion). The process of voting often occurred by placing a stone in an urn. Making a decision or having the resolve occurs in many situations and contexts. Political and government leaders vote (make decrees) with their authority. Voting often occurs in determining the innocence or guilt of a defendant.

Xenophon’s Hellenica 1.7.9:  “Cast their vote (stone) into the urn.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 2.36.4:  “Calculate from left to right.”

Sophocles’ Ajax 448: “Procured votes in judgment against another man.”

Aeschines’ On the Embassy 2.84:  “Put the motion to a vote.”

Lysias’ Against Eratosthenes 12.44:  “What measures be passed by their votes.”

Antiphon’s Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 1.12:  “To find them guilty.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 5.97: “Had made their decision.”

Isaeus’ Pyrrhus 37:  “Give your verdict.”

Ostracism: In a related matter with voting, the ancient Greeks sometimes voted whether or not to expel or banish a person from Athens. The Greeks voted with a broken pottery shard (ostrakon). Those persons, who were forced to leave, were ostracized.

Old Testament: This term means to reckon or count people, sheep, and cattle. The Hellenistic philosophers Philo and Josephus frequently make reference to reckoning or resolving. Examples include bestowing honors, seeking God’s counsel, achieving triumphs (exploits), implementing decrees, condemning and banishing criminals, and resolving to return home. I serve you in the midst of the people whom you have chosen, a people so vast that it cannot be numbered or counted (3Kgs.3:8). King Solomon and the entire community of Israel present for the occasion sacrificed before the ark sheep and oxen too many to number or count (3Kgs.8:5).

New Testament: This term, found only twice, means to calculate and to figure out. Jesus begins with discussing what it means to be a disciple. This requires removing attachments to family (and possessions) which stand in the way for a total commitment for being a disciple. This acceptance demands readiness to accept persecution and suffering. Like calculating the costs of constructing a tower, this decision requires a realistic assessment of the hardships and costs for such a commitment. Wisdom is needed to calculate the number of the beast, whose number is 666. The number 6 represents man, imperfection, incompleteness, and evil.  Evil, in its most superlative form, personifies Satan.

Scripture

“Which of you wishing to construct a tower does not first sit down and calculate the cost to see if there is enough for its completion?” Lk.14:28

Constructing the cost of a tower is likened to understanding what it takes to become a disciple. One must understand and accept the costs needed in order to be a disciple of Jesus.

Conclusion:

Calculate, calculation

It was interesting to discover that the ancient Greeks used stones (pebbles) in settling and deciding important matters. Not surprisingly, stones were also used in board games. Aside from stones, I found many examples pertaining to making decisions, condemning prisoners, and implementing decrees.

This term is used less frequently in the Old Testament. However, the Hellenistic philosophers Philo and Josephus make frequent references to resolving and decreeing.

Jesus essentially lays out the necessary qualities needed in order to become a disciple. For some, these are high costs (renouncing possessions, leaving family ties, and experiencing hardship and persecution). It is not surprising that Satan is associated with the number 666. It is very interesting to note that in Jn.6:66, many disciples walked away when Jesus claimed that one must eat His Body and drink His Blood. In a sense, you could say that the devil made the disciples walk away. (The devil made them do it?)

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–  (These words certainly get my vote for this distinction!)

Psephology: the statistical study of elections and trends in voting.

Psephologist: one who studies elections and electoral trends. (Frank Luntz, Karl Rowe, Larry Sabato, Nate Silver )

Ostrakon: pottery shard used in voting.

Update: Many of us are anxiously awaiting the findings from the forensic audit in Maricopa County Arizona. It is also very curious that we continue to learn more and more information (articles) of test ballots, lawsuits, ballot harvesting, video evidence of questionable of election officials. flash drives, modems, lack of chain of custody, whistleblowers, lost ballots, etc. in “the most secure election” in American history. It just keeps happening. We are always waiting for the next story of something concerning about the election. You can always count on it!

[Greek] ἐλευθερόω (eleutheroō), [Latin] liberare: to make free, to exempt, to liberate, to set free, to liberate, to deliver; Jn.8:32,36, Rom.6:18,22, Rom.8:2,21, Gal.5:1

Background information:

Stoic concept of freedom: In contrast to the political freedom of the citizen or the state, philosophical freedom concerns the nature of the individual in relationship to his surroundings. In order to attain freedom, one must have knowledge of what one can and cannot control. Stoic philosophy states that the path to happiness comes from accepting the moment as it presents itself. However, this inward retreat of self-preservation in order to find liberation from one’s surroundings creates a false sense of freedom. This may lead to a bitterness of despising the things one cannot control.

Stoic quotes from Epictetus:

“Don’t seek for everything to happen as you wish it would, but rather wish that everything happens as it actually will—then your life will flow well.”

“The chief task in life is simply this: to identify and separate matters so that I can say clearly to myself which are externals not under my control, and which have to do with the choices I actually control. Where then do I look for good and evil? Not to uncomfortable externals, but within myself to the choices that are my own.”

New Testament concept of freedom: Even when one searches (or retreats) inward to control his own fate, he is not really free. Instead, one loses his true self with no control of a deficient outside existence. The only possibility of coming to one’s full self is to surrender one’s own will (and power) to an external force (outside this existence). Man attains self-control by letting himself be controlled by God. God provides a true liberation (freedom) from a deficient existence.

True freedom: True freedom is freedom from an existence which leads to sin and death. Freedom from sin allows man to live life to the fullest. The Law, God’s claim on all men in written form, brings out the sin of existence. John and Paul are the only New Testament writers to extol freedom, not autonomy (the freedom to do whatever one pleases). Jesus states that the truth will set you free. This truth states those who commits sin are slaves to sin. To be in sin is to be in deception, making oneself blind to one’s own reality. Christ has come to free us from the law of sin and death. Those freed from sin can then become slaves of righteousness.

Scripture:

“And you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.” Jn.8:32

Jesus points out the truth that being in sin is like being a slave to sin. Jesus states if they remain in His word, they will truly be His disciples and be set free.

“Freed from sin, you have become slaves to righteousness.” Rom.6:18

Christians have been released from sin, but sin tries to reclaim its victims. Divine grace is the antidote against sin.

“For the law of the spirit of life in Christ Jesus has freed you from the law of sin and death.” Rom.8:2

Jesus provides that freedom from that existence which leads to sin. The Law brings out the sin of existence.

Conclusion:

Liberate, liberation, liberty

For purposes of brevity, I excluded the notion of political freedom from this post. I focused on the individual and his relationship to his environment. Stoicism is quite an interesting philosophy outside of Christian principles. Stoic philosophy offers a glimpse into the psychological aspect of freedom. The Stoic seeks to understand what he can and cannot control in the world. This essentially means embracing the good and the bad experiences. The Stoic ultimately cannot seek true freedom as he is ultimately influenced by his environment.

Man faces his existence filled with sin and death. God (the Trinity) can provide an external freedom from this sinful existence. Man attains full life outside this sinful existence. Christ brings this spirit of life. Therefore, being sinful is like being enslaved by sin.

It is a great irony that man can attain full life by surrendering himself (and his will to God). Man attains self-control by letting himself be controlled by God. (This is quite a profoundly ironic and provocative statement).

This notion of true freedom stands in stark contrast to the modern day notion of freedom (autonomy). This becomes a form of self-deception and self-rule. The great unfortunate irony is that this modern type of freedom (“I can do whatever I want…”) can led many to all kinds of slavery (bondage) to sin over the years. Such examples include the problems resulting from the sexual revolution, marriage, abortion, sex and gender. This modern definition of ‘freedom’ can actually lead one to being addicted to or controlled by that sin (Ex. pornography, sex, drugs, etc). Even in a non-sinful context, this could apply to the excess or overindulgence in other things (food, sweets, materialism, wealth, internet, gaming, and other technological devices, etc). Too much of something can potentially lead to unfortunate results.

To be honest, I never really understood what the phrase “truth will set you free” meant. Researching this term has helped to liberate and set free my very limited psychological understanding of human nature. What a mind blowing and liberating concept! (To be truly free, one must let God take control!!!) #MindBlown  #ReallyFree #GodIsInControl

Please feel free to also reflect on what it means to be really free!

[Greek] νέφος (nephos), [Latin] nebula: cloud, dense multitude, mist, particles; Heb.12:1

Joshua passing the Jordan River with the Ark of the Covenant: painting by Benjamin West (1800). The Lord went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud by day and in a pillar of fire by night.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, meaning cloud, can be used to represent clouds, deities, loftiness, and metaphorical traits. Clouds can metaphorically represent mourning, men, lament, blindness, and unbelief. Clouds also manifest the attributes of the deities. The cloud is the chariot of the gods which leads the heroes to them. The deities (and their assistants) conceal themselves in the clouds. Orphism often places the clouds at the service of the supreme deity. Aristophanes, in his play Clouds, presents the clouds as the new gods of sophistry (fallacious arguments and deceptions). Aristophanes’ Clouds 348 states “These clouds become all things whatever they please. If they should see Simon, a plunderer of property, they suddenly become wolves, showing up according to his disposition.” Aristophanes’ Birds 818 states “Well then, what name can you suggest? Some name borrowed from the clouds, from those lofty regions which we dwell, in short, some well-known name.” Aristophanes’ Peace 1090 states “This grand oracle of Homer’s: Thus vanished the dark war clouds and we offered a sacrifice to new born Peace.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 1314 states “O horror of darkness that enfolds me, unspeakable visitant, restless, sped by a wind too favorable.”

Old Testament: God, rather than mythology (gods), is associated with clouds. Clouds are found in theophanies, rapture stories, Covenant stories, and creation. Theophanies, visible manifestations of God’s glory, appear in nature and accompany the Israelites on their journey. Although not explicitly stated, clouds are involved in the rapture stories of Enoch and Elijah. Clouds (and storms) accompany and protect the Israelites on their journeys. God illustrates His command of nature through weather phenomena. He made darkness the cover about Him, his canopy, heavy thunderheads (Psa.18:11). Silence, all mankind, in the presence of the Lord! For He stirs forth from His holy dwelling (Zech.2:17). I saw One like a Son of Man coming, on the clouds of heaven (Dan.7:13). The Lord opened the eyes of the servant, so that he saw the mountainside filled with houses and fiery chariots around Elisha (2Kgs.6:17). The Lord preceded them, in the daytime by means of a column of cloud to show them the way (Exo.13:21). I will command the clouds not to send rain upon it (Isa.5:6).

New Testament: This term metaphorically makes reference to a large cloud of witnesses (saints). These witnesses are faithful Old Testament and New Testament people of faith. By focusing on Jesus, we can persevere on running the Christian race (life) that lies before us. We must rid ourselves of every burden and sin which may distract us. These witnesses act as intercessors who seek to help us on this journey. The saints, alive in heaven, can hear our prayers and intentions.

Scripture:

“Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us rid ourselves of every burn and sin that clings to us and persevere in the running the race that lies before us.” Heb.12:1

The witnesses are the saints in heaven who watch and pray for us on our journey in life. We must show discipline like an athlete in avoiding sin. We are all running that Christian race (life).

Saints:

How is it possible that the saints (in heaven) can hear our prayers? The saints in heaven are more alive than we are with God. These saints, free from all sin, share and enjoy the fullness of God’s life giving presence. Flooded with God’s love, these saints greatly care about us.

Isn’t praying to the saints a violation of Jesus being the one and only mediator? No. This is no different than asking someone else to pray for you. This does not contradict Jesus’ role as mediator. We all share in a lesser and dependent mediation.

How can the saints hear all our prayers? Heaven has no space or time as we understand it. Everything appears to God as one eternal present (now). These saints, close to God, are able to hear all our prayers.

Conclusion:

Nebula, nebulous

It was interesting to discover how this term is presented in metaphorical terms. It is noteworthy that clouds contain the gods and their assistants. The chariot, symbolizing the heroic qualities of the gods, is bestowed upon a fallen mortal man who is led to the gods. The Greek playwrights quite often wrote about the human condition, even criticizing or mocking customs. Aristophanes presented the clouds as lofty wise guys.

In the Old Testament, clouds (and related phenomena) illustrate the power of God in salvation history and in creation. It is also interesting that chariots are found in the rapture stories of Enoch and Elisha.

In the New Testament, clouds are metaphorically presented as a large group of witnesses (saints). These witnesses are constantly interested and concerned about our welfare. These saints, close to God, are more alive than we could possibly comprehend. It is also interesting to note that Paul was influenced by Hellenistic philosophy.

 It is significant to note that both the Old Testament and New Testament oftentimes borrow ideas from past eras to convey important religious and theological truths.

For those of you who may face storm clouds (or even have a cloud hanging over you), or if your path is cloudy (nebulous) you can always call upon the cloud of witnesses (saints) to brighten your day!

[Greek] ὀρέγω (oregō), [Latin] appetere: 1Tim.3:1, 1Tim.6:10, Heb.11:16; to stretch, to have an appetite for something, to reach after, to yearn for, to aspire, to strive to, to attain, to aspire, to long for, to covet

The name oregano comes from the Greek verb orego, meaning ‘I reach out and grab food.’ Oregano historically has been used to stimulate the appetite and to aid in indigestion.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to strive or to reach for something (or someone). The striving of the soul depends on one’s will and reason. Homer’s Iliad 15.371 states “And most of all prayed Nestor of Gerenia, the warder of the Achaeans, stretching forth his two hands to the starry heaven.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.2.15 states “Sharing this knowledge and the principles I have indicated, is it supposed that these two men wanted to adopt the simple life of Socrates.” Plato’s Republic 485d states “The true lover of knowledge must, be most of all, a striver after truth in every form. When a man’s desires have been taught to flow in the channel of learning, they will be concerned with the pleasures of the soul itself.”

Old Testament: This term essentially means to strive. Philo, a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher, makes reference to seeking divine wisdom, seeking relief from torment, pursuing appetites of the flesh, and seeking to serve God. Instead of this punishment, you benefited your people with a novel dish, the delight they craved, by providing quail for their food (Wis.16:2). Let not the lustful cravings of the flesh master me, surrender me not to shameless desires (Sir.23:6). For the emotions of the appetites are restrained, checked by the temperate mind, and all the impulses of the body are bridled by reason (4Macc.1:35).

New Testament: This term means to strive, to attain, to aspire to, and to long for. Faith and eschatological expectations become important motivations for striving. Examples include striving for a bishop’s office, money (riches), and a heavenly home. One, who aspires to bishop’s office, desires a noble task. Many, who strive for the love of money, often stray from the faith and suffer as a result. In faith, Christians seek a heavenly homeland.

Scripture:

“This saying is trustworthy: whoever aspires to the office of bishop desires a noble task.” 1Tim.3:1

The office of bishop is a noble vocation, worthy of moral strength and conviction.

“For the love of money is the root of all evils, and some people in their desire for it have strayed from the faith and have pierced themselves with many pains.” 1Tim.6:10

Many who have strived for riches have strayed and suffered (in various ways).

“But now they desire a better homeland, a heavenly one. Therefore, God is not ashamed to be called their God, for He has prepared a city for them.” Heb.11:16

In faith many seek a heavenly home.

Etymology: The Greek verb orego which means “I reach out and grab.” The Greek noun oros means mountain. Ancient Greeks called this herb “joy (ganos) of the mountain”. These Greek nouns form the basis for oregano. This herb has been used in cooking and medicine. Oregano is known to have antioxidant properties. The Latin noun appetitus means desire for. 

Conclusion:

Oregano, appetite

At first, I wasn’t too sure if there was a modern day word that comes from this term. (Could this term be related to oregano?) Then I just realized that ‘oregano’ sounds very similar to this term. So, I strove to further investigate this matter. After further study I discovered that ‘oregano’ and the Latin verb appetere are related. The Greeks constantly sought knowledge, wisdom, and reason.

In the Old Testament, reason was used to aid and oppose physical cravings. Philo makes reference using reason to seek and to find God.

The New Testament reminds us of the evils and consequences of striving for riches (and money). The office of bishops remains a noble office, despite the often sinful character of the person who occupies this position. Pertaining to the Church’s sexual abuse crisis, I think it is important in being reminded of this, in light of the failures of some cardinals, bishops and priests. In faith, Christians seek to reach the heavenly home with God.

Oregano has many healthful benefits. I am a big fan of using herbs for health purposes. I take nattokinase (natural soy bean enzyme) instead of low dose aspirin for heart health. I take garlic as an all-round natural antibiotic. I take beet root (as a nitric oxide source) for improved cellular oxygen intake and for sports activity. And you can’t go wrong with oregano on a meatball sandwich. (I bet you are getting hungry now!)

I am glad that I had the desire (appetite) in further learning about this term!

[Greek] καταλείπω (kataleipō), [Old English] laefan, [Latin] relinquere: to leave down, to abandon, to forsake, to leave, to depart; Mt.4:13, Mt.16:4, Mt.19:5, Mt.21:17, Mk.10:7, Mk.12:19, Mk.14:52, Lk.15:4, Lk.20:31, Jn.8:9, Acts 2:31, Acts 6:2, Acts 18:19, Acts 21:3, Acts 24:27, Acts 25:14, Rom.11:4, Eph.5:31, 1Thess.3:1, Tit.1:5, Heb.4:1, Heb.11:27, 2Pet.2:15

Christ With the Woman Taken in Adultery: painting by Guercino (1621). After everyone had left, Jesus was left alone with the forgiven woman.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to leave behind, to bequeath, to forsake, to abandon, to not appear, to give up, to leave remaining, and to leave alone. This term can be used in a both in an active and passive sense. Other more nuanced meanings include leaving an heir, leaving a will, not appearing in court, keeping secrets, and leaving children orphans. Homer’s Iliad 10.238 states “And do not thou out of reverent heart leave the better man behind, and take as thy comrade one that is worse.” Plato’s Laws 5.729b states “To his children it behooves a man to bequeath modesty, not money, in abundance.” Herodotus’ The Histories 7.170 states “Micythus was a servant of Anaxilus and had been left in charge of Rhegium.” Homer’s Odyssey 3.271 states “Then verily Aegisthus took the minstrel to a desert isle and left him to be the prey and spoil of birds.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 4.2.11 states “They charged upon the hill with their companies in column, not surrounding it, but leaving the enemy a way of retreat in case they choose to use it.” Isocrates’ Antidosis 15.7 states “The only way in which I could accomplish this was to compose a discourse which would be a true image of my thought and whole life; for I hoped this would serve as the best means of making known the truth about me.”

Old Testament: This term, related to many Hebrew terms, conveys a wide range of meanings. The meanings include to remain behind, to be delayed, to be kept back, to cast off, to reject, to be left behind, to rest, to set down, to depart from, to abandon, to be desolated, to be forgotten, and to be ignored. I have sojourned with Laban, and stayed there until now (Gen.32:4). For You are the God of my strength; why have You rejected me? (Psa.43:2). If any of the flesh of ordination or any of the bread remains until morning, you shall burn the remainder (Exo.29:34). The locusts came up over all the land of Egypt and settled in all the territory of Egypt (Exo.10:14). For this reason, a man shall leave his father and his mother (Gen.2:24). The Lord will scatter you among the peoples, and you will be left few in number among the nations (Deut.4:27). The covenant that I have made with you, you shall not forget, nor shall you fear other gods (2Kgs.17:38).

New Testament: This term means to leave (depart), to imprison, to abandon (neglect), to remain, and to separate (end) family ties. Jesus was quite often on the move in His ministry. Paul is imprisoned and ultimately killed by the Roman authorities. Martha felt exasperated that Mary would be neglectful in helping her to serve the others. Assistants (deacons) were appointed to serve the needs of the widows and children who were being neglected. God (Yahweh) speaks to those faithful Israelites who remained faithful to Him. The Sadducees were attempting to trap Jesus about Jewish marital customs concerning childless widows.

Scripture:

“Martha, burdened with much serving, came to Him and said, ‘Lord, do you not care that my sister has left me by myself to do the serving? Tell her to help me.” Lk.10:40

Martha was in a sense rightfully frustrated. However, Jesus points out that Mary has chosen a higher (better) calling. This may speak to a religious vocation.

“Teacher, Moses wrote for us ‘if someone’s brother dies, leaving a wife but no child, his brother must take the wife and raise up descendants for his brother.” Mt.12:19

The Sadducees were attempting to trap Jesus about Jewish marriage practices and customs. Jesus points out that they neither marry or given to marriage in heaven.

“And in response, they went away one by one, beginning with the elders. So He was left alone with the woman before Him.” Jn.8:9

Jesus shows mercy and compassion to the adulterous woman. Jesus remained faithful to her. This also alludes to God remaining faithful to the Israelites.

Conclusion:

Leave, relinquish

It was interesting to discover the wide range of meanings of this term including leaving, remaining, abandoning, and neglecting. Some of the more nuanced meanings include not showing up (in court, leaving someone in charge, and keeping secrets. In military terms, this term refers to both retreating and abandoning one’s post. Exiling someone on a desert island is essentially a death sentence.

In the Old Testament, this term also refers to the remnant of God, the remaining faithful Israelites. The remnant is a major theme in the Old Testament. For purposes of this post, I really had to “leave behind” the more important aspects of this remnant. This term also brings up the interesting notion of being desolated, forgotten and ignored.

In the New Testament, this term focuses on the meaning of separation. Mary separates herself from Martha in a more important relationship with Jesus. This perhaps can be seen as a religious or consecrated vocation. Scriptures also point out that man must leave behind his father and mother to join with a spouse. Jesus points out that the married state (separates or disappears) in heaven. The priestly, religious, and consecrated states provide a visible precursor to the single state which we all  have in heaven. Although Jesus often moves from place to place, He remains close and faithful to us.

Well, I will leave it at that for now.

Greek] πειρασμός (peirasmos), [Latin] temptatio: experiment, trial, temptation, testing, putting to proof, examination, putting to the test; Mt.6:13, Mt.26:41, Mk.14:38, Lk.4:13, Lk.8:13, Lk.11:4, Lk.22:28,40,46, Acts 20:19, 1Cor.10:13, Gal.4:14, 1Tim.6:9, Heb.3:8, Jas.1:2,12, 1Pet.1:6, 1Pet.4:12, 2Pet.2:9, Rev.3:10

The Sacrifice of Isaac: painting by Caravaggio (1602)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, used in both active and passive senses, refers to the trials, testing, temptation, and adversity that one may undergo. This testing often reveals the character, morality, and “what a person is made of”. Something outside (circumstances or hardships) is often imposed on the person beyond his control who is “being put to the test”. Testing of a person may be used to confirm that person’s character and capabilities. Testing may also be done to determine the person’s trustworthiness. Testing may also find a person in an impossible situation where that person may act out of character.

Aristophanes’ Knights 517 states “Nothing is more difficult to cultivate the cosmic Muse; many court her, but very few secure her favors.” Plato’s Letters 6.323a states “To you, Hermeias, I, who have made trial of Erastus and Coriscus, more fully than you, affirm, proclaim, and testify that you will not easily discover more trustworthy characters than these your neighbors.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.5.5 states “I think over such matters and reflect that, when a man sells a bad slave, he takes anything he can get for him; and perhaps it is tempting to sell a bad friend when there is a chance of getting more than he is worth. Good servants, I find, are not offered for sale, nor are good friends betrayed.” Hesiod’s Works and Days 101 states “But the rest, countless plagues wander amongst men, for earth is full of evils, the sea is full. Of themselves diseases come upon men continually by day and by night.”

Old Testament: Although this term is found in both a secular and religious sense, the religious sense predominates. Testing involves both God testing man and man testing God. God, testing individuals (and also the people of Israel), seeks to test man’s faith and to lead him to redemption. Wisdom literature contains both testing and education. Man has often tempted God in seeking knowledge in the Garden of Eden, in complaining against Moses, and in disregarding the prophets. To test or tempt God essentially means failing to acknowledge His power and His will. Testing God is an expression of unbelief, doubt and disobedience. Loving God and keeping His commandments helps us to not to question or doubt Him.

I know now how devoted you are to God, since you did not withhold from me your own beloved son (Gen.22:12). Do not be afraid, for God has come to you only to test you and put His fear upon you, lest you should sin (Exo.20:20). I know that you can do all things, and that not purpose of yours can be hindered (Job 42:2). A man with training gains wide knowledge; a man of experience speaks sense (Sir.34:9). Many shall be refined, purified, and tested, but the wicked shall prove wicked (Dan.12:10). You shall not put the Lord, your God, to the test (Deut.6:16). But Ahaz answered, ‘I will not ask! I will not tempt the Lord!’(Isa.7:12).

New Testament: This term means temptation, testing, trials, and examination of one’s situation. The Our Father prayer cautions one not to be lead into temptation. Hebrews cautions about the temptations of wealth. Jesus undergoes the test in the Garden of Gethsemene. Satan tests Jesus in the desert. The Parable of the Sower warns that a weak faith, without a foundation, may fall away during trials. Even as we all endure struggles and trials, God will provide a way out. God will not let us be tried beyond our capability to handle such struggles.

Scripture:

“And do not subject us to the final test, but deliver us from the evil one.” Mt.6:13

This scripture is perhaps more commonly known as “And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil”. We say the Our Father prayer for God to helps us in our daily lives.

“Those on rocky ground are the one who, when they hear, receive the word with joy, but they have not root; they believe only for a time and fall away in time of trial.” Lk.8:13

A faith, built upon a weak foundation, may often wither away. Such faith may disappear when one faces a trial or difficulty. A strong faith is needed and essential in order to endure struggles.

“No trial has come to you but what is human. God is faithful and will not let you be tried beyond your strength; but with the trial He will also provide a way out, so that you may be able to bear it.” 1Cor.10:13

It is oftentimes a mystery why we must go through struggles and difficulties. However, God is always on the journey with us in our struggles. In some way God will provide us with a way out of these struggles. We will not be tried beyond our endurance.

Conclusion:

Tempt, temptation, empiricism

I found that this term has a very interesting backstory, reaching into all aspects of life. It was also interesting to discover the motivations of testing and being tested. The Greek plays and literature genre often provided a commentary on the human condition. Homer’s epics provides many examples of testing and trials. Xenophon reflects on the character of what a good friend is. Men often tested the gods.

The Old Testament introduces the notion that God often tests the faithfulness of man. Wisdom introduces education along with testing. God tests Abraham’s faithfulness in offering his son Isaac to be sacrificed. God rewarded Abraham for his faithfulness to Him. Man, because of his fallen nature, often tests God. It is significant to note that God’s greatest commandment is related to faithfulness, not testing.

The Our Father prayer touches upon asking God’s help in not being led into temptation. It does make sense that those, lacking in faith, will be more likely to lose one’s faith during trials. Perhaps, this can help shed some light on many of those who have left the Church during this sexual abuse crisis. Those, who choose to leave the Church, perhaps may not realize that the Church is much  larger and more important than the ones who are causing the crisis. In fact, those who leave are actually harming themselves by removing themselves from the sacraments and graces that the Church offers. The fact that the Church has still remained in existence is a great testimony to the promise Jesus made in establishing His Church. The Church still remains in spite of all those many people (inside the Church) who have who have failed, faltered, or caused trouble throughout history. 

I think many do not realize that God also “walks” with us in our journey through trials and tribulations. In some way, God will provide us with the means to get through these troubles. This is why 1Cor.10:13 is my favorite scripture. I also have gone through a lot of struggles. To be honest, trust has really has not been one of my strong suits here. Yet, oftentimes, many of us often feel like saying : “Come on, God, you’re killing me here!”

Through careful observation, study and empirical analysis, I have decided that I should end this post.

[Greek] σβέννυμαι (sbennymai), [Latin] extinguere, ἄσβεστος (asbestos) [unquenchable]: to stop burning, to extinguish, to snuff out, to quench, to smother, to go out, to kill, to dampen, to moisten; Mt.12:20, Mt.25:8, Mk.9:44,46,48, Eph.6:16, 1Thess.5:19, Heb.11:34

The ancient Roman semi-circular leather shield was soaked in water in order to snuff out the enemy’s flaming arrows.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to quench, to extinguish, to dry up, to go out, to die, to damp down, to restrain, to steam, to rest, to calm down, to fade, and to quell. This term can be used in a literal, metaphorical, and nuanced sense. Literal examples (objects) include fire, burning objects, fluids, men, plants and foods. Other uses involve emotions, desires, greed, power, influence, and strength. The Greek prefix (a-) means “not” or “un”. The Greek word ἄσβεστος (asbestos) means unquenchable or inextinguishable.

Herodotus’ The Histories 2.66 states “When a fire breaks out, very strange things happen among the cats. The Egyptians stand around in a broken line, thinking more of the cats, than of quenching the fire.” Homer’s Odyssey 3.182 states “And the wind was not once quenched from the time when the god first sent it forth to blow.” Homer’s Iliad 9.678 states “Most glorious son of Atreus, Agamemnon, king of men, he verily is not minded to quench his wrath but is filled yet more with fury.” Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris 633 states “I will set much ornament on the tomb and quench your body with yellow oil, and throw onto your funeral pyre, the gleaming honey that streams from flowers.” Herodotus’ The Histories 8.77 states “After sacking shiny Athens in mad hope, Divine Justice will extinguish mighty Greek, the son of Insolence.”

Roman Soldiers: As part of their defensive arsenal, soldiers used wooden shields covered with leather. These shields were used to ward off flaming errors from the enemy. These flaming arrows were doubly dangerous in potentially piercing and burning the soldiers. These shields were soaked in water in order to extinguish (retard) the flames. This background helps to provide context to Eph.6:16-17. The flaming errors are part of the weaponry used by Satan. One must hold one’s faith like a shield to quench the arrows of the evil one.

Old Testament: This term means to snuff out, to die out, to vanish, to quench, and to stop. Literal uses include fire, burning objects, lamps, coals, and mountains. Figurative (and metaphorical) uses include light, lamps, candlesticks, sparks, sins, flax, love, emotions, and God’s judgment and anger. God’s judgment is likened to an unquenchable fire. God’s anger and love oftentimes will not be extinguished. Truly, the light of the wicked is extinguished; no flame brightens his hearth (Job 18:5). The light of the just shines gaily, but the lamp of the wicked goes out (Prov.13:9). Yet once they flow, they cease to be; in the heat, they disappear from their place (Job 6:17). The fire on the altar is to be kept burning; it must not go out (Lev.6:5). They also closed the doors of the vestibule, and extinguished the lamps (2Chr.29:7). Because they have forsaken me and have burned incense to other gods, provoking me by everything to which they turn their heads, my anger is ablaze against this place and it cannot be extinguished 2Kgs.22:17).

New Testament: This term means to stop burning, to extinguish, and to quench. These scriptures make reference to the Spirit, fire, lamps, wicks, and arrows. The unquenchable fire of Gehenna represents the torments of hell. Because of their lack of preparation, the foolish virgins’ lamps are going out. Paul warns others not to quench the Spirit. A strong shield (faith) is needed to quench the flaming arrows (attacks) from the evil one. The Servant of the Lord is a smoldering wick that will not be quenched.

Scripture:

“A bruised reed He will not break, a smoldering wick He will not quench, until He brings justice to victory.” Mt.12:20

This references Isa.42:1-4 of the Servant of the Lord. Jesus is depicted as the helper of the down-trodden and oppressed.

“In all circumstances, hold faith as a shield, to quench all the flaming arrows of the evil one.” Eph.6:16

The shield of faith will stop and put out all the fiery darts of the wicked.

“Do not quench the Spirt.” 1Thess.5:19

Paul call upon others to embrace the gifts of the Holy Spirit.

Conclusion:

Extinguish, asbestos

I discovered that this term has an interesting backstory. At first glance I would have never considered this term. Yet, this term is related to asbestos, meaning unquenchable. The Latin form provides the basis for the commonly known word ‘extinguish.’ To be honest, I really did not understand how this term relates to moistening and dampening. It is only later when I learned that a Roman soldier ordinarily soaks his leather shield in order to snuff out the enemy’s flaming arrows. It is also not surprising that this term is also used in metaphorical or figurative ways.

In the Old Testament, this term is used metaphorically with God’s judgment and anger. The Messiah is also portrayed as a smoldering wick which will not be quenched.

It is significant to note that one’s faith is like a shield. This continues to be an apt metaphor for Christians in today’s world. Christians are constantly having to defend themselves against those ‘arrows’ (influences) fired off from the secular world and from the evil one. These arrows often take on various forms. The more obvious arrows illustrates the evil comes into the world. The more subtle and less sharp arrows come when the evil one causes us (and others) to “stumble” and “stray” in our faith.

We all must be prepared to defend ourselves (as best as) –[sorry for the pun on “asbestos”] — we can, especially from those arrows from which we often cannot see.

[Greek] συντρίβω (syntribō), [Latin] contrere, [Latin] frangere, [Latin] fricare: to fracture, to have friction, to break into pieces, to be broken-hearted (contrite), to crush, to bruise, to trample upon, to shatter, to trample underfoot, to rub together, to wear away; Mt.12:20, Mk.5:4, Mk.114:3, Lk.4:18, Lk.9:39, Jn.19:36, Rom.16:20, Rev.2:27

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, meaning to rub (-tribo) together (syn-), refers to grinding, rubbing, crushing, breaking, and destroying. Literal uses refer to ointments, medication, bones, limbs, and spears. More nuanced and metaphorical uses refer to fear, despair, anxiety, remorse, and misfortune. Oftentimes, these nuanced uses occur in the social, political, and psychological spheres.

Polybius’ Histories 6.58 states “Though the Romans had been severely defeated in the battles, and though they were at the time deprived of roughly speaking, all their allies, they neither yielded so far to misfortune.” Aeschines’ Against Timarchus 1.59 states “First they smashed the implements of his trade and tossed them into the street—sundry dice and dice-boxed and his gaming utensils in general.” Polybius’ Histories 5.47.1 states “But as soon as they got near Xenoetas’ force, their ignorance of the ground proved fatal to them without any enemy to attack them, for they got immersed by their own weight.” Euripides’ Cyclops 705 states “For I shall break off a piece of this crag, hurl it, crush you, companions and all, to bits.”

Old Testament: This term is related to several Hebrew terms, having the basic sense of breaking. These meanings include the breaking of objects, the smashing of ships, the crushing of bodies, broken pride, and broken-heartedness. Destruction can range from breaking to radical obliteration. Other nuanced meanings included stumbling, being humbled, and bowing down. The unbroken Passover lamb has important New Testament implications. The breaking of all aspects of war lead to a universal kingdom of peace. God provides consolation to the righteous and broken-hearted.

You shall not break any of its bones (Exo.12:46). A clay vessel in which it has been cooked shall thereafter be broken (Lev.6:21). Rather you must demolish them (gods) and smash their sacred pillars (Exo.23:24). Over the great destruction which overwhelms the virgin daughter of my people (Jer.14:17). God, do spurn a broken, humbled heart (Psa.51:19). Insult has broken my heart, and I am weak (Psa.69:21). Many are the troubles of the just, but the Lord delivers from them all (Psa.34:19). I am broken by the ruin of the daughter of my people (Jer.8:21). When I set limits for it and fastened the bar of its door (Job.38:10).

New Testament: This term means to break (into pieces), to be bruised, to be brokenhearted (discouraged), to crush (trample), and to be overwhelmed. The Messiah is a bruised reed who will not break. Like the Old Testament Passover lamb, Jesus’ bones will not be broken. The God of peace will quickly crush Satan under your feet. Unclean spirits often overwhelm those who are possessed. The possessed man broke his chains. A woman breaks an alabaster jar of oil perfumed oil. She pours it on Jesus’ head.

Scripture:

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because He has anointed Me to bring glad tiding to the poor. He has sent Me to proclaim liberty to captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the oppressed go free.” Lk.4:18

Jesus is the bruised reed will ultimately achieve victory. He will provide solace to the brokenhearted. This makes reference to Isa.61:1

“For this happened so that the scripture passage might be fulfilled; ‘Not a bone of it will be broken.’”Jn.19:36

Breaking the bones of the crucified victim served to hasten the death and the agony of the victim. The Passover regulations stated that the Passover lamb’s legs must not be broken. Jesus is the new Passover lamb.

“Then the God of peace will quickly crush Satan under your feet. The grace of our Lord Jesus be with you.” Rom.16:20

Paul was warning his congregation about those who cause dissension and obstacles. The false teachers are also regarded as the servants of Satan. This also alludes to Gen.3:15 where the Woman will crush Satan.

Conclusion:

Fracture, friction, contrite

The basic etymological sense of rubbing together indicates the sense of friction, difficulty, or destruction. It is interesting to see how this term can be used in a more nuanced way in the political and sociological spheres. Literal breaking can been understood in many situations.

The Old Testament introduces the notion of the brokenhearted and despondent. Broken-heartedness indicates an interior despair and helplessness. The contrite are those who express guilt and remorse. God provides consolation to the brokenhearted and contrite. It was an important Passover regulation that the Passover lamb’s bones were not to be broken. This foreshadows Jesus as an unbroken Passover lamb. As Jesus died on the cross, He said “It is finished.” Jesus finishes the Passover on the cross.

Jesus is the bruised reed who ultimately achieves victory on the cross. The demons often can overwhelm the possessed person, but the demons fear Jesus. The woman, who broke the alabaster jar, received great ridicule from the Jewish host. However, Jesus highly praises the woman for anointing His head.

Hamlet

“To die—to sleep,

To sleep, perchance to dream—ay, there’s the rub.

For in that sleep of death what dreams may come

When we have shuffled of this mortal coil,

Must give us pause.”

(Hamlet faces a difficulty in his decision to commit suicide.)

Fare thee well. There’s the rub. Parting is such sweet sorrow (until the next post)!

[Greek] ἀντέχω (antechō), [Latin] antiquare: to hold against, to make something old (antiquated), to make old fashioned, to hold firmly to, to hold fast, to cling to, to reject, to be devoted to, to hold tightly to; Mt.6:24, Lk.16:13, 1Thess.5:14, Tit.1:9

Port-Royal-des-Champs Abbey espoused the heretical teachings of Jansenism against the Catholic Church.

Background information:

Old Testament: This term means to do something in one’s interest, to cleave to, to take up, and to hold fast. Get up, lift the boy up and hold him by the hand (Gen.21:18). Be strong and steadfast, so that you may give this people possession of the land I swore to their ancestors that I would give them (Jos.1:6). This is the covenant between men and you and your descendants after you must keep. So his brothers were furious at him but his father observed the saying (Gen.37:11).

New Testament: This term means to assist someone, to hold fast to a teaching, and to be devoted (to serve) a master. Jesus teaches about focusing on worldly possessions. As one can only serve one master, he must choose between God or wealth. One cannot be devoted to both masters. One also must be devoted to helping the weak and vulnerable. Paul calls upon Titus to hold fast to the true teachings in order to pronounce sound doctrine and refute opponents.

Scripture:

“No one can serve two masters. He will either hate one and love the other, or be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon.” Mt.6:24

Jesus states the timeless message that one cannot serve (“worship”) both God and money. One will eventually despise or be devoted to one or the other.

“Holding fast to the true message as taught so that he will be able both to exhort with sound doctrine and to refute opponents.” Tit.1:9

People want to hear the truth of the Gospel message in order to be enriched. People need to have the truth (not watered down) in order to proclaim the gospel. People need the truth in order to refute opponents and confusion.

Antiquarian: This person (and title), a position existing since ancient times, is an aficionado or student of antiquities or things of the past. Antiquarians focus on the empirical evidence of the past. Items of interest include books, maps, trinkets, manuscripts, and other items. In early history an antiquarian was an author or orator who liked to use archaic or outdated forms of speech. The antiquarian book collector becomes the precursor to the modern bookseller.

The Vicomte de Bragelonne (by Alexandre Dumas): This novel follows his book The Three Musketeers. The narrative is set between 1660 and 1673 against the background of the transformation of Louis XIV from child monarch to Sun King. In the novel Vicomte de Bragelonne, Monsieur Jean de La Fontaine states “I persist,–antecho, as they say at Port Royal.” Port-Royal-des Champs, a Christian abbey, became a hot-bed of Jansenism, which emphasized original sin, human depravity, and the necessity of divine grace and predestination. Jansenism ultimately was declared a heresy. This abbey evoked opposition both from the Catholic Church and French monarchy.

Resurgence of the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM):  Also known as ad orientem (to the east), this service essentially means that the priest offers Mass (Eucharist) on the same side of the altar as the people. Interestingly, the younger generations of priests are becoming increasingly drawn to this rite. In addition, more and more young priests are also wearing the more traditional garments. Perhaps more significantly, Millenials (and others) in recent years are becoming increasingly attracted to this traditional rite. In fact, in some parishes, the Traditional Latin Mass has actually helped to revive struggling parishes. 

Conclusion:

Antique, antiquarian, antiquated

This term is used quite extensively in the Old Testament. As with the New Testament, holding fast correlates with exhorting, upholding, and following teachings. Jesus also illustrates the timeless notion that one cannot serve both God and mammon (money/wealth). Taken too far, money (wealth) can become like a god. It is interesting to note that being devoted to can also involve helping others, serving gods, and upholding teachings.

As in past times, the Church has faced heresies and ambiguous church issues (which required further clarification). In any generation of believers, it is important for one to clearly understand and convey the correct doctrine and faith. Sometimes, events required that doctrine be further clarified to remove confusion among believers. The Church refuted and claimed that Jansenism was a heresy.

In Alexandre Dumas’s book, Jean de la Fontaine makes reference to Port Royal, the abbey which resisted the Church’s teachings. One perhaps can also refer to this term as one who resists in accepting new ideas and teachings.

For over 2000 years, the Church and society has accepted the traditional understanding of marriage between a man and woman. However, in recent years, the secular world (and culture) has redefined this definition of marriage in more modern ways. Some churches (and others) have accepted this newer definition. However, other churches (and others) have held fast to the traditional definition of marriage. As a result, some critics (who favor this newer definition) have often accused the more traditionally minded folks as being hateful. If these critics are to be honest with themselves, they must conclude that these beliefs come from God. Then God must be hateful!

I think it is very significant to make note of the interest and resurgence of the Traditional Latin Mass. It is quite fascinating that this phenomenon would appeal to the younger generations. Perhaps, it is because the young people are searching for tradition, the sacred, reverence, and a deeper meaning of the Mass (perhaps because they are not currently finding it now). Young people and others often not surprisingly are seeking to find deeper meaning and truth in the midst of the shallowness (emptiness) in the culture (world). It is no wonder why there has been an increasing interest in this rite.

When it is all said and done, whose ideas do you hold fast to? God’s or the secular world’s?

[Greek] πυγμή (pygmē), [Latin] pugnus, [French] poing: fist, clenched hand; Mk.7:3

A statue of a boxer at rest wearing leather strapped boxing gloves.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term can mean boxing (athletic contest), fist, fight, measure of length (distance from the elbow to the knuckles [1 ½ feet long]), and diminutive person. Homer’s Illiad makes references to short people in Oceanus (in present day Congo and Uganda). Aristophanes’ Wasps 1384 states “One day at Olympia I saw Euphudion boxing bravely against Ascondas; he was already aged, and yet, with a blow from his fist he knocked down his young opponent.” Plato’s Gorgias 456d states “For other exercises are not to be used against all and sundry, just because one has learnt boxing, wrestling, or fighting in armor so well as to vanquish friend or foe alike, this gives no one right to strike one’s friends or stab them to death.”

Boxing: The historian Philostratus claims that boxing (pygmachia) was developed in Sparta in order to harden the warriors’ faces for battle. In Homer’s Illiad, boxing was among the games that were held in honor of Achilles’ slain friend Patroclus. It was in honor of Patroclus that boxing was introduced into the ancient Olympic Games in 668 B.C. Boxers trained on punching bags filled with sand. Leather strips of ox hide were used to protect the boxer’s knuckles and hands.

Old Testament: This term means fist fighting and fighting. When men quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with his fist, not mortally, but enough to put him in bed (Exo.21:18). Yes, your fast ends in quarreling and fighting, striking with the wicked claw (Isa.58:4). At Rephidim, Amalek came and waged war against Israel (Exo.17:8). Josephus’ Antiquities 14.210 states “It is also granted to Hyrcanus, and to his sons, and to the ambassadors by them sent to us, that in the fights between gladiators, and in those with the beasts, they shall sit among the senators to see these shows.”

New Testament: This term, occurring once, means fist or clenched hand. The Pharisees, like all Jews, must carefully wash their hands before eating any food. This practice is in part in keeping with the tradition of the elders. It is not absolutely clear whether or not this scripture passage refers a hand or fist. If this pertains to a fist, one would clean (or rub) the hand with a clenched fist up to the elbow.

Scripture:

“For the Pharisees, and in fact, all Jews, do not eat without carefully washing their hands, keeping the tradition of the elders.”

The Jews were more concerned with purification issues (what enters into the body) when consuming foods. However, Jesus states that what is more important is what comes out of one’s heart.

Conclusion:

Pygmy, pugilist, pungent, pugnacious, poignant

It was interesting to discover that this term is linked to small people and sharpness. Pliny, the Roman historian and naval commander, makes mention of diminutive dark small people (pygmies)  in Africa. A pugilist is essentially a boxer who practices his craft (pugilism).

The Old Testament makes reference to this term in a more general sense of fighting. The New Testament narrowly defines this term as a hand. The Jews were more concerned about purification rituals pertaining to what goes into the body. Jesus states that what comes out of the person is what makes unclean.

We really must “hand it” to Jesus in His knowing that the source of sin and evil thoughts come from within.

Pungent originally meant sharp or pointed. This term is first coined as having a powerful odor (or taste) in the 1660’s. It is probably not surprising that physical blows (punches) and emotional “blows” can both be painful.

Pugnacious means combative or fond of fighting. This no doubt adequately describes a boxer with a clear connection to fists.

The French word for fist is poing. Poignant originally meant something physically painful (and sharp). Essentially, something poignant and/or someone’s fist can both be painful. I think you get the point!

👊 Fist Bump!

[Greek] κάθημαι (kathēmai), [Latin] sedere: to sit down, to be sedentary, to sit, to dwell, to be seated; 89 scriptural references

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to sit, to sit down, to rule (as judges), to be spectators, to sit still, to be idle (sedentary), to sit down (engaged in business), and to be stationed. Reclining at the table (meal) was generally a Hellenistic tradition. As with other cultures, sitting occurs outdoors, on stones, under trees, on hill tops, at a well, by the shore, and on mountains. Deities and gods are often found sitting (stationary) while man pray before them. Greek gods sit in judgment of the dead. The emperor (leader) and senators sit in assembly enacting laws. Philosophers (teachers) sit while teaching their students. Other reasons for sitting include occupations, mourning, grief, begging, and recreation.

Homer’s Illiad 1.569 states “He spoke, and ox-eyed lady Hera was seized with fear and sat down in silence, curbing in heart.” Euripides’ Electra 315 states “But my mother, in the spoils of Troy, is seated on her throne, and at her chair stand slaves from Asia, my father’s plunder.” Aeschylus’ Libation Bearers 919 states “Do not accuse him who suffered while you sat idle at home.” Xenophon’s Economics 4.2 states “The illiberal arts are held in utter disdain in our state. For they spoil the bodies of the workers and the foremen, forcing them to sit still and live indoors.” Herodotus’ The Histories 3.144 states “So when the Persians brought Syloson back to Samos, no one raised a hand against them, but Maeandrius and those of his faction offered to evacuate the island under a truce; Otanes agreed to this, and after the treaty was made, the Persians of highest rank sat down on seats facing the acropolis.”

Old Testament: This term also essentially means to sit or to sit down. In the early period of Israel’s history, the ark represented God’s throne. Daniel sees God enthroned. The king, accorded with great dignity, is closely associated with the presence of God. The Sanhedrin and elders sit settling matters of the Law. Teachers (rabbis) are also depicted sitting in their instruction of their students (disciples). The poor and mourning also sit.

Cain left the Lord’s presence and settled in the land of Nod, east of Eden (Gen.4:16).Take your throne at my right hand, while I make your enemies your footstool (Psa.109:1). The Lord appeared to Abraham, as he sat in the entrance of his tent, while the day was growing hot (Gen.18:1). You say on a couch prepared for them, with table spread before it (Ezek.23:41). She used to sit under Deborah’s palm tree (Jdg.4:5). Only the prince may sit down in it to eat his meal in the presence of the Lord (Ezek.44:3). Then David came in and sat in the Lord’s presence (1Chr.17:16).

New Testament: This term, meaning to sit down or reside, appears quite frequently. Jesus often sits down in places like in the open, by the shore, on the mountains, and in the garden. For Jesus, the throne is an expression of divine authority and dignity. God’s opponent, the Antichrist, can also sit on a throne. The Messianic King is enthroned along with God and His community. Herod, the chief priest, Sanhedrin, the Sadducees, and Pharisees sit in judgment in legal and spiritual matters. Jesus, as the Son of Man, is seated at the right of the Father. Jesus follows Rabbinic tradition in sitting while teaching the disciples.

Etymology: The Greek noun kathedra means chair.

Conclusion

Cathedral, sedan, sedentary, sediment

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I was really surprised by the many uses and meanings of this term besides sitting. Some of the more nuanced meanings include working (while sitting), keeping prostitutes, and mourning.

As with the gods (deities), the throne becomes identified with God and the king. Rabbis sit while instructing their disciples. The Jewish legal and spiritual leaders also sat in their administrative functions.

In the Old Testament, the Queen Mother, the mother of the ruling king, held a very important office in the royal court. The Queen mother, sitting at the king’s right hand, shares in the king’s royal authority (Psa.110). As the Queen Mother would enter into the court, the King would get up and bow down to her. The Queen Mother also assumes the role of an intercessor, bringing the peoples’ petitions to the king. In turn, the king would accept the Queen Mother’s requests (1Kgs.2:19-20).

Jesus sat down at many places. It was interesting to discover some of the motivations for sitting, such as begging and mourning. Mary, mother of Jesus, is also called the Queen Mother. Likewise, Mary also acts as an intercessor for us. We can bring our requests (petitions) to her. Like the Old Testament king, Jesus will listen to His mother. Mary continues to sit close to her Son Jesus.

The cathedral (building) is the seat of authority (both literally and figuratively) of the bishop. The priest (pastor) also has his seat of authority at the church.

The chair sedan was originally a covered chair with poles. This term was coined in the 1630’s. This term was probably derived from the Italian chair (sedes). In 1912 the sedan becomes as a closed automobile seating four or more.

Sit tight for my next poignant post. I will pull no punches!

[Greek] βασανίζω (basanizō), [Latin] tormentare: to torture, to torment, to put to the test, to rub on the touchstone; Mt.8:6, Mt.8:29, Mk.5:7, Mk.6:48, Lk.8:28, 2Pet.2:8, Rev.8:5, Rev.11:10, Rev.12:2, Rev.14:10

A touchstone used to test the purity of gold and silver. The touchstone later becomes a metaphor for the purifying and testing of man.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism:

Testing: The term originally means to test, to investigate, to examine, and to put to the test. A dark touchstone (basanos) was used to determine the purity (or impurity) of a precious metal (gold or silver). Basalt was often used as a durable touchstone. The Babylonians developed the practice of the testing of gold and silver as a unit of commercial exchange. Plato’s Gorgius 486d states “If my soul had happened to be made of gold, do you not think I should have been delighted to find one of those stones with which they test gold, and it confirmed that my soul had been properly tended.” Plato’s Republic 3.413e states “Testing them more carefully than men do of gold in the fire, to see, if the man remains immune to such witchcraft and preserve his composure throughout.” Aristophanes’ Frogs 802 states “Because Euripides says he’ll test the plays word by word.”

Torture/torment: Over time, this term undergoes a change in meaning. Man, instead of precious metals, becomes the object of testing, torture, torment, and suffering. Rather than testing a metal’s purity, this testing determines one’s character (mettle), genuineness, courage, and pain threshold. Antiphon’s On the Murder of Herodes 5.36 states “Instead of putting the man to death, they ought to have produced him in the flesh and challenged me to examine him under torture.” Aristophanes’ Frogs 802 states “Here, take this slave of mine and torture him. And if you find that I have done wrong, take me out and kill me.”

Old Testament: This term, conveying both testing and torment, can refer to the sufferings (afflictions) of the righteous and the punishment of the unjust (ungodly). In some situations the righteous will have to suffer in the world at the hands of the ungodly. 4Macc illustrates examples of faithful Jews receiving martyrdom for their faithfulness. However, the distinction between faithful martyrdom and religious violence sometimes may become blurred. God administers both temporal punishment and eternal damnation to the unjust and ungodly. With revilement and torture let us put him to the tests that we may have proof of his gentleness and try his patience (Sol.2:19). But the souls of the just are in the hand of God and no torments shall touch them (Sol.3:1). Son of man, eat your bread trembling, and drink water shaking with anxiety (Ezek.12:18). That you may bear your shame and be disgraced for all the comfort you brought them (Ezek.16:54). Food, correction and work for a slave; and for a wicked slave, a punishment in the stocks (Sir.30:35). For when they had been tried, though only mildly chastised, they recognized how the wicked, condemned in anger, were being tormented (Sol.11:9).

New Testament: This term is found in the general sense of tormenting. The centurion’s servant, lying sick of palsy, is grievously tormented. Those possessed with demons have a tormenting experience when encountering Jesus. The demons are afraid of Jesus. The disciples were frightened when the boat was being tossed about by the waves. This term makes reference to tormenting in the book of Revelations, which include temporal punishment, child birth, and eternal damnation.

Scripture:

“They cried out, ‘What have you to do with us, Son of God? Have you come here to torment us before the appointed time?’”Mt.8:29

The demons were very afraid of Jesus.

“Meanwhile the boat, already a few miles offshore, was being tossed about by the waves, for the wind was against it.” Mt.14:24

The disciples were tormented (afraid) in the boat during the stormy weather.

“For day after day that righteous man living among them was tormented in his righteous soul at the lawless deeds he saw and heard.” 2Pet.2:8

Scripture mentions Lot, a righteous man, was rescued from cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.

Conclusion:

Basalt, torment, mettle

I found out that this term has a very interesting back story. Although the meaning of this term had changed over time, this term continues to carry rather nuanced meanings of testing and tormenting. It was very interesting to learn that a touchstone was used to determine the purity of precious metals. Plato already understood that the soul can be tested like a gold coin. Man’s character can be often revealed through testing.  Playwrights wrote plays in order to test, examine, and to provide a commentary on the human condition.

The Old Testament incorporates testing and tormenting in a spiritual context. This culture also introduces the notion that the righteous may experience testing, torments, or struggles at the hands of others. 4Macc illustrates Jews who remain faithful even up to death (martyrdom).

In the New Testament, this term is defined in a more narrow sense of tormenting. It is significant to note that demons were fearful of Jesus. It is also important to acknowledge that there can be those who will experience struggles (torments) at the hands of others. Jesus provides the ultimate example of suffering, taking on the sins of the world. Man, like precious metals, can be purified by testing and suffering. During these times, man may “burn off” less important concerns and develop a stronger (purer) relationship with God during difficult times.

Mettle, a variant of metal, is the character or moral composition of a person found (remaining) during difficult times. “To show one’s mettle” means to prove one has skills, endurance, and strength of character to accomplish something. Essentially, this refers to the “stuff of which a person is made”. This word, first used in the 1500’s, was frequently used by Shakespeare.

Julius Caesar, Act 4, Scene 2, Lines 24-25:

But hollow men, like horses hot at hand.

Make gallant show and promise of their mettle. 

May each of us have such heavy mettle that can be put to the test!

[Greek] ὑπομιμνῄσκομαι (hypomimnēskomai), [French] souvenir, [Latin] subvenire: to remember, to recall, to recollect, to remind, to call to mind, to put in mind, to draw attention to; Lk.22:61, Jn.114:26, 2Tim.2:14, Tit.3:1, 2Pet.1:12, 3Jn.10, Jud.5

A souvenir (reminder) for someone who had visited the Eiffel Tower.

Background information:

Greco-Roman era: This term means to put one in mind, to remind, to bring to one’s mind, to mention (suggest), to call to mind, and to have been observed. The Latin prefix sub- means up from below and –venire means to come. Homer’s Odyssey 1.32 states “The goddess, flashing-eyed Athena, departed and flying upward as a bird; and in his heart she put strength and courage and made him think of his father even more than a foretime.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 1170 states “Again, again, you have recalled the old agony to my thoughts—kindest though you are of all who have visited before!” Aeschylus’ Persians 329 states “Syemesis, also the governor of the Cilicians, foremost observed in courage, he whose prowess did the most harm, found there a glorious death.”

Old Testament: This term means to remember, to keep in remembrance, to make a memorial, and to mark (as to be recognized). This term is used both in an active and passive sense. The notion of recalling a memory is likened to piercing or piercing the memory. Remembering or recalling an event often means memorializing it. This sometimes involves making a memorial offering. A recorder (historian) was often tasked with recording events as they occurred. The sayings of the wise are like goads; like fixed spikes are the collected sayings given by one shepherd (Ecc.12:11). God remembered Noah and all the animals, wild and tame, that were with him in the ark (Gen.8:1). For the avenger of bloodshed remembers, does not forget the cry of the afflicted (Psa.9:13). I will make your name renowned through all generations (Psa.45:18). Every time they think of Judah, they shall stand in dread because of the plan the Lord of host has in mind for them (Isa.19:17). Then the master of the palace, Eliakim, Shebna the scribe, and the chancellor Joah came to Hezekiah and reported to him the words of the commander (Isa.36:11).

New Testament: This term, used in an active and passive sense, means to remember, to remind, and to draw attention to. In 3 Jn.10 the writer draws attention to what that person is doing, spreading evil nonsense. Peter is reminded by Jesus’ words, that he will deny Him three times. The Holy Spirit reminds others of what Jesus has taught and told. Peter reminds others to be a witness to the truth. Jude reminds others that the Lord had saved the people in Egypt. Paul tells Timothy to remind others of these things and to confront the false teachers.

Scripture:

“And the Lord turned and looked at Peter; and Peter remembered the word of the Lord, who he had said to him, ‘Before the cock crows today, you will deny Me three times.” Lk.22:61

Upon hearing the cock’s crew, Peter is reminded how he had betrayed Jesus three times.

“Therefore, I will always remind you of these things, even though you already know them and are established in the truth you have.” 2Pet.1:12

Peter reminds others to always to testify to the truth.

“Therefore, if I come, I will draw attention to what he is doing, spreading evil nonsense about us. And not content with that, he will not receive the brothers, hindering those who wish to do so and expelling them from the church.” 3Jn.10

John may come and confront Demetrius who is confrontational, ambitious, and hostile.

Conclusion:

Souvenir

It was interesting to learn about the Latin prefix of this term meaning to recall or remember. The Latin “sub” (up from below) means bringing up memories. One can also cause others to bring up memories. Another more nuanced use means being known by others.

In the Old Testament, the act of remembrance was a very highly held value in remembering an event. The Passover was a very important event that was remembered and reenacted.

In the New Testament, Jesus continues this practice of remembrance. Jesus instructs His disciples to “do this in remembrance of Me” (again and again…). Reminding can be used for instruction (truth) and shaming.

Catholic perspective: The Mass celebrates the Eucharist in which the original one true bloody sacrifice at Calvary is re-presented. The offered bread and wine are changed in the Body and Blood of Jesus. This practice is repeated at every Mass.

Just a reminder, a souvenir is simply something (trinket, key chain, gift, etc.) which is a reminder (or recollection) of a past event or experience.

Au revoir!

[Greek] συμφωνία (symphōnia): music, composition, unified sound, harmonious sound, harmony, agreement; Lk.15:25

A shepherd riding a ran and playing an aulos, a flute-like musical instrument. This instrument was used in part to create a concordant musical sound.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means harmony, agreement, and musical instrument(s). Illustrations of harmony are found in agreements, economic contracts, musical instruments, philosophy, and the view of the cosmos. The Pythagorean Doctrine of the Spheres defines the idea that the sun, moon, and planets all emit their own hum on their orbital revolution. Harmony of thought and life are found in feelings, desires, mind, and soul. In the first century, this term constantly appears as a concord of sounds or a company of musicians.

Plato’s Symposium 187b states “Harmony was by musical art created. Harmony is consonance, and consonance is a kind of agreement; and agreement of things varying so long as they are at variance, is impossible.” Plato’s Laws 689d states “For without harmony, my friends, how could even the smallest fraction of wisdom exist? It is impossible. But the greatest and best of harmonies would most properly be accounted the greatest wisdom.” Plato’s Timaeus 47d states “And harmony was given by the Muses to him makes intelligent uses of the Muses, to assist the soul in restoring it to order and concord with itself.”

Old Testament: This term means harmony and agreement. 4 Macc. makes reference to the agreement (concord) of seven brothers. Daniel makes reference to the sound of musical instruments. Sumponyah, an Aramaic loan-word from the original Greek, is a primitive animal skin bagpipe. The Hellenistic philosopher Philo makes reference to the harmony of musical instruments, human life, and a well-tempered soul. The Hellenistic philosopher Josephus makes reference to the fitting concept of God in agreement with the Law. In later Judaism the will of God revealed in the Law was a norm of true life and conduct. O sacred and harmonious concord of the seven brothers on behalf of religion (4Macc.14:3). Be ready know to fall down and worship the statue I had made, whenever you hear the sound of the trumpet, flute, lyre, harp, psaltery, bagpipe, and all the other musical instruments; otherwise, you shall be instantly cast into the white hot furnace; and who is the God that can deliver you out of my hand? (Dan.3:15).

New Testament: This term means music in the story of the Parable of the Prodigal Son. The father, in his great joy, celebrated the return of his wayward son. A celebration occurred with music and dancing. This music may have been performed with wind instruments, which were used to signify important events (occasions). St. Jerome, who knew the languages and customs of the East, states that symphonia is a consonatina (concordant harmony), not a musical instrument.

Scripture:

“Now the older son had been out in the field and, on his way back, as he neared the house, he heard the sound of music and dancing.” Lk.15:25

The father, upon his son’s return, celebrated with music and dancing. This music produced a concordant harmony.

Early Church: This term is used by Bishop Ignatius to convey harmony in terms of doctrinal unity. Ignatius’ Letter to the Ephesians 4.1 states “Wherefore it is fitting that you should run together in accordance with the will of your bishop. Become a choir, that being harmonious in love, and taking up the song of God in unison, that you with one voice sing to the Father through Jesus Christ.” Ignatius’ Letter to the Ephesians 5.1 states “How much more do I reckon you happy who are so joined to Him as the Church to Jesus Christ, as Jesus Christ is to the Father, that so all things may agree in unity.”

“Wherever the bishop appears, let the people be there; just as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church” St. Ignatius’ Letter to the Smyrnaeans (110 A.D).

Consonance: This term means agreeing in sound, pleasing combination of sounds, and harmony. A consonant (noun) is group of alphabetic letters making a specific sound. Consonant (adjective) means agreeing, corresponding, and harmonious.

Conclusion:

Symphony, symphonic, consonance, consonant

It was interesting to discover that term means much more than a symphony (group of instruments or musicians). The overall meaning conveys a sense of harmony. It also looks like the Pythagoreans were actually on the right track in their understanding that the universe is governed by a unity and harmony of physical laws, numbers and properties. This fine-tuned universe created by God allows for our existence. The Greeks also believed in the harmony of beauty and reason.

In the Old Testament, it was also interesting to note that Daniel makes mention of a bagpipe. The sumponyah becomes a primitive precursor to the current day bagpipe. The Jewish Hellenistic philosophers also illustrated the importance of harmony and unity in many walks of life.

In the story of the Parable of the Prodigal Son, I think it safe to say that the father did not hire an elaborate symphony. Rather, the father may have hired a few flutists or singers for this festive occasion. It is also interesting to note that St. Jerome had some insight about Lk.15:25.

The Early Church Fathers, like Ignatius, conveyed the importance of the harmony (agreement) of Church doctrine. This notion was very important in order for the Church to grow in the face of persecution and doctrinal challenges. It was also very important for Christians to clearly understand what the Church stands for.

Now in recent years, the Church today is confronted with the issue of whether or not to change (or adapt) church teachings to the secular world’s (values). Some Church leaders are open to this notion. While other Church leaders continue to hold fast to traditional Church teachings. The Synod on the Amazon is a perfect illustration of this. Today, bishops can look to Ignatius as an example in how to state and defend Church teachings in a post Christian (and anti-Christian) world. 

Now faithful bishops are accused of being hateful, controlling (one’s body), bigoted and homophobic for simply stating traditional Church teachings. Now we seem to be living in a world in which the Church is viewed as bigoted and hateful! Then taking this notion to its inevitable conclusion, if one is really honest with oneself, then one has to conclude that God’s views are bigoted! (This is anything but harmonious!)

“Stay in the symphony. Stay in God’s word. No matter who hard it is, stay right with it, wherever God is beating.” William Branham

[Greek] σκάπτω (skaptō), [Latin] fodere, [Latin] fossilis, [Latin] scandalizare: (dug up): to dig, to till, to cultivate; Lk.6:48, Lk.13:8, Lk.16:3

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to dig, to go too far, to cultivate, to delve into, to dig about, and to excavate.

Euripides’ Heracles 566: “I, meanwhile, since here is work for my hand, will first go raze this upstart tyrant’s halls.”

Aristophanes’ Plutus 525: “You will have to toil, to dig and submit yourself to all kinds of hard labor, so that your life would be more wretched even than it is now.”

Plato’s Cratylus 413a: “But when, after hearing this, I nevertheless ask them quietly, ‘What then, if this is true, is justice? They think I am asking to many questions and am leaping over the trench.”

Lucian’s Gallus 6: “Dreams are winged, so they say, and their flight circumscribed by sleep; this one seems to have broken bounds, and taken up its abode in wakeful eyes.”

New Testament: This term means to dig or to cultivate. One, who listens and acts on His words, is like the wise man who builds his house on a strong foundation (rock). His house remains secure after the flood. In the parable of the barren fig tree, the wise man will cultivate the ground and fertilize it. This parable pertains to the patience of God toward those who haven’t repented. In the parable of the dishonest steward, the steward was not strong enough to dig and was too ashamed to beg. The steward prudently reduces the debtors’ promissory notes. The steward essentially forgoes his own usurious commission.

Scripture:

“That one is like a person building a house, who dug deeply and laid the foundation on rock; when the flood came, the river burst against the house but could not shake it because it had been well built.” Lk.6:48

This person is one who listens and acts upon Jesus’s words.

“He said to him in reply, ‘Sir, leave it for this year also, and I shall cultivate the ground around it and fertilize it.’” Lk.13:8

This parable represents God’s continuing patience towards others.

“The steward said to himself, ‘What shall I do, now that my master is taking the position of steward away from me? I am not strong enough to dig and I am ashamed to beg.’”Lk.16:3

The dishonest steward acted prudently to reduce the debtors’ obligation to him.

Shoulder: The Old English shull means shovel. The shoulder is also called the shull-bone (shovel bone). In some parts of England, the shoulder is also called a blade. Therefore, this bone is also called the shoulder blade.

Scapula: The shoulder blade is a large triangular flat bone. The shoulder resembles the shape of a shovel (spade).

Scapula of the Immaculate Heart of Mary worn over the shoulder bones (scapulae).

Scapular: The scapular is a Roman Catholic sacramental garment suspended from the shoulders. There are two types of scapular, the monastic and devotional scapular, which serve to remind the wearers of their commitment to live a Christian life. In the 1917 apparitions at Fatima, the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared with a rosary and scapular. The more commonly known scapular contains two bands (swatches) of cloth joined together by a cord, placed on each shoulder.

Fossil: This is anything which is dug up. The Latin fossilis is the past participle of the verb fodere. This word first becomes a slang word for an old person in 1859. This first recorded use of fossil fuel begins in 1833.

Conclusion:

Scapula, scapular, fossil

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I was surprised to discover that this term was used in more nuanced and metaphorical ways. Leaping over the trench was an expression meaning becoming too nosey or making excessive demands. In other words, this means going beyond what is proper or permitted. In a sense one “digs around” in areas where one shouldn’t go into. In Lucian’s Gallo 6, dreams take flight from the subconscious world into the real world.

In the New Testament, this term is used in a literal sense. However, if one “digs deeper”–[sorry, I couldn’t resist]– into the scriptures, these parables convey larger theological truths. Such examples include God’s patience, following Jesus, and justice.

It was quite interesting to see how shoulders, shovels, scapulars, and fossils are all tied together. I can dig that!

[Greek] ἔκτρωμα (ektrōma), [Latin] abortivus: “out of trauma”, untimely birth, miscarriage, one untimely born, abortion, one born out of time, abnormal birth, abortive offspring, child born dead; 1Cor.15:8

The Conversion of St. Paul: painting by Caravaggio (1601). Paul was “born out of time” not like the other disciples who walked with Jesus.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: Although not commonly used, this term is found among the works of the Greek physicians. This term means a miscarriage, an untimely birth, and the “casting out the fruit of the body”. Dioscurides states “Because of the blows she had received, a women named Taesis had a miscarriage.” Herodotus’ The Histories 3.32 states “Angered at this, he sprung upon her, who was great with child, and she miscarried and died of the blow he gave her.” Aristotle states “If this ever happens (for this also has occurred) the mother cannot bring the second embryo to perfection, but it is cast out in a state like what are called abortions.” Julius Caesar (or one of his predecessors) was born by this medical procedure.

Old Testament: This term refers to a still-born child, miscarriage, and untimely birth. Scriptures make references of comparing these graphic images to difficult situations. Disease, sin, lack of a burial, unjust rulers, and being buried are likened to a stillborn or dead child. Let her not thus be like the stillborn babe that comes forth from its mother’s womb with its flesh half consumed (Num.12:12). Or why was I not buried away like an untimely birth, like babies that have never seen the light? (Job.3:16). Should a man have a hundred children and live many years, no matter to what great age, still if he has not the full benefit of his goods, or if he is deprived of burial, of this man I proclaim that the child born dead is more fortunate than he (Eccl.6:3). The birth pangs will come for him, who, when it is time, does present himself at the mouth of the womb (Hos.13:13).

New Testament: This term refers to Paul in a metaphorical sense. From a spiritual standpoint, Paul was not born at the right time in order to have been a disciple during Jesus’ lifetime. This makes reference to Paul’s abnormal and extraordinary calling (spiritual birth) to his apostolic office. This also has been used as a derogatory term against Paul by his enemies. The Jews would speak of Paul’s sudden and abrupt disposal of His Jewish faith as a betrayal to them. Perhaps Paul himself, now as a Christian, would also view own his past persecuting life as an abomination (with no life).

Scripture:

“Last of all, as to one born abnormally, He appeared to me.” 1Cor.15:8

Paul becomes “born” as a Christian in an abrupt and unusual way.

Early Church: The Church Fathers used this term to refer to unworthiness and faithlessness. Ignatius’ Letter to the Romans 9.2 states “As for me [Ignatius], I am ashamed to be counted one of them; for indeed I am not worthy, as being the very last of them, and one born out of due time.” Eusebius’ Church History 5.1.45 states “For through their continued life the dead were made alive, and the witnesses showed favor to the dead (who failed to witness). And the virgin mother (Church) had much joy in receiving alive those whom she had brought forth as dead.”

Conclusion:

Trauma, abortion

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I am not surprised that this term would be commonly used by Greek physicians. Abortions and miscarriages (and their accompanying trauma) have always been present throughout human history. The Greek physicians have insightfully noted that physical abuse (whether intentional or unintentional) can lead to miscarriages. Aristotle provides timely words that embryos are cast out in a state as an abortion.

In the Old Testament era, it was interesting to discover that these graphic images are compared or likened to difficult (or tragic) situations. These are more nuanced illustrations of this term.  At least the Old Testament culture understood the graphic nature of abortion. On the other hand, our current culture often uses euphemisms and “rights” to mask its graphic nature or to rationalize this practice.

In the New Testament era, Paul is essentially “born out of time” in an abrupt and unusual call to become an Apostle. Paul did not become a disciple in the normal way, walking with Jesus. It was also interesting to discover that this term was used as a metaphorical insult against Paul. I really can imagine a disgusted Jew saying to Paul, “You are dead to me!” Not surprisingly, this similar attitude is often conveyed toward the unwanted embryo (child) in our current times.

Ignatius uses this term to refer to worthlessness. Unfortunately, this meaning can sometimes become a motivation for abortion. It is also insightful to note that Eusebius mentions that the early Church had brought forth both living and dead children. These born dead are Christians who do not confess their faith in times of persecution. Those born dead are those who do not stay true to their faith and convictions. Unfortunately, in our own current times, we still have many who are ‘dead’ in their faith and convictions during these moral, cultural, and societal struggles. 

Shakespeare, in his play Macbeth, also makes mention of an abnormal birth (cesarean section). This was considered as a very rare medical procedure. Macbeth believes that he cannot be killed by any man born of a woman. Macbeth soon learns that Macduff was “from his mother’s womb/Untimely ripped.” (5.10.15-16). Macduff was born by cesarean section. Macduff slays Macbeth.

Update: October is Respect Life Month. This post is dedicated to all those who were not born, who were untimely born, who were born out of time, and who have experienced a miscarriage of justice.

[Greek] ὑπογραμμός (hypogrammos), [Latin] exemplus, subscriptio: a wax tablet, a writing to be copied, an example, an underwriting, a copy for imitation, a writing copy, tracing tablet, something to write under, a pattern, a model for copying; 1Pet.2:21

The hypogrammos refers to the exact pattern of alphabetic letters, impressed on a wax tablet (tabula), which children copied or traced to learn the letters. (Contact Septimus Maximus’ Tabularium and Emporium while supplies last.  Ask about our back-to-school specials!)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means educational tool, representation, description, standard, adornment, approximation, literary reference, official protocol, and that which follows or is written below. Plato’s Protagoras 326d states “Just as writing-masters first draw letter in faint outline with the pen for their less advanced pupils, and then give them the copy-book (wax tablet) and make them write according to the guidance of their lines, so the city sketches out for them the laws devised by good lawgivers of yore.” Plato’s Laws 711b states “ But what a monarch does need is to, lead the way himself first along a desired path, whether it be to urge the citizens towards virtue’s practices or the contrary; by his personal example he should first trace out the right lines, giving praise and honor to these things.” Polybius’ Histories 3.22.3 states “The best scholars among the Roman themselves have great difficulty in some parts in it [First Treaty between Rome and Carthage]. There shall be friendship between the Romans and their allies and the Carthaginians and their allies on these conditions.”

Old Testament: Interestingly, this term conveys these meanings in a verbal (active sense) rather than as a subject. These meanings convey providing an example (model), demanding an occasion, expressing a concern, specifying a criterion, and making a supposition. Antiochus writes a letter, underwritten by a notification, to the Jews that they must be loyal to his successor. The people confined their efforts in giving a summary outline of the story of Judas Maccabeus. Occasions (circumstances) dictate what Jews will do to defeat their enemies.

While we leave the responsibility for exact details to the original author, and confine our efforts to giving only a summary outline (2Macc.2:28). The Jewish nation will help them wholeheartedly, as the occasion shall demand (1Macc.8:25). The king granted their request at once and wrote the following letter for them to the generals in the cities, magnanimously expressing his concern (3Macc.6:41). So he lost hope for himself and wrote the following letter to the Jews in the form of a supplication. (2Macc.9:18).

New Testament: This term, occurring only once, means example or model. 1Pet. was written to the slaves who provided the labor for the cities in Asia Minor. The sense of freedom provided by the gospel was at odds with the Christian slaves. Christ, like a slave, suffered (died on the cross). The slaves are called to follow this example (model) of non-violence and respect for their masters. In following Christ, some are called to accept their vocation of suffering.

Scripture:

“For to this you have been called, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example that you should follow in His footsteps.” 1Pet.2:21

Christian slaves are called to respect their masters and accept their vocation in suffering.

Early Church: The Early Church makes reference to following Jesus’ example in good works and suffering. Polycarp’s Letter to the Philippians 8.2 states “Let us imitators of His patience, and if we suffer for His name’s sake, let us glorify Him. For He has set us this example.” Clement’s 1^st Letter to the Corinthians 1.16 states “You see, beloved, what is the example which has been given us; for if the Lord thus humbled Himself, what shall we do who have through Him come under His yoke.” Clement’s 1^st Letter to the Corinthians 33.8 states “Having therefore such an example let us without delay accede to His will and let us work the work of righteousness with our whole strength.”

Conclusion:

Example, subscription, tablet

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the various meanings of this term. In the arena of education, students used wax tablets in learning language. The Latin name for this wax tablet is tabula. A more nuanced meaning refers to following a virtuous path. A subscriptio refers to the writing at the bottom or the core principles of a contract.

In the Old Testament era, this term is used more in a situational context, pertaining to circumstances, contract stipulations, concerns, and criteria. The Jews often opposed their captors in various degrees. Some Jews upheld their faith up to the point of martyrdom. These Jews had set an example for other Jews to follow. Other Jews advocated revolution and violence.

In the New Testament era, this scripture was addressed to slaves who also experienced persecution and bondage. Jesus, as a slave, was seen to be an example in how to nonviolently respect their masters. I can imagine that some slaves would view this scripture with ambivalence or incredulity.

This scripture provides insight on the notion that perhaps that some people are called to experience persecution, affliction, and sickness as part of God’s will (vocation) for them. This scripture may possibly provide comfort or solace to those who experience these difficulties. Perhaps some are called to share in this suffering with Jesus. In a sense, this helps to provide some meaning with suffering. Even Paul mentions that he shares in his suffering with Jesus.

The Early Church experienced great persecution and suffering. Despite this, the Church flourished. These Christians, who stood up to their faith to the point of martyrdom, were great examples for others to follow.

This post was brought to you by Septimus Maximus’ Tabularium and Emporium, conveniently located in the Roman Forum.

[Greek] ἀγωνία (agōnia): contest, great fear, struggle, intense sorrow, anxiety, struggle for victory; Lk.22:44

Nude athletes engaged in a physical contest (agon).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means contest, struggle for victory, gymnastic exercise, conflict, and concerted effort (in the face of difficulty). Euripides’ Hecuba 314 states “Enough, what will they say, if once more comes a gathering of the army and a contest with the foe?” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 2.3.15 states “Let me inform you, Cyrus, that I shall enter this contest. I recommend you to enter with alacrity into the competition with these gentlemen in this sort of warfare.” Hippocrates’ De Articulis 11 states “It deserves to be known how a shoulder which is subject to frequent dislocations should be treated. For many persons owing to this accident have been obliged to abandon gymnastic exercises and from the same misfortune have become inept in warlike practices, and have thus perished.” Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.33 states “He was so nervous, and so much worried by the fear, that, in spite of Thracian success, his enterprise would slip from his fingers, if you should intervene before the Phoecians perished, that he made a new bargain with this vile creature.”

Old Testament: This term, infrequently used, means to suffer agony and to show great distress. The 1st Book of Maccabees shows how the Hellenistic Greeks tried to convert the Jews to Greek culture. A gymnasium was built in Jerusalem according to Gentile custom. (1Macc.1:14).  Instead of focusing on altar activities, young Jewish men frequented the gymnasium and participated in Greek activities (2Macc.4:14). The Hellenistic philosophers Josephus and Philo make reference to this term. “They uttered these complaints and entreaties with great agony and misery of soul” (Embassy 243). “The king was in great agony and disorder” (Antiquities 11.241). Those who remained in the city suffered a like agony, anxious as they were about the battle in the open country (2Macc.15:19). There was great distress throughout the city (2Macc.3:14).

New Testament: This term, used only once, means to experience intense sorrow (anguish). Jesus goes to the garden of Gethsemene to pray in contemplation and preparation for His own death. Jesus experiences such anguish so as to sweat drops of blood. Jesus was expressing anguish yet remained faithful to the Father in following His path leading to His arrest and eventual crucifixion.

Scripture:

He was in such agony and He prayed so fervently that His sweat became like drops of blood falling on the ground.” Lk.22:44

Jesus prays and contemplates His eventual arrest and crucifixion. In His anguish, Jesus sweats drops of blood.

Conclusion:

Agony, agonize

It was interesting to discover that this term can refer to military combat, mortal combat, athletic competition (games), and gymnastics. Essentially, the common thread of these activities involve the contests of skills and physical conditioning. It is amusing to see Hippocrates as a sports physician talking about separated shoulders. The amateur and professional athlete can both relate to this. The Greek gymnos means naked. Athletes performed nude in an athletic competition (agon).

In the Old Testament culture, this term primarily refers to serious life and death situations. Sports and athletic competitions were not highly held Jewish social values. Athletic competitions and games were present in Hellenistic cultures. In the Maccabeean era, it is interesting to note that the gymnasium becomes a bad thing. Subverting traditional Jewish culture is a very serious matter. Yet, it is important to note the common characteristics of athletic competitions and agony (distress): struggle, competition, perseverance, discipline, and suffering (training), etc.

Jesus also experienced stressful contemplation (anguish) over His impending fate of crucifixion. Jesus’ intentions are more concerned about His victory to redeem humanity, rather than His own death.

Hematidrosis is the physical condition when a person suffers such extreme levels of stress that he sweats drops of blood.

Although His disciples abandoned Him, Jesus ultimately achieved final victory in following the will of the Father. Paul refers to himself as an athlete running the Christian race (life). And yet, Timothy makes references to physical training (bodily exercise) as being of limited value. The gymnasium is not explicitly stated in the New Testament. Perhaps, this is in response to the corrupting Greek Gentile influences from the Old Testament.  

Rather than prolonging this agony (post), I will just say “have a good race”!

“Spanning the globe to bring you the constant variety of sport…the thrill of victory… and the agony of defeat…the human drama of athletic competition” 

[Greek] ἐξίστημι (existēmi), [Latin] existere: to displace, to stand aside from, to be astonished, to astonish, to astound, to be astounded, to lose one’s senses, to be amazed, to amaze; Mt.12:23, Mk.2:12, Mk.3:21, Mk.5:42, Mk.6:51, Lk.2:47, Lk.8:56, Lk.24:22, Acts 2:7,12, Acts 8:9,11,13, Acts 9:21, Acts 10:45, Acts 12:16, 2Cor.5:13