Resounding The Faith

[Greek] ἀλαζονεία (alazoneia), [Latin] superbia: boastfulness, arrogance, self-confidence, braggadocio, boasting about one’s possessions; Jas.4:16, 1Jn.2:16

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means false pretension, imposture, boastfulness, and punishable by the gods. Theophrastus’ Characters 23.2 states “The boastful man is one who will stand in the bazaar talking to foreigners of the great sums which he has at sea; he will discourse the of the vastness of his money-lending business, and the extent of his personal gains and losses, will send of his boy to the bank where he keeps a drachma.” Isocrates’ Panathenaicus 12.20 states “Now I could not possibly convey to you how troubled and disturbed I was hearing that some accepted the statements as true. For I thought that it was well known that I was waging war against the false pretenders of wisdom.”

Old Testament: This term, related to several Hebrew terms, conveys the sense of separating from or not trusting in God. This term means proud, arrogant, haughty, pride, majestic wild beast, scoffing, scorning, talking arrogantly, mocking, and speaking in a foreign tongue. Others are viewed as ignorant or barbaric, being unable to understand the other foreign language (tongue). What did our pride avail us? What have wealth and its boastfulness afforded us (Wis.5:8). He who open wide his throat like the nether world and is insatiable as death (Hab.2:5). Arrogant is the name for the man of overbearing pride who acts with scornal effrontery (Pro.21:24). They did not know, of course, that Joseph understood what they said, since he spoke with them through and interpreter (Gen.42:23). Now, cease scoffing, lest your bonds be tightened (Isa.28:22). Yes, with stammering lips and in a strange language, he will speak to this people (Isa.28:11).

New Testament: This term means pretentious life, boasting, and arrogance. These qualities denote the worldly man only concerned about his life but not of the Father’s will. This attitude reflects a willful independence from God and others. Living in pride and arrogance prevents one from knowing what is right or wrong. On the other hand, submitting to God’s will enables one to know and do what is right. The uncertainty of this fleeting short life requires complete dependence on God.

Scripture:

“For all that is in the world, sensual lust, enticement for the eyes, and a pretentious life, is not from the Father, but is from the world.” 1Jn.2:16

Focus on these worldly attitudes causes separation from God.

“But know you are boasting in your arrogance. All such boasting is evil.” Jas.4:16

Boasting and arrogance undermines one’s dependence on God. Rather, man is more concerned about his affairs.

Conclusion:

Superb

Again, this is one of those terms that we all can easily identify with in any period of history. Theophrastes provides a wonderful example (among many) of what a boastful person is. Even the gods may exact retribution against the boastful person.

In the Old Testament culture, pride, boastfulness, and arrogance can potentially ruin one’s relationship with God. This notion greatly contrasts with the notion of having a child-like and trusting relationship with God. It was interesting to discover the more nuanced example of speaking in a foreign tongue. This lends to the idea of not understanding what was said.

In the New Testament culture, pride, boastfulness, and arrogance may lead to a willful separation from God and others. These worldly qualities are not of the Father. This prideful separation may often hinder one’s abilities to know and to do what is right. On the other hand, trusting in God will help one to make these decisions. The uncertainty of life requires dependence on God.

The Greek term barbaros is derived from ancient Greece. The Greeks used the term to describe those who did not speak and follow classical Greek customers. These foreigners were essentially barbarians (barbaric). Likewise, the Romans used this term to define their enemies (Germans, Celts, Gauls, etc). Therefore, these foreigners and enemies were all looked down upon as primitive, simple, savage, or not understanding.

Far from boasting, I continue to find myself humbled by the fact that I learn something new each time when I make a post.

[Greek] ἀκυρόω (akyroō), [Latin] irritare, [Latin] rescindere: to cancel, to revoke, to ‘irritate’ the laws (regulations), to invalidate, to disannul, to make void, to deprive of authority; Mt.15:6, Mk.7:13, Gal.3:17

Abraham and the Three Angels: painting by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout (1656). The angels prophesied that a son would be born to Abraham’s wife Sarah. God’s plans nullify Abraham’s and Sarah’s difficulties in having a child.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make invalid, to rob of effectiveness, to put out of action, to render inoperative, to frustrate, to cancel, to set a side, to reject, and to render powerless. Dinarchus’ Against Demosthenes 1.63 states “One of the descendants of Harmodius was imprisoned in pursuance of your order. After proposing this treatment of yourself, are you overriding the decision of your own accord?” Josephus’ Antiquities 20.183 states “The principal Syrians in Cesarea persuaded Burrhus, Nero’s tutor, by giving him a great sum of money to disannul that equality of the Jewish privileges of citizens which they enjoyed.”

New Testament: This term means to nullify, to annul, and to make void. The Pharisees and scribes ask Jesus why His disciples do not wash their hands when eating a meal. Jesus points out that they are more concerned with Jewish purification rituals rather than honoring one’s father and mother. Jesus points to prophecy (Isa.19:13) referring to those honoring with their lips but focusing on human doctrines. Paul points out that God’s covenant promises to Abraham and his descendant (Christ) cannot be annulled, reversed, or altered. The Law does not have the authority to void this past covenant. God’s promises are not fulfilled with the observance of the Law.

Scripture:

“You nullify the Word of God in favor of your tradition that you have handed on. And you do many such things.” Mk.7:13

The Pharisees and scribes are more concerned with Jewish purification rituals and disregard following the commandments (honoring one’s father and mother). Jesus points that Isaiah’s prophecy is fulfilled about those who are more concerned with human traditions.

“This is what I mean: the law, which came four hundred thirty years afterward, does not annul a covenant ratified by God, so as to cancel the promise.” Gal.3:17

God made a covenant promise to Abraham and his descendant (Christ), which supersedes the Law.

Conclusion:

Irritate, irritation, rescind

I think that this is one of those terms that we all can relate to in one form or another. We all have been in situations when we have done this intentionally or unintentionally. Sometimes, we act like hypocrites in such matters. The Roman Empire nullified the rights of the Jews in Rome. The Jews later had to flee Rome.

The Pharisees and scribes were more concerned about Jewish purification rituals than following the commandments. Jesus points out that scripture was fulfilled by those who promote human traditions. Paul points out that the Law does not nullify or invalidate God’s covenantal promises to Abraham and his descendant Christ.

I would have not expected that the Latin verb irritare would be one the Latin meanings of this term. It is interesting to note that the laws (regulations) become ‘irritated’ when they become nullified. Essentially, the Latin verb rescindere means to cut back or to remove.

It is also quite interesting to note that the Latin meaning for covenant is sacramentum. Likewise, the Greek word mysterion, meaning secret thing, also refers to the sacraments.  From the Catholic perspective, sacraments are essentially invisible aspects of grace made physically present.

Cancel culture: Unfortunately, our nation is being inundated by mob-like nullifiers, cancel culture (cultural cancellers), and a woke-child mob who are employing new human traditions. This phenomena has been occurring for several years now. The historical and present culture is essentially undergoing a purity test based on unrealistic standards. This sounds eerily similar to the Cultural Revolution in Communist China.

Either some are offended by something (or someone). Or others acquiesce to those who are being offended. There too many examples to illustrate. (Dis-inviting conservative speakers on campus, students needing safe spaces, cancelling movies and TV shows, defunding the police, removing opposing opinions in newspapers, removing white Europeans from history class, cancelling cultural events on campus, etc. (We can’t celebrate Cinco de Mayo because that would be cultural appropriation!)

What or who is next? Friends, Paw Patrol, Bugs Bunny and Roadrunner, George Washington, Rated-R movies

I think it is important to make the distinction between cancel culture and criminal activity (where people rightly get fired or prosecuted for their actions).

With persuasion, common sense, and God’s help, perhaps we can begin to cancel and nullify this madness. When does this end? That’s the real irritation!

Update: This madness is already beginning with Thomas Jefferson!  https://www.blabber.buzz/conservative-news/923930-beginning-of-the-end-nyc-council-wants-to-remove-jefferson-from-our-history?utm_source=c-am&utm_medium=c-am-email&utm_term=c-am-ATT&utm_content=1C_grlhsqBAUKwAkOj78iAmm7

[Greek] ἀκροατής (akroatēs), [Latin] auditor: a passive hearer, a passive listener; Rom.2:13, Jas.1:22,23,25

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means hearer, jury, persons who come to hear a public speaker, disciple, pupil, and reader. Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.38 states “The persons to blame are you who are foolish to institute these contests; who go to see an oration as you would see a sight, take your facts on hearsay, very slaves to the pleasure of the ear.” Demosthenes’ On The Crown 18.7 states “The law enjoins that every juryman receive with goodwill the pleas of the second speaker and forms no final conclusion upon the whole case until he has give a fair and impartial hearing to both sides”

Old Testament: This term mean whispering, charming, whisper (of a prayer), amulet, and incantation. For behold, I am sending serpents against you, adders for which there is no charm (Jer.8:17). If the serpent bites, before being charmed, there is no profit for the charmer (Ecc.10:11). The counselor and the expert artisan, and the skillful enchanter (Isa.3:3). They could only whisper a prayer, your chastening was upon them (Isa.26:16)

New Testament: This term means a passive hearer (listener). Those who hear the law, rather than observe it, will be not be justified in the sight of God. People need to act on what they hear (learn). James states that hearers of Word are ones that delude themselves. This person is one who looks at his own face in the mirror and forgets what he looks like. Only a doer can tap into this true freedom which brings true happiness.

Scripture:

“For it is not those who hear the law are just in the sight of God; rather, those who observe the law will be justified.” Rom.2:13

Observing involves not only hearing but also committing to what is said.

“But the one who peers into the perfect law of freedom and perseveres, and is not a hearer who forgets but a doer who acts, such a one shall be blessed in what he does.” Jas.1:25

The hearer does not respond after hearing. The doer responds and observes what is being said.

Etymology: This term is related to the base Greek verb akouo meaning to hear attentively. This is term is contrasted with the Greek hupakoe, meaning obedience. The Greek prefix hupo- means underneath. Hupakoe implies listening underneath with obedience and submission to what is heard (and said). This term implies hearing but not committing or observing to what is said.

New Testament concept of true freedom: Jesus states that the truth will set you free. God provides a true freedom from an existence which leads to sin and death. This freedom allows man to live his life to the fullest. The only possibility of coming to one’s full self is to surrender one’s will and power to an external force (God). Man provides a true liberation (freedom) by letting himself be controlled by God.

Autonomy: This modern human concept of freedom essentially means “I can do whatever I want”. This becomes a form of self-deception and self-rule. Even when one searches (or retreats) inward to control his own fate, he is not really free. One mistakenly thinks that he is control of his life. However, being in sin is making oneself blind to his own reality. The great unfortunate irony is that one can often become controlled by sin, becoming addicted like a slave to sin. Christ has come to free us from the law of sin and death. Those freed from sin can then become slaves of righteousness.

Conclusion:

Auditor, auditing

To be honest, I really had not fully understand the meaning of this term. As opposed to attentive hearing, this term means merely hearing or passively hearing. I think Demosthenes appropriately described the reluctantly chosen jury person, not wanting to be there in court. This jury person is either not paying attention or only merely hearing what is said in court.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on a more negative sense as a charm, whisper, or incantation.

In the New Testament, this person is passively hearing (listening) but not acting on what he has heard. Only by doing or observing what one has heard, does that person become justified before God. James again stresses the important notion that faith must be active with works (observation). Otherwise, faith without works is dead.

This is presented in stark contrast to attentively hearing and obeying. This form of hearing requires no further commitment.

It was really interesting to discover the great difference between true freedom and autonomy. Many come to the conclusion that autonomy will provide the freedom to do anything one wants. However, many do not realize that one may be controlled or enslaved by their sinful actions. It is a great irony or paradox that true freedom ultimately comes from allowing God to take control of one’s life.

We can be auditors (hearers) reading our syllabus of faith, or we can be doers and observers of the will of God!

[Greek] πειράω (peiraō), [Latin] temptare: to rob, to attempt, to make an attempt, to try, to test (someone or something), to put to the test, to strive, to make an effort; Acts 9:26, Acts 26:21, Heb.4:15

The Trial of the Apostle Paul: painting by Nikolai Bodarevsky (1875)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make a hostile attack against someone (or something), to test someone (or something), to attempt, to endeavor, to persuade, to make an attempt on a woman’s honor, to take a chance, to try, to make proof of, and to tempt a god.

Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 6.92:  To actively join its worse enemies in attacking the country.

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.82: To make an attempt on the city.

Plutarch’s Brutus 10:  To conspire against Caesar.

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.46: To test the knowledge of the oracle.

Homer’s Iliad 2.193:  To smite the sons of the Achaeans.

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.86:  To question the oracle whether to he should have seized the money.

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.86:  To tempt the god and to do the deed had the same effect.

Old Testament (religious and secular scriptural examples):

Man is tempted: This becomes the first instance where God makes demands, requiring man’s faith, fear, and confidence. Man, in his attempt to seek to be like God, rebels against God’s commandment, transgresses it, and becomes guilty. Man is subject to constant threat through trial, whether it be that God tests (proves) him or that the adversary (Satan) is at work. The best known scripture is Abraham being tested by God. Wisdom provides many references to testing.

Man tempts God: Man testing God becomes a recurrent theme in the Old Testament. To test or to tempt God is the failure to see His glory or His signs and wonders. To test God is to challenge Him. It is an expression of unbelief, doubt, and disobedience. If we love God and keep His commandments, we cannot test Him or question His power by an attitude of doubt and unbelief. Not to tempt God is to believe in Him, to trust Him, and not to doubt His power.

Take your son Isaac and go the land of Morah. There you shall offer up as a holocaust (Gen.22:2). Do not be afraid, for God has come to you only to test you and put His fear upon you, lest you sin (Exo.20:20). Thus will I test them, to see whether they follow my instructions aor not (Exo.16:4). Through these nations the Israelites were to be made to prove whether or not they would keep to the way of the Lord (Jdgs.2:22). But Ahaz answered, ‘I will not ask! I will not tempt the Lord!’(Isa.7:12). They tested God in their hearts, demanding the food they craved (Psa.77:17). Because He is found by those who test Him not, and He manifests Himself to those who do not disbelieve Him (Sol.1:2)

New Testament: This term means to attempt, to try, and to be tested. After his conversion experience, Paul finds himself in the position as an apostate by the Jews and as a suspect person by the Christian community in Jerusalem. When Paul arrived in Jerusalem, he tried to join the disciples, but they were suspicious about his intentions. Since Paul was a Roman citizen, he was brought before King Agrippa. Paul, in speaking to the king, relates that the Jews seized him in the temple and tried to kill him. Jesus is the High Priest who understands our weaknesses and has been tested in every way, yet with sin.

Scripture:

“When he arrived in Jerusalem, Paul tried to join the disciples, but they were all afraid of him, not believing that he was a disciple.” Acts 9:26

Since the disciples had known the former Pharisees Saul as a persecutor of Christians, the disciples were very wary of Paul’s intentions.

“That is why the Jews seized me when I was in the temple and tried to kill me.” Acts 26:21

The Jews felt that Paul had become an enemy in abandoning his Pharahistic ways. The Jews sought to avenge Paul.

“For we do not have a High Priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but one who has similarly been tested in every way, yet with out sin.” Heb.4:17

Jesus is a High priest superior to the Old Testament priests. Jesus, also tested, can sympathize with our struggles.

Etymology: It is interesting to note that the words pirate and piracy are derived from this term. Piracy is an act of robbery and criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers with the intent of stealing cargo. The Greek peirates and Latin pirata are ones who attacks ships. The rocky Mediterranean coasts, not suitable for agriculture or large populations, were populated with pirates. The Greek leistes, similar to the pirate, is the corresponding land-based criminal (bandit). This Greek term diamachomai consists of the dia- prefix which indicates intensity. The base verb machomai means to quarrel or to dispute.

Conclusion:

Pirate, piracy, tempt, temptation, tempted, attempt

This is quite an interesting term that is present and applicable in any period of history. At first, I had wondered if being a pirate had any connection to this term. In my ‘attempt’ to look into this, I was eventually proven correct.

It was perhaps not surprising that there are many uses and applications of this term. In any time in history, we know what a pirate, bandit, or criminal is. History has been replete with terrorists, revolutionaries, rioters, and looters. People had often questioned or tested the gods to ascertain whether to make an important decision (to attack a city, to make a journey, etc.). Likewise, tempting or questioning a god could bring serious consequences. Not surprisingly, this notion also continues in the Old Testament and New Testament cultures.

So pirates and piracy are associated with this term. One can also see that there is the land-based form of piracy. They also could be called rioters and looters.

In the Old Testament, man can be tempted or tested by God in order for God to understand his character, trust, and obedience. Satan may also test or tempt man (as part of God’s providence). The Wisdom books provide numerous examples of instructive testing.

Many of us at times often try, test, tempt, and question God. In a sense, we are the ones challenging Him. This perhaps show more of our lack of trust. (You can count me in this group!) Trusting is oftentimes not easy for me to do. This becomes an on-going challenging process.

Perhaps it was not surprising that the disciples would be cautious or fearful of associating with this former Pharisee Saul. This Pharisee developed an infamous reputation as a persecutor of Christians. Because of own his conversion experience, Paul also has created Jewish enemies. These Jews felt Paul had abandoned his Jewish ways. Jesus is the High Priest, also tested, who understands our weaknesses.

Unfortunately, these rioters and looters are taking advantage of these protesters’ efforts concerning George Floyd. Perhaps, in their anger, even some feel justified in destroying property and businesses. Nonetheless, these rioters and looters, like pirates, are hijacking the earnest protesters’ movement and cause. And in Seattle, there is CHAZ, an occupation zone in which the police were ordered to leave by city officials in order to “de-escalate tensions”. Some have even called this location a street festival or a block party. Good luck with that idea that everything is just fine!

I am finished with this post. I do not want to further try or test your patience.

[Greek] διαμάχομαι (diamachomai), [Latin] pugnare: to protest strongly, to struggle against, to argue heatedly, to strive, to fight fiercely, to contend sharply; Acts 23:9

Joshua’s Battle: painting by J.H. Schonfeld (1635) This term occurs 9 times in Joshua 10

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to fight, to contend, to exert oneself, and to contend with. Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.42 states “The good citizen out to triumph not by frightening his opponents but by beating them fairly in argument; a wise city will not deprive them of their due. In this way successful orators would be least tempted to sacrifice their convictions for popularity and unsuccessful speakers resort to the same popular arts in order to win over the multitude.” Plato’s Meno 86c states “This is a point for which I am determined to do battle, so far as I am able, both in word and deed.” Aristophanes’ Knights 339 states “No, by Poseidon, we will fight first to see who speaks first.”

Old Testament: This term means to fight, to do battle, to make war, and to eat (use as food). This term can be used literally, metaphorically, and figuratively. Proverbs warn about whom one associates with. Proverbs warns about intruding on an unwilling host. Hunger, fever, and pestilence can consume (devour) a person. In Num.14:9 people are viewed metaphorically as food, becoming the invaders’ prey and spoils.

“When you sit down to dine with a ruler, carefully consider who is before you.” Prov. 23:1

Be careful of the company you keep. Otherwise you may be corrupted or may been seen as corrupt.

“The path of the wicked do not enter, nor walk in the way of the evil…For they eat the bread of wickedness and drink the wine of violence.” Prov.4:14,17

Be careful with whom you associate with. You may also become involved, associated, or linked with these evil people.

“Do not take food with unwilling hosts, and do not desire their delicacies.” Prov.23:6

Be careful about intruding upon someone when not welcome.

“Come, eat of my food, and the drink the wine I mixed!” Prov.9:5

Partake and drink up wisdom.

“Emaciating hunger and consuming fever, and bitter pestilence.” Deut.32:24

Hunger, fever, and pestilence can consume (devour) the person.

“You need not be afraid of the people of the land, for they are but food for us!” Num.14:9

The invaded peoples often times become the spoils of the conquerors.

New Testament: This term means to protest strongly, to argue vigorously, and to contend sharply. Paul had previously recounted to the Jewish authorities of his conversion experience with Jesus on the road to Damascus. Paul was arrested and brought before the Sanhedrin. After Paul’s statement of defense, Paul was struck in the mouth. The Sanhedrin was made up of both Pharisees and Sadducees. Paul claims that he was on trial for hope in the resurrection of the dead. As a result, a dispute broke out between the Pharisees and Sadducees. The Pharisees believed in the resurrection, angels, and spirits. However, the Sadducees did not believe in these three ideas. Rather than discussing Paul’s fate, the Sanhedrin argued among themselves about these theological beliefs. The Pharisees focused more on these theological beliefs (talking points) rather than discussing Paul’s fate. Essentially, the Pharisees conflated (or glossed over) Paul’s claims so that they could win a theological argument against the Sadducees. Paul was eventually exonerated. The commander ordered that Paul be taken away to ensure his safety. Jesus encouraged Paul for bearing witness for Him in Jerusalem. Jesus also stated that Paul must bear witness for Him later in Rome (which will ultimately lead to his martyrdom in Rome). This episode was involved with arguments, violence, and a military presence.

Scripture:

“A great uproar occurred, and some scribes belonging to the Pharisees party and stood up and sharply argued, ‘We find nothing wrong with this man. Suppose a spirit or an angel has spoken to him?’” Acts 23:9

The Pharisees would rather win a theological argument (talking point) rather than discuss Paul’s claim and experiences.

Conflation: It is very interesting to note that there exists a theme (pattern) of conflation (or association) with this term in the Old Testament and New Testament. The Old Testament focuses on the consequences of associating with such evil activity. (One will be lumped into this category). The New Testament focuses on glossing over activity. Conflation involves the combining of separate ideas (or views) into a composite. As a result, sometimes these perceptions, sincerely held views, and assumptions may be conflated, resulting in mixed, ambiguous, or faulty views. Proverbs warns of associating with evil people and evil actions, lest one becomes wicked themselves. In Acts, the Pharisees, more concerned with winning spiritual arguments (talking points) against the Sadducees, gloss over Paul’s encounter with Jesus. The Pharisees conflate Paul’s experience with their own views of the resurrection.

Etymology: Conflation comes from the Latin verb conflare, meaning to blow or to fuse together. From the 1600’s conflation generally meant to bring something together from various sources. From 1885, this notion takes on an inadvertent (accidental) sense. Interestingly, conflation is very closely related to confusion. The Latin word confuse means to fuse, mix, or mingle things or ideas as to render them indistinguishable. Therefore, it could be difficult to distinguish those good people who associate with evil people. The Pharisees, no friends of Paul, perhaps may not have had confused Paul’s experience, but instead glossed over it in order to win a theological argument against the Sadducees.

Conclusion:

Machination, machete, machismo, pugnacious, pugilist, confuse, confusion, conflate, conflation

I think Thuycides had made some valid points about defeating one’s opponents with the use of eloquent words. Plato points out one can do battle with word and deed (for good or bad). Aristophanes hints at the notion of fighting for the right to speak.

It is quite interesting to note that conflating and confusing are very similar in their meaning and use. Conflation can be used intentionally and unintentionally, depending on the context and circumstances.

Proverbs warns against associating with evil actions or with evil persons. Otherwise, it may be difficult to resist such evil inclinations and maintain one’s good character. One may also be perceived as an evil person or as one associated with such a person.

The Old Testament provides many examples of battle and fighting. It was interesting to discover the more nuanced uses of this term such as being prey (spoils), eating the bread of wickedness and drinking the wine of violence, and being devoured and consumed by hunger, fever, and pestilence.

It is also interesting to discover that the Pharisees were more interested in winning theological arguments (talking points) rather than judging Paul. Essentially, the Pharisees conflated or glossed over Paul’s claims with their own views about the Resurrection. So Paul was set free.

There have been countless examples of how opposing sides (mainstream media vs conservative media, mainstream media vs. President Trump, red state vs. blue state etc.) are using political talking points to conflate and bolster their political narratives with the truth. These claims may be true or false, depending on the context and actual facts. Such examples include Impeachment, China/WHO, Russian collusion, election fraud, social medium forums (publisher/platform), racism (how much really exists?), policing (fund/defund), and now protesters/rioters(looters).

Protests and rioting/looters: I think that most of us are in agreement that George Floyd’s death was a  tragic injustice. Justice must be taken to address these wrongs. I also think that most of us agree that the sincere protesters have the right to protest. Now unfortunately, many on both sides of the political arena, in their statements and accusations, have willingly or inadvertently conflated the protesters with the rioters. Many times sincere protesters are being lumped in the same category as that of the rioters (looters). The rioters and looters have clearly eaten this bread of wickedness and have drunk this wine of violence. These narratives have unfortunately at times have biased reported, clouded, glossed over, or even ignored the focus on either the protesters or the rioters (looters). It is only when we can clearly separate them that we can adequately understand and make sense of this situation.

Whatever you think about and perceive of the issues our country faces, we must not gloss over the fact that there will continue to be these arguments, fights, and talking points. These are the battles we will have to constantly struggle with! (There is no conflating this).

[Greek] ἄκακος (akakos), [Latin] innocens: guileless, innocent, unsuspecting, simple, without fault, blameless, naïve; Rom.16:18, Heb.7:26

Christ Before the High Priest: painting by Gerard van Honthurst (1557)

Background information:

Christ Before the High Priest: This painting depicts the moment when Christ was brought before the Sanhedrin. This painting presents a series of contrasts between light and dark. The candle on the table provides the only source of visible light. The high priest cannot understand that the illuminated Jesus is the Light of the World. The high priest has the Law of Moses before him. Yet he cannot see that Jesus is the author (in which the quill pen leans toward Christ). The illuminated Christ stands in contrast to the dark shifty-eyed witnesses and soldiers. The accusatory high priest looks up at Jesus; while Jesus looks down at the high priest with pity (and sadness).

Greek Hellenism: This term means one who is upright, unknowing, simple, innocent, and unadulterated. Polybius’ Histories 3.98.5 states “To this man, who was of a guileless and gentle character, and quite dipossessed to trust him, Abilyx now introduced the subject of hostages.” Plato’s Timaeus 91d states “From men who are harmless but light-minded men—who are being students of the worlds above, suppose in their simplicity that the most solid points about such matters are obtained by sense of light.” Demosthenes’s Against Evergus and Mnesibulus 47.46 states “Theophemus, by bring this testimony to which no one else has disposed, and by pretending to be a man without guile, deceived the jurors.”

Old Testament: This term means simple, naïve, foolish, open-minded, wholesome, pure, upright, and undefiled. This person is one who can stand before God. God calls Job an upright and blameless man. This term frequently occurs in Proverbs, where the simple (unsullied by evil) have a greater wisdom in relationship to evil. Jeremiah call himself a trusting lamb to the slaughter. Philo, the Hellenistic Jewish philosopher, makes reference of innocents (children who have just come into life).

When the arrogant man is punished, the simple are the wiser (Pro.21:11). Yet I, like a trusting lamb to slaughter, had not realized that they were hatching plots against me (Jer.11:19). There was a man whose name was Job; and that man was blameless, upright, fearing God and turning away from evil (Job 1:1). Though I am guiltless, He will declare me guilty (Job 8:20). The testimony of the Lord is sure, make wise the simple (Psa.19:7). The naïve believes everything, but the sensible man considers his steps (Pro.14:15). The unfolding of Your words gives light; it gives understanding to the simple (Psa.119:130).

New Testament: This term means without fault, blameless, innocent, unsuspecting, and naïve. Paul warns others about those who do not serve the Lord Christ, using flattering speech in deceiving the hearts of innocent people. Paul was concerned that these Roman Christians would be influenced or corrupted by self-seeking teachers. Jesus is the High Priest, holy, innocent, undefiled, and separate from sinners. Jesus fulfills God’s promise in providing a priest of the order of Melchizedek.

Scripture:

“For such people do not serve our Lord Christ but their appetites, and by fair and flattering speech they deceive the hearts of the innocent.” Rom.16:18

Paul was concerned about the Roman Christians who would be influenced and corrupted by self seeking who cause divisions and contention.

“It was fitting that we should have such a high priest: holy, innocent, undefiled, separated from sinners, higher than the heavens.” Heb.7:26

Jesus the High Priest fulfills God’s oath regarding the priesthood of Melkizadek, making the Son of God the perfect priest.

Conclusion:

Innocent

Upon finishing this post, it dawned on me, “What image can I use to convey innocence or blamelessness?” I wasn’t naïve in thinking that this was going to be easy to figure out. Then I came across Gerard van Honthurst’s painting “Christ Before the High Priest”. This painting perfectly captures Jesus’ innocence.

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it seems very apparent that this term could be applicable in all situation or occasions (testifying, negotiating, and education).

In the Old Testament, this becomes an important term in this culture. God often looks favorably on the simple and upright person. It is interesting that this correlates with the notion that we should become childlike in our trust in God. It also seems that the simple persons can even show a certain kind of wisdom when encountering evil. God can also punish and correct the simple and naïve person. Philo calls young children as innocents.

Jesus is the promised High Priest who comes from the order of Melchizedek. Paul warns the Roman Christian about those self-seeking persons who seek to deceive and corrupt them.

I stand before you today claiming that I still have much to learn from the books of Hebrews and Romans. To say otherwise would be naïve on my part. It is simple as that!

[Greek] αἰσχρός (aischros), [Latin] turpis, [Latin] defames: shameful, improper, filthy, base, disgraceful, sordid; 1Cor.11:6, 1Cor.14:35, Eph.5:12, Tit.1:11

The women in Corinth expressed their reverence, respect, and humility by wearing their headdresses at liturgical assemblies. Now recently more and more women (young and old) are wearing veils (mantillas) at the Traditional Latin Mass. (Photo from the article “Proper Dress Code Attire for Mass” July 2017) https://tradcatfem.com/

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means dishonoring, causing shame, reproachful, ugly, ill-favored, shameful, and ill-suited (awkward). Sophocles’ Ajax 1160 states “Leave then! The worst disgrace for me is that I should listen to a fool’s empty chatter.”  Homer’s Iliad 3.38 states “He chided him with words of shame; ‘Evil Paris, most fair to look upon, thou art mad after women, thou beguiler, would thous hadst ne’er been born.” Sophocles’ Electra 621 states “But then the enmity I get from you and your behavior compels me with harsh necessity to do this: for reprehensible deeds are learned from reprehensible examples.” Plato’s Symposium 183d states “To do the thing basely is to gratify a wicked man in a wicked manner.”

New Testament: This term means shameful, improper, disgraceful, and sordid. In 1Cor.11:6, an often misunderstood scripture passage, Paul claims that if a woman does not have her head veiled, she may as well have her hair cut or her head shaved. Then she should wear a veil. Paul was referring to the deeper spiritual truth concerning a man’s and woman’s relationship with God. Because woman came from man (and was created for man), women are called to have a sign of authority (veil) on their heads. The veil represents woman’s equally dignified but subordinate (secondary) role in God’s order of creation. Likewise, man is the image and glory of God. But woman is the glory of man. That is why only women wear veils.

Paul also claims that it is improper for a woman to speak in the Church assembly. This role was customarily was assigned to the man. Paul also was addressing the accepted societal norms of the society at that time. Women are called to respect and adhere to such practices. The women were expected to seek instruction in the home or in association with their female peers. As Christians are called to be people of light, it is shameful to even mention things done by immoral and impure people. It was imperative to silence the sordid damage caused by deceivers, rebels, and idle talkers.

Womens’ headdresses (veils) at liturgical assemblies

“But I want you to know that Christ is the head of every man, and the husband is the head of his wife, and God the head of Christ.” 1Cor.11:3

What is the significance of this scripture? Although this scripture may be seen at first glance to be controversial or chauvinistic, Paul conveys a deeper truth about the hierarchical relationships between God and man (and woman). Man’s relationship with woman mirrors Jesus’ relationship with the Church. Man and woman each have separate but equally dignified roles.

What are these hierarchical relationships? Just as Christ assumes headship and subservient roles, man has a headship and a subservient role. As Christ is under the authority of God, man is under the authority of Christ. As man is under the authority of Christ, woman is under the authority of man. As God has headship over Christ, man has headship over woman.

How does the man (husband) exercise headship like Jesus? The man (husband) loves and sacrifices (gives up his life) for his wife. This relationship mirrors Jesus’ loving and giving up His life for His Church. (This is the husband’s sub-mission [task])).

How does the woman (wife) allow the man (husband) to exercise headship? The woman allows the husband to love her and gives himself up for her. (This is the wife’s sub-mission [task]). This relationship mirrors the Church’s passive relationship (receptivity) to Christ.

“Any man who prays or prophesies with his head covered bring shame upon his head.” 1Cor.11:4

What is the significance of this scripture? Paul states that God has defined and assigned uniquely masculine qualities to man and uniquely feminine qualities to woman. As man is the image and glory of God, his head should not be covered. To do otherwise contradicts man’s relationship with God and brings shame (disgrace) upon himself.

“But any woman who prays or prophesies with her head unveiled brings shame upon her head.” 1Cor.11:5

What does the veil represent? The veil is meant to be an external sign of humility before God. Women are representative of the Church (Bride of Christ). The veil is a visible reminder of the submission of the Church to the loving rule (headship) of Christ. The veil signifies purity and obedience.

What are some other practical reasons that a woman wears a veil? Respect for others (God, husbands, authorities, elders), respect for tradition (customs), reverence, modesty, and respect of sacred space.

Recent interest in the Traditional (Tridentine) Latin Mass:

There has been an increasing interest (receptivity) in the Latin Mass among the younger generations, including young women. These younger woman, along with older generations, are wearing veils. Like many others, these young woman are becoming increasingly attracted to this form of liturgical worship. Some of these reasons could be: more modest dress attire, reverence, silence, and the sense of the sacred. Perhaps, most important of all, the Eucharist, rather than the priest, becomes the focus of attention. This traditional Mass naturally lends itself to the increased occurrence of young women wearing veils. The priest, as with the congregation, also faces the Eucharist. The obvious question is: Why is this occurring among the younger generations? I suspect many are not getting anything (a deeper meaning) out of the modern Mass.

Conclusion:

Defame, defamatory, defamed, moral turpitude (depravity)

Throughout many periods in history, dishonor or shame was taken very seriously. In Homer’s Iliad, Paris was a shameful “lady’s man” who caused such trouble in stealing Menelaus’ wife. It was also interesting to discover that this term can mean ill-suited or awkward.

In the New Testament, it was imperative that Christians not only silence and but also not mention the terrible actions of immoral and impure people. Such actions had sometimes resulted in the ruin of families.

1Corinthians 11 often has been historically misunderstood. To be honest, until recently, I had never really considered this notion of women’s headdresses. Some have viewed this as men subjecting women or as a form of ‘thinly veiled patriarchy’. Rather, this is about showing respect for tradition and expressing one’s dignity! Paul was stating a deeper truth about the headship and subservience of man’s (and woman’s) relationships in God’s creation. Man and woman each have a ‘sub-mission’ in their respective roles in respecting God.

1Cor.11:7 states that “woman is the glory of man.” How many times have you heard a devoted husband say this about his wife: “How could I have been so lucky in finding someone like her! I really don’t deserve her. She has made me such a better person. I love her so much. I would do anything for her.” (In a sense, this is how a woman (wife) glorifies her husband. Her husband would be willing to lay down his life for his wife. (This is the love that Jesus has for His Church!)

Let’s be honest, the people in Corinth and all around lived in a patriarchal society. Times were vastly different back then. Now women have more rights and opportunities regarding speaking in our current times.

My Thoughts on the Traditional Mass: To be honest, I really did not know what to expect. I had to get dressed up. The silence was unsettling, since we were outside observers watching the liturgical service. There was no recurring and repeating back and forth vocal responses normally present in the modern Mass. There was a stark separation (barrier) between the congregation and the priest (and servers) in the sacred space. I felt myself in another world and time, listening to the beautiful Gregorian chants and priest’s Latin words. These chants sounded like prayers going up to heaven. The priest, along with us, was gazing at the Eucharist. I felt a great sense of awe and reverence as I knelt down receiving the Eucharist on the tongue.

As I cannot presume to speak for the veiled young woman who attends this Mass, I can only imagine that she may be experiencing that same awe and reverence. Her veiling indicates that she brings her dignity and modesty to the sacred space.

Many of us (including myself) were perhaps unaware of what Paul was saying all along about women’s headdresses. Perhaps this post (in a small way) may help to uncover this veil of misunderstanding.

[Greek] πρόσωπον (prosōpon), [Latin] facies, [Latin] persona, [Latin] apparere: mask, person, persona, face, aspect, appearance, countenance, presence, front; 78 scriptural references

Copper engraving of Doctor Schnabel (aka Dr. Beak), a plague doctor (with a beak-like mask) in the seventeenth century (circa 1656).

Background information:

Plague Doctor: A plague doctor was a medical physician who treated victims of the Bubonic plague. These physicians were hired by the towns where the plagues occurred. Some doctors wore beak-like masks filled with aromatic scents (which could be inhaled). The masks were designed to protect them from the putrid air (which was thought to be the source of the infection). The design of these clothes have been attributed to the chief physician of Louis XIII. In the years ahead, there will be other later plague doctors (epidemiologists) and frequent use of face masks.

Greek Hellenism:

Face: The face, almost always used in the plural, denotes the countenance, form, and appearance (front) of a person. The face can be used for men, gods, and armies. Hymn 10 to Aphrodite states “She give kindly gifts to men, smiles are ever on her lovely face, and lovely is the brightness that plays over it.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 6.3.35 states “I will gladly volunteer to hold for you the post immediately in front of the enemy’s phalanx.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 639 states “When a messenger’s countenance reports to people a dire distress of its army’s rout, he is packed with woes.” Plato’s Laws 854d states “Whosoever is caught robbing a temple, his curse shall be branded on his forehand and of his limbs.”

Mask: The mask is the role or part assigned to oneself in life (or on the stage). The mask worn by actors often resembles a human face. Epictetus’ Enchiridion 17 states “Remember that you are an actor in a drama of such sort the author chooses. For this is your business to act well the given part.” Polybius’ Histories 6.53 states “Whenever one of their illustrious men die, they place the likeness of the deceased in the most conspicuous place. This likeness consists of a mask made to represent with extraordinary fidelity both with shape and color.”

Person: The person takes on the sense of the man (or woman) in his (or her) position in society. For writers, a character takes on a true persona through direct sight and experience. Polybius’ Histories 12.27 states “Homer introduces Odysseus as one who wondered far and wide, and towns of many saw, and learnt their mind and suffered much in heart by land and sea.” Polybius’ Histories 5.107 states “Elated with their victory at Rhaphia, they refused any longer to receive orders from the king, but looked for a leader to represent them.” Polybius’ Histories 8.13 states “Phillip transfers his attention to the great name and splendid personality of a nation like Greece.”

Old Testament: This term, quite frequently found, refers to the face, the front (of an object), the side (of the face) turned to the fore, and encountering. The face can mean feature, appearance, matter, and essence of the whole person. The face becomes involved in respectful greetings, veneration, and audiences. The ‘front (side)’ refers to persons and inanimate objects. Semitic languages employ numerous prepositions to convey relationships, distance, location, and geography. Anthropomorphism conveys human qualities and characteristics to God. Seeing the ‘face of God’ takes on a metaphorical sense. God reveals Himself through the Word, not through physically seeing His face. In a cultic sense, to see God’s face means visiting the cultic site. The notion perhaps is originally derived from the non-Israelite cults housing idols in the temple. Therefore, to see the face of God means to be certain of His presence and grace.

New Testament: This term means face, person, surface, front (side), appearance, and presence. Not surprisingly, there are no direct mention of masks. However, there are indirect references to cloudy, veiled, or unclear sight (vision). Face is used in Hebrew idioms and expressions in conveying various actions. Appearances or features indicate the kind (sense) of a person. Referencing the front side (of a person), prepositions are frequently used to indicate intentions, actions, spatial orientation, direction, and geography. In the earthly realm, God’s countenance can only be perceived. However, God’s countenance will be visually seen in the heavenly realm. Person, used in the plural form, can also reference many people.

Selected examples of scripture: (Let’s face it, there is a lot of face time (many examples) going on in the scriptures. Since my primary focus is on masks, I will only select few examples of how such scriptural examples are used.)

Mt. 6:17:  Hypocrites neglect their appearances. (One’s physical  body) [In a sense, the hypocrites put on a mask of seeking attention.]

Mt. 11:10:  I am sending a messenger ahead of you. (Prepositional placing John the Baptist before Jesus).

Mt. 18:10:  Look upon the face of My heavenly Father. (Anthropomorphism: assigning human qualities to God)

Mt.26:39:  He fell prostrate in prayer. (Bowing His face in prayer)

Lk.9:51:  He determined to journey to Jerusalem. (Turning His face forward to his destination)

Lk.21:35:  Everyone who lives on the face of the earth. (The earth having human characteristics)

Hypocrites: The Greek hupocrites is made up of the preposition hupo- (under) and the verb krino (to judge). The hypocrite, one who pretends or acts under a persona (mask), pretends to be someone or something they are not. In the ancient Greek theater, actors wore large masks to mark which character they were playing. The Pharisees were hypocrites who neglected their appearances, seeking to be seen as fasting (Mt.6:16).

Conclusion:

Persona, person, appearance

You have to admit that the image of the plague doctor (Dr. Schnabel) is sort of creepy. Schnabel is the German word for beak. Yet, there seems to be a practical basis for this beak-like mask. It was thought that the putrid air was the cause of the infection.

Unlike the Old Testament and New Testament, mortals could see the faces of their gods. It is significant to note that ‘face’ was used in the plural form. Therefore, the ‘face’ of the enemy can be viewed as the whole enemy.

I think Epictetus provides us with wisdom in saying that each of us is an actor that plays his (or her) part in the drama of which the author chooses. It is interesting to note that many of the Greek plays were actually commentaries on the human condition. A likeness (mask) was often crated to memorialize the status of an illustrious person. Madame Tussauds’ Wax Museum suddenly comes to mind.

A character can take on a true persona from direct sight and experience. Homer provides an important window into the world of Greek epics.

In the Old Testament, many Hebrew idioms and expressions employ the term ‘face’ to convey intentions and actions. In some situations, God can take on human characteristics. The ‘face of God’ generally takes on a metaphorical sense of His presence. Man is not capable of actually physically seeing the ‘face of God.’

The New Testament continues the Old Testament understanding of this term. To be honest, I was not really surprised that there was no mention of masks in scripture. However, the hypocrite wears a mask of a sort when he acts or pretends. One also can say that we too are also like actors who play a part in the drama of our lives. In this case, God is the author who writes this script for each of us.

Coronavirus update: First of all, the mask will be forever identified with this pandemic for some time to come. Our fears, worries, and insecurities have also come to the fore ‘front’. This crisis has brought to light heroes, victims, hoarders, idiots (Co-vidiots), and rest of us (the more or less responsible persons [faces]). The heroes (doctors, nurses, and medical staff) continue on the ‘front-lines’ in this pandemic. The victims include not only the patients, but also all of us who have been displaced by the economic shutdown. The hoarders appeared because of their selfishness, greed, and panic. Well, we know who were the Co-vidiots during this crisis (no explanation needed)! Then there are the rest of us who are trying to do the best we can. A times we forget to social distance. Politicization of this crisis has unfortunately continued with conservative/liberal and red state/blue state arguments (and talking points). (If it is any consolation, I will be making my final comments about this pandemic in my next post).

In various ways, this pandemic crisis continues to ‘unmask’ our true character (good, bad, ugly, creepy, and somewhere in between).

[Greek] ἀνάμνησις (anamnēsis), [Latin] commemorationem, [Latin] recordare, [Latin] reminiscere, [French] memoire, [French] souvenir: re-presentation, memorial, remembrance, reminiscence, recollection, a recalling, reminder; Lk.22:19, 1Cor.11:24-25, Heb.10:3

Memorial Day: On this day we remember, honor and mourn those fallen military heroes.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means remembrance, recollection (by word or act), reminiscence, calling to mind, and reminders to the gods.

Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 1133: “But I bring clear recollection to his ignorance.”

Lysias’ Funeral Orations 2.39: “What supplications, what reminders of sacrifices, were not sent up to Heaven!”

Plato’s Phaedo 72e: “If it is true, Socrates, as you are fond of saying, that learning is nothing else than recollection, then this would be an additional argument that we must necessarily have learned in some previous time what me must remember.”

Xenophon’s Anabasis 7.1.26: “And what sort of a war would prove to be one may at least conjecture by having seen and be recalling to mind the events which have quite lately taken place.”

Old Testament: This term means reminder, memorial offering, remembrance, to remember, to call to mind, and to keep in remembrance.

Old Testament foreshadowing of the Eucharist:

1. The book of Malachi is the final book in the Old Testament.
2. The prophet Malachi lived about 400 years before Christ.
3. The prophet Malachi speaks of a future time when God will be worshiped by Gentiles throughout the world in every place (and time zone).
4. This sacrifice will be a perfect oblation, not marked by blemishes like those presently offered by the Old Testament priests in Jerusalem.

Mal.1:11: “From the rising of the sun to its setting, My name is great among the nations (Gentiles); incense offerings are made to My name and a pure offering; For My name is great among the nations, says the Lord of hosts” (The prophecy is fulfilled in the sacrifice of the Holy Mass. The Mass is constantly celebrated in each time zone. Around the world it is conservatively estimated:)

1. 350,000 Masses are celebrated each day around the world.
2. 4 to 5 Masses begin each second around the world.
3. 8000-9000 Masses occur each minute around the world.

New Testament: This term means reminder or remembrance.

1. With His disciples Jesus institutes the Last Supper with the breaking of the bread and the drinking of the wine.
2. He calls upon His disciples to do (repeat) these actions in memory of Him.
3. Jesus identifies His Body and Blood with the bread and wine.
4. In Corinth Paul had to address the abuse and neglect of the institution of the Lord’s Supper.
5. Paul reminds the Corinthians that the breaking of the bread and the drinking of the cup must be repeatedly done in memory of Jesus.
6. Those who do this unworthily will bring judgment (condemnation) upon themselves.
7. Heb.10:3 points out the yearly reminder of the need to perform multiple Old Testament sacrifices for sins.

Scripture:

Lk.22:19: “The He took the bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them saying, ‘This is My Body, which will be given for you; do this in memory of Me.”

1. Luke states that this Last Supper is a Passover meal that commemorated the deliverance of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt.
2. Jesus will not finish it [this Passover] again until there is fulfillment in the kingdom of heaven.
3. The deliverance associated with the Passover finds new meaning in the shedding of Jesus’ blood.
4. Jesus states that one must continually do this [EAT AND DRINK His Body and Blood] REPEATEDLY in memory of Him.

1 Cor.11:24: “After He had given thanks, broke it and said, ‘This is My Body that is for you. Do this in remembrance of Me.'”

1. Paul states that he has received this tradition from the Lord.
2. Paul now hands on this tradition to the Corinthians and others.
3. This is the earliest written account of the institution of the Lord’s Supper in the New Testament.
4. Paul states that one must do this [take the bread, give thanks, break it, and distribute Eucharist] in remembrance of Jesus.

1Cor.11:25: “In the same way also the cup, after supper saying, ‘This cup is the new covenant in My blood, Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me.'”

1. As you eat this Bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the death of the Lord.
2. Whoever eats the bread and drinks the cup of the Lord unworthily will have to answer to the Lord.
3. Anyone who eats and drinks without discerning the body, drinks judgment on himself.
4. If we discerned ourselves properly, we would not be under judgment.

Heb.10:3: “But in those sacrifices there is only a yearly remembrance of sin.” (The Old Testament sacrifices did not have the spiritual effectiveness in forgiving sin. Therefore, constant repetition of such sacrifices are needed for the forgiveness of sins.)

Catholic perspective on the Mass:

1. The Mass is the re-presentation (re-membrance) of the once and only sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross.
2. The Mass is celebrated again and again around the world.
3. The people (congregation) present the gifts of bread and wine to the priest at Mass.
4. The priest, in the person of Christ, repeats Jesus’ words at the Last Supper.
5. The priest, calling upon the Holy Spirit, consecrates the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ.

Etymology:

1. A-: this Greek prefix means without
2. Ana-: this Greek prefix means again
3. Mnesis: this Greek noun means memory
4. Amnesis: this Greek noun means forgetfulness
5. Anamnesis: this Greek noun means remembrance (memory again)
6. Admonere: this Latin verb means to warn against
7. Remiscere: this Latin verb means to remember
8. Subvenire: this Latin verb means to come (-venire) to mind from below (sub-)
9. Rememori: this Latin verb means to remember again
10. Souvenir: this French nouns means memory

Conclusion:

Memory, memorial, commemorate, commemoration, souvenir, amnesia, mnesis, memoir, record, recording, reminisce, reminiscing, reminiscence

Socrates reminds us that learning is a recollection of what we have remembered. It is interesting to note that this term was also a reminder to the gods of sacrifices offered.

Old Testament: This important term is used quite extensively. The Hebrews repeatedly recalled and commemorated the Passover event.

Update: A Kentucky archbishop seeks to standardize the practice of forbidding receiving the Eucharist on the tongue. Some Modernist and progressive clergy are often upset or offended when some seek to receive the Eucharist on the tongue.

The origin of receiving the Eucharist in the hand began during Vatican II because some rebellious Dutch bishops wanted this new practice. This forbidden practice was later accepted and normalized. This is another example of the intended or unintended consequences of Vatican II.

In this Catholic Traditional renewal, more and more people are seeking to have Eucharistic kneelers and to receive the Eucharist on the tongue.

The commonplace use of Extraordinary Eucharistic Ministers also has partly contributed to the parishioners’ lack of belief in the belief in the Real Presence. Extraordinary ministers are used too often at Mass.

If the laity could see the clergy showing more reverence in distributing the Eucharist (the clergy being the only ones distributing the Eucharist), this would further inspire and increase the laity’ belief in the Real Presence. This would greatly decrease potential liturgical desecration and abuse: dropped Eucharistic hosts and particles, parishioners not immediately consuming the Eucharist, and decreased reverence.

[Greek] ἀνοικοδομέω (anoikodomeō), [Latin] aedificare, [Latin] reaedificare: to build again, to rebuild, to restore; Acts 15:16

Galen (130-210 AD) was a physician, surgeon, and philosopher during the time of the Roman Empire. Here is one of his ‘prescriptions’ for human happiness.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to build up, to erect, to wall up, to build again, and to rebuild. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.186 states “Near the middle of the city, the Queen built a bridge with the stones that had been dug, binding them together with iron and lead.” Lycurgus’ Against Leocrates 81 states “I will not rebuild a single one of the shrines which the barbarians have burn and razed, but allow them to remain for future generation as a memorial to the barbarians’ impiety.”  Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 1.89 states “The Athenian people, after the departure, of the barbarians, prepared to rebuild the city and their walls. For only isolated portions had been left standing.

Old Testament: This term means to build, to establish, to cause to continue, to establish a family, to wall up, to wall off, to build a wall, and to shut off. He has walled up my way so that I cannot pass (Job 19:8). He has blocked my ways with hewn stone (Lam.3:9). In that day I will raise up the fallen booth of David, and wall up its breaches (Amo.9:11). The Lord fashioned into woman a rib which He has taken from the man (Gen.2:22). Then Noah built an altar to the Lord (Gen.8:20). I will establish your see forever and build up your throne to all generation (Psa.89:4). The son which the builders rejected, has become the chief cornerstone (Psa.118:22). The wise woman builds her house (Pro.9:1).

Old Testament prophet Amos: Amos was a sheep-breeder in Judah, who delivered his oracles in the northern kingdom during the reign of Jeroboam II (786-746 BC). Amos, in the great cult center of Bethel, prophesied the overthrow of the sanctuary, the fall of the royal house, and the captivity of the people. The priest of Bethel ultimately expelled Amos. Amos boldly indicts kings, priest, and leaders. Amos is a prophet of divine judgment, concerned about the sovereignty of the Lord. Israel’s rebelliousness seems to have exhausted God’s divine patience, potentially leading to Israel’s destruction. However, Amos ends on a hopeful note stating that God will raise up (rebuild) the fallen house of David.

New Testament: This term means to build up again. At the Council of Jerusalem, James makes reference to the words of the Old Testament prophet Amos in a messianic sense. In Amos 9:11-12 the house (family) of David will be rebuilt. The Davidic kingdom had became the divided Northern and Southern Kingdoms. Amos offers the promise of the house (hut) of David being rebuilt. Jesus will be the shoot from which the house of David will be rebuilt.

Scripture:

“After this I shall return and rebuild the fallen hut of David; from its ruins I shall rebuild it and raise it up again.” Acts 15:16

Jesus, a shoot of David, will rebuild this house of David.

Etymology: The Greek prefix ana- means again. An oikos is the ancient Greek equivalent of a household, house or family. Essentially, this was the basic unit of society in most Greek city states. Oikos becomes the basis for the word economy. The Latin aedis can be a temple, shrine, room, building, or dwelling.

Conclusion:

Economy, economic, economize, edifice, edification, edifying

As for the etymology (word origin) of this term, this background information could perhaps be very ‘edifying’ in building up your knowledge about this term.

One can only imagine all the countless destruction (and rebuilding) that comes from wars and conflicts. Kings, queens, and other leaders have continually initiated great building infrastructure projects over time. One can also imagine such leaders imprisoning, walling up, and incarcerating enemies or prisoners.

This term is found quite frequently in the Old Testament. It is interesting to note that this term can be used metaphorically. In one sense, building a house (family) can mean having offspring and descendants. This is a common Eastern idiom. A woman is said ‘to be built’ means having children (or the capacity to have children). In one sense, ‘to wall someone around’ means to set one in safety.

In the New Testament, Jesus is the descendant who will build up (restore) the house of David.

Cornonavirus update: Each and every one of us want and need to get back to work. We need to get back to work to rebuild our economy (and our own livelihoods), our piece of mind, and our responsibilities in providing for others. But we also must be careful and deliberate. And so your prescription is ready (with unlimited refills). Take as directed.

[Greek] ἀναγκαῖος (anagkaios), [Latin] necessarior, [Latin] essentialis, [Latin] oportere: essential, necessary, close relatives, needful, indispensable; Acts 10:24, Acts 13:46, 1Cor.12:22, 2Cor.9:5, Php.2:25, Tit.3:14, Heb.8:3

The Doctor: painting by Sir Luke Fildes (1887). The doctor was essential in saving the child’s life

Background information:

The Doctor (painting by Sir Luke Fields): The artist depicts a Victorian doctor observing the critical stage in a child’s illness. The parents, in the background, look on with concern. This painting illustrates the ideal (essential) physician and the limitations of the medical profession. The artist draws upon his own personal tragedy of the death of his own son. The breaking light of dawn on the child’s face suggests the crisis is over and that recovery is possible.

Early thoughts on essential health: Hippocrates’ On Dietetics Book 1 states “Eating by itself will not keep a man well; he must also have physical exercise. Food and exercise, while possessing opposite properties, nevertheless mutually contribute to maintain health. It is necessary to determine the exact powers of various exercises and which of them contribute to the development of muscle and which to wear and tear”. Galen’s On Hygiene Book 1 states “To me it does not seem that all bodily movement is exercise, but only when it is vigorous. The same movement might be exercise for one and not another. This is what is commonly called exercise.”

Greek Hellenism: This term means necessities of life, compulsion, urgent, fateful chance, indispensable, urgent necessity, forcible, and appointed order of things. Sophocles’ Ajax 485 states “Ajax, my lord, the fortune that humans are compelled to endure is their greatest evil.” Euripides’ Orestes 230 states “There! His couch is welcome to the sick man, a painful possession, but a necessary one.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.1.6 states “But if consequences could not be foreseen, he sent them to the oracle to inquire whether the thing out to be done.” Euripides’ Andromache 671 states “Yet do you, on behalf of a foreigner, shout such things at your close kin?”

Antiphon of Rhammus: Also known as Antiphon the Sophist, he was a paid teacher of teacher of philosophy in ancient Greece. He was an essential (necessary) professional speech writer who wrote for those who felt incompetent in conducting their own case. He wrote speeches for both the prosecution and defense. Antiphon’s Third Tetralogy 4.1.2 states” When God was minded to create the human race and brought us to being, He gave us the earth and sea to sustain and serve us, in order that we might not die for want of the necessaries of life.”

New Testament: This term means necessary, indispensable, intimate (close friends), and necessities (urgent needs). Paul provides examples of situations where it was necessary to spread the Word of God, to explain, to provide encouragement, to remain, and to send messengers. As the chosen people of God, it was necessary for God to first give the Word to the Jews. However, since the Jews refused, God sent the Word to the Gentiles. At times, it was necessary that Paul remain to provide encouragement to the Philippians. It was necessary to send Epaphroditus to aid Paul while he was in prison. It was necessary for Paul to encourage others to receive the promised gift. Paul teaches that the weaker (smaller) parts are all the more necessary. In Philemon, Paul instructs others to devote themselves to good works to support urgent needs. It is of great necessity that a high priest is able to offer gifts and sacrifice.

Scripture:

“On the following day he entered Caesarea. Cornelius was expecting them and had called his relatives and close friends.” Acts10:24

Cornelius was so affected by the apparition that he invited his friends for his meeting with Peter.

“Both Paul and Barnabus spoke out boldly, and said, ‘It was necessary that the word of God be spoken to you first, but since you reject and condemn yourselves as unworthy of eternal life, we now turn to the Gentiles.” Acts 13:46

As God’s chosen people, God comes to the Jews first. The Jews refused to believe. God then goes to the Gentiles.

“Yet I remain in the flesh the flesh is more necessary for your benefit.” Php.1:24

Paul needs to remain in order to be in service for the Philippians.

The Basiliad: first Christian Hospital in Caesarea (379 AD): Basil, born around 330 AD, belonged to a family of wealth and prestige. Although raised in a Christian home, Basil decided to pursue a path of asceticism. Basil founded his monastery. This essential (necessary) monastery treated the sick and studied disease. Christians were uncomfortable with Greek medicine associated with the cult of Asclepius, a healing god symbolized by the snake. In contrast, Basil argued that medical science was a gift from God, not a pagan deception.

Conclusion:

Opportunity, opportune, necessary, essential

It was interesting to discover that this term also refers to close friends. Perhaps this was a way to distinguish important (necessary) friends from casual friends. It is also perhaps not surprising that being fit and fitness go hand in hand. Hippocrates and Galen both stress the importance of eating and exercise (fitness) as necessary for living.

The Greek playwrights constantly wrote about the essential qualities and motivations of the human condition. It is curious that Euripides would make such a statement that a couch was a necessary possession for a sick person. (It sounds so unnecessary to make such a statement!). It sounds like Antiphon was an essential (necessary) employee for the Greek judicial court system. It is clear that Antiphon was able to convey the sentiments of a person believing in God (or gods). Antiphon either must have had some great insight or he was just a very good speech writer.

In the New Testament, Paul makes frequent and necessary statements about what is essential (necessary). It was necessary for the Christians’ welfare.

St. Basil’s hospital becomes the precursor for treating the sickest of the sick (lepers), acute illness, and hospice care for needy travelers.

WARNING—–USELESS WORDS ALERT (Let’s just say unnecessary this time!)

Necessitousness: The state or condition being necessary or essential

Necessitarianism: There is exactly one way for the world to be

Neccessitation: Necessity as a law or force of nature

Necessaries: The basic requirements of life

Necessitied: In a state of want

Coronavirus pandemic: We honor and salute all those essential (necessary) workers who are on the front lines during this pandemic. These include doctors, nurses, and all those medical staff.  Let’s not forget about all those retail employees (exposing themselves to the public) who serve the people! However, at the end of the day, we all are essential (necessary) to those who depend upon us.

In my post I mentioned ‘necessary’ many times. But it was necessary!

[Greek] ἀτενίζω (atenizō), [Latin] intendere, [Latin] attendere, [Latin] intueor: to look intently, to fix one’s eyes to, to fasten one’s eyes, to look steadfastly, to focus (stretch) one’s attention to, to stare at, to gaze intently, to focus one’s intent on; Lk.4:20, Lk.22:56, Acts 1:10, Acts 3:4,12, Acts 6:15, Acts 7:55, Acts 10:4, Acts 11:6, Acts 13:9, Acts 14:9, Acts 23:11, 2Cor.3:7,13

The Brady Bunch zoomed before zooming became cool.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to look intently, to observe, to stare, and to gaze earnestly. The Greek playwrights (Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Aristophanes) ‘saw’ this term as a supposition, view, or legal opinion. Polybius’ Histories 6.11.12 states “For if we confine our observations to the power of the Consuls, we should be inclined to regard it as despots; if that of the Senate, as aristocratic; and if finally one looks at the power possessed by the people, it would seem a clear case of democracy. Josephus’ War of the Jews 5.12.1 states “Each victim expired with his eyes fixed on the temple. (The Jews died from the famine created by an invader’s army).

Old Testament: This term, found only twice in the apocryphal books, is used metaphorically. And I command that it be built completely, and that full effort be made to help the men who have returned from the captivity of Jedea, until the house of the Lord is finished (1Esd.6:28). He was not content with his uncounted licentious deeds, but even continued with such audacity that he framed evil reports in the various localities’ and many of his friends, intently observing the king’s purpose, themselves also followed his will (3Macc.2:26).

New Testament: This term essentially means to look intently. It is important to ‘zoom in’ and intuit their reasons (and motivations) for doing so.

Lk. 4:20: All in the synagogue were looking intently at Jesus. (They were amazed at His knowledge and gracious words).

Lk. 22:56: The maid looked intently at Peter, saying this man was with Him. (She saw Peter with the criminal Jesus).

Acts 1:10: The disciples were looking intently at the sky as He was lifted up. (The disciples are wondering ‘Jesus, why are you leaving us!”)

Acts 3:4,12: Why do you all look so intently at us as if we made him walk by our own power or piety? (Did they expect that Peter did this by himself?).

Acts 6:15: The Sanhedrin looked intently at Stephen and saw that his face was like the face of an angel. (They were astonished that Stephen looked like an angel).

Acts 7:55: Stephen looked up intently in the heavens. (Stephen saw the glory of God and Jesus standing at the right hand of the Father).

Acts 10:4: Cornelius looked intently at the angel. (Cornelius was seized with fear).

2Cor.3:7,13: Israelites could not look intently at the cessation that was fading. (The Israelites could not clearly see that God’s glory was going to fade. Their thoughts were rendered dull as if covered with a veil).

Intuit (verb): To know or to understand something because of what you feel or sense rather than because of evidence.

Zoom: A current widely used cloud platform for video and audio conferencing, chat, and webinars.

Etymology: In this Greek term atenizo, the a- preposition indicates intensity. The Greek base verb teino means to stretch or to extend. The Latin verb attendere refers to paying attention, attending to, and turning to. The Latin verb intendere refers to stretching out, to turning attention to, to focusing on, and to intending to.

Conclusion:

Intend, intention, attention, attend, intuition, intuitive, intuit

I think it is important to ‘pay attention’ to the original meaning (etymology) of this term which conveys an intense stretching (extending) of one’s attention to another.

In the Greek Hellenistic era, the Greek scholars, writers, and playwrights viewed this term in more nuanced ways (opinions, suppositions, and political views). You can imagine these scholars saying, “I see what you mean,” or “It is my opinion…”

In the New Testament, it was interesting to discover that all these scriptural examples were used in the same way: to look intently. Yet, one needs to further ‘look intently’ to understand the reasons why.

Update: coronavirus pandemic: Many of us have been thrust into this novel format of teleconferencing (Zooming) for the first time. Many companies have already been doing this and still other companies are just catching up. The reality is that this form of communication will continue for some time. One can say that Zooming actually extends this term to the next level and time zone!

An Ode To A Video-Conference Call

They’ll look at you intently,

In your video-conference call,

But don’t let them see too much,

When you’re Donald Ducking,

Wearing no pants at all!

[Greek] χωρίζω (chōrizō), [Latin] separare, [Latin] segregare, [Latin], exitus, [French] partir: to separate, to divide, to asunder, to place room between, to isolate from one to another; Mt.19:6, Mk.10:9, Acts 1:4, Acts 18:1-2, Rom.8:35,39, 1Cor.7:10-11,15, Phil. 1:15, Heb.7:26

A page from Vincent de Beauvais’ compendium (encyclopedia) of Medieval knowledge. The attendant at the gate, with this hands out, tells the leper and crippled person to leave the castle.

Background information:

Speculum Historiales (Mirror of History) Folio 373r: Vincent de Beauvais was a Dominican friar at Cistercian Royaumount Abbey, France. At the city’s main gate, the resident refuses to let in the leper and wounded man. The resident’s refusal, shown by his body posture (with his hands in front of him), prevents them from coming in. The leper plays an instrument, a custom of the time, to announce (and warn) others that he is a leper. The social rejection of disease contrasted sharply with the welcome of the Church. The increased body size of the leper indicates the social importance of the patient in the Christian worldview.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to separate, to divide, to exclude, to remove, to detach, to depart, to remain, to distinguish, and to banish. Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 94 states “I will tell you what I heard from the god. The god Phoebus clearly commands us to drive out this defilement which harbors in this land… By banishing the man Oedipus.” Isocrates’ Plataicus 14.49 states “But our greatest anguish of all is when one is separated from each other, not only citizens from citizens, but also wives from husbands, daughters from mothers, and every tie of kinship severed.” Plato’s Philebus 55e states “If arithmetic and the sciences of measurement and weighing were taken away from all the arts, what was let of any of them would be pretty worthless.”

Old Testament: This term means to isolate, to divide, to separate, to set apart, to depart, to withdraw, to remove, and to make a distinction. He shall remain unclean all the days during which he has infection; he is unclean. He shall live alone, his dwelling shall be outside the camp (Lev.13:46). Let him sit alone and be silent (Lam.3:28). And God separated the light from the darkness (Gen.1:4). I have set you apart from the people to be Mine (Lev.20:26). I have not departed from the command of His lips (Job 23:12). Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers (Gen.2:10).

New Testament: This term means to divorce (dissolve), to depart, to leave, to separate, and to be set apart. Paul speaks of marriage which creates one flesh between two persons. No human must separate this unity. This term also refers to moving (departing) in various situations. Paul speaks of the fears and struggles which separate us from the love of God (Christ). Paul also refers to the spiritual principalities or malevolent powers which may separate us from God’s love. Jesus is the High Priest, set apart from sinners, who can provide a more perfect sacrifice.

Scripture:

“There Paul met a Jew named Aquila, a native of Pontus, who had recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla because ordered all Jews to leave Rome.” Acts 18:2

The Emperor Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome in 49 AD.

“What will separate us from the love of Christ? Will anguish, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril or the sword?” Rom.8:35

Paul was pointing out the obstacles and insecurities that the Christians could be facing in their path.

“It was fitting that we should have such a high priest: holy, innocent, undefiled, separated from sinners, higher than the heavens.” Heb. 7:26

Jesus is the High Priest whom the human race requires. Jesus makes a superior once and for all sacrifice.

The Black Death: In the middle 14^th century, this plague swept across Europe. This plague spread rapidly from southern Europe to England, Germany, and Russia. This disease wiped out about a third of Europe’s population, forcing European officials to take extreme preventative measures. In some parts, declarations were made to take the diseased individuals out of the city and leave them in the fields, where they would either recover or die. But these steps had limited effectiveness or success. So more drastic actions were needed to be taken.

New isolation practices: Officials in the Venetian-controlled port city (now Dubrovnik, Croatia), passed a law establishing a trentino (30 day isolation period) for ships arriving from plague affected areas. No one was allowed to visit those ships under trentino. Violators would also be isolated. Other cities implemented these practices. Within a century, cities extended this isolation period from 30 to 40 days. This 40 day isolation period was called a quarantino (quarantine). This number increase may have been attributed to the significance of the number 40 in Christianity and scripture.

Conclusion:

Separate, separation, part, depart, exit, segregate, segregation

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the many uses of this term in various contexts. The sense of separating can be found in various ways. Euripides speaks of separating components in an educational discipline. Plato makes reference of separating (distinguishing) a person from others in discovering his true character. In Sophocles’ play Oedipus Tyrannus, the god claimed that Oedipus was the cause of the plague. Therefore, Oedipus must be banished.

In the Old Testament, the lepers must be isolated from all others. Only the priests can make the judgment to separate or to bring back these lepers.

In the New Testament, Paul states that marriage (the joining of two into one flesh) can not be separated by humans. Jesus is the High Priest who is set apart from all others. Jesus is the only one who can offer a more perfect sacrifice to take away the sins of others. Unlike the Old Testament priests, Jesus offers a one and only sacrifice.

Vincent of Beauvais’ Speculum Historiale provides a window into the historical world up to his time. The portrait of Vincent of Beauvais contains an actual convex mirror as a visual pun. One wonders if he saw objects closer than they appear! Or perhaps he may have had a wider view of the world.

For those of you wondering, there is no ‘link’ of this term [sorry for the sausage humor] to chorizo sausage.

Coronavirus pandemic: Like the 14^th century, it was necessary to stop the transport of passenger ships. Now today, this also includes airplanes in order to mitigate the spread of this virus. We have come a long way in separating ourselves from the cruel and barbaric practices of leaving and abandoning the infected in the fields outside the cities. Rather, we are isolating the elderly and infirm inside (in their homes and hospitals) as we are protecting them from exposure. As we all continue to move forward in our path to get back to work, we must continue to separate ourselves with social distancing.

Happy Mother’s Day to all moms with us and set apart from us!

[Greek] θύρα (thyra), [Latin] foris, [Old English] dor: door, entrance, gate portal; Mt.6:6, Mt. 24:33, Mt.25:10, Mt.27:60, Mt. 28:2, Mk.1:33, Mk.2:2, Mk.11:4, Mk.13:29, Mk.15:46, Mk.16:3, Lk.11:7, Lk.13:25, Jn.10:1,2,7,9, Jn.18:16, Jn.20:19:26, Act: 3:2, Act:5:19,23, Act 12:6,13, Act 14:27, Act 16:26,27, Act 21:30

The original door (thyra) of the Temple of Divus Romulus (built in the 4th century A.D in Rome)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means door, double doors, folding doors, outer gate, residence, window shutters, royal court, trap door, stone door, and sluice-gate, and soul entrance. This term can be used in a literal, figurative, and metaphorical sense. The figurative (metaphorical) sense provides a spatial image to denote time. In Greek literature this term is found in epiphanies, securing (and releasing) of doors, miracles of liberation, freeing of chains, and belief in prodigies. The plural form references two doors at the front entrance of a residence or temple building. The singular form references a folding door. A bolt (bar) was typically used to secure the door. The means to bolt (lock) or unbolt (unlock) was accomplished by the pulling of a leather cord which was inserted through a hole in the door. A loop, ring or hook was used to pull or release the cord. The bolt becomes an ancient precursor to the key.

Homer’s Odyssey 1.442 states “She then went forth from the chamber, drawing the door to by its silver handle, and driving the bolt home with the cord.” Homer’s Odyssey 1.255 states “Would that he might come now and take his stand at the outer gate of the house.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 6.5.23 states “Soldiers, remember how many battles you have won, with the help of the gods. Remember that we are at the doors of Greece.” Homer’s Odyssey 9.243 states “Then he lofted on high and set in place the great stone-door, a mighty rock, such a towering mass of rock he set in the doorway.” Plato’s Phaedrus 233e states “At private entertainments, you ought not to invite your friends, but beggars who need a meal, for they will love you and attend you and come to your doors.”

Door: The Latin word for door is foris. Interestingly, foris can also mean out of doors, outside, or abroad. In a sense, the door provides an entrance and (exit) to the outside.

Forest: This term derives from the early Latin forestis silva (outside woods). This is a region outside the main or central area of administration of a leading ruling authority. This region typically consists of woodland, scrub, agricultural land, and pastures. This phrase later becomes shortened into forest, still retaining a sense of separation and exclusion.

Foreign:This term pertains to places outside the boundaries of a country. This is a region out of doors or outside.

Forum: This is a marketplace, public place, or open space. The Roman Forum was an outside public area for commercial, religious, social, and political activities.

Thyroid: This is a oblong door shaped endocrine gland regulating the body’s metabolism.

Old Testament: This term can mean door, gate, entrance, something swinging, and window. In a figurative sense, the door speaks of both God and man opening doors. The man opens the door to God by repenting. God opens the door to man by giving him opportunities for intercession, repentance, and grace. This term has a missionary sense. God opens a door for an opportunity for the missionary. God opens a door of faith to those who come to believe.

Uriah slept at the entrance of the royal palace with the officers (2Sam.11:9). The Ammonites came out and drew up in battle formation at the entrance of the city gate (2Sam. 10:8). The revelation of your words sheds light, gives understanding to the simple (Psa. 119:130). Lot went out to meet them at the entrance (Gen.19:6). Go, my people, enter your chambers (Isa.26:20). All the cities were fortified with high walls and gates (Deut.3:5). Each door had two movable leaves (Ezek. 41:24). And who shut within doors the sea, when it burst forth from the womb (Job 38:8). This is nothing else but an abode of God, and that is the gateway to heaven (Gen.28:17).

New Testament: This term is also used in a literal and figurative sense. Literal examples include the house door, outer-door (leading into the courtyard), the door of a walled in area (field), temple gate, inner court gate, and tomb entrance. The figurative examples include the door of heaven which controls access to heaven and Jesus. Door miracles, occurring in Acts, make reference to earthquakes, liberation at night, falling off of chains, and the bursting open of doors. Jesus, the Good Shepherd, is the gate (door) to the sheep. This sheep imagery, coming from the Old Testament, points to Jesus as the Messianic mediator, the Way (and the truth and the light), and as the one who allows one to come to the Father.

Scripture:

“So Jesus said to them again, ‘Truly, truly, I say to you, I am the door of the sheep.’” Jn.10:7

Jesus is the Good Shepherd leading His sheep. When Jesus says, ‘Truly, truly…”, Jesus means to say something very important.

“Strive to enter through the narrow door, for many, I tell you, will seek to enter and will not be able.” Lk.13:24

The narrow door may offer a difficult. Not many will be able to enter

“But during the night the angel of the Lord opened the gates of the prison.” Acts 5:19

The God (through the angel) provided a door (opening) of freedom.

Conclusion:

Thyroid, door, forest, forum foreign, door

Perhaps it is not surprising that this term has been used literally, figuratively, and metaphorically throughout history. Doors have historically been associated with liberation and freedom. The door can provide an entrance (exit) into either safety or danger. It was interesting to discover the ancient precursor of locking and unlocking a door.

It was really interesting to discover the Latin meaning of door. The door is defined by the outside and its access to the outside. The forest is also defined by being outside. What is foreign is also outside.

It is significant to note that a door is used to illustrate the relationship between God and man. The door can provide access (or closure) to grace, salvation, and missionary work. Doors and gates provide an important role in providing access to temples and courts.

The miracle door stories in Acts contain themes of liberation from bondage. They emphasize that God can overcome these human obstacles. Besides being the Good Shepherd, Jesus is also considered the gate (door) to the sheep. This imagery illustrates that Jesus guides and becomes the Way man knows about the Father in heaven.

Update: coronavirus pandemic: We as a nation are slowly beginning to open our doors for business. This process will vary based on “your neck of the woods” (region). We all must be careful in how we get back to work as we are not “out of the woods” yet. To be honest, I can sympathize with both sides about concerns about going back to work.  Many cannot afford worrying about “not seeing the forest before the trees” (getting too involved with the details). They need to get back to work! On the other hand, many are not yet ready. From our doors we are entering into this foreign brave new world.

[Greek] ἀνοίγω (anoigō), [Latin] apertare, [Latin] dilatare: to open; 77 scripture references

[Greek] διανοίγω (dianoigō), [Latin] apertare, [Latin] cognoscere, [Latin] adapeire, [French] decouvrir: to make open (uncover), to explain; 7 scripture references

The aperture is the hole or opening (in the camera) through which light travels.

Background information

My opening thoughts: I just wanted to be open about this. Essentially, these two terms mean to open. (There is a lot of opening going on in scripture!) I do not want to be an idiot and list every way something (or someone) is opened. Rather, I wanted to focus on idioms using the term ‘open’. An idiom is a group of words established by usage having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words. I hope you are open to understanding these examples of idioms in the Old Testament and New Testament. I will provide the idiom, its meaning, and the scriptural reference. Idioms often can provide a picture (snapshot) of cultural values and thinking:

Old Testament:

To open the womb: To become the first born (Exo.13:2).

To open the hand: Being generous (Esther 1:7).

To open the ear: To inform or reveal (Job 33:16).

Open mouth wide: To sneer (Isa.57:4).

New Testament:

Open the mouth: Jesus teaches about the Beatitudes (Mt.5:2).

Door will be opened to you: Making possible some opportunity (Mt.7:7).

Eyes were opened: To cause someone to be able to see (Mt.9:30).

Open my mouth in parables: To convey truth through hidden words (Mt.13:35).

Open the door for us! Unable to enter the kingdom of heaven (Mt.25:11).

Open the mouth: be able to speak again (Lk.1:64).

Ready to open immediately when he comes and knocks: Being ready for the Lord (Lk.12:36).

To open the mouth: Peter will speak true doctrine (Acts 10:34).

Open the door of faith: Make it possible for the Gentiles to have faith (Acts 14:27).

To open their eyes: To remove their spiritual blindness (Acts 26:18).

Their throats are open graves: deceiving with their tongues (Rom.3:3).

Door opened for me wide and productive: making something possible (1Cor.16:9).

Our heart is open wide: Show generosity and affection (2Cor.6:11).

The male that opens the womb: the firstborn son (Lk.2:23).

Their eyes were open: they saw Jesus (Lk.24:31).

Opened the scriptures to us: were able to understand (Lk.24:32).

Opened her heart: became a believer (Acts 16:14)

Greek etymology (From idios to idiot): The Greek idios means private. The Greek idioma means something private (property or phrases, etc). The Greek idiotes means private person, “country bumpkin”, layman, or ignorant person. One doesn’t need to be a genius to figure out how we get to this modern definition of an idiot.

Conclusion:

Aperture, adapt, cover, dilate, dilation, recognize, cognizant

I was surprised by the many idioms using the term ‘open.’ I really think that these idioms further open up one’s understanding of these scriptures.

Update: coronavirus pandemic: Our nation is starting the process of opening up for business. We must remain open to being cautious and deliberate in our actions. It remains to be seen how many will be open to the possibility of now going back to work, restaurants, stores, and other venues. Each of us must keep an open mind during these unsettling times.

Idioms are for those who show high insight. Idiots are those who show low insight. (I think you get the picture).

It’s time to take my leave of you [From the 1200’s]

[Greek] αἰσθάνομαι (aisthanomai), [Latin] ignorare: to perceive, to be able to understand, to mentally grasp, to notice; Lk.9:45

Alcibiades Being Taught by Socrates: painting by Francois-Andre Vincent (1776)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to have a sensual perception, spiritual discernment, ethical decision, and an intellectual understanding. A person is summoned to a logical or logical decision. These situations can pertain to perceiving, to conceiving, to contemplating, to learning from someone, to coming to an agreement, to having possession of one’s faculties, and taking notice of.

Plato’s Gorgias 479c states “Polus, do you observe the consequences of our argument? Or if you like, shall we reckon them up together?” Aristophanes’ Wasps 176 states “Yes, but I have not swallowed the hook; I scented the trick.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 4.1.1. states “ Socrates was so useful in all circumstances in all ways, that any observer gifted with ordinary perception can see that nothing was more useful than companionship with Socrates.” Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 1.70 states “Beside, we consider that we have as good a right as any one to point out a neighbor’s faults, particularly when we contemplate the great contrast between two national characters, as far as we can see, yo have little perception.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 252 states “Be sure that I know nothing of what you ask!”

Old Testament: This term means to understand, to discern, to consider, to perceive, to fear, to make haste, to distinguish, and to be terrified. I would learn the words with which he would answer and understand what he would reply to me (Job 23:5). A single reprimand does more for a man of intelligence than a hundred lashes for a fool (Pro.17:10). You conceive dry grass, bring forth stubble (Isa.33:11). Choose wise and discerning and experienced mean from your tribes (Deu.1:13). At the sound of Your thunder they hurried away (Psa.104:7).

New Testament: This term, used only once, means to be able to understand or to mentally grasp something. Jesus wanted His disciples to pay attention to His second prediction of the Passion. The Son of Man is to be handed over to men. But the disciples did not understand. They were afraid to ask Jesus about this. The disciples had no inner understanding of the prophecy of the passion.

Scripture:

“But they did not understand this saying: its meaning was hidden from them so they should not understand it, and they were afraid to ask Him about this saying.” Lk.9:45

The disciples were clueless as to what Jesus was saying to them. They had no understanding of what Jesus said.

Aesthetic: This is a set of principles (philosophy) underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement. Painters, fashion designers, and artists often make use of this term.

Apprehension (apprehend): This essentially means grasping something with the senses of the mind. An apprentice is one who learns a craft or trade.

Conclusion:

Aesthetic, ignore, ignorance

It is interesting to note that the Latin equivalent verb uses the negative sense. This term conveys a reasoned and intellectual understanding of something. Xenophon sensed that Socrates was a great companion. Thucydides’ contrasting of new national characters reminds us on two political candidates running for office.

In the Old Testament, I was surprised by the many and nuanced meanings of this term. Such nuanced examples include making haste and being terrified.

In the New Testament, this term illustrates another example of the disciples’ cluelessness and ignorance. The disciples could not perceive what Jesus was talking about.

I hope that I was able to apprehend (seize) your attention about this term. Does this appeal to your aesthetic (word sense)?

[Greek] βραδύνω (bradynō), [Latin] tardare: to be slow, to be tardy, to delay, to hesitate, to be slack, to tarry, to retard; 1Tim.3:15, 2Pet.3:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make slow, to delay, to loiter, and to slack. Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus 1628 states “Oedipus, why do you delay our going? Too long you have been lingering.” Aeschylus’ Seven Against Thebes 623 states “He has the wisdom of an old man, but his body is at its prime; his eyes are quick, and he does not delay for his spear to seize what is left exposed by the shield.” Aeschylus’ Suppliant Women 730 states “Yet in the event that we should be slow in bringing aid, it would be better not to forget for a moment the means of help you have here at hand. Courage!” Sophocles’ Electra 1501 states “You bandy words, and our going is delayed. Move forward!”

Old Testament: This term means to loiter, to procrastinate, to remain (be behind), to hinder, to defer, to hesitate, to linger, and to be reluctant. And the young man deferred not to do the right thing (Gen.34:19). They shall not delay to offer the first of thy ripe fruits and of thy liquors (Exo.22:29). He tarried longer than the set time which he had appointed them (2Sam.20:5). For if we had not delayed, surely by now we could have returned twice (Gen.43:10). See, I am going to wait at the fords of the wilderness until word comes from you to inform me (2Sam.15:28). Those who linger long over wine, those who go to taste mixed wine (Pro.23:30).

New Testament: This term means to be delayed, to be late, and to delay. In 1Timothy, Paul writes to Timothy, intending to visit him in Ephesus. Paul sends this letter to Timothy beforehand to remind him of his important task to preserve sound Christian conduct in the Ephesian Church. Paul gives Timothy this great responsibility. In 2Peter the author is writing to the Christian faithful in the midst of false teachers who deny the second coming of Christ. These false teachers argue that the promised return of Christ has not been realized. The author provides encouragement that the delay of the Lord’s coming is not a failure to fulfill His Word but rather a sign of His patience. God is giving time for repentance for the final judgment.

Scripture:

“But if I should be delayed, you should know how to behave in the household of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and foundation of truth.” 1Tim.3:15

Paul was intended to visit Timothy in Ephesus. Peter sent this letter to Timothy beforehand. In the event that Paul is delayed, Paul points out Timothy’s responsibility to guide and lead the Church.

“The Lord does not delay His promise, as some regard ‘delay,’ but He is patient with you, not wishing that any should perish but that all should come to repentance.” 2Pet.3:9

The false teachers tried to justify their immorality by fomenting discouragement among the Christians who were waiting for the return of the Lord. The writer of 2Pet. seeks to encourage these Christians who are still waiting for the return of the Lord.

For all those times when God seems to be tardy in answering our prayers: A Prayer/Poem About Unanswered Prayers:

Waiting on the Lord

When prayers aren’t answered

Quickly or right away,

Just ask the Lord to reveal to you,

The reason for His delay.

If the answer for that request

Just seems to take too long

Just lift up your hands

And praise Him

With a glorious new song.

Just wait on the Lord

And try to be still

‘Cause your request may not be

In God’s will.

If that is the case

Just praise Him again

He won’t steer you wrong

‘Cause He’s your friend.

Maybe you’ll learn patience,

A little trust too.

Or maybe your motives

You’ll need to review.

Ask Him for an answer

The way He sees fit.

But don’t you lose hope

And don’t you quit.

The answer can revealed

In a miraculous way.

So be prepared to listen

To what He has to say.

The answer will bring Him

Honor and glory.

And then you’ll be able to tell

Your story.                                           

Minister to those

Who did lose hope.

Who were looking for answers

On how to cope.

 By unknown

Bradycardia: This a medical condition when the heart rate is too slow.

Conclusion:

Tardy, tarry, bradycardia, work

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include loitering and slacking. When one is bandying words by pointlessly and rudely arguing, one is actually delaying.

In the Old Testament, there are more nuanced meanings of this term. Essentially, all these meaning come from an aspect of delaying. Such examples include loitering, deferring, hesititating, and being reluctant.

Although Paul may be delayed, he gives Timothy the authority and responsibility for leading the Church. In 2Peter the Christians actually believed that they would see Jesus return in their lifetimes. The writer wrote this letter to provide encouragement for these Christians. The Lord is waiting in order to allow for all come to repentance.

Coronavirus update: I can imagine many of us are wondering: “God, why can’t you end this pandemic! Why aren’t you answering our prayers! Why is it taking so long to get back to work!” For many of us (including me), this situation can be very difficult to deal with.) However, we must never hesitate in our prayers.

Far from that ivory tower, my life also has also been been continually shaped and formed by seemingly unanswered prayers. Warning! (proceed slowly with caution ☺): shameless book plug! https://leoninepublishers.com/bookstore/single-with-god.html

“We must mark God’s providence leading us; and if providence tarries, tarry till providence comes.”  Charles Spurgeon

“March on. Do not tarry. To go forward is to move toward perfection. March on and fear not the thorns nor the sharp stones on life’s path.”  Kahil Gibran

[Greek] αἰδώς (aidōs), [Latin] verecundia, [modestia], [Latin] pudentia: sense of shame, modesty, shamefacedness, bashfulness, reverence, decency; Heb.12:28, 1Tim.2:9

Fresco of a high-society Pompein woman, richly dressed with gold-threaded hair and gold earrings. She holds a wax stylus. (55-79 AD)

Background information:

Classical Greek culture: The development of this term corresponds to that of Greek ethics in which man understands his existence in reference to society, institutions, and deity. It is respect for the law of hospitality, sanctity of the home and marriage, respect for elders, and bestowing honor. Although rarely found in Hellenism, this term takes on more prominence in Stoicism. Modesty is intrisically linked with the feeling of honor and shame. Aidos is the Greek goddess of shame, modesty, respect, and humility. Likewise, Pudicitia is the Roman goddess of shame, modesty, and humility.

Greek Hellenism: This term means reverence, respect for others, self-respect, shame, sense of honor, being bashful, being ashamed, scandal, and dignity. Hesiod’s Work and Days 197 states “Strength will be right, and reverence will cease to be, and the wicked will hurt the worthy man, speaking false words against him.” Euripides’ The Suppliants 911 states “For noble nurture carries reverence for it, and every man, when he has produced virtue, scorns the name of the villain.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 1.4.4 states “He then came to use fewer words, and his voice was more subdued, and he became bashful that he actually blushed when he went to his elders.” Heodotus’ The Histories 1.8 states “Gyges protested loudly, ‘What an unsound suggestion that I should see my mistress naked. When a woman’s clothes come off, she dispenses with her modesty too.”

Old Testament: Although there is no direct Hebrew equivalent, this term is found in the literature of Hellenistic Judaism. This term is more associated with fear of God. The related Greek verb aideomai (to be ashamed) is more prevalent. Scriptures about modesty (and being modest) are also found.

The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge (Pro.1:7). Those women who who had recently been arrayed for marriage abandoned the bridal chambers prepared for wedded union, neglecting proper modesty (3Macc.1:19). The old men was forced to march at a swift pace by the violence with which they were driven in such a shameful manner (3Maac.4:5). Be not a witness against your neighbor without just cause, thus committing folly with your lips (Pro.24:28). Onias, the former high priest, a good and virtuous priest, modest in appearance (2Macc.15:12).

New Testament: This term means modesty, decency, and reverence. The secondary sense of modesty later develops from the older sense of reverence. In 1 Timothy, Paul was responding to issues concerning women’s appropriate dress for a liturgical assembly. Evidently, there was an issue concerning some women elaborately dressed (expensive clothes, braided hairstyle, and gold ornaments. The writer of Hebrews mentions that we must have gratitude and must worship God in reverence.

Scripture:

“Similarly, too, women should adorn themselves with proper conduct, with modesty and self-control, not with braided hairstyles and gold ornaments, or pearls or expensive clothes.” 1Tim.2:9

Paul felt that he had to address a serious matter concerning appropriate attire for a liturgical celebration. Evidently, there was a serious concern for Paul to had to respond to.

“Therefore, we who are receiving the unshakable kingdom should have gratitude, with which we should offer worship pleasing to God in reverence and awe.” Heb.12:28

Impudence: This is marked by contemptuous or cocky behavior or disregard for others and lack of modesty

Conclusion:

Impudence, impudent, modest, modesty, reverent, reverence

It was interesting to discover that this term is ultimately tied to Greek ethics. One must show respect for others, institutions, and deity. There is a great focus of having a code of conduct in various walks of life. Even gods were tied to humility, shame, and modesty.

In the Old Testament, this term is closely associated with fear of the Lord. Modesty follows from reverence.

In the New Testament, this term takes on both the older sense of fear (reverence) and the newer sense of modesty. It is very interesting that Paul felt that he had to address the notion of appropriate dress attire for a liturgical celebration. Evidently, perhaps this situation turned into a crisis of about what women should wear. It should go without saying that modesty in dress attire should apply to all men and woman.

In 1Timothy 6:17 Paul instructed the affluent women to focus less on their own wealth and focus more on God.  Some women wore elaborate dress, hairstyle, and jewelry during liturgical celebrations. This perhaps can be seen as sexually provocative. But perhaps Paul wanted these affluent women to dress more modestly to show some solidarity with the poor women who attended liturgical celebrations. Perhaps, some affluent women chose to flaunt their socioeconomic status before others.

Impudence: quality of being contemptuous or cocky disregard for others

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–

Verecund: bashful or modest

Verecundity: the state of being bashful or modes

Pudency: modesty or shame

Pudicity: modesty or shame

Pudendum: a person’s external genitals (where one ought to feel shame)

With all modesty, I was really surprised in what I have learned about this term.

[Greek] ἐπιστρέφω (epistrephō), [Latin] revertere, [Latin] convertere, [Latin] redire, [French] tourner, [French] se changer, [French] renverser, [French] retourner: to revert, to turn, to turn around, to return, to convert, to turn about; 44 scriptural references

 The family remains in their home waiting out the storm. At Vatican II, Pope John XXIII naively thought it was a good idea to bring some “fresh air” into the Church. As a result, this “fresh air” has turned into a greater storm: a more politicized and worldly Church.

Background information:

Le Toit (Fatherly Roof): (painting by Louis Janmot [1854]:

1. The family is at home during a thunderstorm, shown by the flashes of lightning at the window.
2. Grandmother reads a psalm to calm the tense situation. The mother and another young woman sit and sew.
3. The father (a self-portrait of Louis Janmot) looks on with concern. An older woman sits in the shadows near the window.
4. (In some ways, each of us can perhaps identify with this family as we also sit in isolation in our homes during these crises.
5. Like the father, many parents are concerned about providing for their families’ spiritual growth (welfare).

Greek Hellenism: This term means to turn back, to turn about, to turn round, to put an enemy to flight, to put about, to recur, to pay attention to, to bring into action, to convert, to correct, to return, to go back and forth, to turn against, to wheel about, and to repent.

Herodotus’ Histories 2.103.2: “From there he turned around and went back home.”

Herodotus’ Histories: “Nor be still, but turn your back and withdraw from the foe.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 6.4.9: “It was already evident that there would be a battle. Some baggage carriers as such did not wish to fight (turn back) and had withdrawn.”

Sophocles’ Antigone 1111: “But since my judgment has taken this turn, I will be there to set her free.”

Xenophon’s On Hunting 10.15: “On seeing this, the bear will leave the man under it and turn savagely and furiously on its tormentor.”

Old Testament: This term denotes movements, turnings, and changes of place. This term is quite commonly defined by one’s relationship with God. This meaning includes to turn from, to turn away, to convert, to repay, to turn to someone, and to turn to evil.

New Testament: This term means to turn around (physically), to return, to change one’s beliefs and ways (conversion), to cause to change, to go astray, and to repeat. For purposes of brevity, physical turning will be excluded.

Scripture:

Mt.10:13: “If the house is worthy, let your peace come upon it; if not, let your peace return to you.” (This means that your peace shall not come upon it. You are not bestowing a gift to them. If people were willing to receive this, they would receive a benefit or blessing.)

Mt.13:15: “Gross is the heart of this people, they will hardly hear with their ears, they have closed their eyes, lest they see with their eyes and hear with their ears and understand with their heart and be converted.” (Jesus speaks to the people because the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven has not been granted to them. They look but do not see and hear but do not listen or understand. They have struggles in being converted.)

Lk.22:32: “But I [Jesus] have prayed that your own faith may not fail; and once you have turned back, you must strengthen your brothers.” (Jesus prays that Peter’s faith be strengthened, alluding to Peter’s role in leading his brothers and disciples. Jesus states that Satan seeks to sift (place trials and temptations before them) and to cause them to lose their faith.)

Acts 11:21: “The hand of the Lord was with them and a great number who believed turned to the Lord.” (Gentiles and those who fled because of the persecution of Stephen resided in Antioch. Some Jewish Christians were uncomfortable with the mixed community. The disconcerted Jewish community sent Barnabas to investigate. Barnabas was favorably impressed by what he observed in Antioch.)

Acts 14:15: “Men, why are you doing this? We are of the same nature as of you, human beings. We proclaim to you good news that you should turn from these idols to the living God.” (Upon healing a crippled man in Lystra, many saw Paul and Barnabas as gods. Paul pleads that they turn away from idols to the living God. Idols are vanities, falsities, foolishness, folly, sin, and wickedness.)

Acts 26:18: “I shall deliver you from this people and from the Gentiles, to open their eyes that may turn from darkness to light and from the power of Satan to God.”

1. Paul alludes to his own spiritual blindness as a rabid Pharasaic persecutor of Christians. Jesus opens Paul’s eyes and appoints him as an apostle for the Gentiles.
2. Darkness refers to ignorance, paganism, disobedience, and sin.
3. Lightness refers to the purity of the gospel.
4. Satan is the ruler of the world. The pagan world and the great mass of the people of this world are subject to the kingdom of Satan.

Gal.4:8-9: “You have become slaves to things that by nature are gods, but now that you have come to know God, how can you turn back again to the weak and destitute elemental powers?” (Paul makes reference to many who were enslaved to the elemental powers of the world. God sent His Son to ransom these people to be adopted sons (and daughters) of God. Paul asks why do you throw this freedom away in turning away from God.)

Jas.5:19-20: “My brothers, if anyone among you should stray from the truth and someone bring him back, he should know that whoever brings back a sinner from the error his way will save his soul from death and will cover a multitude of sins.” (When a Christian is instrumental in the conversion of a sinner, the result is forgiveness of sins and a reinstatement of the sinner to the life of grace.) 

[Greek] tropaion, [Latin] tropaeum ==>trophy: This term is derived from the Greek and Roman practice of setting up monuments to commemorate a victory (turning point) over a foe on the battle field. The significance of the monument is a permanent reminder of victory over the defeated enemies.

In spite of the difficulties and obstacles in the world we are now seeing some minor victories in this battle.

1. More people are becoming fed up with a politicized and worldly Church. They want to see a divine Church in the “business” of saving souls rather than an NGO in the business of social justice.
2. More people are seeking reverence and piety.
3. More young priests and seminarians are becoming traditional and conservative-minded.
4. More younger people are attracted to Tradition and the TLM. Young people are looking for something much deeper and substantial in their faith.
5. More Protestants are converting to Catholicism. Protestants are also looking for something much deeper.
6. More people are seeing the harmful consequences of Vatican II (from “bringing fresh air into the Church”).
7. More people are seeking a divine Church in the world rather than a worldly synodal Church moving with the world.
8. The Holy Spirit is now already leading a true reform of this worldly Church.

Conclusion:

Conversion, convert, reverse. trophy, return, reversal, redo, change, changing

Greek Hellenism: The more nuanced examples include chasing an enemy, paying attention, putting about (a boat), repenting, correcting, and going back and forwards.

Old Testament: Turning also plays an important role in having faith (turning to God) and in falling away (turning away from God). Conversion becomes an important recurring theme. Interestingly, there are situations where God permits some to have a hardened heart (Pharaoh).

New Testament: The earliest mention of the term Christian is found in Antioch.

Update: Pope Francis and his fellow Modernists (Synodalists) have been turning Jesus’ divine Church into a worldly synodal Church made in the image of man.

It is very unfortunate that the USCCB have turned their priorities to immigration and implicit illegal immigration efforts. 90% for immigration and 1% for pro-life and abortion causes.

Cardinal McElroy, a close advisor to Pope Francis, refuses to meet with President Trump but has met with President Biden. This is a perfect illustration of a cardinal engaging in politics.

The US government is longer turning off their financial support to the USCCB, Catholic Charities, Catholic Resource Services, and other NGO and charitable organizations. The American people will also turn away their peace, gifts and financial support to these groups. How the tide has turned for these groups!

The USCCB has turned too far (“jumping the shark”) in suing the US government. The USCCB are showing themselves as political groups focused on money.

Many clergy in the clergy have lost sight of Jesus’ Church’s primary mission is to save souls. Instead, the Church has become more worldly, more politicized, and more focused on social justice issues. These clergy often remain silent and cowardly in speaking out or in defending Church teachings.

Many clergy and laity often pay lip service to Church teachings against homosexuality and sin. The LGBTQ community continue to be “welcomed” and tolerated for their behavior and lifestyle.

Many faithful clergy (Bishop Strickland, Archbishop Vigano, Cardinal Mueller, Cardinal Sarah) continue to call on their fellow bishops to stand up for Church teachings. Unfortunately, the responses have been weak and tepid, for fear of being cancelled, deposed, ostracized, and laicized.

Many of us often forget or do not realize that the world is under the domain of Satan. Satan continues to put up obstacles and temptations to lead both clergy and laity astray from the Church. Satan seeks for one to lose faith and to undermine the Church.

Many of us have been drawn, captivated, and held captive (like a slave) by sin through various idols: wealth, fame, notoriety, stuff, technology, vices, and sin. Satan will use whatever it takes to draw people away from God and the Church.

For many people, SYNODALITY IS BECOMING LIKE AN IDOL, detracting from Jesus.

Pope Francis’ papacy has been filled with many examples of spiritual ignorance, spiritual blindness, and questionable (heretical) statements and documents.

Many are now pray for both Pope Francis’ health and SPIRITURAL CONVERSION. Are you surprised? Pope Francis, with such responsibility and authority, is all the more  accountable before God.

We are now seeing small victories along the way. The Holy Spirit is already beginning to inspire a new true reform of the Church against the problems (evils) of Modernism and Synodality.

Ever since Vatican II, we have seen the Church turn into a worldly and political institution with questionable financial transactions.

We need to reassess and course correct what Vatican II caused and turn the Church back to a divine institution in the “business” of saving souls”.

“Man can build a world without God. But this world will end by turning against Him.” St. John Paul II

“This is prayer, that you turn your mind and heart to God.” St. Teresa

“We do not want a Church that WILL MOVE WITH THE WORLD. We want a Church that WILL MOVE THE WORLD.” GK Chesterton  (he nailed it on Synodality!)

Next post: Ash Wednesday

[Greek] ἀετός (aetos), [Latin] aquila, [Latin] voltur: eagle, vulture; Rev.4:7, Rev.8:13, Rev.12:14, Mt.24:28, Lk.17:37

The eagle (aquila) was the standard of the Roman legion. The standard bearer (aquilifer) carries this standard.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means eagle, bird of omen, something out of reach, gable, as a standard, constellation, favorite of Zeus, and winged hound of Zeus. Homer’s Iliad 8.247 states “Forthwith, he sent an eagle, surest of omens among winged birds, holding in his talons a fawn.” Aristophanes’ Birds 987 states “And don’t spare him, were he an eagle from out of the clouds, were it Lampon himself or the great Diopithes.” Aristophanes’ Birds 1110 states “Besides, you shall be housed like gods, for we shall erect gables over your dwellings. If you had some public post and want to do a little pilfering, we will give you the sharp claws of a hawk.”

New Testament: This term means eagle or vulture. Revelations presents the eagle as a noble, strong, wise, and swift creature of divine help. The eagle cries out in a loud voice ‘Woe, woe, woe’, in providing a warning for the last three trumpet blasts. The woman, clothed with the sun, with the moon at her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars, is carried away by the wings of the great eagle to a place of safety. The vultures will gather around the corpses (bodies). This will be one of the signs of the coming of the Son of Man.

Scripture:

“But the woman was given two wings of the great eagle, so that she could fly to her place in the desert, where, far from the serpent, she was taken care of for a year, two years, and a half-year.” Rev.12:14

The eagle is the one of the noblest, wisest, and swiftest creatures of divine help.

“Wherever the corpse is, there the vultures will gather.” Mt.24:24

This is one of the signs of the coming of the Son of Man

Conclusion:

Eagle, vulture, aquiline,

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. One cannot get more nuanced than something out of reach. The gable of a house is the triangle shaped wall (of the house) between the intersecting roofs on a house. The eagle (gable) become the precursor to the eagle plaque placed on houses.

In the New Testament, the eagle becomes the regal creature of divine help. On the other hand, vultures are associated with death and corruption.

Aquiline (aqulinity): the qualities of a hooked or crooked nose looking like an eagle’s beak

Aquila: the constellation on the celestial equator, representing the bird that carries the Zeus’ thunderbolt.

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–

Aquilege (Aquilegia): plants with irregularly spurred flowers

Aquilinity: relating to the characteristics of an eagle or hooked (crooked) nose

Aquilated: adorned with eagles’ heads

Aquilifer: A soldier signifier bearing the eagle standard of a Roman legion

Aquilone: the fictional city in Conan the Barbarians’ world

I thought that post was just about an eagle. This term surpassed my expectations like an eagle out of the clouds!

[Greek] ἀδυνατέω (adynateō), [Latin] impossibilis: it is impossible; Mt.17:20, Lk.1:37

Annunciation: painting by  Fabrizio Boschi

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to lack strength, to be unable to do, to be impossible (things), and not to be able. Plato’s Republic 366d states “No one else is willingly just, but that is from a lack of manly spirit or from old age or some other weakness, that man dispraise justice, lacking the power to practice it.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.2.23 states “How then can it be impossible for one who was prudent to lose his prudence, for one who was capable of just action to become incapable?” Herodotus’ The Histories 9.60 states “But if, as may be, anything that has befallen you which makes it impossible for you to aid us, do us the service of sending us your archers.”

Old Testament: This term, related to several Hebrew terms, contains a variety of meanings. Such meanings include to constrain, to cut off, to fortify, to enclose to subdue, to bow down, to stumble, to falter, to make weak, to kill, and to put to death.

And now nothing which they purpose to do will be impossible for them (Gen.11:6). All these were cities fortified with high walls (Deu.3:5). For the impenetrable forest has come down (Zec.11:2). Alas, my daughter. You have brought me very low (Jdg.11:35). But all the rest of the people kneeled to drink water (Jdg.7:6). They stumble and perish before You (Job 4:4). And that no purpose of yours can be hindered (Job 42:4). And many among them shall stumble and fall (Isa.8:15). When one of your fellow countrymen is reduced to poverty and is unable to hold out beside you (Lev.25:35).

New Testament: This term means it is impossible. At the annunciation, Mary, through the Holy Spirit, becomes with child. This form of conception transcends the normal process of natural procreation. Mary acknowledges her acceptance and power of God that this would come to be. The disciples were unable to remove the demons (from the child) due to their lack of faith. Jesus likens faith to a small mustard seed which can grow into a large tree. A little faith, which can move mountains, can produce great fruits (results).

Scripture:

“He said to them, ‘Because of your little faith. Amen, I say to you, if you have faith the size of a mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move. Nothing will be impossible for you.” Mt.17:20

The disciple, lacking faith, could not remove the demon from the boy. Faith is like a mustard seed which can reap great results.

“For nothing will be impossible for God.” Lk.1:37

Mary shows complete faith and trust in the Lord. Mary is accepting of the Holy Spirit coming over her to bear a Son.

Conclusion:

Dynamic, dynamite, impossible, impossibility

Plato and Xenophon both speak of this term regarding the character of the person. Power becomes a cosmic principle. This cosmic principle is equated with deity.

I was surprised by the many meanings (uses) of this term in the Old Testament. The more nuanced examples include fortifying oneself (making others weaker), making one weak and faltering (unable to accomplish anything), and making one kneel (being unable). In Job 42:2 Job interestingly makes a statement somewhat similar to Mary’s statement. Both Job and Mary recognize that God can do all things. Job was a suffering person. Mary was a simple trusting person.

In the New Testament, it was impossible for the disciples to remove the demon from the boy. The disciples had no faith. Even a small amount of faith can reap great rewards. Mary was conceived in a seemingly impossible way, according to human standards. Mary’s complete faith and trust allows Mary to recognize that nothing is impossible for God. It is important to note the words “Amen, I say to you..” These words indicate that an important theological statement (declaration) of Jesus will immediately follow.

It is impossible to say to how important His words are!

Update: Good Friday 2020:Just before nearing death on the cross, Jesus saw His mother and the disciple. He said to His mother, ‘Woman, behold, your son.’ Then He said to the disciple, ‘Behold your  mother.’ (Jn.19:26-27).  For all of you who have lost loved ones during this pandemic, talk or pray to Mary. She knows what it’s like to lose a loved one. She more than ever understands your impossible situation!

[Greek] ἐπιδημέω (epidēmeō), [Latin] advena, [Latin] hospites: to be at home, to be a visitor, to make oneself at home, to reside in a foreign country, to be a stranger, to live as a foreigner, to sojourn; Acts 2:10, Acts 17:21

The Duke of Orleans Visiting the Sick at l’Hotel-Dieu During the Cholera Epidemic in 1832: painting by Alfred Johannot

Background information:

Hippocrates: He uses the Greek adjective epidemios, which means of the people and which circulates or propagates in a country. This later gives rise to the term epidemia. Rather than using the Greek nosos (disease), Hippocrates applies epidemios to diseases (syndromes) with reference to season, geography, and population. Hippocrates’ Epidemics Book 1 Chapter 3 states “It is a fact that the disease was propagating in the country.”

Greek Hellenism: This term means to be at home, to live at home, to come home, to be prevalent (disease), and to reside in a place. Interestingly, the Latin equivalents are nouns. The historical epidemic of Thebes becomes front and center in Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex. Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex 494 states “I shall go (to make war) to Oedipus, against his fame which spread in the country.” Sophocles essentially equates Oedipus’ fame spreading like a virus. Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 1.136 states “Admetus happened not to be indoors, but his wife instructed him to take their child in his arms and sit down by the hearth.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.8.1 states “Where do you come from, Eutheru? I came home when the war ended, Socrates, and am now living here.”

Old Testament: Disease and death has historically followed man’s loss of innocence and sinful activity out of the Garden of Eden. The Old Testament has shown Yahweh afflicting Egypt, the Phillistines, and Israel because of their sinful actions. We have the benefit of historical hindsight to understand these Old Testament afflictions. However, at this time we are living in the present moment of this pandemic. We currently do not have that benefit of hindsight. Therefore, it is not beyond the realm of possibility that this pandemic may be a result of God’s wrath against against our current world’s sinful actions (abortion among other sins). We may never now why God still permits the pandemic to continue in spite of our prayers and pleas to Him to end this. As with the pandemics of past history, both the evil and innocent have perished. “Whatever the Lord desires, He does in heaven and earth (Psa.13:6). Go, my people, enter your chambers, and close the doors behind you; hide yourselves for a brief moment, until the wrath has past (Isa.26:20).

New Testament: This term means to be a visitor or to live as a foreigner. At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit, as a rushing wind, came upon a group of people gathered together. These people, filled with the Holy Spirit, began to speak in different tongues. At this sound, each devout Jew from every nation was confused because he (she) heard them speaking in his (her) own language. Paul arrived in Athens and grew exasperated at the sight of the city full of idols. Paul engaged with the Athenians and appealed to their religiosity. Paul was able to engage in dialogue with the Athenians because Athens provided the setting allowing for the respectful transmission (exchange) of ideas between Greeks and foreigners residing there.

Scripture:

“Now all the Athenians as well as the foreigners residing there used their time for nothing else but telling or hearing something new.” Acts 17:2

Athens provided for a setting for the respectful exchange of ideas.

Conclusion:

Adventure, epidemic, epidemiologist, hospitality, hospital, endemic

It is very interesting to note that this term pertains to aspects or characteristics among people. This term means of the people or circulating among the people. (Quite an apt description for a virus). Hippocrates develops the study of diseases, becoming the precursor to epidemiology.

The Greek tragic poets, like Sophocles, often wrote plays about the human condition. Sophocles wrote some of his tragedies during the time of plagues (epidemics). It is quite interesting that he would equate Oedipus’ rapidly spreading fame (popularity) like a virus. This is a powerful commentary on current society. (Not surprisingly, the main stream media would most likely say the same thing about President Trump!)

An endemic disease (malaria in Africa) is a disease which is constantly present in a specific geographical region.

Update: Corona virus pandemic: It is quite to illuminating to realize that many of us are currently living out the meaning of this Greek verb epidemeo (to stay at home). Who knows why God is allowing this to continue? We just do not have all the information as of yet. It looks more and more like that this cause was man-made. God seems to have permitted (although not directly causing) this endemic disease to expand into a worldwide pandemic (for reasons only God knows why). In His infinite power, God could have stopped this disease then and now! But here we are with this pandemic. That is a very sobering thought. God can do whatever He pleases, even with chastisement! I think we all must heed the advice of Isaiah, God’s full time prophet (and part time epidemiologist): stay inside (social distance) until the wrath (pandemic) has passed. 

And yet perseverance, hope, faith, prayers, and trust must remain present (be endemic) in all of us.

[Greek] ἀδάπανος (adapanos), [Latin] sin sumptus, [Latin] sin expensa: without expense, without charge, costing nothing, free, without payment; 1Cor.9:18

In Corinth Paul preached the gospel free of charge. He, along with Prisca and Aquila, provided for themselves as tent-makers in the agora (public grounds) in ancient Corinth (Acts 18:3)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means without expense, costing nothing, and not spending. Aristophane’s Peace 593 states “From thee call all blessings. Oh, much desired Peace! Thou art the sole support of those who spend their lives tilling the earth. Under thy rule, we had a thousand enjoyments at our beck.” Diodorus Siculus’ Library 10 states “Whenever any of the companions of Pythagoras lost their fortune, the rest would divide their possessions within as with their brothers. Such a disposition of their property they made, not only with their acquaintances who passed in their daily lives with them, but also with all who shared in their projects.”

New Testament: This term, found only once, means free of charge (without cost). Paul did not want the Corinthians to hear any appeal from him apart from God’s message. It all comes from God. Paul is compelled by Christ not to receive financial support. God’s message was too important for Paul to declare anything else. God does not require Paul to do this. Paul can support himself by his tent making skills. Paul knew that declaring God’s good news freely is a great reward in itself.

Scripture:

“What then is my recompense? That, when I preach, I offer the gospel free of charge so as to not to make full use of my right in the gospel.” 1Cor.9:18

Paul is compelled to preach the gospel free from financial support.

Conclusion:

Expense, sumptuous, sumptuously, expensive

Aristophanes makes reference to praying to a divine entity Peace for providing free blessings for those who till the earth. The Pythagoreans were a Pre-Socratic philosophical movement who advocated the sharing of resources. This group becomes an ancient fore-runnner to a communistic society.

In regard to the Corinthians, Paul advocated that preaching the gospel must be free of charge, without any obligations to providing donations. In Corinth, Paul along with Prisca and Acquila, provides for themselves as tent makers. However, in Galatia, Paul calls for the need for supporting ministry leaders.

The Greek term adapne means expense. The Latin term sumptus is the past predicate of the Latin verb sumere, meaning to borrow, by, spend, drink, consume, and take. Sumptuous means costly or very expensive.

As I don’t want to further consume your time, I will end this post.

[Greek] ἀγρυπνέω (agrypneō), [Latin] evigilare, [Latin] vigilare, [Latin] vigilante, [German] wachen, [French] veiller: to be alert, to keep awake, to be on guard, to keep watch; Lk.21:36, Mk.13:33, Eph.6:18, Heb.13:17

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to lie awake, to pass sleepless nights, to suffer insomnia, to be watchful, to watch, and to be awaken.

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 8.3.42 states “And yours shall be convinced that what I say is true for not one of those who are rich is made sleepless for joy, but of those who lose anything you will not see one who is able to sleep for grief.” Plato’s Laws 964c states “Their father, while gaining flocks and sheep, yet knew not that the children he should bequeath, then were without training in their father’s craft, which was a hard one, able to camp out in the open, and to keep watch. Xenophon’s Hellenica 7.2.19 states “Now inasmuch as the Philiasian had passed the night without sleep, they slept until far in the day.”

Old Testament: This term means to watch (over), to rouse oneself, to awaken, to stir up, to incite, to be alert, to be sleepless, and to be on the lookout. Like and eagle that stirs up its nest (Deu.32:11). Surely now He would rouse Himself for you (Job 8:6). Arouse Yourself to help me, and see (Psa.59:4). Men will keep watch over his tomb (Job 21:32). Therefore, the Lord has kept the calamity in store and brought it on us (Dan.9:14). Watch and keep them until you weigh them before the leading priests (Ezr. 8:29). Behold, I am watching over them for harm and not for good (Jer.44:27).

New Testament: This term means to be alert, to be watchful, to be vigilant, to take care of, and to watch over. One must be watchful and alert as only the Father knows men the Son of Man will return. One must be vigilant with prayer when facing trials and tribulations. One must be vigilant with perseverance in facing spiritual powers. These tests involve facing the temptation of falling away God. Leaders are called to a higher standard leading and watching over their flock (followers). These leaders, both religious and secular, will have to give an account for their actions before God.

Scripture:

“Be vigilant at all times and pray that you have the strength to escape the tribulations that are imminent and to stand before the Son of Man.” Lk.21:36

We are called to be awake and to be aware of imminent struggles and threats. We are called to prayer during these times.

“Obey your leaders and defer to them, for they keep watch over you and will have to give an account, that they may fulfill their task with joy and not with sorrow, for that would be of no advantage to you.” Heb.13:17

Responsible leaders deserve the respect (obedience) of the people. These leaders are called to a higher standard of conduct. They will be eventually be accountable to God.

Conclusion:

Vigilance, vigilant

It is not surprising that this term can be found in all aspects of life in positions of authority. This can apply to shepherds, govt. leaders, and religious leaders. It is interesting that this term refers to something mundane such as insomnia. Xenophon makes a timeless point in saying that loss of wealth can bring sleepless nights. On the other hand, those who are poor (without the trappings of wealth) often lead joyous lives.

In the New Testament, great emphasis is placed on being watchful, being vigilant, and being prayerful in the midst of trials and temptation. Leaders are called to a higher standard in ‘faithfully’ watching over their flock or constituency. These leaders will also have to stand before God.

Coronavirus pandemic: We all must support, obey, and pray for all of our leaders at the federal, state, and local levels. (Yes, this even includes President Trump!) We all must be cautious, watchful and prayerful in order to get through this pandemic (tribulation).

[Greek] ἀγράμματος (agrammatos), [Latin] inlitteratus, [Latin] ignorantia: without learning, uneducated, unlearned, illiterate; Acts 4:13

St. Peter Cures the Lame Beggar: painting by Bernardo Strozzi (1581-1644)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means illiterate, unable to read or write, unable to makes sounds, inarticulate, and incapable of being written. Xenophon’s Memorabilia 4.2.20 states “Which is the more literate? The man who intentionally blunders in writing or reading or the man who blunders unintentionally.” Plato’s Timaeus 23a states “If any even thus occurred that is noble or great, whether it be in your country or in ous or in some other place, all such events are recorded from of old and preserved in our temples.” Plato’s Statesman 295a states “But he will legislate for the majority and in a general way only roughly for individuals, whether he issues written laws or his enactments follow the unwritten traditional customs.”

Old Testament: Uneducated means unacquainted with Rabbinic teaching.

New Testament: This term, meaning uneducated, refers to the Sanhedrin (and priests and temple guard) attitudes toward Peter and John. After he had healed a crippled beggar, Peter began to inspire the crowd. These Jewish authorities were disturbed and brought Peter before the Sanhedrin. They were disturbed that Peter was teaching the people and proclaiming in Jesus the resurrection of the dead. These authorities viewed Peter and John as uneducated and associated with Jesus. The Sanhedrin forbad Peter from speaking in His name. Unable to punish them, the Sanhedrin released Peter and John.

Scripture:

“Observing the boldness of Peter and John and perceiving them to be uneducated, ordinary men, they were amazed, and they recognized them as the companions of Jesus.” Acts 4:13

Conclusion:

Grammar, grammatical, literate, ignorant, illiterate

In the Greek Hellenistic era, I was surprised by the more nuanced meanings of this term. One example refers to the discussion of what is more serious: willful ignorance or unintentional ignorance. In many past cultures, records and events were recorded by the few scribes. In many cultures, the people often were not able to read or write.

In the New Testament, this scripture passage speaks to the Jewish authorities’ ignorance and willful non-acceptance of Peter and John. It is important to note that Jesus uses often ignorant and foolish people to carry out His message. Intellectual knowledge is not a prerequisite in following Jesus.

It doesn’t take a genius to figure out who were the ignorant persons in this scripture passage.

[Greek] ἀγοραῖος (agoraios), [Latin] cessator, [Latin] agitator: pertaining to the marketplace, agitator, loafer, idler, rabble-rouser, mob, men of the marketplace; Acts 17:5, Acts 19:38

The Preaching of St. Paul in Ephesus: painting by Eustache Le Sueur (1649). The silversmiths rioted in response to Paul saying that their hand-made gods are actually not gods.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means belonging to the agora (assembly), guardian of the assembly, frequenting the market, common sort, traders and sellers, of things vulgar, skilled in speaking, notary, and pleader. Aristophanes’ Frogs 1015 states “Consider what kind of men he received from me, not runaway slaves, no loafers, rascals, nor miscreants” Euripides’ Heracledae 70 states “Dwellers in Athens from of old, help us! We, who are suppliants of Zeus Agorias, are being violently treated.” Xenophon’s Ways and Means 3.13 states “If houses and shops were put up both in the Peiraesu and in the city for retail traders, they would be an ornament to the state and a source of revenue.” Plutarch’s Perides 11 states “He, being less a warrior than Cimon, and more of a forensic speaker and statesmen, by keeping watch and word in the city, soon brought the administration into even poise.”

New Testament: This term means loiterer, idler, bum, and law court (place of justice). In the synagogue in Thessalonica, Paul entered into discussion with the Jews about scripture. Paul demonstrated that the Messiah Jesus had to suffer and rise from the dead. As Paul gathered a great following, the Jews became jealous and recruited some worthless men loitering in the public square. The mob set the city in turmoil. In Ephesus, the silversmiths were infuriated by Paul’s statements that these gods made by hands were not gods at all. The town clerk instructed Demetrius and his fellow craftsmen to register a complaint in the courts. The courts are in session and there are proconsuls.

Scripture:

“But the Jews became jealous and recruited some worthless mean loitering in the public square, formed a mob, and set the city in turmoil. They marched on the house of Jason, intending to bring them before the people’s assembly.” Acts 17:5

The Jews, jealous and infuriated by Paul’s persuasive arguments about Jesus in the synagogue, recruited loiters to form a mob.

“If Demetrius and his fellow craftsmen have a complaint against anyone, courts are in session, and there are proconsuls. Let them bring charges against one another.” Acts 19:38

Paul’s comments about the silversmiths’ hand-made gods (not being gods) infuriated Demetrius and the silversmiths. The town clerk instructed them to take this matter to the courts.

Conclusion:

Agora, cease (leave work), agitator, agitation

It seems that this term can range from trader (merchant), idler, to law court. It is interesting that this term can refer to a skilled speaker and advocate. In the public assembly (agora), a person who accuses someone is called a kategor. The person accused is essentially place in some category. The accused person becomes categorized as some time of criminal.

In the New Testament, it is also interesting to note that Paul’s effectiveness (actions and statements) lead to the meaning of this term. The Jews, jealous of Paul’s effectiveness in the synagogue, recruited idlers in the public square in order to start a riot. Demetrius and the silversmiths sought recourse for Paul’s statements that these hand-made gods are not gods.

Update: The whole world is now watching the “agitator” Russian troops “loiter” near the Ukraine border. Perhaps soon they will fully make their intentions known. Yet it remains to be seen how the international community will respond in kind with sanctions against Russia.

No more idling, I don’t want to be categorized (accused) as a procrastinator. It is time to cease this post.

[Greek] ἀγανακτέω (aganakteō), [Latin] indignari, [Latin] intolerandus: to grieve much, to be indignant, to be greatly afflicted, to have indignation, to be displeased; Mt.20.24, Mt.21:15, Mt. 26:8, Mk.10:14,41, Mk.14:4, Lk.13:14

Suffer Little Children Come to Me: painting by Rembrandt (1620)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to feel violent irritation, to be vexed, and to show grief. Aristophanes’ Wasps 287 states “Friend, arise, do not thus vex your heart, but forget your wrath.” Plato’s Phaedo 117d states “But Apollodorus, who had been weeping all the time before, then wailed aloud in his grief and made us all break down.” Aristophanes’ Frogs 1006 states “I am indignant, at this encounter, and it gripes my guts, if I have to argue against this fellow.” Plato’s Euthyphro 4d states “Now my father and the rest of my relatives are angry with me, because for the sake of this murderer, I am prosecuting my father for murder.”

New Testament: This term means to be indignant, to be incensed, to be offended, and to be irate. These examples of indignation come from failing or refusing to understand others’ actions. The disciples are indignant that the sons of Zebedee are seeking to attain the highest positions of honor next to Jesus (or in heaven). These sons did not understand that what makes for greatness is being a servant to others. The chief priests and scribes were indignant that Jesus healed the blind and lame in the temple. The disciples were scandalized that the woman would anoint Jesus’ head with expensive perfume. The disciples did not understand that this was a preparation for Jesus’ impending death. Jesus was indignant that the disciples prevented the children from coming to Him. Jesus mentions that the kingdom of heaven belongs to the children. The synagogue leader was scandalized that Jesus would heal on the Sabbath.

Scripture:

“But the leader of the synagogue, indignant that Jesus had cured on the Sabbath, said to the crowd in reply, ‘There are six days when work should be done. Come on those days to be cured, not on the Sabbath day.’” Lk.13:14

It was considered illegal to heal or work on the Sabbath. The synagogue leader was more concerned about rules rather than about helping others. This leader refused to allow such actions on the Sabbath.

“When the ten heard this, they became indignant at the two brothers.” Mt. 20:24

These two disciples sought to have the highest positions of honor next to Jesus. The other disciples were indignant but probably also did not understand what a position of honor is in heaven. Jesus point out that whoever wishes to be great shall by your servant.

“When Jesus saw this, He became indignant and said to them, ‘Let the children come to Me; do not prevent them, for the kingdom of God belongs to such as these.’” Mk.10:14

The disciples were preventing the children from coming to Jesus. Jesus was indignant at the disciples. Jesus points out that the kingdom of God belongs to such children.

Conclusion:

Indignant, intolerable

To be honest, I was really worried (vexed) if I was going to be able to continue to make further posts. I thought I had run of out Greek terms to use. Fortunately, I found some more terms to talk about.

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is frequently found in common and everyday situations involving anger, frustration, and indignation. But that is life!

I was also vexed in that I could not find any examples in the Old Testament era. In the New Testament, there is plenty of indignation to go around! It seems that this ultimately comes from ignorance or closed mindedness. Jesus’ opponents are intolerant. Jesus’ disciples are clueless.

I think we all can imagine what Jesus is thinking about throughout all this. “Good grief!” (Actually this expression was said long before Charlie Brown. “Good grief” was originally a mild oath and euphemism for ‘good God’.)

Update: The Russian/Ukraine crisis has now evolved into an very unfortunate and intolerable matter concerning sovereignty and security ! The Canada situation also has become very intolerable when police mounted on horses are trampling protesters!

[Greek] ἀγαλλιάω (agalliaō), [Latin] exultare, [Latin] guadere: to make glorious, to exult, to rejoice greatly, to jump for joy, to be exceedingly glad, to be extremely joyful; Mt.5:12, Lk.1:47, Lk.10:21, Jn.5:35, Jn.8:56, Acts 2:26, Acts 16:34, 1Pet.1:6,8, 1Pet.4:13, Rev. 19:7

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to rejoice exceedingly, to have a joyful pride, and to show celebration of a god. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.143 states “Now the Athenians and the rest would not be called Ionians, but spurned the name, but the twelve cities gloried in this name, and founded a holy place for themselves.” Xenophon’s Economics 21.5 states “What effect has he on them? They are ashamed to do a disgraceful act, think it better to obey, and to take pride in obedience, working cheerfully, every man, all together, when it is necessary to work.” Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae 128 state “Honor to the powerful Phoebus! Hail blessed son of Leto.”

Old Testament: This term means to rejoice, to exult, to praise, to be cheerful, to recall, and to boast. These terms frequently occur in the Psalms and the poetic parts of prophecy scripture. They make reference to man celebrating and extolling the help and acts of God shown to the person or community.

Then I will declare all your praises, sing joyously of your salvation (Psa.9:15). May they ever say, ‘Exalted be the Lord who delights in the peace of his loyal servant (Psa.35:27). Shout with exultation, O city of Zion (Isa.12:6). Then all who take refuge in you will be glad and forever shout for joy (Psa.5:12). In the vineyards there is not singing, not shout for joy (Isa.16:10). East and west make resound with joy (Psa.65:9). My soul yearns and pines for the courts of the Lord (Psa.84:3).

New Testament: This term, meaning to rejoice (or be extremely joyful), is used in various ways. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus says those, who are persecuted for righteousness, the kingdom of heaven is theirs. Peter expands on this notion in saying to rejoice if you must endure suffering. You will receive your eternal reward. Mary rejoices in God her savior. Jesus praises the Father. The people rejoice in John the Baptist, who prepares the way for Jesus. Abraham rejoices at the promises of the God’s blessings (Isaac’s birth). David sings his praises through the Psalms.

Scripture:

“My spirit rejoices in God my savior.” Lk.1:47

Mary rejoices in her humbleness in what God has done for her.

“Abraham your father rejoiced to see my day; he saw it and was glad.” Jn.8:56

Abraham rejoiced from receiving promises God. Isaac is born. Abraham becomes the father of faith of later generations.

“In this you rejoice, although now for a little while you may have to suffer through various trials…Although you have not seen Him, you love Him; even though you do not see Him now yet believe in Him, you rejoice with an indescribable and glorious joy.” 1Pet.1:6-8

1Pet. states some of us may have to endure trials for a little while. One’s faith, though tested by fire, will be praiseworthy and a blessing in the “eyes” of God.  Just as Jesus endured trials and suffering, some are called to share in His sufferings and redemption. Trust plays an important role in these sufferings. We can be joyful that these trials will serve in part to the glory of God. Our trials can be efficacious, if we offer up these sufferings to God.

Conclusion:

Gaudete, exult, exultation

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it is perhaps not surprising that this term is used in celebrating a god. This term is also used in praising and being cheerful.

In the Old Testament, this term is used extensively in man praising God for what He has done for him and the community.

In the New Testament, this term is used in various ways. Those, who are persecuted in His name, will receive the blessings of heaven. Mary rejoices in what God has done for her. Mary provides a great example for all of us in being humble and trusting. 1Pet points out that some are called to endure struggles (persecution) or share in the sufferings of Jesus for the glory of God. For many, this is very difficult to do. Trust is often needed in acceptance of these trials.

I have and am continually going through struggles (in one form or another) in my life. Many times I feel like thinking, “God, why do you keep doing this to me!” As a result, I oftentimes have difficulty with trust.

Gaudete Sunday is the third Sunday of Advent when one rejoices in the nearness of Jesus’ birth.

Update: Corona virus (and variants): I had never realized how much 1Pet.1:6-8 relates to these recent events. As much as we can humanly see and comprehend, there is very little rejoicing now for those of us who have lost loved ones, who have been diagnosed with this virus, or who have been economically impacted. In the midst of our unceasing prayers to God, the question remains: “Why, God?” Only God knows why. Although this may provide small comfort for some, if we can step back a little (and perhaps see the bigger picture), we can rejoice in the fact that God will allow a greater good to come from all this. We are already praying more. We are being forced to slow down our busy lives. We are spending more time being with (and talking with) our families. We are reflecting on our own life (mortality). We are discovering who are the most important people in our lives. We are also re-evaluating what are the most important things in our lives. I think we can rejoice that God will provide a special place (blessing) for those who have died through no fault of their own. That is quite a blessing, something to think and rejoice about.

“For whenever anyone bears the pain of unjust suffering because of the consciousness of God, that is a grace…For to this you have been called, because Christ suffered for you, leaving you an example that you should follow in His footsteps.” 1Pet.2:19,21

[Greek] ἀγνόημα (agnoēma), [Latin] ignorantia, [Old Norse] mistaka: ignorance, sin of ignorance, shortcoming, error; Heb.9:7

The Last Communion of St. Jerome: painting by Sandro Botticelli (1495)

“Our Lord Jesus Christ does not give communion with God only to one whom He separates from everyone else, but He bestows this honor equally on all, offering the grace of the priesthood as common to those who deserve it.” St. Gregory of Nyssa

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means fault of ignorance, oversight, and ignorance. Strabo’s Geography 7.2.4 states “And this same ignorance prevails also in regard to the rest of the people that come next in order on the north.” Polybius’ Histories 38.95.5 states “By this kind of appeal to the interests of the vulgar, everything he said was received with confidence, and the common people were ready to obey any order he gave, being incapable of taking thought for the future, but caught by the bait of intermediate indulgence and relief.”

Old Testament: This term, meaning error, unconscious mistake, and oversight, involves ignorance of God, lack of information, and misunderstanding. Also take extra money along, for you must return the amount that was put back in the mouths of your bags; it may have been a mistake (Gen.43:12).

New Testament: This term means sin committed in ignorance. It was only the High Priest who could enter into the Holy of Holies not without blood in order to offer the Old Testament sacrifice. It was believed that the blood, having life, was necessary for such a sacrifice. The blood represented a symbol of cleansing from sin and reconciliation with God. The exclusion of the people signified that they were not allowed to stand in God’s presence. In contrast, Jesus offers a superior sacrifice offering His Blood. Jesus’ sacrifice provides us with access to God.

Scripture:

“But the high priest alone goes into the inner one once a year, not without blood that he offers for himself and for the sins of the people.” Heb.9:7

Jesus offers a superior sacrifice as High Priest. Jesus offers up His blood to take away the people’s sins. Jesus provides us access to God.

Conclusion:

Ignorance, ignorant, mistake, agnostic

In the Greco-Hellenistic era, this term is used to convey ignorance (lack of knowledge). This term is also used to convey the gullibility of the people who are influenced by vulgar (base) instincts.

In the Old Testament era, this term takes on a more serious tone involving man’s relationship with God. This can range from simple misunderstanding to grave sin. Only the high priest can enter into the Holy of Holies. All of the other people are separated from God. This separation can be a form of wilderness or journey. It was necessary that the high priest offer blood, containing the source of life, in order to provide a proper sacrifice for the removal of sins and reconciliation with God.

In the New Testament, Jesus offers a more superior sacrifice. On the cross, Jesus offers His blood for the redemption of man. Jesus’ redemption provides man’s access to God

The Catholic Mass offers a bloodless re-presentation of Jesus’ sacrificial offering on the Cross. The community offers bread and wine to the priest. The priest, with the power of the Holy Spirit, changes the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ, which is offered to the people.

In the midst of this current pandemic, Catholic and Christians have not been able to congregate together for fear of health concerns. In a sense, we are now also in the wilderness, not having access to God as a community. We can still pray and participate in Mass or communal gatherings by video streaming. Yet, each of us are experiencing a form of communion (we are in this together) in our isolation. When we experience such crises, oftentimes our true character (and flaws) come to the surface. Unfortunately, we also have in our midst covidiots who are stupid, selfish, immature, and reckless during this time. (Yes, that is a new term that has recently appeared).

While we are in this wilderness (pandemic), let’s not forget this: may your social distancing be wary and wise.

Greek] ἀθανασία (athanasia), [Latin] immortalitis: immortality, deathlessness, a state of not being able to die; 1Cor.15:53-54, 1Tim.6:16

Maccabees: painting by Woijciech Stattler (1842).  The Maccabees, by remaining faithful through persecution or martyrdom, will seek everlasting life (immortality).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means immortality, antidote, and elixir. This term has existed since the time of Plato and Isocrates. Immortality is seen as a quality of the gods. Plato advocated that the soul itself attains immortality. Panthesist Stocism states that man, organically part of the living cosmos, can attain immortality. Immortality is also involved with participation in the divine nature, elixirs, mysticism (mysteries), and magic. The emperors had often claimed themselves as immortal (like the gods).

Plato’s views of immortality: He advocated that the human soul itself is immortal. Plato’s Phaedrus 246a states “That which moves itself is nothing else than the soul. Then the soul would necessarily be ungenerated and immortal. Concerning immortality of the soul, this is enough. To tell what it really is would be a matter for utterly superhuman and long discourse. We will liken the soul to the composite nature of a pair of winged horses and a charioteer.”

Old Testament culture: This term is found only in the Catholic Old Testament scriptures (Sol.) and related apocryphal scriptures (3Macc and 4Macc). Although technically not part of the Catholic Old Testament canon, 3Macc and 4Macc can convey the same spirit of truth as 1Macc and 2Macc. These scriptures use this term to describe the expected eternal life of the righteous. These righteous Jews, remaining faithful to their traditions in persecution or death, seek comfort in the notion of later eternal life. Philo and Josephus, Jewish Hellenistic philosophers, frequently reference this term. For if before men, indeed they be punished, yet is their hope full of immortality (Sol.3:4). For to know you well is complete justice, and to know your might is the root of immortality (Sol.15:3). But all of them, as though running the course toward immortality, hastened to death by torture (4Macc.14:5). So these holy youths, as though moved by an immortal spirit of devotion, agreed to go to death for its sake (4Macc.14:6). But the sons of Abraham with their victorious mother are gathered together and have received pure and immortal souls from God (4Macc.18:23).

New Testament: This term means immortality. In 1Cor.15:53-54 Paul speaks of the Resurrection event. In an instant the dead will be raised incorruptible. Death is swallowed up in victory. The corruptible (mortal) must clothe itself with incorruptibility (immortality). The gulf (difference) between creatures and God is too wide bridge this gap. This is why God must transform us. Scripture predicts death’s overthrow in a new change of existence. God alone has immortality.

Scripture:

“For that which is corruptible must clothe itself with incorruptibility, and that which is mortal must clothe itself with immortality.” 1Cor.15:53

The gulf between man and God is so wide that God will change us into an incorruptible and immortal form.

Early Church: Justin Marytr states that Plato formed his views of the soul’s immortality from the Old Testament prophets. As a philosopher himself, Justin Martyr was convinced that the soul’s immortality cannot be possible outside God’s will. Otherwise, petitions for immortal resurrection life through faith in Jesus would be unnecessary. Didache 4.8 states “You shall not turn away from him that is in want, but you shall share all things with your brother. For if you are partakers in that which is immortal, how much more in things which are mortal? 2^nd Letter of Clement 19.2 states “Though they may endure affliction for a short time in the world, they will gather the immortal fruit of the resurrection.”

Conclusion:

Euthanasia, immortal, immortality

Immortality is a quality applicable to the gods. Even some persons, like emperors, claimed this quality. Plato advocated that the soul itself is immortal.

In the Old Testament culture, it is interesting to note the beginning of the notion of obtaining immortal life (immortality) after death. Many Hebrews were willing to face persecution or death for upholding their faith traditions. However, the distinction between faithful martyrdom, fanaticism, and zealousness can often be blurred.

In the New Testament, the dead will attain incorruptibility in the Resurrection event. The dead (mortal) will be clothed with incorruptibility (immortality).

Justin Martyr, a philosopher, had previously followed Plato’s views of the soul. Justin Martyr was later convinced that Plato’s arguments were inadequate. Jesus’ offer of everlasting life undermines Plato’s notion that the soul itself is immortal.

Even Plato’s arguments cannot stand up to Jesus’ offer of immortality.

[Greek] ἀνορθόω (anorthoō), [Latin] erecta est, [Latin] revertare: to build up again, to restore, to straighten up, to make erect (from a bent position, to set straight, to lift up, to encourage; Lk.13:13, Acts 15:16, Heb.12:12

Christ Healing an Infirm Woman: painting by James Tissot (1886)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to set up again, to rebuild, to restore to heath (well being), to set right again, and to correct. Isocrates’ To Phillip 5.64 states “And not only did he rebuild the walls of his country, he restored Athens to the same high repute from which she had fallen.” Euripides’ The Suppliants 1228 states “Lady Athena, I will harken to your word, for you set me up, so that I do not astray.” Euripides’ Bacchae 364 states “But follow me with the ivy-clad staff, and try to support my body, and I will try to support yours.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.19 states “But when the messengers came to Delphi, the Pythian priestess would not answer them until they restored the temple of Athena.”

Old Testament: This term means to raise up, to comfort, to be firm, to stand, to be ready, to restore, to testify, to increase, and to multiply. It is because the thing is established by God, and God will shortly bring it to pass (Gen.41:32). And they made ready the present against Joseph came at noon (Gen.43:16). The Lord raises up those who are bowed down (Psa.146:8). I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day (Deu.4:26). They testified against them: but they would not give ear (2Chr.24:19). God blessed them saying, ‘Be fruitful and multiply’ (Gen.1:22). The water prevailed and increase greatly upon the earth (Gen.7:18).

New Testament: This term means to make straight (straighten up), to build up again, and to strengthen (to encourage). A woman, bent and afflicted with a spirit for 18 years, was healed by Jesus. She later stood up straight. In His plans to redeem humanity, God will rebuild the fallen house of David. Jesus is a descendent of David whom will redeem man. God sometimes uses trials as discipline. Yet these trials may bring about the fruits of righteousness. We are encouraged to strengthen our hands and needs. Walking enables one to put one’s teachings into practice.

Scripture:

“After this I shall return and build the fallen hut of David; from its ruins I shall rebuild it and raise it up again.” Acts 15:16

God will redeem man through Jesus, the descendant of the house of David.

“He laid his hands on her, and she at once stood up straight and glorified God.” Lk.13:13

The woman, stricken lame by a spirit for 18 years, was healed by Jesus. The woman was able to walk.

“So strengthen your drooping hands and your weak knees.” Heb.12:12

Some are called to endure struggles in our path. Sometimes, these struggles may be for our benefit. One must be still be strong in the face of struggles. Walking allows one to put one’s faith into practice.

Etymology: The Greek prefix ortho- means straight, correct, and upright. Orthodoxy is straight teaching. An orthodontist straightens teeth.

Conclusion:

Orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic, erect, revert, reversion

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is used quite extensively. Rebuilding and restoring temples is an important theme. More nuanced examples include restoring one’s health and reputation.

In the Old Testament, I was surprised by the very many references for this term. To raise up a family name means extending the family line for generations. Therefore, increasing and multiplying was a highly held Old Testament cultural value. Theses values continue in the New Testament culture.

In the New Testament, God redeems (builds up) man through the family (house) of David. Jesus is a descendent of David’s line. God sometimes permits and also provides encouragement for those who are called to face struggles and persecution. Jesus heals (brings up) a lame woman.

This is just the straight up truth from me.

[Greek] στόμα (stoma), [Latin] os: mouth, body part, speech, voice, words; 79 scriptural examples

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means mouth, organ of speech, word, tongue, mouth of a passage (river), voice, orifice, and message. Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 1032 states “For the mouth of Zeus does not know how to utter falsehood, but will bring to pass every word.” Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus 603 states “The word of the god will compel them.” Euripides’ Orestes 103 states “Good cause for fear; your name is on every tongue.” Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 611 states “I will tell you plainly all that you would like to know, not weaving riddles, but in simple language.”

Old Testament: This term means mouth, opening, taste, hunger, edge, hunger, communication, edge, part, and end. The mouth can be described of God in literal and metaphorical ways. The Word of God can be stated through human mouths. Mouths can illustrate animals, enemies, evil, and epitaphs.

But now the Lord opened the mouth of the donkey (Num.22:28). A large stone covered the mouth of the well (Gen.29:2). Isaac preferred Esau, because he was found of game (Gen.25:28). All my people shall dart at your command (Gen.41:40). They had put Hamor and his son Shechem to the sword (Gen.34:26). You shall see the king of Babylon and speak to him face to face (Jer.34:3). For his mouth urges him on (Pro.16:26).

New Testament: This terms means mouth, speech, utterance, sharp edge, speaking, prophesying, and speaking in truth. Old Testament prophecy is illustrated through the words (mouth) of God and the prophets. God is personified as having a mouth. References are made to the mouths of animals, dragons, fish, and the earth. Jesus conveys the important doctrinal truths that what comes out of the mouth (which defiles) comes from the heart. Testimony by witnesses is considered what comes out of the mouth.

Scripture:

“And said to them, ‘Do you hear what they are saying?’ Jesus said to them, ‘Yes; and have you never read the text, ‘Out of the mouths of infants and nurslings, you have brought fort praise.’” Mt.21:16

Jesu conveys the important truth that one’s attempt to praise God is so inadequate. This attempt is little more than baby talk.

“It is not what enter one’s mouth that defiles that person; what comes out of the mouth is what defiles one.” Mt.15:11

Jesus dispels the importance of Jewish purification rituals. Jesus points out what defiles (and comes out of the mouth) comes from the heart.

“To fulfill what had been said through the prophet; ‘I will open my mouth in parable, I will announce what has lain hidden from the foundation of the world.’”Mt.13:35

Jesus frequently make reference to Old Testament prophecies in the New Testament. Jesus prophecies that He will use parables to convey His teachings.

Conclusion:

Stomach

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it is perhaps not surprising that this term is used in many ways. This era begins the notion that gods have ‘mouths.’ Even the ‘word’ of the gods has power. The more nuanced examples include tongue, lips, with one voice, and mouths of water.

In the Old Testament, God also takes on human characteristics of a mouth in a literal or metaphorical way. The word of God can be spoken with human mouths. Mouths can also refer to animals and evil.

In the New Testament, this term is used extensively. Jesus conveys an important truth that what comes out of the mouth comes from the heart. The words of Old Testament prophets come forth. Testimony comes from the mouths of eyewitnesses. Interestingly, 2 or 3 must be gathered to provide a true witness for a crime. One person’s testimony by itself was not adequate.

Not to put words in one’s mouth, but this term has become very prolific through history.

[Greek] ἀποκλείω (apokleiō), [Latin] cludere, [Latin] excludere: to shut completely, to shut up, to close fully; Lk.13:25

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to shout out, to exclude from, to turn away from, to refuse, to imprison, and to be closed.  Aristophanes’ Lysistrata 423 states “The women slam the door full in my face.” Aristophanes’ Wasps 775 states “And if you don’t rise till noon, there will be no Thesothetes to exclude you from the precincts.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannau 1388 states “Were there a way to choke the source of  hearing, I would not have hesitated to make a fast prison of this wretched form.” Demosthenes’ Against Conon states “I was unable to take my food.”

Old Testament: This term means to bar, to bolt, to lock, to shoe (to furnish with sandals), to close, to imprison, and to deliver up. Then his attendant took her out and locked the door behind her (2Sam.13:18). A garden locked is my sister, my bride (Sng.4:12). I also clothed you with embroidered cloth and put a sandals of porpoise skin on your feet (Eze.16:10). The wilderness has shut them in (Exo.14:3). Then the priest shall isolate him who has the infection for seven days (Lev.13:4). You shall not hand over to his master who has escaped from his master (Deu.23:15). Because the Lord had closed the womb (1Sam.1:6).

New Testament: This term means to close or shut a door (gate). Jesus calls upon the others to enter through this narrow door. Many will try to enter, but will not be able to go through. There is an urgency to enter through this door. However, this narrow door will not remain open indefinitely. This is likened to the master of the house who does not know who is knocking at the door.

Scripture:

“As the master of the house has arisen and locked the door, they will you stand outside knocking and saying, ‘Lord, open the door for us.’ He will say to you in reply, ‘I do not know know where are you from.’” Lk.13:25

There is an urgent opportunity to enter through the narrow door.  Many will try, but few will enter through. This door will not always remain open.

Conclusion:

Key, exclude, include, clause

In the Greco-Hellenistic era, this term is used in many ways to convey shutting or closing. The more nuanced examples include turning away from eating (having no appetite), refraining, imprisoning, and depriving. It is interesting to note that the Greek term for key is kleis. This can be an important key in further understanding this term.

In the Old Testament, this term has several meanings. Such examples include to bolt, to furnish with shoes (to shoe someone), to imprison someone, and to hand over (deliver) someone. God ‘closing the womb’ is an Old Testament euphemism meaning referencing God’s providence in not allowing a woman to have a natural child birth. On the other hand, God may allow one become a mother in other ways. God may allow a door (in life) to open for woman to adopt a child. God may allow a door (in life) to open for a woman to become spiritual mother (nun/sister).

Jesus states the importance to entering through the door. However, few will enter through it. This narrow door will not always be open. Jesus warns others not to be like the person that the master at the door does not recognize. Through His will, God will always open doors at various points in one’s like.

On a personal level, unbeknownst to me, God has been constantly opening and closing doors in my life. Throughout my whole life, God had been constantly closing doors preventing me from having a girl friend (or any mention of having a married path). Instead, I have a single path trying to follow the example of St. Paul as a effective catechist.

So I will conclude in closing this post.

[Greek] ἐκλύω (ekluō), [Latin] deficere, [Latin] solvere: to loose, to release, to grow weary, to grow faint, to relax, to unloose; Mt.9:36, Mt.15:32, Mk.8:3, Gal.6:9, Heb.12:

Esparta sandals (5th-6th century B.C) found in Spain.  One rests when unloosing (removing) the sandals.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to set free, to deliver from danger, to let loose, to unloose, to relax, to faint, to cease, to resolve a doubt, to dissolve, to break up, and to depart. Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 328 states “So now I will depart and see whether I can release you from these sufferings.” Plato’s Phaedo 67d states “Well, then, this is what we call death, is it not, a release and separation from the body.” Sophocles’ Ajax 1225 states “It is plain to me that he will let his clumsy tongue fly.” Euripides ‘Phoennissae 695 states “But me is here, saving you the trouble.” Isocrates’s Antidosis 15.59 states “But I find that my age hampers me and causes me to give out easily.”

Old Testament: This term, related to several Hebrew terms, means to be released, to be weak, to be tender, to be soft, and to relax. Essentially, this term means to be discouraged, to be weakened, to be wearied, to be helpless, and to be tired. Loosing or weakening ones’ hands means being afraid or weak. Relaxing one’s hands means that it will not be done.

But when you become restless, you throw of his yoke from your neck (Gen.27:40). Do not be weak-heartened or afraid, alarmed or frightened by them (Gen.29:40). Do not abandon your servants (Jos.10:3). How much longer will you put off taking steps to possess the land (Jos.18:3). He lost his resolve and all Israel was alarmed (2Sam.4:1). But David grew tired (2Sam.21:15). But as for you, be strong and do slack of (2Chr.15:7). He is weakening the resolve of the soldiers left in this city and of all the people (Jer.38:4).

New Testament: This term means to become discouraged, become troubled and abandoned, and to become weary. As a result of Jesus’ proclaiming, teaching, and healing, the people gathered together. Jesus was moved with pity for the people as they were troubled and abandoned. Jesus was moved with pity for the thousands who had nothing to eat. Jesus multiplied the loaves to feed the crowd. Paul states that one must never tire of doing good. Consolation is given for all those who grow weary facing oppression from sinners. One only needs to look at Jesus to find consolation. Trials may likened a form of discipline given by a father.

Scripture:

“At the sight of the crowds, His heart was moved with pity for them because they were troubled and abandoned, like sheep without a shepherd.” Mt.9:36

Jesus’ heart was moved with compassion for the wayward crowd. This references Moses appointing Joshua to lead his people to the Promised Land.

“Let us not grow tired of doing good, for in due time we shall reap our harvest, if we do not give up.” Gal.6:9

One must never tire of doing good. Reaping what we harvest means will suffer the consequences or reap the rewards of our past actions.

“Consider how He endured such opposition from sinners, in order that you may not grow weary and lose heart.” Heb.12:3

Jesus provides a source of consolation for all those who face oppression from sinners. One only needs to look at Jesus to find encouragement from trials.

Solution: The Latin verb solvere means to melt, to loosen, and to resolve. A solution is an issue (problem) being melted or dissolved away. The word solution, a liquid containing a dissolved substance, was first coined in the 1590’s. A solution, meaning an explanation (answer) was first coined in the 1530’s.

Conclusion:

Resolve, solve, solution, deficient, loose, loosen, analyze

I was quite surprised by the many meanings of this term. However, this term mean to release or unloose. The more nuanced meanings include unstringing a bow, letting loose a foolish tongue, paying something off, being unserviceable, and resolving a doubt.

I was also surprised by the many related Hebrew terms. Loosing (relaxing) one’s hands means it will not get done. Weakening one’s hands means being afraid or discouraged. Unloosing one’s sandals means resting.

It is important to note that Paul states that one must never tire of doing good. This idea supports the notion that actions are tied with faith. It can be easy to grow weary in the face of struggles, obstacles, and adversity. We need to look at Jesus when we face such struggles. Sometimes these struggles are permitted through God’s providence as discipline given by a loving father.

Resolve is purpose or dedication to accomplish something. When one loses resolve, one fails in this task. Solving involves loosening or “dissolving” something into more definable parts. A solution is something broken down and analyzed.

In the final analysis, I hope you were able to find this post interesting.

[Greek] ἐπιστομίζω (epistomizō), [Latin] silere, [Latin] refrenare, [Latin] prohibere, [Latin] desistere: to bridle, to silence, to curb; Tit.1:11

Remnants of Agius Titus Basilica in Gortys, Crete. St. Titus was the first archbishop of Crete

Background information:

Hellenism: This term means bridle, crib, covering one’s mouth, and putting to silence. Aristophanes’ Knights 845 states “I have done a sufficiently brilliant deed to shut the mouth of all enemies, so long as one of the bucklers of Pylos remains.” Aeschines’ On The Embassy 2.110 states “To the account he added a conclusion like this: that he had been the first to put a curb on those who were trying to block the peace.” Demosthenes’ On the Halonnesus 7.33 states ” Such is the shamelessness of the man who stated in his letter, that if peace was made he would confer such benefits on you as would stop the mouths of us.”

New Testament: This term means to put to silence. Paul appointed Titus to set things right in Crete and appoint bishops and presbyters. These bishops and presbyters must be of good moral standing and character. There are rebels, idle talkers, and deceivers, especially Jewish Christians, that must be silenced. They are upsetting families with sordid teaching.

Scripture:

“It is imperative to silence them, as they are upsetting whole families by teaching for sordid gain what they should not.” Tit.1:11

Titus was responsible in setting up the church structure in Crete.  It was imperative to silence these deceivers and dissenters.

Stomach: A stoma is a mouth or opening associated with the stomach. Interestingly, the Latin passive verb stomachare originally meant to be angry (or to be resentful). In the 1570’s this verb later means to tolerate or to put up with.

Conclusion:

Stomach , silence, prohibit, refrain, desist

It is interesting to note that this term literally means to put something over (epi-) one’s mouth (stoma). This Greek verb has several Latin equivalent terms. This term essentially means to silence or to suppress.

In the New Testament, Titus was put in charge of the Church in Crete. Titus needed to address and silence the false teachers, rebels, and Jewish Christians (who advocate Jewish purity regulations).

A Cretan is simply someone from Crete. A cretin is a person having a congenital disease (deficient thyroid secretion) associated with deformity, dwarfism, and mental retardation. Yet, in past history, the Cretans have been associated with moral decadence. However, over time these perceptions have spread by word of mouth.

Yet it is now important to silence any notion that Cretan and cretin are somehow related. Sometimes these perceptions are still hard to stomach.

[Greek] κραυγάζω (kraugazō), [Latin] clamare: to crow, to cry out, to clamor, to yell loudly; Mt.12:19, Mt.15:22, Lk. 4:41, Jn.11:43, Jn.18:40, Jn.19:6,15, Acts 22:23

Job 38:41: Who provides nourishment for the raven when its young cry out to God, wandering about with food?

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, pronounced “krow-gad-zo”, suggests a rough or raucous sound like a raven or crow. The Greeks and Romans believed that crying, associated with demonic and magic spheres, was barbaric and unworthy of the gods. Hippolytus’ The Refutation of All Heresies 4.28.3 states “Then the sorcerer, appearing to be borne away under divine influence, utters a loud and harsh cry, unintelligible to all, and orders all those present to enter, crying out and invoking Phryn, or some other demon. Juvenal’s Satires 13.112 states “Such one plays a part, like the runaway buffoon of the witty Cattullus, but you, poor wretch, may shout so as to outdo Stention, or rather as loudly as the Mars of Homer.”

Old Testament: This term essentially pertains to crying out or calling on God in some emergency. God hears such crying out and responds to and delivers the oppressed. Sometimes God may refuse to hear these pleas. In this crying, man turns in prayer to God in various situations. This term can mean to shout, to cry out, and to sound a signal. This shouting (crying out) can be for religious impulses, applause, triumph, happiness, and sorrow.

Who provides nourishment for the raven when its sound cry out to God (Job 38:41). In their distress they cried to the Lord, who rescued them in their peril (Psa.106:6). When they cry to the Lord, He shall not answer them, because of the evil they had done Mic.3:4). But you, Lord, are a shield around me (Psa.3:4). I call upon you; answer me, O God (Psa.16:6). Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts, they cried to one another (Isa.6:3). Hear my voice, Lord, when I call; have mercy on me and answer me (Psa.26:7).

New Testament: This term, meaning to cry, occurs in various situations. A Canaanite woman cries out to Jesus in order to help her tormented daughter. Jesus breaks cultural traditions in helping a Gentile. Isaiah’s prophecy of the Chosen servant is fulfilled when Jesus withdraws after healing a man (with a withered hand) on the Sabbath. The crowd cries out for Jesus to be crucified. The crowd cries out for Barabbas to be released. As Jesus had brought Lazarus back to life, Jesus calls him to come out of the tomb. This foreshadows those in the tombs will hear His voice.

Scripture:

“And behold, a Canaanite woman of that district came and called out, ‘Have pity on me, Lord, Son of David! My daughter is tormented by a demon.’” Mt.15:22

Jesus breaks cultural norms in helping a Gentile woman. This anticipates His mission to the Gentiles.

“And demons also came out of many, shouting, ‘You are the Son of God.’ But He rebuked them and did not allow them to speak because they knew that He was the Messiah.” Lk.4:41

Even the demons were fearful of Jesus.

Conclusion:

Crow, clamor, exclaim

It was interesting to discover that crying out was considered unworthy of the gods. This idea gives evidence to the notion that the gods were often considered aloof or fleeting. It is also interesting to note that this term is pronounced “krow-gad-zo”. This brings up a picture of a crow or raven.

In the Old Testament, God is open to and welcoming to man’s pleas and cries out to Him. God will respond and alleviate the distressed. However, God may not hear those please from those who are evil. Crying out and shouting may occur in various situations.

In the New Testament, in His helping the Canaanite woman, Jesus begins his missionary work to the Gentiles. The crowd cries out for Barabbas’ release and Jesus’ crucifixion.

In our cries out to Him, while we ponder, weak and weary, Jesus will never abandon us, nevermore. (Quoth the blogger).

[Greek] καταπαύω (katapauō), [Latin] cessare, [Latin] desistere: Acts 14:18, Heb.4:4,8,10; to cause to cease, to resist, to desist, to settle down, to restrain, to stop

Paul and Barnabas in Lystra: painting by Johann Heiss (1678). Despite Paul’s pleas, the crowd offered pagan sacrifices

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to cease, to bring to a close, to keep in check, to depose, to put down, to give rest (from something), to reach the next place, to prevent, to hinder, and to provide comfort. Homer’s Odyssey 4.583 states “But when I had stayed the wrath of the god that are forever, I heaped up a mound to Agamemnon, that his might be unquenchable.” Homer’s Odyssey 24.457 states “Through your own cowardice, friends, have these deeds been brought to pass, for you would not obey me, nor Mentor, the shepherd of the people, to may your sons cease from their folly.” Euripides’ Hellen 1154 states “You are fools, who try to win a reputation for virtue through war and marshalled lines of spears, senselessly putting and end to mortal troubles.” Herodotus’ The Histories 5.38 states “After doing away with the tyrants, Aristogoras of Milets ordered all the people to set up governors in each city.”

Old Testament: This term is related to several Hebrew terms. This term can mean to gather, to sustain, to dwell (abide), to give rest, to settle down, and to refresh. I Myself, the Lord answered, will go along, to give you rest (Exo.33:14). The Lord, your God, will give them on the other side of the Jordan (Deu.3:20). The Lord, your God, will permit you to settle in this land (Jos.1:13). Jacob was gathered to His people (Gen.49:33).

New Testament: This term means to rest, to cause to rest, and to make stop. God had rested on the seventh day from all His works. Whoever enters into God’s rest, rests from his own works. After Paul heals a crippled man in Lystra, the people view Paul and Barnabas as gods. The people intended to offer sacrifices to Zeus. Paul tried to convince the people to stop this activity. Instead, the people scarcely restrained the crowds from offering sacrifice. Joshua provided an incomplete for the Jews in the promised land. This rest foreshadows Jesus’ heavenly rest given to Christians.

Scripture:

“Even with these words, they scarcely restrained the crowds from offering sacrifice to them.” Acts 14:18

In their ignorance of Paul’s healing, the crowd continue to offer pagan sacrifices. The crowd did not oppose these actions.

“Now if Joshua had given them rest, he would not have spoked afterwards of another day.” Heb. 4:8

Joshua leads his people in the Promised Land.  Joshua provides an incomplete rest.

Conclusion:

Pause, cease cessation, desist

The kata- prefix in this term intensifies the meaning of ceasing. It was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include to overthrow, to ending one phase (and leading into the next), to stop what one is doing, and to do away with.

It is not surprising that this term is used extensively in the Old Testament. It is important to note that God serves primarily to provide or offer rest. Joshua provides an incomplete rest as he leads his people to the promised land (place of rest). This becomes a precursor to the rest that Jesus will provide. The Greek name for Jesus is Joshua.

In the New Testament, God rests on the seventh day. Jesus calls Christians to come into His rest. The crowd does not understand the meaning of Paul’ healing of the crippled man. Instead, they offer sacrifices to Zeus. In spite of Paul’s pleas, the crowd does not cease to offer sacrifices.

It is now time for me to take a rest. I need to refresh myself for my next post.

[Greek] συνθάπτω (synthaptō), [Latin] sepelire: to bury together with; Rom.6:4, Col.2:12

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to bury together and to join in burying. Lycurgus’ Against Alecestis 150 states “With the bodies of these men was buried the freedom of every other Greek. They were fighting for not private ends but facing danger for our common liberty.” Euripides’ Alcestics 149 states “The finery in which her husband will bury her is ready.” Sophocles’ Ajax 1378 states “And now I announce that from this point on I am ready to be friends as much as I was his enemy. I would like to join in the burying of your dead and share in your labors.”

New Testament: This term means a burying together with. This burial implies a real death of the sinful life. Through this death we grow in union with Christ. This baptism becomes an entry or participation in the newness of life. This baptism corresponds with being raised with Him through the activity of God. Jesus’ death on the cross is a curse on this sin. Those who are dead (outside of Christ) are made alive again through the remission of sins. This remission of sins removes the dominion of the cosmos and demonic world.

Scripture:

“You were buried with Him in baptism, in which you were also raised with Him through faith in the power of God, who raised Him from the dead.” Col.2:12

This baptism implies a real death of the sinful life through the power of God.

Conclusion:

Sepulcher, sepulcher, epitaph

It was interesting to discover that this term has a metaphorical sense (burying one’s freedom). I was also surprised that there was Latin form of this term.

In the New Testament, it was also interesting to learn that baptism can be also be used in a metaphorical, yet efficacious sense. This baptism into death plunges one into a new life with Christ. This baptism brings about a new person in Christ.

I did not realize that sepulcher can also be used as a verb (to lay or bury one in a small room (sepulcher).

This post is another example where I often hade to ‘bury” my preconceived notion of what I knew about this term.

[Greek] ἐκτρέφω (ektrephō), [Latin] nutrire, [French] nourrir: to bring up, to nourish, to rear, to bring up a child; Eph.5:29, Eph.6:4

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to bring up, to nourish, and to rear. Herodotus’ Histories 1.122 states “When he returned to Cambyses’ house, his parents received him there, and learning who hew was they welcomed him enthusiastically.” Herodotus’ Histories 1.193 states “This nourishes the roots of the grain, but it is irrigation from the river that ripens the crop and bring the grain fullness.” Hymn 2 to Demeter 2 states “She has an only son, late-born, who is being nursed in our well-built house, a child of many prayers and welcome.” Euripides’ The Suppliants 1222 states “For to their sorrow shall you come like lion’s whelps in full-grown might to sack their city.”

Old Testament: This term means to grow, to become great, to ripen, to have life, to nourish, and to guide. I will bless you and make your name great (Gen.12:2). The child grew and was weaned (Gen.21:8). Because He has dealt bountifully with me (Psa.13:6). The merciful does himself good (Pro.11:17). By your sword you shall live (Gen.27:40). There I will also provide for you (Gen.45:11). You cross over with me and I will sustain you (2Sam.19:33). He leads me beside quiet waters (Psa.23:2).

New Testament: This term means to feed, to nourish and to rear (bring up a child). Paul relates to the Ephesians that Jesus and the Church have a spousal relationship. Jesus is the Bridegroom and the Church is the Bride. The spouse, who loves his wife, loves himself. One is called to nourish (support) his wife like Christ does the Church. Fathers, as head of the household, are called to bring up their children. Fathers must provide their children with training and instruction of the Lord.

Scripture:

“For no one hates his own flesh but rather nourishes and cherishes it, even as Christ does the church.” Eph.5:29

Jesus (Bridegroom) has a spousal relationship with the Church (bride). The husband who loves his wife loves himself.

“Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but bring them up with the training and instruction of the Lord.” Eph.6:4

Fathers are called to lead their household.

Conclusion:

Atrophy, dystrophy, nurture, nutrient, nutrition, nourish, nourishment, nurse

Aside from its literal meanings, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings. Such examples include welcoming and receiving.

In the Old Testament, this term has many meanings. Sustaining and continuing family names was a very important cultural value. God provides us with an important role model in providing, supporting, and sustaining.

In the New Testament, it is important to note that Jesus (Bridegroom) has a spousal relationship with the Church (Bride). The traditional form of marriage follows this model. The father is the head of the household “church”. Fathers are called to provide for and to instruct their children.

The Latin nutrix means nursing mother. The Latin nutricius means one who nourishes.

The more I study this term, the more I become nourished about its meaning!

[Greek] βάσανος (basanos), [Latin] probatio, [Latin] temptatio, [Latin] tormentum: torture, torment, examination by torture, severe pain, Mt.4:24, Lk. 16:23,28

The Rich Man being led to Hell: painting by David Teniers the Younger (1647)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, originally meaning a durable basalt touchstone, refers to testing (examining). Metals (gold and silver) were tested to determine their value in the commercial exchange of goods. The Babylonians developed the practice of the testing of gold and silver as a unit of commercial exchange. Over time man, rather than metals, becomes the object of testing and torture. The stone of testing becomes the torture rack. This testing of man often illustrates one’s character, strength, and genuineness. Plato’s Gorgius 486d states “If my soul had happened to be made of gold, do you not think I should have been delighted to find one of those stones with which they test gold, and is confirmed that my soul had been properly tested.” Aristophanes’ Frogs 802 states “Because Euripides says he’ll test the plays word by word.” Antiphon’s On the Murder of Herodes 5.36 states “Instead of putting the man to death, they ought to have produced him in the flesh and challenged me to examine him under torture.” Plato’s Law 648b states “Would not your first desire be to have a test of courage and of cowardice which you might apply to your citizens?” Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colunus 835 states “Your strength and ours will soon come to the test.”

Old Testament: This term, conveying both testing and torment, can refer to the sufferings (afflictions) of the righteous and the punishment of the unjust (ungodly). In some situations the righteous will have to suffer in the world at the hands of the ungodly. 4Macc illustrates examples of faithful Jews receiving martyrdom for their faithfulness. However, the distinction between faithful martyrdom and religious violence sometimes becomes blurred. God administers both temporal punishment and eternal damnation to the unjust and ungodly. With revilement and torture let us put him to the tests that we may have proof of his gentleness and try his patience (Sol.2:19). But the souls of the just are in the hand of God and no torments shall touch them (Sol.3:1). Son of man, eat your bread trembling, and drink water shaking with anxiety (Ezek.12:18). That you may bear your shame and be disgraced for all the comfort you brought them (Ezek.16:54). Food, correction and work for a slave; and for a wicked slave, a punishment in the stocks (Sir.30:35). For when they had been tried, though only mildly chastised, they recognized how the wicked, condemned in anger, were being tormented (Sol.11:9).

New Testament: This term means torment, torture, and being racked with pain. Jesus was ministering to a great multitude. The people brought the sick and those who were racked with pain. In the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, the rich man lived a luxurious and selfish life. The rich man later finds himself living in torment in the netherworld (hell). The rich man’s pleas are not heard from Abraham. This parable illustrates the reversals of fates of Lazarus and the rich man. This parable echoes Jesus’ Sermon on the Plain where Jesus offers blessings for the poor and hungry and warnings and woe for the rich.

Scripture:

“And from the netherworld, where he was in torment, he raised his eyes and saw Abraham far off and Lazarus at his side.” Lk.16:23

The rich man, who lived a luxurious like, experiences a reversal of fortunes into the netherworld (hell).

Conclusion:

Basalt, probation, temptation, torment, tormented

It was interesting to discover that this term actually refers to a basalt testing stone used in determining the value of metals. The meaning of this term changes over time to testing (examining). Man then becomes the object of this testing. Slaves were often tortured as punishment. Others were tortured in order to extract information from them.

In the Old Testament, testing and tormenting take on a spiritual sense. The righteous may endure testing (trials). Others may enduring suffering at the hands of the unjust. 4Macc introduces the notion of adhering to traditions and practices even to the point of martyrdom. In the New Testament, the rich man’s reversal of fate leads him into hell.

Mettle, a variant of metal, is the character or moral composition of a person found during difficult times. “To show one’s mettle” means to prove one has skills, endurance, and strength of character to accomplish something. Essentially, this refers to the “stuff of which a person is made”. This word, first used in the 1500’s, was frequently used by Shakespeare.

Julius Caesar, Act 4, Scene 2, Lines 24-25:

But hollow men, like horses hot at hand.

Make gallant show and promise of their mettle. 

May all of us show our mettle in the race (life) and can be put to the test in good times and bad!

[Greek] καταρτισμός (katartismos), [Latin] aedificatio, [Latin] apparatus: restoration, equipment, complete furnishing, perfection; Eph.4:12

Simeon the Godreceiver: painting by Alexei Yegorov (1830-1840). The Presentation of the Lord confirms (aedifies) that Simeon has seen the Messiah of the Lord.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means restoration, training, discipline, perfection, and equipment. The Greek artismos means repairing or restoration such as by an artisan. The Greek kata- represents completion, emphasis, or perfection. Plutarch’s Alexander 7 states “Since Phillip’s son’s nature as unyielding, but was easily led by reasoning into the path of duty, Phillip tried to persuade rather than command him, because he would not fully entrust the direction and training of the body to ordinary teachers.” Herodotus’ Histories 9.66 states “The general had with him a great army, as many as forty thousand men. He led these with a fixed purpose, telling them to follow him.”

New Testament: This term, not found in the Old Testament, means equipping, training, or furnishing. Paul and the other ministerial leaders are tasked with equipping the whole people of God in their ministry. This term pertains to building and edifying the body of Christ for the work of ministry. This equipping relates to the individuals’ and community’s strength (maturity). At the Presentation of the Lord, the Lord had finally furnished confirmation that Simeon has seen the Messiah of the Lord (Lk.2:30). How very much edifying for Simeon!

Scripture:

“To equip the holy ones for the work of ministry, for the building up the body of Christ.” Eph.4:12

Paul calls upon Christians to equip themselves for work of ministry.

Conclusion:

Artisan, artistic, edifice (building), edification, apparatus

It is interesting how this this term is related to art. In fact, this term can be related to many aspects of life (instructing, leading, constructing, and equipping).

In the Old Testament, the related Greek verb katartizo is more narrowly defined to binding and uniting. This notion relates to worshipping or show allegiance to idols.

In the New Testament, this term relates to equipping (teaching and instructing) Christians for the work of ministry. In every generation, there is that call to learn about one’s faith and about scripture to equip the Christian to spread the gospel.

I hope I was able to equip you with good information and background about this term.

Update: With the events in Afghanistan, we are now seeing the restoration of the war on terror. A perfectly horrible situation.

[Greek] εἶδος (eidos), [Latin] apparentia, [Latin] figura, [French] idee: form, appearance, shape; Lk.3:22, Lk.9:29, Jn.5:27, 2Cor.5:7, 1Thess.5:22

The Baptism of Christ: painting by Pietro Perungino (1482)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means what is visible, model, idea, essence, appearance, form, and nature. The more nuanced meanings include state of things, beauty, plan of action, and groceries. Homer’s Iliad 3.39 states “Evil, Paris, most fair to look upon, thou that art mad after women.” Plutarch’s Themistocles 29 states “The speech of man was like embroidered tapestries, since like them this too had to be extended in order to display its patterns, but when it was rolled up, it concealed and distorted them. Plato’s Phaedo 103e states “In some such cases, that not only the abstract idea itself, has a right to the same name through all time, but whenever it exists has the form of the idea.

Old Testament: This term, related to several Hebrew terms, means sight, appearance, form, law, judgment, substance, shape, figure, family, and beauty. The Egyptians saw that the woman was very beautiful (Gen.12:14). In the evening it was like the appearance of fire over the tabernacle (Num.9:15). You shall be driven mad by the sight of what you see (Deu.28:34). These are the families of the sons of Noah (Gen.10:32). Now these are the ordinances which you are to set before them (Exo.21:1). Now Joseph was handsome in form and appearance (Gen.39:6). But My face you cannot see, for no man sees Me and still lives (Exo.33:20).

New Testament: This term means form, appearance, sight, and kind. Jesus requests that John the Baptist baptize Him. As a result, the Holy Spirit, in the form of a dove, comes down upon Him. The Father’s voice from Heaven says “You are My Son whom I am well pleased.” At the Transfiguration of Jesus, His face changed in appearance and His clothes became dazzling white. Jesus states you have never heard the Father’s voice nor seen His form. We walk by faith, not by sight. We are reminded to refrain from every kind (manner) of evil.

Scripture:

“And the Holy Spirit descended upon Him in bodily form like a dove. And a voice came from heaven, ‘You are My beloved Son; with You I am well pleased.’” Lk.3:22

The Holy Spirits appears in the form of a dove. The Father’s statement makes reference to the angel’s reference to the Son of the Most High in Lk.3:22). This is related to Psa.2:7 (You are My Son, today I have begotten you).

“Moreover, the Father who sent me has testified on My behalf. But you have never heard His voice nor seen His form.” Jn.5:37

Aside from John’s baptism, we have never heard the Father’s voice. Man would face death in the event of seeing God.

“For we walk by faith, not by sight.” 2Cor.5:7

We are all like citizens in exile, who must have courage.

Conclusion:

Idea, appearance, figure

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it is perhaps not surprising about the many meanings of this term. The more nuanced meanings include beauty, similies, metaphors, and abstractions. Plato’s essence of thing means that the idea of a thing is as real as the thing. For example, one’s idea of “chairness” is more real than any manufactured chair. This inspired Nike’s marketing slogan “Just do it”.

In the Old Testament, man is incapable of seeing God. This would cause death. Psa. 2:7 introduces God’s Son of the Most High. This later relates to the Jesus’ baptism.

In the New Testament, the Father’s voice is heard during Jesus’ baptism. Otherwise, the Father’s voice is never heard nor is seen. The angel, in speaking with Mary, makes mention of the Son of the Most High. Jesus’ face is changed at the Transfiguration. In a sense, we all walk by faith as pilgrims on a journey. The Greek paroikos means sojourner or stranger.

Good travels, fellow pilgrims. ( I think you get the idea).

[Greek] ἀποκτείνω (apokteinō), [Latin] caedere: to kill, to destroy, to put to death, to do away with; 83 scriptural references

A tropaion (monument) was erected to memorialize the Battle of Leuctra where the Phocians slayed the Thebans in 371 BC. Such a monument records a “turning point” in a battle. The related Latin noun is trophaeum (trophy).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to slay, to kill, to condemn, and to metaphorically make the death of someone. Herodotus’ The Histories 3.30 states “His first evil act was to destroy his full brother Smerdis, whom he sent away from Egypt to Persia out of jealousy.” Desmothenes’ On the False Embasy 19.148 states “They had slain two hundred and seventy Thebans at Hedyleum, and a trophy had been set up.” Antiphon’s On the Murder of Herodes 5.92 states “The wrongful taking of life by one’s vote is just as criminal as the wring taking of life by one’s hand.” Euripides’ Hippolytus 1064 states “Oh! Your high and holy manner will be the death of me!”

Old Testament: This term, related to many Hebrew terms, means to kill, to slay to smite, to die, to destroy, to oppress, and to assassinate. Are you thinking of killing me as you killed the Egyptian (Exo.2:14). For many are those who has struck down dead (Prov.7:26). For you we are slain all the day long (Psa.44:23). He too fell upon the sword and died with him (1Sam.31:5). He hounded the wretched poor and brought death to the brokenhearted (Psa.109:16). Why do you wish to destroy the inheritance of the Lord (2Sam.20:19). No man is to be put to death this day (1Sam.11:13).

New Testament: This term means to kill, to destroy, and to do away with. There are many scriptural references to killing or being killed. There are scriptural references to Jesus being persecuted and being handed over to the Jewish authorities. Matthew makes reference to being afraid of the Lord who can kill both the body and soul. Paul points out that while the letter (Law) brings death, the Spirit gives life. Paul points out that sin does not exist in the law but in human nature. Man’s sinful nature is not overcome by the proclamation of the law.

Etymology:  The etymology can help to explain the range of the meanings of its nuanced, metaphorical, and literal sense. The related Greek verb kteino means to excommunicate or separate someone from society. The related Greek verb apokteino describes the formal process of condemning someone to death and may also refer to actually killing someone. However, this can mean that one can actually go on living for some time. This term is indirectly related to the Greek verb trepo, meaning to turn. A trope is a figure of speech which turns (moves) the meaning of the text from a literal meaning to a figurative meaning.

Scripture:

“And do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul; rather, be afraid of the one who can destroy both soul and body in Gehenna.” Mt. 10:28

Man’s sinful nature can sometime resort to killing others. The Lord, however, can also kill the soul.

“For sin, seizing an opportunity in the commandment, deceived me and through it put me to death.” Rom.7:11

Paul is speaking metaphorically about sin causing death.

“Who has indeed qualified as ministers of a new covenant, not a letter but of spirit; for the letter brings death, but the Spirit gives life.” 2Cor.3:6

The Old Testament is referred to a letter. The work of this letter makes man conscious of sin

Conclusion:

Homicide, suicide, trophy, trope

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include being metaphorically the death of someone, condemning, and voting on someone’s punishment. It was common practice to erect a tropaion (monument) to memorialize one’s victory (or loss) in a battle. I am pretty sure that they did not hand out participation trophies for coming in 12th place!

In the New Testament, it is significant to note that only the Lord can destroy the body and soul. Paul points out the limitations of the Law. There are many scriptural references to literal killing.

I hope that I was able to kill any notion that this term just means to kill someone (Here I am troping.) ☺☺☺ However, we do this everyday ourselves. (Ex. Our team “killed” them yesterday in the championship. Of course, we do not mean this to be literal.) Ok. You are probably saying now, “You’re killing me. Stop with the troping!”

Well then I will give you your participation trophy for successfully finishing this post.

Update: My next three posts next week: sojourners, strangers, and aliens

[Greek] θάπτω (thaptō), [Latin] sepelire, [Latin] cremitare: to bury, to entomb, to celebrate funeral rites; Mt.8:21-22, Mt.14:12, Lk.9:59-60, Lk.16:22, Acts 2:29, Acts 5:6,9-10, 1Cor.15:4

The Death of Ananias: painting by Raphael (1515).  Ananias and Sapphira both lie to the Holy Spirit and later fall dead.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to bury, to cremate, and to honor with funeral rites. Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris 1464 “You, Iphigenia, must be the keyholder for the goddess on the hallowed stairs of Brauron, and will die there and be buried.” Herodotus’ The Histories 7.228 states “There is an inscription written over these men, who were buried where they fell. It reads as follows: “Here four thousand from the Peloponnese once fought three million.”” Lycurgus’ Against Leocrates 1.113 states “ They decreed publicly, on the motion of Critias, that the dead man should be tried for treason, and that if it were found that this was a traitor who had been buried in the country, his bones should be dug up and removed from Attica.” Euripides’ Alcestis 632 states “As for your finery, she shall never wear it, for she needs nothing of yours for her burial.” Aristophanes’ Plutus states ” Oh! what a happy life, by Demeter! to live sparingly, to toil incessantly and not to leave enough to pay for a tomb!”

Old Testament: This term means to embalm, to spice, to bury, and to inter. Poetically, this term means to mature as the fig spices fills it fruit with aromatic juice. So the physicians embalmed Israel (Gen.50:2). Now forty days were required for it, such is the period required for embalming (Gen.50:3). The fig tree puts forth its figs; and the vines, in bloom, give forth fragrance. (Sng.2:13). You will buried at a good old age (Gen.15:15). So bury your dead (Gen.23:15). So Rachel died and was buried on the way to Ephrath (Gen.36:19). His survivors will buried because of the plague (Job. 27:15). They buried the king in Samaria (1Kgs.22:37).

New Testament: This term, meaning to bury, makes reference to Jesus, family members, David, the rich man, and Ananias and Sapphira. The spiritually dead (those do not follow Jesus) must bury their dead. Jesus overrides this Hellenistic and Jewish obligation to parents. As a result of lying to the Holy Spirit, Ananias and Sapphira fall to their deaths. They also lie to their community.

Scripture:

“But Jesus answered him, ‘Follow me, and let the dead bury their dead.’”Mt.8:21

Jesus’ demand to follow Him contrasts and overrides the worldly desire to follow human customs in burying loved ones. Jesus calls those who do not follow Him as spiritually dead.

“Then Peter said to her, ‘Why did you agree to test the Spirit of the Lord? Listen the footsteps of those who have buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out.’” Acts 5:9

Ananias, who tested (lied to) the Holy Spirit fell to his death. He misled the community. His death was his deception of the community.

Conclusion:

Epitaph, sepulcher, cremate, cremation

It was interesting to learn that burying the dead was of the most important practices in the Hellenistic traditions. The Greek writers make notice of this in honoring the Peloponnesians who lost in battle. The priestess, who controlled access (with a key) to the temple, will receive honor in our death.

In the Old Testament, this term also makes reference to vines giving forth fragrance. This relates to embalming (making fragrant) corpses.

In the New Testament, this term used to bury the dead. At first glance, this seems to sound like a harsh statement from Jesus. Even family ties must not distract from proclaiming the kingdom. Most notably, this term refers to the spiritually dead, and the soon to be dead Ananias and Sapphira who will lie to the Holy Spirit.

An epitaph is an inscription on a tomb or monument.

I really just thought that this mean just to bury. Well, that notion is certainly now dead and buried.

Update: Although this may sound Greek to you, there are actually three different Greek words for silence and silencing.

Sigao: To have silence. The context determines the nature of silence.

Hesuchazo: This refers to an absence of internal disturbance.

Phimoo: To shut the mouth like with a muzzle.

(From the melody of  Simon  & Garfunkel’s Sound of Silence)

Hello, readers, my old friends,

I’ve come to talk with you again

Because a vision softly creeping

Left it seeds while I was sleeping

And the vision that was planted in my brain

Still remains: my next three posts about silence.

[Greek] βρέφος (brephos), [Latin] infans, [Latin] fetus, [German] kind: newborn child, unborn child, baby, toddler, infant, embryo; Lk. 1:41,44. Lk. 2:12,16, Lk. 18:15, Acts 7:19, 2Tim.3:15, 1Pet.2:2

It has to be said that MLK Jr. had a complicated relationship with Planned Parenthood in the 1960’s.

1. It has been alleged that MLK Jr. was a supporter of family planning and birth control.
2. He accepted Planned Parenthood’s Margaret Sanger award.
3. He praised family planning as vital tool for African Americans to “exist in freedom and dignity”.
4. He mentioned slavery in the context of reproductive rights [for the woman] in not having to live under forced reproduction and slavery.
5. He never fully equated abortion to slavery in term of the rights of the unborn. The notion of the rights of the unborn had not yet fully “conceived” by the culture.
6. This quote “Every aborted baby is like a slave in the womb of his or her mother. The mother decides his or her fate” is interestingly often tied with MLK Jr.
7. Perhaps it can be speculated that he would have eventually come to this conclusion about the connection of abortion with slavery.
8. The more important point is that this quote illustrates the reality of the fetus being likened with a slave with no rights.

Background information:

Classical Greek Era: This term means infant, fetus, baby, embryo, and small child.

1. [In a patriarchal culture], sons, rather than daughters, were more desired in order to enhance the labor force and the status (power and glory) of a house. 
2. The newborn child was often included in cultic fellowship.
3. The nurse (or female relative) would publicly place the child under the protection of the household gods.
4. Pregnancy prevention methods (abortion) wore often used to weed out girls, “cripples”, and the unfit.

Greek Hellenism:

1. There begins a rediscovery of the role of the child, as provisions are being made for the welfare of children.
2. Efforts are undertaken to develop a more integrated and fully rounded (“encyclopedic”) education (and training) for children.
3. Children and childlike characters are developed in poetry, comedy, literature, and the arts.
4. Such characters include the gifted child, divine child, and the mischievous child. Even children can become emperors.

Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris 898: “For male children are the supports of the house.”

Hesiod’s Works and Days 376: “There should be an only one son to feed in his father’s house, for so wealth will increase in the house.”

Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 1096: “Behold these babies bewailing their own butchery.”

Aristophanes’ Knights 426: “This child will get on; he has the mettle that makes a statesman.”

Sophocles’ Ajax 550: “Ah son, I envy you on this account, that you have no perception of these evils. Yes, life is sweetest when one lacks sense.”

Old Testament:

1. To be without children is a sorrow and a religious curse. Children are a gift and blessing from God.
2. A man’s name (progeny) lives on through his children. Those who die childless can still have descendants through Levirate marriage.
3. Abortion is considered pagan.
4. The notion of the child’s innocence is foreign in the Old Testament, as Judaism generally views the child as foolish (without understanding), selfish, and naughty. The child customarily participates in cultic fellowship.
5. The firstborn belongs to Yahweh, and must be presented to Him.

New Testament:

1. Jesus affirms and sanctifies the love of parents. Child-bearing can be called a work which promotes salvation and pleases God.
2. Interestingly, Jesus holds a much higher esteem for children. Although Jesus never speaks of the children’s innocence, He refers to their modest, immature, trusting, unspoiled, and naïve qualities, which are more receptive to the fatherly love of God.
3. Paul reminds that Timothy (and others) that they have learned since infancy that scriptures provide wisdom (in facing the issues of false teachings).
4. Peter states that the newly baptized, like newborn infants, long for spiritual milk which is needed for salvation.

Scripture:

Lk.1:44: “For at that moment the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the infant John in my womb leaped for joy.” (John leaps in the womb upon the presence of Mary.)

Lk.18:15: “People were bringing even infants to Him so that He might touch them, and when the disciples saw this, they rebuked Him.” (Jesus calls for children to come to Him. We are all called to be like children in having a simple childlike trust and humble faith in our relationship to God the Father.)

Acts 7:19: “Another king who knew nothing of Joseph came to power in Egypt and oppressed our ancestors by forcing them to expose their infants, that they might not survive.” (The new Egyptian king sought to decrease the Isrealite population. The Egyptian king ordered the midwives to kill the boys and spare the girls.)

1Pet.2:2: “Like newborn infants, long for spiritual milk so that through it you may grow into salvation.” (Growth toward salvation comes from first stripping away all that is contrary to new life in Christ. Secondly, this requires nourishment (pure spiritual milk that the newly baptized have received. Paul calls his followers not to be childish (naive) in viewing evil.)

The early Church’s historical position against abortion:

The Didache:(140 AD): “new born child”

Althenagoras (177 AD):  “fetus in the womb”

Tertullian (197 AD):  “fetus in the womb”

Clement of Alexandria (150-215 AD):  “embryos”

John Calvin: “the fetus, although enclosed in the womb”

Martin Luther: “single child in any woman’s womb”

Etymology:

1. The Greek noun embruon means young one.
2. The Greek verb bruo means to grow or to swell.
3. The Greek prefix em- means into.
4. The Latin noun infans means ONE UNABLE TO SPEAK.
5. The Greek verb fans is present participle of fari (to speak).
6. The Greek preposition in- means not or opposite of.

Conclusion:

Embryo, fetus, infant, kid, kindergarten

Unfortunately, in many societies abortion continues in current times. It is also another unfortunate reality that abortion (and other contraceptive practices) have been in existence since the beginning of time.

In the Old Testament, it was very important to have male children in order to continue the family progeny and to serve the Lord. Even non-traditional forms of intercourse were permitted to produce children.

Abortion and other contraceptive measures were considered pagan.

Martin Luther King Jr. continues to inspire us in our nation’s current march for life!

Update: The 2026 National March for Life will be held in Washington D.C. on January 23. This year’s theme is “Life is a gift.”

Paul provides us with great advice today in not being unaware of evil in our time. Such examples include racism, abortion, and blessing of sin.

Other quotes by MLK Jr.:

“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will be not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” 

“The Negro cannot win if he is willing to sacrifice the futures of his children for immediate personal comfort and safety.” 

“Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out, only love can do that.” 

Next post: marching for life

[Greek] σπλάγχνον (splagchnon), [Latin] viscera, [Latin] intestina: gut, intestines, viscera, bowels, emotions, sympathy, inward parts; Lk.1:78, Acts 1:18, 2Cor.6:12, 2Cor.7:15, Php.1:8, Php.2:1, Col.3:12, Phl.7,12,20

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means inward parts (hearts, liver, kidneys), sacrificial offering, entrails, loin, viscera, heart (seat of feelings, affections, and anxiety. This noun mostly occurs in the plural form. The womb (and loins) represent the power of procreation. The Greek culture predominately does not equate the heart (gut) with compassion and mercy. The Jewish and Christian cultures will later take on these qualities. Euripides’ Electra 828 states “Aegisthus took the entrails in his hands and inspected them.” Sophocles’ Antigone 1066   “You will not live through many more courses of the sun’s swift chariot, before you give in return on sprung from your loins.” Aristophanes’ Frogs 1006 states “I am indignant at this encounter, and it grips my guts.” Aeschylus’ Libation Bearers 413 states “At once I am devoid of hope and my viscera are darkened at the words I hear.” Aeschylus’ Seven Against Thebes 1036 states “A thing to be held in awe is the common womb from which we were born of a wretched mother and unfortunate father.”

Old Testament: This term means womb, belly, seat of emotions, abdomen, heart, bowels, and compassion. Two nations are in your womb (Gen.25:23). He will bless the fruit of your womb (Deu.7:13). Ehud took the sword from his right thigh and thrust it into his belly (Jdg.3:21). Because he knew no quiet with him (Job.20:20). The spirit within me constrains me (Job.32:18). And strokes reach the innermost parts (Prov.20:30). And may God Almighty grant you compassion in the sight of man (Gen.43:14). Let us now fall into the hand of the Lord for His mercies are great (2Sam.24:14).

New Testament: This term means intestines, compassion (and mercy), the reception of mercy, the heart (seat of compassion and mercy), and the refusal to show compassion. Upon Judas’ death, his intestines fall out (sorry for that graphic image!). Paul states the Christian is called upon to show compassion and mercy toward others. The heart is seen as the primary source for mercy and compassion. Fellow Christians are the recipients of affection. If a worldly person (with means) refuses to help and show compassion for others, the love of God does not remain in him.

Scripture:

“He bought a parcel of land with the wages of his iniquity, and falling headlong, he burst open in the middle, and all his insides spilled out.” Acts 1:18

Judas, in his death, was opened up spilling his intestines.

“You are not constrained by us; you are constrained by your own affections.” 2Cor.6:12

Christians are called to show mercy and compassion. But Christians have the free will to choose not to.

“I am sending him that is, my heart, back to you.” Phm 12

Paul was sending Onesimus to the others. The heart, the seat of mercy and compassion, defines the Christian’s nature.

Conclusion:

Viscera, intestinal (fortitude), intestines

It also looks like that this term splagchnon is also may be related to spleen (which is also in the gut). The gut has become associated with feelings. Aristophanes and Aeschylus both make references to gut feelings.

In the Old Testament, the heart becomes a greater focus regarding the seat of emotions. It is interesting to note that one with a cheerful heart shows mercy and compassion.

In the New Testament, Paul states that the Christian must be one who is defined by compassion and mercy. The heart continues to be a seat of mercy.

Intestinal fortitude is defined as courage and endurance to go.

Update: I always had a gut feeling that there was something screwy about this “most secure in American history.” Then why are there investigations now in Arizona, New Hampshire, Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Georgia? Why has there been many instances of voter legislation on the local and national level? This is just the beginning. And that this new administration has become a disaster on so many levels!

My gut feeling says that you will hopefully find this post interesting!

[Greek] πλατύς (platys), [Latin] lata: wide, broad, flat; Mt.7:13

The Narrow Gate to Heaven and the Wicked Gate to Hell: painting by Cornelius de Bie (1627-1715)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means wide, broad, spread out, flat, and level. The more nuanced meanings include broad-shouldered, diffused, widespread, frequent, far advanced, and flat out (downright). Homer’s Iliad 17.432 states “Yet neither back to the ships to take the broad Hellespont straight were the twain-minded to go, not yet into the battle amid Achaeus.” Xenophon’s Hellenica 6.1.9. states “While Thessaly is an exceedingly flat land, all the peoples round about are subject to her as soon as a Tajan military leader is established here.” Sophocles’ Ajax 1250 states “It is not the stout, broad-shouldered men that are the steadiest allies. No, it is the ones who prevail in every engagement. Aristophanes’ Frogs 1096 states “Getting hit with the flat of the hands.”

Old Testament: This term means broad, wide, proud, spacious, inflated, and at liberty. The broad wall of Babylon will be completely razed (Jer.51:58). A place of rivers and wide canals (Isa.33:21). An arrogant man stirs up strife (Pro.28:25). Haughty eyes and a proud heart, the lamp of the wicked is sin (Pro.21:4). And I will walk at liberty (Psa.119:45). The work is great and extensive (Neh.4:19). And the land is large enough for them (Gen.34:21). For behold, the land is large enough for them (Exo.3:8).

New Testament: This term, used only once, refers to the wide gate (and broad road) that leads to destruction. Jesus illustrates two contrasting kinds of life within the Christian community. One can either obey Jesus or not obey Him. This metaphor of two paths also appears in pagan culture and in the Old Testament culture. Those few who enter through the narrow gate will find redemption. In contrast, those many who enter through the broad gate will find destruction.

Scripture:

“Enter through the narrow gate; for the gate is wide and the road broad that leads to destruction, and those who enter through it are many.” Mt.7:13

This wide gate, although more accessible, will lead to destruction.

Interestingly, the allegory Tablet of Cebes, by the disciple of Socrates, states “See though not a certain small door, in no way crowded, but few, very few, go in there? This is the way that leads to true discipline.”

Geography: Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator. The latitude is the breadth of a map of the known world.

Conclusion:

Plateau, plain, latitude

It was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term such as broad-shouldered, diffused, far advanced, and frequent. The Hellespont straight was located near the Aegan Sea. Xenophon makes an astute geopolitical observation about the military advantages of occupying a flat plain. It is perhaps not surprising that were would a Greek philosophical correlation to the narrow gate allegory in the New Testament. Discipline must also be needed to enter through the narrow door.

In the Old Testament, this term also has nuanced meanings (inflated, proud, and at liberty).

In the New Testament, the allegory of the narrow gate offers two paths one may take in the Christian life. It is interesting to note that Jn.14:6 states that Jesus is the way. The path through the narrow gate may not be without pain, struggle, or difficulty. This path also requires discipline.

To be honest, I was flat out (downright) surprised about what I learned about this term.

[Greek] σκληρύνω (sklērynō), [Latin] obdurare, [Latin] indurare, [French] perseverer, [French] persister, [German] hart machen (make hard): to be stubborn, to harden, to be hardened, to cause to be stubborn; Acts 19:9, Rom. 9:18, Heb.3:8,13,15, Heb.4:7

Hardness of heart: resistant attitudes toward others and the refusal to be faithful to Church teachings. God may even harden the hearts of some if He wills.

Background information:

Old Testament (The heart is the seat of emotions):

1. Hardening can viewed in a physiological (medical), spiritual, psychological, and ethical sense.
2. Hardness of heart is likened to arrogance, stubbornness, obstinance, wickedness, close-mindedness, unbelief, and toughness.
3. Hardness of heart can apply to unbelievers, enemies of Israel, Israel, Jews opposed to Christians, and Christians.
4. Hardness of heart can be illustrated by guilt and misery.
5. God can also permit the hardening of hearts of some (as He wills as part of His divine Providence). Ex. Pharaoh

The sin of Moses and Aaron at Kadesh (disobedience and acting like gods [Deut.20:2-12]):

1. The community, having no water, railed against Moses and Aaron.
2. Moses and Aaron went away from the assembly to the tent of meeting, falling prostrate before the Lord.
3. The Lord commanded them to assemble the community and to take the staff to command the rock to yield its waters.
4. Then Moses and Aaron said [to the assembly], ‘You rebels! Are we to produce water for you out of this rock?’
5. Moses struck the rock twice with his staff and water came out in abundance.
6. But the Lord said to Moses and Aaron: ‘Because you did not have confidence in Me, to acknowledge My holiness before the Israelites, you shall NOT lead this assembly into the land I have given you.
7. God did not permit Aaron to see the promised land. Aaron, who also made the golden calf, died at Mount Hor.
8. God did not permit Moses to see the promised land. Moses died at Mount Nebo.
9. Moses and Aaron were guilty of taking credit (with God) for making themselves out as gods) in producing this miracle.
10. Moses and Aaron were disobedient in believing in God.

New Testament: This term means to be stubborn (obstinate) and to harden (cause to be stubborn).

Scripture:

Acts 19:9: “But when some in the obstinacy and disbelief disparaged the Way before the assembly, Paul withdrew and took his disciples with him and began to hold daily discussions in the lecture hall of Tyrannus.” (While in Ephesus, Paul was experiencing opposition during his ministry. Some Jews became violently opposed to the gospel. Their hearts were insensitive as the truth made no impression on them. Perhaps the Jews were threatened by the Christians’ beliefs.)

Rom.19:17-18: “For the scripture says to Pharaoh, ‘This is why I have raised you up, to show My power through you that My name may be proclaimed throughout the earth. Consequently, He has mercy on whom He wills, and he hardens whom He wills.” (God raised up Pharaoh to be hard-hearted and to oppress His people. This allows Moses to begin his actions to oppose Pharaoh. God will permit hardness of heart in some people if it serves His will in His larger plans. In these situations, those who will not see or hear shall not see or hear. Yet, on the other hand, God can also open the heart through the Holy Spirit.)

Heb.3:8: “Harden not your hearts as at the rebellion in the day of testing in the desert.” (Paul warns against growing weary and giving up. He alludes to the Israelites’ disobedience in the desert. They provoked God in their unbelief, murmuring, ingratitude, sin, and idolatry.)

Day of testing: This harkens back to the murmuring, disbelief, impatience, idolatry, and hard-heartedness about whether God would provide water for the Israelites at Massah and Meribah. These places were called respectively “the place of the test” and “the place of strife.”

Heb.3:13: “Encourage yourselves daily while it is still ‘today’, so that none of you may grow hardened by the deceit of sin.” (Today is the day of grace before the coming of the day of glory and judgment of Christ’s coming. Today is the time to hear the voice of God. Hardness of the heart means obstinance, blindness to truth, unbelief, refusal to accept the gospel, rebelliousness, and refusal to recognize sin.)

Heb.3:15: “Oh, that today you would not hear His voice: ‘Harden not your hearts as at the rebellion.'” (Psa.95:8 makes reference to the place where the Israelites quarreled with God at Massah, where they put God to the test.)

The hard-heartedness of Modernism:

1. Pope Francis and his fellow Modernists are really “true-believers” in their Modernist ideology to finish and double down on the consequences of Vatican II.
2. They believe that the Traditional Latin Mass is divisive as long as it exists with the Novus Order Mass.
3. These Modernists seek to remove the TLM, a liturgical celebration which is thriving [where currently allowed], as the Novus Order Mass is declining. (Traditiones Custodes)
4. These Modernists ironically call those traditionally minded and (conservative) Catholics “RIGID” and “for having a nostalgic disease”.
5. According to Pope Francis, those priests who wear the cassock embody clericalism, spiritual worldliness, and a scandal. (As if looking like a priest is a bad thing!)
6. Modernists and Progressive priests are worried, unsettled, and helpless in being UNABLE to stop this growing trend of young traditionally minded (conservative) priests and seminarians.

My personal opinion:

1. The Holy Spirit is clearly slowly at work in bringing forth a true reform and renewal of Tradition for Jesus’ Church.
2. Young Catholics are being drawn to Tradition and the Traditional Latin Mass.
3. Because of the Holy Spirit, younger priests (seminarians) are becoming more conservative and traditionally minded. More older Modernist and progressive (clergy) are retiring and dying.
4. Despite continued opposition to Pope Francis, MODERNISTS CONTINUE TO REMAIN HARD-HEARTED in promoting in promoting their Modernist ideology on Jesus’ Church.
5. The Holy Spirit is permitting this hardness of the Modernists for a larger purpose: for others to see the consequences of liturgical confusion (chaos), to wake people up, and to inspire the longing for Tradition.
6. Liturgical confusion: more and more people are becoming alarmed about the liturgical confusion (chaos) in Church doctrine, teachings, and liturgy caused by the Modernists.
7. Waking people up: more and more people are waking up from their luke-warmness and stupor in not taking the Church and their faith for granted.
8. Pope Francis digging himself deeper: Pope Francis continues to cause confusion (with his own words) veering over the Church’s doctrinal rails about salvation.
9. Longing for Tradition: more and more people are seeking deeper truths; more and more people are seeing clergy being criticized, cancelled and persecuted for espousing traditional Catholic teachings.
10. This is the only way that Jesus’ Church will TRULY BE RENEWED AND RESTORED.
11. Not surprisingly, this movement embodies Archbishop Lefebvre’s prophetic statement: “Our future is our past” (The Church’s future path requires that it restores its traditions. Archbishop Lefebvre had misgivings about Vatican II.)

Conclusion:

Sclerosis, sclerotic, obdurate (not easily moved by feelings), heart, persevere, persist, endure, endurance

Update: Over many years both non-Arab nations and Arab nations have shown a hardness of heart (anti-Semitism) toward Israel and its citizens.

The Trump administration has been successful in overcoming Arab hard-heartedness in initiating peace accords with Israel and Arab nations.

Hard-heartedness in ideology and stupidity have contributed to creating the “Hamas wing” of the Democratic party.

One must also take pause that hard-heartedness plays an important in producing radical rightists, radical Islam, and radical leftists.

The Nicaraguan government continue to oppress and persecute the Catholic Church.

Pope Francis and his inner circle, in their hard-heartedness to Tradition and traditional Church teachings, have declared that Jesus’ Church is now a worldly synodal Church, made in the image of man and his lived experiences.

Pope Francis ironically call those who favor Tradition and traditional teachings as “rigid”, a “scandal”, a form of “clercalism”, and “having a disease for nostalgia”. (This is more reflective of the Modernists’ hard-heartedness against Tradition.)

The Vatican was forced to remove an online poll gauging the support for the Vatican’s Synodal path. The opposition against it was overwhelming!

Even after all this time, I think we can all come to the conclusion that Pope Francis and his fellow Modernists are NOT going to change in implementing their Modernist ideology, in light of opposition to them. 

Pope Francis and his inner circle, in their hard heartedness, has refused to acknowledge the traditional (and conservative) Catholics’ concerns about the Synod. Instead, like-minded appointed delegates are chosen to approve their already planned agenda. This Synod only represents 1% of Catholics.

It is very interesting to note that the Greek noun kardiognostes refers to God, knower of hearts. In a sense, God is the pre-eminent heart specialist! So make an appointment! God’s domain is always in network! No referrals needed! All salvation health plans accepted! I hear the benefits are out of this world! ☺☺☺

“Blessed is the one who always trembles before God. But whoever hardens his heart falls into trouble.” Prov. 28:14

Next post: being strong (firm)

[Greek] συμμιμητής (symmimētēs), [Latin] imitator: fellow imitator, one who mimics, one who imitates, to do what is seen to be done by someone else; Php.3:17

Plato’s concept of essence (the idea of the thing is the thing) becomes the inspiration for Nike’s marketing slogan “Just do it.”

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: Throughout history, man has imitated (mimicked) activities from nature: spiders (weaving and sewing), and birds (building), etc. Art seeks to copy or imitate. Such examples include drama, painting, sculpture, music, and dance. Interestingly, Plato viewed the poet (and artists) as mere imitators. Plato looked down upon tragic poets during his lifetime. God created the essence of the idea. The carpenter becomes a secondary creator. The painter or poet are just imitators, giving expression to the idea. They copy reality, remaining remote from the truth.

Ethical imitation: The notion of imitating or mimicking develops in the ethical sphere. Imitating in a negative sense can be illustrated in what is showy, aped, and weak and unoriginal copying. Emphasis is focused more on being good or imitating a good man. Children are called to follow the good example of their parents. Students are called to be attentive and obedient to their teachers. Plato’s Republic 597c states “God is the real author of the couch that has real being. God is its true and natural begetter. The carpenter is also a creator of some particular couch. The painter is the imitator of the thing which those others produce.” Plato’s Republic 601a states “The poet himself, knowing nothing but how to imitate it, lays on words and phrases. The creator of this phantom, we say, knows nothing of the reality but only the appearance.” Euripides’ Helen 940 states “I beseech you, grant me this favor, and imitate the character of a just father; for this is the fairest glory for children, when the child of a good father resembles its parents in character.”

Old Testament: The notion of imitation is generally a foreign concept in the Old Testament. There is no thought that we must imitate God. God is incomparable and inimitable to man in being and action. The Hellenistic philosopher Philo mentions obedience in imitation of fathers (and commands of their fathers). Men should imitate God.

New Testament: This term means joint (fellow) imitator. Paul presents himself as a type (model) on whom the Phillipians should conduct themselves. They are to follow his example of authority, not perfection. This imitation becomes a form of obedience. Paul states that those, who follow him, may experience suffering and will experience resurrection. In contrast, Paul references others who conduct themselves as enemies of Christ. Their end is in destruction.

Scripture:

“Join with others in being imitators of me, brothers, and observe those who thus conduct themselves according to the model you have in us.” Php.3:17

Paul calls upon the Phillipians to follow his example in conducting themselves. He calls them to be obedient.

Conclusion:

Imitate, imitation, mimic

I had never really considered that early man would observe and imitate the actions of creatures in the world. It was interesting to discover Plato’s view of creation and imitation. God and carpenters are creators. However, artists (painters, poets, writers, etc) are only imitators, giving expression to reality. Plato’s concept of essence is that the idea of a thing is the thing. (For example, one’s idea of a chair has more “chairness” than any manufactured chair). This concept provides the basis for Nike’s marketing slogan “Just do it!” It is also interesting how imitation enters into the ethical realm. Good character and obedience are the results of this idea.

In the Old Testament, it is significant to note that God does not directly apply to imitation. Imitation does not apply since God is so incomparable and different from man. However, Philo speaks of imitating God in being obedient to fathers (and commands of fathers).

In the New Testament, Paul calls upon the Phillipians to follow his example in being faithful to Christ. This is a form of obedience.

The Greek noun poiema means workmanship. And yet God is the perfect poet and I bet you didn’t know it!

[Greek] τόκος (tokos), [Latin] usura: interest, a bringing forth, usury, childbirth, offspring; Mt.25:27, Lk.19:23

The Madonna of the Incarnation: painting by Bernardino Luini (1515). Mary is the theotokos (God-bearer) or Mother of God.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means childbirth, offspring, interest, and a bringing forth.

Homer’s Iliad 15.141: “And a hard thing it is to preserve the lineage and offspring of man.”

Homer’s Iliad 19.119: “Hera departed from Olympos and swiftly came to Achaean Argos who bared a son in her womb.”

Plato’s Republic 555e: “These money-makers with bent down heads inserting the sting (interest) of their money into any of the remainder who do resist, harvesting them as in interests as it were a manifold progeny of the parent sum.”

Aeschylus’ Seven Against Thebes 407: “Perhaps the folly of it might yield to onesome prophetic understanding, then to its bearer this arrogant symbol.”

Plato’s Republic 6.507a: “But at any rate receive this interest and the offspring of the good.”

Old Testament: This term means debt, interest (on a debt) and usury. Usury was generally forbidden by biblical ordinance.

New Testament: This term means interest on a monetary loan.

1. The practice of usury, or charging interest on a loan, remained prevalent through the time of Christ and into the early church period.
2. In the parable of the talents, the servant, who received one talent, buried his master’s money.
3. In the parable of the ten gold coins, one servant stored the coin in a handkerchief.
4. These two servants were scolded for not adequately increasing the value of their talent (coin). It is important to productively use one’s resources.
5. These servants’ resources (responsibilities) were taken away.
6. The servants were scolded for squandering their resources. To what one has, more will be given. For one who has not, it will be taken away

Scripture:

Mt.25:27: “Should you not then have put my money in the bank so that I could have got it back with interest on my return?” (The servant was scolded for not effectively saving and earning interest on his talent. For to everyone who has, more will be given. But for one who has not, it will be taken away.)

Theotokos:

1. This is a Greek title given to Mary.
2. This term means “God-bearer” or Mother of God.
3. Theotokos is predominately used in eastern Christianity.
4. The Solemnity of Mary, the Holy Mother of God is a feast day (holy day of obligation) celebrated by the Roman rite of the Catholic Church on January 1.

Conclusion:

Token, usury

At first glance (with just a token understanding) [sorry… couldn’t resist], I had thought that this term only applies to tokens.

This term refers to begetting, bringing forth, and providing offspring.

In a sense, interest becomes an ‘offspring” from a financial transaction.

A token is also a form of money or currency.

In the Old Testament, usury was prohibited by biblical ordinance.

In the New Testament, however, this term is used in a more positive sense in the wise use of money and wealth production.

Jan 1, 2026: This post was made as a small token of my appreciation for Mary, the Mother of God.

[Greek] ἐνέργημα (energēma), [Latin] operatio: effect, operation, energy, activity; 1Cor.12:6,10

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means what is effected, act, action, operation, and labors. Cosmic or physical forces are at work in man or in the physical world. Polybius’ Histories 4.8.7 states “Not only is it the case that the same man has an aptitude for one class of activities and not for another, the same will be exceedingly acute and exceedingly dull.” Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics 1101 states “May not we then confidently pronounce that many happy who realizes complete goodness in action, and is adequately furnished with external goods?” Polybius’ Histories 1.13 states “In Greece at the same time the war called after Cleomenes was in full action.”

Old Testament: This term, primarily occurring in Wisdom, 2Macc, and 3Macc, pertains to the work of divine or demonic powers. That I might know the organization of the universe and the force of its elements (Wis.7:17). This was the act of God who rules over all things (3Macc.5:28). Or if they were struck by their might and energy (Wis.13:4).While he lay speechless and deprived of all hope of aid, due to an act of God’s power (2Macc.3:29). But this was an act of the invincible providence of Him (3Macc.4:21).

New Testament: This term means deed, working, and activity. These charisms come from the Spirit, which distributes to others as He sees fit. The Corinthians seemed to have developed an esteem (interest) in tongues. These charisms are gifts, graces (outside of human terms), forms of service, and expressions (in purpose and effect.) All of these are workings or activities.

Scripture:

“There are different workings but the same God who produces all of them in everyone. 1Cor.12:6

God (and the Holy Spirit) distribute these gifts to certain person according to His providence.

Conclusion:

Energy, energetic, operation, operational

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term refers to divine, supernatural, and ordinary actions. Such ordinary actions (workings) can include sexual intercourse, operating in surgery, and accomplishing tasks.

In the New Testament, the Holy Spirit is source of all charisms and gifts. Each person is given gifts according to his capabilities or capacities.

There is not much else that needs to be said. I really do not expend any more energy in illustrating this term. So take it easy from your own workings.

[Greek] ἄνθραξ (anthrax), [Latin] carbones, [Swedish] kol: coal, charcoal, cause to be ashamed; Rom.12:20

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means charcoal, coal, precious dark stone, and malignant pustule (boil). Archanae, one of the regions of Greece, was the center of the Athenian charcoal burning industry. Aristophanes’ Archanians 322 states “I have the hostages of Archanae. I shall disembowel them. Let us see whether you have any love for your coals.” Aristophanes 348 states “The poor basket was so frightful, look, it has shed a thick black dust over me.” (Diakaiopolis and his household are set upon by a mob of charcoal burners from Archarnae. Diakaiopolis takes a basket of coal hostage. The Archanians agree to leave only if he spares the charcoal).

Old Testament: This term can mean dark gum resin, coal, dark emerald, hot stone, and black dust. This term makes reference to the sixth plague on Egypt (Exo.9:9-10). The Lord instructs Moses and Aaron to take black soot from a kiln. In the presence of Pharaoh, Moses scatters this black dust into the sky. This black dust will cause festering boils on human beings and beast through Egypt. So the Lord said to Moses and Aaron: each of you take handfuls of soot from a kiln, and in the presence of Pharaoh let Moses scatter it toward the sky. It will turn into fine dust over the whole land of Egypt and cause festering boils on human being and beast alike throughout the land of Egypt (Exo.9:9)

New Testament: This term can mean charcoal and cause to be ashamed. In his address to the Romans, Paul instructs his followers to show mercy. Rather than taking justice in their own hands, God will take care of the matters of vengeance. Paul makes reference to Prov.25:21-22. Paul instructs others to feed and to provide drink to the enemy. These actions will be like metaphorically heaping burning coals on his head. You will make your enemy more distressed (embarrassed) by your acts of mercy. Perhaps, this will provide a stirring or burning on that person’s conscience.

“Rather, if your enemy is hungry, feed him’ if he is thirsty, give him something to drink; for by doing so you will heap burning coals upon his head.” Rom.12:20

These acts of mercy will stress, confound, and embarrass your enemy. This may also strike against his conscience.

Conclusion:

Anthrax, carbon, coal

At first glance, I thought this term only referred to the deadly bacteria anthrax. Yet, this term also refers to black and coal. I never thought that I would come across a passage where a basket of coal is taken hostage!

In the Old Testament, it is interesting to note how black powder (soot) could be used by God to create the 6^th plague on Egypt. Perhaps, this is how God created anthrax.

In the New Testament, I can imagine many of us (including me) have not been very familiar with this expression “heaping burning coals” on someone. Perhaps, this was a way to fire up someone with shame and make them “burning hot” with embarrassment. (So don’t “rake anyone over the coals” for not knowing this.) ☺☺☺

[Greek] μωρός (mōros), [Latin] fatuus, [Latin] stultus, [Latin] imprudens, [Latin] stupidus: dull, insipid, foolish, stupid, unwise, dull-witted; Mt.5:22, Mt.7:26, Mt.23:17,19, Mt.25:2,3,8, 1Cor.1:25,27, 1Cor.3:18, 1Cor.4:10, 2Tim.2:23, Tit.3:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means dull, sluggish (of the nerves), stupid, folly, foolish, and insipid (flat taste). Regarding the intellect, this term can refer to dullness, lack of judgment, and a deficiency of intellectual or spiritual capacity. In medicine, this term refers to slackness, fatigue or dulling of the nerves. In hibernation, animals act sluggishly in winter.

Folly: This notion of folly can be a subjective judgment, lack of understanding (ignorance), condemnation, naivety, confusion, and impulsiveness. Sometimes folly can be perceived as being controlled by an outside force or power (beyond one’s understanding). Folly is a fate and an expression of arrogance against the unfortunate. Foolishness, irrationality, and impulsive actions (as a result of folly) occur in all aspects of life. Sophocles’ Ajax 594 states “You have foolish hope, I think, if you plan so late to begin schooling my temper.” Sophocles’ Electra 889 states “Now, for the gods’ love, listen so that you may know the rest from me before deciding whether I am sane or foolish.” Demosthenes’ Phillipica 3 states “But you have reached such a height of folly or madness. I know not what to call it that some demon is driving you to your doom.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 540 states “Is your attempt not foolish, to seek the throne without followers or friends—a prize which follows and wealth must win?” Sophocles’ Antigone 469 states “And if my present actions are foolish in your sight, it may be that it is a fool who accuses me of folly.”

Old Testament: This term means foolish, arrogant, senseless, stupid, quarrelsome, and wicked. This term occurs frequently in Sirach. Foolishness (and wickedness) can ruin and destroy one’s relationship with God. Foolishness and folly include leading others astray, breaking fellowship with God, apostasy, eyes not seeing, ears not hearing, arrogance, religious indifference, and lack of intellectual understanding. The Hellenistic philosopher Philo criticizes man’s worldly wisdom. God regards man as childish, immature, stupid, and irrational.

New Testament: This term means being foolish, foolishness, simplemindedness, and God’s ‘foolishness’ (wisdom). Jesus states that those who listen to His words (but who do not act on them) will be like a fool building his house on sand. Jesus condemns the scribes and Pharisees as being blind fools for their faulty and inconsistent oaths. The ‘foolishness’ of God is wiser than any human wisdom. The wisdom of this world is foolishness in God’s eyes. Likewise, God chooses the simple and foolish of the world to shame the wise and strong. The foolish virgins do not have oil for their lamps. Paul states that Christians are fools on Christ’s account but are wise in Christ. Those who follow the foolishness of Christ ultimately find the true wisdom of hope in the Spirit. Foolish words and quarrels can lead to serious consequences.

Scripture:

“And everyone who listens to these words of mine but does not act on them will be like a fool who built his house on sand.” Mt.7:26

The relationship between hearing and doing applies to every Christian. This parable helps to ascertain wise and foolish behavior. This also reinforces the need for works and not just faith.

“For the foolishness of God is wiser than human wisdom, and the weakness of God is stronger than human strength.” 1Cor.1:25

Wisdom and power are found to be paradoxical in the relationship with God and man. The folly of the cross is a foolish act contrary to all human reasoning. Likewise, God uses the simpleminded and weak to shame the wise and strong.

“Avoid foolish and ignorant debates, for you know that they breed quarrels.” 2Tim.2:23

Foolish actions and words can lead to quarrels and very serious consequences. Judaism states the serious of an injury by words.

Etymology: Fatuous means foolish and stupid but self-satisfied. Infatuation comes from the Latin verb infatuare, meaning to make stupid (harsh but can be so true!). Stultify and stultification come from the Latin verb stultificare, meaning to turn into foolishness. Imprudent means not foreseeing or being unaware. Stupid comes from the Latin verb stupere, meaning to be stunned, amazed, or confounded.

Pick any contentious political issue:

“There are two ways to be fooled. One is to believe what isn’t true. The other is to refuse to believe what is true.” Soren Kierkegaard

Conclusion:

Moron, moronic, imprudent, stupid, stupidity, infatuation

This is a very interesting term with multiple meanings in various disciplines. These meanings are derived from the perceived observation of others. In the Greco Hellenistic era, fate play a significant role in influencing and guiding others’ lives. Fate could potentially lead one to destruction. Moros was the good of impending doom.

In the Old Testament, foolishness (and wickedness) take on a more serious nature in potentially ruining or destroying one’s relationship with God. Such foolishness can lead to serious consequences. This culture develops the notion of God’s wisdom (actions) surpassing all human reason.

In the New Testament, there are numerous examples illustrating the foolishness of man. A parable illustrates the importance of acting on what one hears. To do otherwise is to build a foundation on sand. This requires works and not just faith. Paul repeatedly illustrates that God’s foolishness surpasses all human reason. God uses the simple and foolish to shame the wise and strong. Foolish words spoken can potentially cause great injury or harm.

Interestingly, Jesus refers to His disciples as the salt of the earth (Mt.5:13). Like useless salt losing its flavor, we too can lose our flavor (becoming tasteless, dull, bland, and becoming stupid!) in becoming disciples.

“The message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God.” 1Cor.1:18

It would be foolish to believe otherwise.

[Greek] βατταλογέω (battalogeō), [French] babiller: Mt. 6:7, to use many words, to babble, to speak much

The Tower of Babel: painting by Peter Bruegel (1560)

Background information:

Old Testament: This term means to babble, to speak incoherently and to speak needlessly. In contrast to God (Yahweh), the pagan gods were not all-knowing (omniscient). Pagan prayers (and requests) were crafted as elaborate, poetic and superfluous speeches in order for the pagan gods to understand their prayer intentions. These pagan prayers were spectacles in themselves.

The Tower of Babel: At this time in history, the whole world had spoken the same language and the same words. The people, taking great pride in themselves in their abilities to build a high reaching tower, sought to make a name for themselves. This tower was built in the region of Babylon. The Hebrew equivalent for this word is Babel. In His anger toward their arrogance, the Lord confused their speech and scattered them from there over all the earth. Ultimately, this was a fool’s errand in the “eyes” of God.

Nimrod: Christian and Hebrew traditions hold that Nimrod led the construction of the Tower of Babel. Nimrod was the great grandson of Noah. Nimrod, a mighty hunter and king, held his kingdom in Babylon, Erech, and Accad. Perhaps it is not surprising that the Tower of Babel is believed to have been located in Babylon.

New Testament: Jesus begins to instruct His disciples in how to pray to the Father. Jesus instructs them to not be like the hypocrites who like to been standing and praying by others. The Pharisees in the synagogues and street corners often like to seek this recognition. In the Old Testament, the pagans also gave elaborate and flowery rhetorical speeches to their gods. In contrast, Jesus instructs His disciples to pray to the Father in secret. The Father will likewise will respond to you in secret. Jesus provides the words for a prayer to the Father which can be repeatedly said. This prayer becomes the Our Father prayer.

Scripture:

“In praying, do not babble like the pagans, who think that they will be heard because of their many words.” Mt.6:7

Jesus instructs His disciples to pray to the Father in secret in a simple way like the Our Father.

Conclusion:

Babble, babbling

In the Old Testament, it is very significant to note that the pagan gods were not all-knowing, in contrast to God (Yahweh). Pagan prayers and petitions were elaborately crafted and superfluous speeches in order to let the pagan gods know of their intentions.

In their arrogance and pride, the people in Babylon constructed a tower reaching into the sky. In response, God saw fit to scatter and confuse the language of these people.

Jesus tells His disciples to pray to the Father in secret with a simple prayer, the Our Father. It is also interesting to note that Jesus never condemned repetition in a prayer appropriate to God. Up until the 16^th century, there had been no perceived harm in saying repetitive prayers. The Hebrews (Jews) have been historically known to say repetitive prayers. This later provides the grounds for the Protestant opposition to the Rosary and the Liturgy of the Hours. It is quite interesting that the Pharisees and others followed the example of the pagans in crafting elaborate and superfluous petitions and prayers.

And yet still to this day, Nimrod has never really took hold as a popular name for kids! Why???? ☺☺☺

This term is also an example of onomatopoeia. Babble just sounds like someone is babbbbbbbbbling. Wow! (another example)

Then later Bugs Bunny would mockingly refer to Elmer Fudd as “poor little Nimrod.” In response to these vewy vewy bad words, Elmer Fudd wants to make a statement:

Cancel culture (our modern-day looney tunes) is now also targeting Elmer Fudd.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uM8h22DeTbA

That’s all folks!

[Greek] κληρονόμος (klēronomos), [Latin] heres: heir, sharer by lot; Mt.21:38, Mk.12:7, Lk.20:14, Rom.4:13-14, Rom.8:17, Heb.1:2, Heb.6:17, Heb.11:7, Jas.2:5

The parable of the wicked tenants: painting by Maarten van Valckenborch (1580)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means natural heir, one named by a will or legal provision, one who bears consequences, and one who possesses or controls entrusted goods. Sonship is the basis of natural inheritance. One can inherit consequences (good or bad). Actions can leave behind consequences. Plato’s Laws 923e states “After a will is made, it is discovered that one of the sons or daughters owns a lot in the district; then that person shall resign his legacy in favor of the heir of him that made the will.” Demosthenes’ Against Midias 21.20 states “Some of his victims, gentlemen of the jury, suffered in silence, because they were cowed by him and his self-confidence, or by his gang of bullies, his wealth and all his resources.” Plutarch’s Cicero 41.3 states “These are the most plausible reasons given for the divorce. He did this to get means for the payment of his debts.”

Old Testament: This term, used quite frequently, means heir and owner. However, there are very many related Hebrew equivalent terms. Such meanings include to take possession of, to inherit, to impoverish, to be disposed, to destroy, and to bring ruin. We must put him to death for the life of his brother whom he has slain; we must extinguish their also (2Kgs.14:7). So also with the woman is unfaithful to her husband and offers her heir her son by a stranger (Sir.23:22). Since You have given no offspring to me, one born in my house is my heir (Gen.15:3). O Lord, God, how may I know that I will possess it? (Gen.15:8). Then they gave Hebron to Caleb, as Moses had promised (Jdg.1:20). So their sons entered and possessed the land (Neh.9:24).

New Testament: This term means son, heir, and recipients of God’s promises. Inheritance comes to Jesus, Moses, Noah, Moses’ descendants, and Christians. In the parable of the tenants, these tenants mistakenly think that they can make a claim by killing the landowner’s son. The son represents Jesus. Noah inherits righteousness. Moses and his descendants claim an inheritance from God. God makes His Son Jesus an heir of all things. Christians become heirs and recipients of His promise. Through the Spirit, Christians become heirs (children of God) free from earthly limitations. Christians become joint heirs with Christ, both suffering with Him and being glorified with Him. If one belongs to Christ, one is also Abraham’s descendant, heirs to the promise. The poor (of the Old Testament) were seen by Jesus as particularly open to God in belief and in reliance on Him.

Scripture:

“But the tenants saw the son, they said to one another, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him and acquire his inheritance.’” Mt.21:38

In the parable of the tenants, the tenants mistakenly though they could lay claim by killing the son of the landowner. If a Jewish proselyte dies without an heir, the tenants of the land would have final claim to it. The prophets represent the servants. The landowner’s son represents Jesus.

“For if those who adhere to the law are the heirs, faith is null and the promise is void.” Rom.4:14

It is not the law through which this promise is made. It is righteousness that comes from faith. It is God, rather than the law, that brings this promise. This inheritance cannot be won, but it is given by God.

“Did not God choose those who are poor in the world to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom that He promised to those who love him?” Jas.2:5

Those poor in the world are those open to belief and reliance on God.

Conclusion:

Cleric, clerical, inherit, hereditary, clerk

It is important to note that the Greek culture conveyed the notion of sonship through natural inheritance. It is also interesting to see this term metaphorically means to ‘inherit’ consequences (good or bad). So victim can inherit harm and danger.

In the Old Testament, it is not surprising that these related terms are used quite frequently. It is interesting to note that this term can also be used in a negative sense (to impoverish, to disinherit, to be dispossessed, to devour, and to bring to ruin).

In the New Testament, God’s promise of inheritance surpasses the Law. Righteous Old Testament characters (Moses and Noah) receive an inheritance. Christians receive an inheritance and sonship in the kingdom of God (outside the earthly domain). It is interesting to not this notion correlates with Greek Hellenistic thinking.

Cleric derives from klerikos, pertaining to an inheritance.

I hope you were able to ‘inherit’ some insight about his term.

[Greek] ἐμπτύω (emptuo), [Latin] sputare: to spit on; Mt.26:67, Mt.27:30, Mk.10:34, Mk.14:65, Mk.15:19, Lk. 18:32

The Mocking of Christ: painting by Fra Angelico (1440-1442)

Background information:

The Mocking of Christ: The painting shows an image of Christ sitting on a throne, wearing a thorn crown and being blindfolded. The painting depicts a king who is suffering. Angelico did not include the full bodies of His tormentors. Instead, Angelico shows the parts of the tormentors that are abusing Christ. There are four disembodied hands, two on each side. The hands on the right are prepared to slap Him and to strike Him with a rod. The hands on the left are prepared to slap Him and to pull His beard. A disembodied head spits on Him. On the bottom left appears the Virgin Mary looking down in sadness with her left hand pressed to her check. In contrast, she raises her other hand in a gesture of obedience to the divine will. On the bottom right appears St. Dominic looking down as he reads the account of the story and meditates on its meaning.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to spit at or be spit upon. Sophocles’ Antigone 1232 states “But the boy glared at him with savage eyes, spat in his face, and without a word, in response drew his twin-edged sword.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 8.1.42 states “He trained his associates also, not to spit or wipe the nose in public, and not to turn around to look at anything, as being men who wondered at nothing.” Sophocles’ Antigone 653 states “For what wound could strike deeper than a false friend? No, spit her out as if she were an enemy, let her go find a husband in Hades.”

Old Testament: This term means to spit upon. But the Lord said to Moses, ‘If her father had but spit in her face, would she not bear her shame for seven days? Let her be shut up for seven days outside the camp, and afterward she may be received again (Num.12:14). Then his brother’s wife shall come to him in the sight of the elders, and pull his sandal off and spit in his face; and she shall declare, ‘This it is done to the man who does not build up his brother’s house’ (Deu.25:9).

New Testament: This term also means to spit upon. In His ultimate fate in being led to the cross, Jesus was spit upon, struck, and scourged. Spitting someone in the face was perhaps the greatest form of contempt (disgrace) shown on someone else. Striking a person with fists on the temple was one of most despicable Greek punishments. Slapping someone with the back of one’s hand was also another form of contempt.

Conclusion:

Empty, sputum

It goes without saying that spitting on someone is a form of contempt in any time in history. In a sense, spitting can ‘cut’ such a deep wound as any sword attack. When one spits, one is emptying one’s saliva. Not surprisingly, the sound of spitting sounds like “ptuo”.

Update: For our new president to say that he is a “faithful Catholic” is a total mockery and contemptible to all truly faithful Catholics alike. This ‘Catholic’ president will soon eventually further promote abortion (the culture of death) and other anti-Catholic (Christian) policies in the months and years ahead. It is very difficult to have any respect for such a person like this!

I am myself empty. What else can I say about spitting?

Greek] μάχαιρα (machaira), [Latin] pugio, [Latin] cultellus, [Latin] gladius: sword, dagger, knife, judicial punishment, weapon; Mt.10:34, Mt.26:47,51-52,55, Mk.14:43,47-48, Lk.21:24, Lk.22:36,38,49,52, Jn.18:10-11, Acts 12:2, Acts 16:27, Rom.8:35, Rom.13:4, Eph.6:17, Heb.4:12, Heb.11:34,37, Rev.13:10,14

A 14th century fresco in the Sacred Monastery of the Ascension of Christ (Visoki Decani) in Kosovo

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means knife, weapon, dagger, sabre, power of life and death, shears, scissors, and blade. Plutarch’s Dion 9 states “For the elder Dionysus was do distrustful and suspicious towards every one, and his fear led him to be so much on guard, that he would not even have his hair cut with barber’s scissors, but a hairdresser would come and singe his hair with a live coal.” Xenophon’s On the Art of Horsemanship 12.11 states “For harming the enemy we recommend the sabre rather than the sword because, owing to his lofty position, the rider will find the cut with the Persian sabre more efficacious.”

Old Testament: This term means sword, war, dagger, knife, cutting tool, tooth, and spear. Swords were generally double-edged, while daggers were generally hidden. Flint knifes were used for cutting flesh. Cutting tools were used for construction work. The sword was seen as a metaphorical representation of war. Teeth and mouths, like swords, were known to give out sharp words (and attacks). Make flint knives and circumcise the Israelite nation for the second time (Josh.5:2). Then he reached out and took the knife to slaughter his son (Gen.22:10). He made of me a sharp-edged sword and concealed me in the shadow of His arms (Isa.49:2). Otherwise the Hebrews will make swords or spears (1Sam.13:19). I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them (Exo.15:9). And you shall chase your enemies, and they shall before you by the sword (Lev.26:7). There is a generation, whose teeth are as sword, and their jaw teeth and knives (Prov.30:14).

New Testament: This term means sword, war, discord, death, and power (to punish). Physical spears are used in persecution, violence, and death. Jesus brings a metaphorical sword to sow division among people. This metaphorical sword may cause dissent or division among families (man vs father, daughter vs mother, etc). Jesus states that one must buy a ‘sword’ to be prepared for the enmity they face. Yet the disciples thought that Jesus was speaking literally. Paul likens the Christian to a Roman solider, wearing spiritual armor. Christians are called to have readiness for combat against humans and spiritual powers. The Word of God is a spiritual sword. The Word of God is sharper than any double-edged sword. This sword penetrates the secret thoughts of the heart of man. Jesus foretells that the Jews will fall by the edge of the sword by the Romans (destruction of Jerusalem by Rome). Jerusalem will be trampled underfoot until the time of the Gentiles are fulfilled.

Scripture:

“Do not think that I have come to bring peace upon the earth. I have come to bring not peace but the sword.” Mt. 10:34

Jesus calls to set family members against each other. Jesus comes to shake others assumptions and worldviews. The sword represents battle.

“And take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit, which is the Word of God.” Eph.6:17

Jesus calls upon His followers to put on armor for the spiritual battle. The spiritual sword is the the Word of God.

“Indeed, the Word of God is living and effective, sharper than any two-edged sword, penetrating even between soul and spirit, joints and marrow, and able to discern reflections and thoughts of the heart.” Heb. 4:12

The Word of God penetrates the thoughts and hearts of men.

Conclusion:

Machete, pugilist, pugilistic, gladiator, cutlery

It was interesting to discover that this term can also refer to scissors.

It is significant to note that the Old Testament culture uses this term in metaphorical ways. Swords can represent wars (battles). More interestingly, mouths, like swords, can create sharp words (attacks). The Messiah also is presented as a sharp-edged sword. This foreshadows the Word of God in the New Testament.

In the New Testament, the Word of God is the sword of the Spirit, penetrating the innermost motivations of man. Jesus brings a sword of division among families. In contrast to the ministry of the Twelve and of the seventy-two during the period of Jesus, Christian missionaries must be prepared for the opposition they will face in the world hostile to their preaching.

Update: This new administration will continue to unleash destructive social policies. Christians and Christian institutions will continue to be under assault. Christians are continually challenging local, state, and national officials concerning the their rights to gather and assemble in churches.

I hope I was able to make some sharp points (yet nothing you haven’t heard before) in this post.

[Greek] εὐχαριστέω (eucharisteō), [Latin] agere gratiam, [Latin] participare cum gratiam: to give thanks, to express gratitude, to return thanks, to give thanks before meals, to express thanks, 41 scriptural references

The people give thanks (eucharisteo) to the emperor.

Background information:

Greco-Roman culture: When a favor was given, an obligation of thanks was expected. This practice of giving thanks is found both in a secular and religious sense.

Public sphere:

1. People would often honor or give thanks to the gods or public officials.
2. This can be seen as a secular or religious thanksgiving.
3. The people would cheer the emperor who was also seen as a divine being.
4. Other gods (deities often received praise from the people for healing, sacrifice, and other petitions.
5. A greeting of thanksgiving was part of a standard Hellenistic letter.

Private sphere: praising the recipient in a letter (literary device), giving thanks to the gods in the introduction in the letter

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.32.9: “For the god promises fortune to many people to many people and utterly ruins them.

Xenophon Cyropaedia 8.3.49: “And when any one does them a favor, they try to do him one in return.”

Polybius’ Histories 16.25: “The Athenian people sent envoys to King Attalus, both to thank him for the past, and to urge him to come to Athens.

Old Testament/Judaism: In Judaism, there is no Hebrew equivalent to the Greek word eucharisteo. Religious thanks are expressed in a Toda (thanks offering) and a song of thanksgiving. But thanksgiving will never cease.

Old Testament foreshadowing of the Mass (celebration of the Eucharist):

1. The book of Malachi is the final book of the Old Testament. The prophet, who lived 400 years before Christ.
2. Malachi speaks of a future time when God will be worshipped by Gentiles worldwide again and again throughout the world in every place (and time zone).
3. This sacrifice will be a perfect offering (sacrifice), not marked by blemishes like those offered by the Old Testament priests in Jerusalem.

Mal.1:11: “From the rising of the sun to its setting, My name is great among nations (Gentiles); incense offerings are made to My name and a pure offering. For My name is great among the nations, says the Lord of hosts.” Lev.17:11: “Since the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you make an atonement on the altar for yourselves.” (The Jews could not drink the blood because the life was in the blood. This becomes the sad and ironic reason why the Jews could not accept Jesus’ Body and Blood and could not accept Jesus as their Savior.)

New Testament: This term means to give thanks and to be thankful.

1. Examples include Jesus giving thanks, the leper giving thanks, the Pharisees giving ‘thanks’, Paul giving thanks, and idolaters not giving thanks.
2. Paul also uses an introductory literary device thanking God at the beginning of his letters. After the greeting, Paul gives thanks to God.
3. This serves to usher in the main theme of the letter. This literary practice follows a Hellenistic tradition of thanking a god for one’s safety.

Scriptures: Mt.15:36: “Then He took the seven loaves and the fish, gave thanks, broke the loaves and gave them to the disciples, who gave them to the crowd.” (This pertains to the feeding of the four thousands. Jesus responds to the disciples’ pleas that the people have nothing to eat.)

Mt.26:27: “Jesus took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and giving it to the disciples said, ‘Take and eat; this is My body.'” The He took a cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, ‘Drink from it, all of you.'” (This pertains to the Last Supper. Jesus indicates that His Blood will be shed for many for the forgiveness of sins. Jesus alludes that this practice will continue in the future.)

Lk.17:16: “The leper fell at the feet of  Jesus’ feet and thanked Him. The leper was a Samaritan.” (Samaritans were deemed outcasts by the Jews. It is the leper’s faith in Jesus that ultimately healed him.)

Lk.18:11: “The proud Pharisees took up his position and spoke this prayer to himself, ‘O God, I thank you that I am not like the rest of humanity–greedy, dishonest, adulterous–or even like the tax collector.'” (This is the parable of the Pharisee and tax collector. The humble tax collector went home justified. Jesus states that for everyone who exalts himself will be humbled. The one humbles himself will be exalted.)

Rom.1:21: “For although they [idolators] knew God, they did not accord Him glory or give Him thanks. Instead, they became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless minds were darkened.” (There is a close relationship between evil, idolatry, and immorality. Idolaters claiming to be wise, becoming fools. They exchange the glory of God for the likeness of the image of man. Man’s desires are now being “worshipped or idolized”.)

1Cor.11:24: “And after He had given thanks, broke it and said, ‘This is My Body that is for you. Do this in remembrance of Me.'” The Lord’s Supper:

1. At Corinth, Paul hears that there are divisions among you when you meet at Church.
2. Paul states that there have to be factions among you in order that those who are approved may be known.
3. Paul points out that there are some who carouse, drink, and show contempt for the Church.
4. They have received the tradition of the Lord’s supper which is handed down to them by Paul.
5. Paul states that they have been celebrating the Lord’s supper unworthily. They will have to answer for the Body and Blood of the Lord.
6. A person should examine himself so that he can properly eat of the Body and drink of the Blood.
7. Anyone who eats and drinks unworthily eats and drinks judgment upon himself.

Catholic Mass:

1. Through the process of transubstantiation, the priest, standing the person of Christ, calls upon the Holy Spirit to change the bread and wine into the Eucharist.
2. Interestingly, this term Eucharist is not found in the gospels. Eucharist was later coined as the original first-century term for the Communion service.
3. Some time before 100 A.D., the ritual of the Lord’s Supper came to be known as the Eucharist.
4. Ever since, the Eucharist is OFFERED AGAIN AND AGAIN at each Mass.
5. The Eucharist is a remembrance (calling back to mind) of Jesus sacrifice on the cross.
6. This is the perfect and unbloody sacrifice prophesied by Malachi.
7. The Eucharist being repeatedly celebrated at every Mass follows Jesus’ command to “Do this in memory of Me”.

Number meanings in scripture:

1. 1000: everyone
2. 4000: everyone in all four corners of the world
3. 5000: everyone under the Mosaic law
4. 7: perfection

Etymology:

1. The Latin verb agere means to conduct, to act, or to deliver something or someone.
2. The Greek verb eucharisto means to thank (-charizomai) well (eu-).
3. The related Greek noun eucharistia means thanksgiving.
4. The Greek ana- means again. The Greek mnesis means memory. The Greek amnesis means forgetfulness.
5. The Greek anamnesis means “a knowing  again” (remembrance).

Conclusion: Eucharist, eucharistic, agent, agency, participate, grace, gracious

President George Washington declared that Thursday November 26, 1789 as a day of public thanksgiving and prayer. Thanksgiving is a day set aside to give thanks for one’s blessings. So Thanksgiving has become both a religious and secular form giving thanks.

Update: “The best way to show my gratitude is to accept everything, even my problems, with joy.” St. Teresa of Calcutta

“The secret of happiness is to live moment by moment and to thank God for what He is sending us every day in His goodness.” St. Gianna Beretta Molla

“Remembers the past with gratitude. Live the present with enthusiasm. Look forward to the future with confidence.” St. John Paul II

“We ought to give thanks for all fortune. If it is good, because it is good. If bad, because it works in us patience and humility.” CS Lewis

Greek] δαιμόνιον (daimonion), [Latin] diabolus, [Latin] spiritus: demon, spirit, god, malevolent force, supernatural being, devil; 60 scriptural references

St. Paul delivering the Aeropagus Sermon in Athens: painting by Raphael (1515). The Areopagus was considered the cultural center of the learned people of the Greek world. Paul was using this venue to spread the Gospel message.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means god, deity, supernatural power, divinity, and fate. These beings can be an unknown superhuman, a controller of fate, a protective entity, a divine element in man, and a conscience. Philosophy, in its attempt to dispel or support myths, views these entities as intermediary beings. These intermediary beings are messengers between gods and men. Heroes are set alongside demons.

Demons: Demons are spatial creatures in the domains of the earth and air. These intermediary beings are closest to animism (magic and incantations), associated with misfortune and distress, and involved with possession. Demons’ evil character is more closely associated with matter rather than with divinity. Demons are also fundamentally spirits of the departed. Demons (shades) manifest in all kinds of places (and times) and in the most diverse situations. Demons are seen as capricious and unpredictable. In some situations, man attains supernatural abilities from demons. In the Greek Hellenistic viewpoint, the demonic is brought into conjunction with the divine. There is no absolute separation between these domains.

Plato’s Apology 27c states “But if I believe in spiritual beings, it is quite inevitable that I believe also in spirits. It is, but we do not think the spirits are gods or children of gods.” Sophocles’ Oedipus at Tyrannus 828 states “Then would he who judged these things to be sent down by some cruel divinity not be right about Oedipus?” Pindar’s Olympian Odes 13 states “For now I am hopeful, although a god controls the outcome.” Plato’s Republic 617c states “No divinity shall cast lots for you, but you shall choose your own deity.”

Old Testament: This term means false god, good for nothing (worthless), Gad (Babylon of god of misfortune), desert dweller, malignant demon, and hairy goat. There are many traces of a belief similar to the Greek belief in spirits. Conjuring of the dead was strongly condemned. Therefore, the sphere of demons only appears in the periphery of the Old Testament culture. The Old Testament culture develops the notion of a messenger (angelos) which can mean messenger of peace, herald, prophet, angel, messenger of death, and interpreter. These messengers have a dualism (spirit or matter). True spirits can take on an evil or positive nature influencing man. Demons become associated with the gods of the heathens.

They shall no longer sacrifice their sacrifices to the goat demons (Lev.17:7). Inquire of mediums and fortune-tellers should not a people inquire of their gods (Isa.8:19). They offered sacrifice to demons, to “no-gods’, to gods whom they had not known before (Deu.32:17). But when the angel stretched forth his hand toward to destroy it, the Lord regretted the calamity (2Sam.24:16). The spirit of the Lord had departed from Saul, and he was tormented by an evil spirit sent by the Lord (1Sam.16:14).

New Testament: This term means demon, demons, and strange deities. The New Testament continues to illustrate the Old Testament understanding of demons. Scriptural examples primarily involve demonic possession. There is no strict reference to messengers (intermediaries). Two kingdoms (Kingdom of God) and the kingdom of Satan (prince of the world) are set frequently set against each other. The demons, having limited autonomy, are generally under the control of Satan. Faith in God ultimately conquers and overcomes the fear of the demons.

Scripture:

“And demons also came out from many, shouting, ‘You are the Son of God.’ But He rebuked them and did not allow them to speak because they knew that He was the Messiah.” Lk.4:41

The demons had already known and feared the authority of Jesus.

“No, I mean that what they sacrifice, [they sacrifice] to demons, not to God, and I do not want you to become participants with demons.” 1Cor.10:20

Jesus denied divinity of pagan idols. The powers behind the idols consist of demonic powers hostile to God.

“Even some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers engaged him in discussion. Some asked, ‘What is this scavenger trying to say?’ Others said, ‘He sounds like a promoter of foreign deities’ because he was preaching about ‘Jesus’ and ‘Resurrection.’” Acts 17:18

When Paul was in Athens, he grew exasperated at the sight of the city full of idols. These philosophers thought that Paul was a promoter of new deities. This speaks to the ignorance of these philosophers. Paul sees this situation as an opportunity to appeal to the religiosity of these Athenians.

Conclusion:

Demon, demonic, spirit, diabolical

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term primarily refers to intercessory beings. It is interesting to see that these beings influenced the fate of men. In other times, a divine sense would be invoked in a person. Demons are spatial creatures whose evil qualities are associated with matter.

In the Old Testament, this term essentially pertains to all elements outside of God’s domain. This culture introduces the notion of angels (good and evil). Demons are associated with the gods and idols. It is interesting to note that demons are associated with hairy goats in Lev.17:7.

In the New Testament, demons are primarily associated with possession. Even demons fear the authority of Jesus. Paul sees that Athens is filled with idols.

In more recent times, indigenous Amazonians were seen worshipping and prostrating themselves before Pachamama fertility statues at the recent Vatican Synod on the Amazon in Rome. Not surprisingly, people rightly criticized that this ceremony (promoting pagan deities) was permitted at this Vatican synod. People celebrated the fact that these statues were later thrown in the Tiber River. Rather than apologizing for this Pachamama idolatrous spectacle, the Vatican apologized to those who were offended by the statues being thrown in the river. I think this is a clear example of lack of doctrinal priorities. Yet it was the Vatican who allowed this ceremony to occur. Yet it was the German cardinals and bishops who initiated this Synod (rather than the South American cardinals and bishops). The German leadership was spearheading this Synod to promote their agenda for married priests.

Interestingly, in his encyclical Redemptoris Missio, St. John Paul II likened the modern media to the New Areopagus (global village of social media). It is very important to acknowledge that the younger generations are growing up conditioned by the mass media. It is not enough to use the media to spread the Christian message and Church’s authentic teaching. It is also necessary to integrate that Christian message in the new culture created by modern communications. Pope Paul IV stated “The split between the Gospel and culture is undoubtedly the tragedy of our time.” (From the encyclical Evangelii Nuntiandi)

Like Paul, we also can be unsettled by these strange foreign (and recognizable) ‘gods’.

[Greek] σκιά (skia), [Latin] umbra, [Old English] sceadwe: shade, shadow, foreshadowing; Mt.4:16, Mk.4:32, Lk.1:79, Acts 5:15, Col.2:17, Heb. 8:5, Heb.10:1

A solar eclipse. The moon is in shadow (penumbra).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means shadow, shade, copy, unreality (of an object), what is fleeting or empty, vanity, phantom, worthlessness, reflection, silhouette, and uninvited guest. Sophocles’ Ajax 125 states “For I see that all we who live are nothing more than phantoms or fleeting shadows.” Euripides’ Andromarche 745 states “But as for your words, I bear them with patience. For a shadow that walks, you have a voice but are powerless to do anything but speak.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.1.22 states “And there appeared two women of great stature. One was fair to see and of high importance. The other was plump and soft. Now one eyed herself, anon looked whether any noticed her, and often stole a glance at her own shadow.” Plato’s Republic 517d states “Do you think it all strange if a man returning from divine contemplation to the petty miseries of mean cuts a sorry figure becomes sufficiently accustomed to the environing darkness.”

Old Testament: This term, used in a metaphorical and literal sense, means shade, shadow, and darkness. Shadows are found with sundials, trees (plants), clouds, roofs, mountains, God’s protectiveness (shelter). Darkness, frequently described as the shadow of death, pertains to vanity, corruptibility, and disobedience, and separation. Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death (Psa.23:4). There is no darkness or deep shadow (Job 34:22). May darkness and gloom claim it (Job 3:5). The mountains were covered by its shadow (Psa.80:10). O God! We take refuge in the shadow of your wings (Psa.36:7). My days are like a lengthening shadow (Psa.102:11). Before I go whence I shall not return, to the land of darkness and of gloom (Job 10:21). Anguish has taken wing, dispelled is darkness (Isa.9:1).

New Testament: This term means shade, shadow, and foreshadowing (facsimile). The mature mustard plant’s large branches provide shade for the birds. The sick were laid down on cots and mats so that Peter’s shadow might fall on them. Prophecy (Isa.8:22 to Isa.9:1) was fulfilled when Jesus resides at Capernaum. Capernaum is in the region of Zebulum and Naphtali, two territories which where tribes were destroyed by the Assyrians. Hebrews employs Hellenistic dualism to compare and contrast the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Law is only a shadow of the covenant that Jesus brings. The existing Hebrew worship area is a copy and shadow of the heavenly sanctuary.

Scripture:

“But once it is sown, it springs up and becomes the largest of plants and puts forth large branches, so that the birds of the sky can dwell in its shade.” Mk.4:32

The mustard tree grows into the largest of trees, providing ample shade.

“The people who sit in darkness have seen a great light, on those dwelling in a land overshadowed by death light has arisen.” Mt.4:16

By coming to Capernaum, Jesus fulfills prophecy in becoming a light in the region of Zebulum and Naphtali, previously conquered by the Assyrians.

“They worship in a copy and shadow of the heavenly sanctuary.” Heb.8:5

This worship area is just a shadow of the heavenly sanctuary.

Umbrage: Used since the early 15th century, this term means shadow, darkness, and shade. Umbrage can also mean the suspicion that one has been slighted. The phrase ‘to take umbrage at’ is attested from the 1670’s. Although this phrase is not commonly used, its meaning can be applicable in any time period. Interestingly, this notion is related to the more current phrase ‘to throw shade,’ meaning to subtly insult someone or something. There now is shadow banning, a practice of blocking (or partially blocking) a user or their content from an online community.

Etymology: The Greek noun episkopos (bishop) is essentially one who shadows (skiazo) over (epi-) others. An umbrella is a diminutive form of the Latin umbra. A penumbra is the shadow of an eclipse of a celestial body (sun, earth, and moon). A squirrel (skiouros) essentially means “shadowed-tailed”.

Conclusion:

Shade, shadow, umbra, umbrella, episcopal, squirrel, penumbra, umbrage, scatter

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the wide range of meanings for this term. These are directly tied to the Hellenistic concept of dualism (copy/original), (old/new), (promise/fulfillment), and (shadow/reality). Such meanings include vanity, emptiness, what is fleeting, appearances, reputation, and uninvited guests.

In the Old Testament, the shadow of death is essentially a separation from God. Shade (shadow) is found in many situations. God also provides shade (shelter) for those in need. Capernaum is in the region of those cities which were conquered by the Assyrians. The Hellenistic notion of dualism serves to define and contrast Jesus and heavenly worship.

For many of us, a great sense of darkness has come upon our country in the form of censorship, cancel culture, restriction of the freedoms of speech and assembly, and disastrous policies of this new administration.

Update: Many Americans have taken umbrage with the Supreme Court’s ‘weak kneed’ and cowardly response to the 2020 election lawsuits. These actions will serve to further erode the American people’s confidence in elections. Essentially, all of the govt. institutions have failed the American people. In his dissenting opinion, Justice Thomas states:

“One wonders what this Court waits for. We failed to settle this dispute before the election, and thus provide clear rules. Now we again fail to provide clear rules for the future elections. The decision to leave election law hidden beneath a shroud of doubt is baffling. By doing nothing, we invite further confusion and erosion of voter confidence. Our fellow citizens deserve better and expect more of us. I respectfully dissent.”

I have no shadow of a doubt that this will spark a national movement to ensure election integrity (with forensic examination of ballots). This movement already has and will come from the citizens (at the grassroots level).

[Greek] τεχνίτης (technitēs), [Latin] structor, [Latin] artifex: craftsman, artisan, builder, artisan; Acts 19:24,38, Heb 11:10, Rev.18:22

Remnants of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus (near the present day town Selcuk in Turkey)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means artificer, craftsman, potter, skilled workman, person, person versed in religious practice, and artist. Plato’s Republic 530a states “He will be willing to concede that the artisan of heaven fashioned it, and all that it contains in the best possible manner for such a fabric.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.7.5 states “What is an artisan? One who knows how to produce something useful.” Xenophon’s Constitution of the Lacedaemonians 13.5 states “And so, could you watch the scene you would think all other mean mere improvisors and the Lacedaemonian the only artists in warfare.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.4.9 states “Yes, for I don’t see the master’s hand, whereas I see the makers of things in this world.”

Old Testament: This term means artisan, craftsman, expert, workman, mason, engraver, and carpenter. The work of the hands of an artist (Sng.7:1). And from studying the works did not discern the artisan (Wis.13:1). An abomination to the Lord, thw work of the hands of the craftsman (Deu.27:15). Then they gave money to the masons and carpenters (Ezr.3:7). As for the idol, a craftsman casts it (Isa.40:19). There are many workmen with you, stonecutters, and masons of stone and carpenters, and all men who are skillful in every kind of work (1Chr.22:15).

New Testament: This term means craftsman, skilled workman, and designer. The silversmiths (craftsmen) in Ephesus made miniature shrines (idols) to the goddess Artemis. Artemis was worshiped as a fertility and nature goddess in the Hellenistic culture. In response to Paul’s claim that these shrines were not gods, these silversmiths rioted. The silversmiths were very worried about their idols. By faith Abraham was called to go out to a place where he was to receive his inheritance. He was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and maker is God.

Scripture:

“There was a silversmith named Demetrius who made miniature silver shrines of Artemis and provided not little work for the craftsmen.” Acts 19:24

The silversmiths made idols to Artemis, the Hellenistic god of nature and fertility.

“For he was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and maker is God.” Heb.11:10

Abraham is ultimately seeking a city which was built by God.

Current culture: In a sense, many of us have almost become like little pagans bowing down to technology, smartphones, and other gadgets, etc. Some strive (‘worship’) for fortune, fame, or wealth. We get upset when our phones, computers, and other electronic gadgets are missing, lost, or broken down. (We cry out in fear when this happens. Count me in this category). Many of us have spent much time “bowing down” in texting on our smartphones. (At least, I am not this far gone because I do not text much). In fact, there is a medical condition of neck stiffness, strain, and soreness from extended periods of bending the neck. This condition is called “tech neck.”

Conclusion:

Artifice, artificial, construction, technical

In the Greek Hellenistic culture, it is interesting to note that this term can be conveyed in a religious sense (silversmiths). Xenophon makes reference to artisans (specialists) in military warfare. Perhaps these are elite soldiers. Plato develops the notion of a craftsman or designer of the cosmos. This notion comes somewhat towards the later Christian understanding of the universe.

In the Old Testament, artisans, craftsmen, and carpenters play a central role in developing the simple and rural communities. There are instances where craftsmen build pagan idols.

In the New Testament, Paul provokes a riot among the silversmiths when he claims that the shrines are not gods. Hebrews alludes to a city (with foundations) built and designed by God.

Artifice is the workmanship or making of something by craft or skill. Artifice may also imply a sense of falseness and trickery.

However, there is nothing artificial in how this term has been crafted (made) over history.

Next posts: receiving ashes; the broken shards of life

[Greek] ἀναιρέω (anaireō), [Latin] demolire, [Latin] adoptare: to take up, to take away, to do away, to put to death, to slay; Mt.2:16, Lk.22:2, Lk.23:32, Acts 2:23, Acts 5:33,36, Acts 7:21,28, Acts 9:23,24,29, Acts 10:39, Acts 12:2, Acts 13:28, Acts 16:27, Acts 22:20, Acts 23:15,21,27, Acts 25:3, Acts 26:10, Heb. 10:9

The Finding of Moses: painting by Lawrence Alma-Tadama (1904)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to take up, to carry off, to make away with, to appoint, to take up for oneself, to destroy, to annul, to do away with, to take up in one’s arms, to withdraw money, to take upon oneself, to adopt (to accept as ones own), and to cancel. Herodotus’ The Histories 7.16 states “Xerxes said this, but Artabanus would not obey the first command, thinking it was not right for him to sit on the royal throne’ at last he was compelled and did as he was bid.” Aristophanes’ Clouds 531 states “I exposed by offspring (comedy) and another girl took it up, owned it, and generously reared and and educated it.” Plato’s Republic 533c states “Then is not dialectics (investigating the truth) the only process of inquiry that advances in this manner, doing away with hypothesis in order to find confirmation?” Homer’s Iliad 1.449 states “Then Chryses lifted up his hands, and prayed aloud for them.”

Old Testament: This term means to slay, to plunder, to cut off, to ruin, to destroy, to take, to consecrate, to strike, to lift, to take away, to raise, to pour out, and to be lifted. Lord will You slay a nation, though blindness? (Gen.20:4). But you shall utterly destroy them (Deut.20:17). No one who may have been set apart among men shall be ransomed (Lev.27:29). The Lord God took the man and put him into the garden of Eden (Gen.2:15). He drew me out of many waters (Psa.18:16). When the child grew, she brought him to the Pharaoh’s daughter, and he became her son. She named him Moses (Exo.2:10).

New Testament: This term means to kill, to do away with (reject), and to adopt. The notion of taking up can be viewed in various nuanced ways. The majority of scriptural references pertain to killing or slaying. Acts 7:21 references the infant Moses who was brought and later adopted by Pharaoh’s daughter. Moses was taken up being raised in the Egyptian ways. Jesus takes away (rejects) the Old Testament authority and establishes the New Covenant. The Old Testament sacrifices cannot effectively remit the sins of the people. In following the will of God, Jesus offers His own body for this purpose.

Scripture:

“But when he (Moses) was exposed, Pharaoh’s daughter adopted him and brought up as her own.” Acts 7:21

Moses was taken up adopted into the Egyptian ways

“Then He says, ‘Behold, I come to do your will.” He takes away the first to establish the second.” Heb.10:9

Jesus takes away the authority of the Old Testament in providing salvation for others.

Etymology: The Greek verb anaireo essentially means to take (-haireo) up (ana-). The Greek verb haireo can also mean to choose. Interestingly, this term becomes the foundation for the words heresy, heretic, and heretical. In a sense, one chooses to kill, take up something, or to make a decision.

Conclusion:

Adopt, adoption, demolish, demolition, heretic, heresy, heretical

In the Greek Hellenistic era, this term is used in various and many nuanced ways. For the interests of brevity, I included only a few examples. Some interesting examples include taking up (an animal for a sacrifice), destroying an argument, taking something upon oneself, accept as one’s own, and adopting.

In the Old Testament, this term is also used quite frequently. Not surprisingly, this term frequently references killing. Other interesting uses include dedicating to, devoting to, and being consecrated.

In the New Testament, this term refers to killing, to doing away with, and to adopting. The most important use refers to Jesus taking away the power of the Old Testament law to provide salvation for others.

Update: Later this month, the Supreme Court will take up the election lawsuits involving Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Georgia involving the expansion of mail-in ballots (changing the rules), lacking security measures, machine vote tabulation, and denial of poll watcher access. Why is this happening now instead of before the election? Why weren’t these issues addressed before choosing the next president? Then we have local county officials who are choosing (taking much effort) in pushing back against having a full forensic examination of the votes in Arizona. What conclusions can you take from that?

I really have been taken away– [sorry, couldn’t resist] –by the many meanings associated with this term. So that is my take-away from this post.

The next post I crafted: when we ‘worship’ our own ‘idols’.

[Greek] χαρίζομαι (charizomai), [Latin] donare: to show favor, to give freely, to hand over, to give graciously, to do a favor, to show kindness, to grant a favor, to give generously; Lk.7:21,42-43, Acts 3:14, Acts 25:11,16, Acts 27:24, Rom.8:32, 1Cor.2:12, 2Cor.2:7,10,13, Gal.3:18, Eph.4:32, Php.1:29, Php.2:9, Col.2:13, Col.3:13, Phm.1:22

Barabbas: painting by James Tissot (1886). Barabbas grins as he is released from captivity.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to show pleasure, to show oneself to be pleasant (in word or deed), and to be agreeable. In Greek Hellenism, bestowing favor becomes associated with  rulers in a political and spiritual sense. Plato’s Philebus 54d states “We ought to be grateful to him who pointed out that there is only a generation, but no existence, of pleasure; for he is clearly making a laughing-stock of those who assert that pleasure is a good.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 4.3.16 states “ How am I to please the gods? The Delphic god replies ‘Follow the custom of the state. It is the custom that men propitiate gods with sacrifices according to their power.’”

Old Testament: This term essentially means to give favor. The majority of scriptural examples pertain to God as the source of favor and blessings. This in part speaks to the weakness, petitions, pleas, complaints, and insecurities of man. This term also pertains to the kind turning (attitude) of a person in helping or favoring others. There appears to be little correlation or relationship between grace and works. In my troubles, you cleared a way; show me favor (Psa.4:1). But he who is king to the need glorifies Him (Prov.14:31). Redeem me, be gracious to me (Psa.26:11). No good comes to him who gives comfort to the wicked, not is in an act of mercy that he does (Sir.12:3). Some begged Onias to invoke the Most Hight, praying that the life of the man who was about to expire might be spared (2Macc.3:31). But I walk without blame; redeem me, be gracious to me (Psa.26:11).

New Testament: This term means to give generously, to forgive, to cancel a debt, and to hand over into custody. Giving generously consists of healing, granting, bestowing, and freely giving. Luke uses this term in a legal context. Barabbas is handed over to the people, while Paul is handed over to the Roman authorities. Jesus gives sight to many who were blind. The generous creditor forgave the debt of two debtors. Paul uses this term in his understanding of salvation. We are called to forgive as Jesus forgives.

Scripture:

“At that time He cured many of their diseases, suffering, and evil spirits; He also granted sight to many who were blind.” Lk.7:42

Out of His mercy, Jesus heals others.

“You denied the Holy and Righteous One and asked that a murderer be released to you.” Acts 3:14

Luke uses this term in a legal context. The Jewish people seek the freedom of Barabbas.

“And be kind to one another, compassionate, forgiving one another as God has forgiven you in Christ.” Eph. 4:32

Paul uses this term in the context of salvation. Paul calls us to forgive other as Jesus forgives us.

Conclusion:

Charity, charitable, donor, donation

In a culture of a multitude of gods, pleasing or appeasing gods (deities) was a very important practice. It was understood that gods also bestowed favors. Hellenism introduces the idea that leaders can bestow favors in a political and spiritual sense. Emperors were also considered as gods.

In the Old Testament, God is seen as the primary source of bestowing favor (grace). This is in part due to the dependence of man on God.

The New Testament culture continues with the Hellenistic notion of leaders bestowing favors. Jesus heals and forgives others. Luke uses this term in a legal context. Paul uses this term in a salvation context. We are called to follow Jesus’ example in forgiving others. Interestingly, this term is related to the Greek charitoo (to make graceful). The perfect past participle of charitoo is kecharitomene, meaning full of grace. This applies to Mary. Scriptural exegesis states that Mary has received (through no efforts of her own) a perfection of grace. (This is not just a personal opinion. Scriptural evidence supports this.)

In our current times, we are often confronted with the circumstances of whether or not a bishop (priest) should give a pro-abortion politician Communion. I think Sir.12:3 offers timely wisdom regarding these situations. This does not provide a good look for a bishop or priest to tacitly allow such a politician to receive Communion. This is also not good for the eternal soul of such politicians. The real act of mercy is for the bishop (priest) to forbid this Communion and to instruct the politician about the seriousness of this practice. So now there will be cardinals, bishops, and priests willing to offer Communion to a pro-abortion president. Very sad.

Update: It can be charitably said that this new president has been elected legally through great political persuasion. It is difficult to be charitable toward a political campaign (and its  surrogates) who summarily dismiss the concerns of the other side. This is not how one earns their respect or even their moral support.

Can you do me a favor? Please consider my next post about separating, scattering, squandering, and dispersing. I promise not to squander your time. (There is even a scorpion in it!)

[Greek] ὀσμή (osmē), [Latin] odor: scent, aroma, odor, smell, fragrance; Jn.12:3, 2Cor.2:14-16, Eph.5:2, Php.4:18

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means smell, odor, sense (of smell), scent, perfume, and mist (vapor). Odors (scents), coming from nature, often have the power to give life over death. Scents can also come from the gods (deities). The ‘sweet savor of the gods’ is the scent which comes from the gods. Plato’s Timaeus 66e makes reference to smells existing the intermediate state when water is changing into air (or when air is changing into water). Euripides’ Hippolytus 1391 states “But what is this? O breath of divine fragrance. The goddess Artemis is in this place.” Homer’s Iliad 14.415 states “And even as when beneath the blast of father Zeus and oak falleth uprooted, and a dread reek of brimstone ariseth therefrom.” Sophocles’ Antigone 412 states “We then sat down on the brow of the hill to winward, fleeling the smell from him, lest it strike us.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 891 states “Do not trouble your men, so that they may not suffer from the foul stench before it is necessary. It will be trial enough for them to live on board with me.”

Old Testament: This term, used in both a positive and sense, means being morally offensive, smelling bad, becoming odious, fragrance, sweet odor, perfume, and aroma. The odor of soothing becomes a metaphorical term for a sacrifice to God. The Old Testament view holds that God “inhales” the savor of a sacrifice pleasing to Him. Pleasing sacrifices serve as a sweet savor to Him. Scents can provide powers of growth and protection (against demons). Wisdom also gives out a sweet savor. Likewise, if a sacrifice has no sweet savor, this is a sign of rejection. Their slain shall be cast out, their corpses shall send up a stench (Isa.34:3). The fragrance of my son is like the fragrance of a field that the Lord has blessed (Gen.27:7). You have brought us into bad odor with Pharaoh (Exo.5:21). Yet at the first whiff of water it may flourish again (Job 14:9). When the Lord smelled the sweet odor, He said, ‘Never again will doom the earth’ (Gen.8:21). Send up the sweet odor of your hymn of praise (Sir.39:14). I will lay waste your cities and devastate you sanctuaries, refusing to accept your sweet-smelling offerings (Lev.26:31).

New Testament: This term, used in both a literal and metaphorical (figurative) sense, means odor, fragrance, and scent. Such examples include fragrance (of oil), a pleasing  sacrifice, an odor of knowledge, an aroma of Christ, and an odor of death. Judas, one of the disciples, complained about Mary anointing Jesus’ feet with fragrant oil. Jesus offers Himself up as a fragrant aroma. The elderly Epaphroditus, in serving God and Paul, dies as a fragrant aroma. Christ perfuses the knowledge of God. Paul and others also perfuse the aroma of Christ. The odor of death leads to separation, judgment, and death.

Scripture:

“Mary took a liter of costly perfumed oil made from genuine aromatic nard and anointed the feet of Jesus and dried them with her hair; the house was filled with the fragrance of the oil.” Jn.12:3

This is a literal example of a fragrance. Judas complained that this expensive oil could have been sold for money to be given to the poor. Jesus stated that Mary’s actions were proper.

“And live in love, as Christ loved us and handed Himself over for us as a sacrificial offering to Go for a fragrant aroma.” Eph.5:2

Jesus’ sacrificial self-offering of Himself is likened to sweet swelling aroma. This sacrifice pleases God like a pleasant aroma.

“But thanks be to God, who always lead us in triumph in Christ and manifest through us the odor of knowledge of Him in every place. For we are the aroma of Christ for God among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing, to the latter an odor of death that leads to death, to the former and odor of life that leads to life.” 2Cor.2:14-16

The knowledge (odor) of God is dispensed by the Apostles. Paul himself perfuses the knowledge of Christ. Death has its unique odor. Life has its unique odor.

Odor of Sanctity (Osmogenesia): This is a supernaturally pleasant odor coming from the body or wounds, usually after death. It was presented as a physical sign of the superior spirituality of a person. This is also a favorable sign of holiness.

Scents associated with saints:

St. Padre Pio: roses and pipe tobacco

St. Polycarp: frankincense and myrrh

St. Therese of Lisieux: lilies, violets and roses

St. Teresa of Avila: roses

Etymology: The Latin verb perfumare literally means to smoke through. Perfume are fumes from a burning substance. The Latin perfundere means to pour (melt) over. The Latin perfusus is the past participle of perfundere. And for a final topping to this idea,  a fondue is something literally melted.

Conclusion:

Osmosis, odor

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover that scents came from both nature and the gods. So it can be easy to make the connection with a pleasing sacrifice to a pleasing scent. I can imagine the gods would be pleased in ‘inhaling’ a sweet smelling aromatic sacrifice. This is then in stark contrast to the odor of corruption and death. It is also amusing that
Sophocles makes reference to B.O. (body odor). [Seinfeld would be proud!]

Perhaps not surprisingly, the Old Testament also holds the notion that God ‘inhales’ a pleasing sacrifice. On the other hand, a sacrifice without savor is insufficient.

The New Testament stresses the metaphorical (figurative) notion of a pleasing sacrifice. Jesus offers Himself as a fragrant aroma perfusing the knowledge of God. In God’s ‘eyes’, a pleasing sacrifice is a function of one’s self-giving of himself. Life and death each have their respective odors. The elderly Ephaphroditus, in his service to God and Paul, becomes a fragrant aroma. It is not surprising that some incorrupt saints perfuse a pleasant ‘aroma’.

Update: Our new president now says that we are now a systemically racist country. It stinks that he would see our country in this way.

I hope this post was able to perfuse further knowledge (understanding) about this term, either by sight or osmosis.

[Greek] ἀδύνατος (adynatos), [Latin] impossibilis, [Latin] impotens: incapable, powerless, impossible; Mt.19:26, Mk.10:27, Lk.18:27, Acts 14:8, Rom.8:3, Rom.15:1, Heb.6:4,18, Heb.10:4, Heb.11:6

St. Paul Healing the Cripple at Lystra: painting by Karel Dujardin (1663)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means unable, without strength, powerless, disabled, of no importance, impossible, unrealizable, unable, and feeble. Herodotus’ The Histories 9.60 states “But if, as may be, anything has befallen you which makes it impossible for you to aid us, do us the service of sending us your archers. We are sure that you will obey us knowing that you have been far more zealous.” Euripides’ Helen 811 states “You will hear. But to undertake impossibilities is no mark of wisdom.” Aristotle’s Athenian Constitution 49.4 states “The Council also inspects the Incapables; for there is a law enacting that persons possessing less than 3 minae and incapacitated by bodily infirmity from doing any work are to be inspected by the Council.” Herodotus’ The Histories 6.106 states “He told them what he had bee ordered to say, and they resolved to send help to the Athenians, but they could not do this, immediately for they were unwilling to break the law.”

Old Testament: This term means unable, needy, poor, oppressed, lowly, humble, impossible, and incompetent. But the poor from the edge of the sword and from the hand of the mighty, He saves (Job 5:15). Thou shall not wrest the judgment of my poor in His cause (Exo.23:6). Thou shalt no oppress a hired servant that is poor and needy (Deu.24:14) But man dies and lies prostrate (Job 14:10). And You save an afflicted people (2Sam.22:28). Let the weak man say, ‘I am a warrior’(Joel 3:10).

New Testament: This term means impossible, crippled, weakened, and failing. It is impossible to seek redemption for those who have turned away from the heavenly gift and the Holy Spirit. It is impossible for the blood of Old Testament sacrifices to take away sins. It is impossible to please and approach God without faith. It is impossible for humans to attain salvation by themselves. At Lystra Paul heals a lame and crippled man. The Law is powerless, weakened by the flesh.

Scripture:

“Jesus looked at them and said, ‘For human beings this is impossible, but for God all things are possible.’” Mt.19:26

In the Old Testament, wealth and material goods were considered a sign of God’s favor. Jesus claims that this type of wealth is a false sense of security. They were astonished when Jesus speaks of accumulating a more permanent spiritual treasure. Achievement of salvation is beyond human capability and depends solely on God’s goodness.

“At Lystra there was a crippled man, lame from birth, who had never walked.” Acts 14:8

Paul heals the crippled man. This is an opportunity for God’s grace to physically this man.

“For it is impossible that the blood of bulls and goats take away sins.” Heb.10:4

This scripture speaks to the ineffectual capacity of the Old Testament sacrifice to take away sins. Jesus offers Himself as a much superior sacrifice to take away sins.

Conclusion:

Dynamic, dynasty, impossible, impotent

It was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include disabled (ships), persons (of no importance), and undesirable (people). In light of the social-political structure of classes of people (powerful and wealthy, citizens, and slaves and the poor), I can see how this meaning would apply. Shipping was a very important industry in this Mediterranean culture. Incapables is a curious term for needy and incapable persons.

There are many Old Testament scriptural references pertaining to the down-trodden, humble, and oppressed. It was also interesting to discover the highly held Old Testament cultural preference for wealth. This Old Testament idea perhaps may have planted the seeds for the later notion of the “prosperity gospel” in current times (not in the New Testament era). Some could say Abraham was spiritually “rich” in his covenant with God. Therefore, one could also say wealth is also a blessing from God.

In the New Testament, the Old Testament sacrifice is less effective than the sacrifice offering from Jesus. In His providence, God uses Paul to provide a divine healing to the lame man. Jesus speaks against the Old Testament notion of wealth in talking about how one gets into heaven. Jesus claims that this material wealth is a false sense of security. Rather, Jesus claims that it is more important to gather spiritual treasures in heaven.

In my opinion, this notion of the “prosperity gospel” is a alteration (aberration) of the true meaning of the gospel message. A pastor (preacher) who has a mansion or a multi-million organization is not just a good look for others to see.

The Greeks called the needy and incapacitated Incapables. Hillary Clinton called Trump voters Deplorables. Now some are called worse names. These are examples of ridicule in any age. To say otherwise, would be impossible!

Update: We have now come into a time where powerful social media (tech) giants are beginning to censor, block and ban people (and followers) and articles (content information). As a result, many have flocked to other free speech platforms. Now these tech giants are working together to hinder this movement by restricting the downloading of apps and even potentially shutting off these platforms. These media tactics and practices feel like actions that are usually done by tyrannical and repressive regimes. It is very interesting to note that more and more people are making these same observations.

Many people feel worried, afraid, and helpless at this time in our country!

“Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by subduing the freeness of speech.” Benjamin Franklin