Resounding The Faith

‎[Greek] τρέφω (trephō), [Latin] nutrio: to nourish, to make to grow, to support, to fatten, to bring up, to nurture, to let grow naturally, to rear; Mt.6:26, Mt.25:37, Lk.12:24, Lk.23:29, Act.12;20, Jas.5:5, Rev.12:14,16, Lk.4:16

In 527 A.D. emperor Justinian decreed that children be have the right to be educated and be exempt from slavery

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: At an early period, orphan houses existed both at Athens and Rome. In 527 A.D., the emperor Justinian decreed that orphans, infants and children be exempted from slavery. It was stated that these children were deserving of moral, physical, and intellectual development. The emperor encouraged that the state, Church and wealthy patrons provide the resources for these children. These public facilities were to be provided by the state and charitable organizations. A brephotrophium was a facility for infants. An orphanotrophium was an orphanage. A euphotrophium was facility for poor children. In ancient Greek and Rome, the instructor/teacher was responsible for the whole (moral, physical, and intellectual) development of the child. In this culture there was a connection between feeding and education.

Old Testament/New Testament: Both Old Testament and New Testament cultures shared similar concepts of feeding and nurturing. The Greek term trepho is used for nursing, for nourishing, and for bringing up children. These actions imply a present tense with continual action. However, the New Testament further develops more spiritual and nuanced examples when Jesus and the Father provide and nurture.

Scripture:

“Then the righteous will answer Him and say, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you drink?’” Mt.25:27

Jesus speaks to the need to feed the hungry (help the less fortunate and to serve others).

“Look at the birds in the sky; they do not sow or reap, they gather nothing into barns, yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are not you more important than they?” Mt.6:26

This scripture passage relates to having trust that the Father will provide for us. This involves trusting in God’s providence that He will provide what we need.

“He came to Nazareth, where He had grown up, and went according to His custom into the synagogue on the sabbath day.” Lk.4:16

This scripture passage pertains to where His parents had raised Jesus up in Nazareth.

“You have lived on earth in luxury and pleasure; you have fattened your hearts for the day of slaughter.” Jas.5:5

James speaks to the unjustly rich and indulgent who have used their treasures for temporary uses.  Those who fail to store up lasting treasures will later face judgment.

Conclusion:

Dystrophy, atrophy, nutrient, nutrition

Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases who cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. Atrophy is a wasting away of a part of the body. It was interesting to learn that the historical context of how feeding extends to moral, psychological, and intellectual growth. This  Greco-Roman method of system education becomes a precursor (among others) to the “well-rounded” education in a college or university setting. Also, this practice contributed to the development of public and private philanthropic support for children.

At first glance, I would have not expected to see that emperor Justinian would take a positive view toward the status and development of children. That certainly is “food for thought”. Sorry, couldn’t resist! Also, I guess you can say that the scriptures are right in that parenting does not have an expiration date!  Jesus expands upon this idea in responding to the needs to of all types of less fortunate and vulnerable people.

[Greek] δογματίζω (dogmatizō), [Latin] decernere: to speak dogmatically, to decree, to subject oneself to an ordinance, to submit, to command, to put one under an obligation; Col.2:20

The Jerusalem Council sorting out the issues of circumcision and dietary laws

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: The basic meaning of this word is what seems to be right. In philosophical circles, this term can mean opinion, principle, or doctrine. In political circles, this term can mean what is resolved, resolution of an individual or assembly, edict, or decree. It is hardly surprising that decrees often intersect with philosophical principles.

Old Testament: The Torah became a system involving both decrees and teaching. The Torah contains dogmas and other related sacred principles of divine philosophy. Judaism is faith mixed with commandments, regulations, decrees, and rituals. The Hebrews have historically lived in a culture governed by kings. Hebrews were accustomed to being subjected to decrees and edicts of kings. Likewise, decrees often intersect with teachings.

New Testament: The Christians often continued to be subject to the authority of the Jewish leaders and Roman authority. The act of submitting a regulation is given a special emphasis in Colossians. However, a new paradigm shift of authority occurs with the appearance of Jesus. Christ brings an end to the Mosaic Law. Christ speaks of putting aside the older religious ways (dogmas) in order to find salvation.

Scripture:

“If you died with Christ to the elemental powers of the world, why do you submit to regulations as if you were still living in the world?” Col.2:20

Paul was warning the Colossians to avoid the existing pagan rituals involving food, drink, and the principalities (heavenly beings). Paul was warning them to do away with these humanly imposed pagan practices and follow Christ’s ways.

Early Christianity: Like the Hebrews, the Christians incorporated their faith into  sacred beliefs and principles. Unlike the Hebrews, the Christians did not have a written faith source document. The Christians had to rely on oral Tradition to teach and spread the Christian faith. In response to cultural issues between Jews and Gentiles, the Jerusalem council ruled that the Gentiles were not required to undergo circumcision. The Jerusalem council also ruled that Gentiles must avoid foods offered to idol sacrifices.

Didache: The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles was written before 150 A.D. Although not considered a canonical work, the Didache provides an insightful picture of the practices of the early Christian community. Didache 11,3 states “in regard to the apostles and prophets, act according to the doctrine of the gospel.” The Didache is essentially an instruction manual for the early Christians.

St. Ignatius’ Letter to the Magnesians (written 100 A.D.)

“Take care, therefore, to be confirmed in the decrees of the Lord and the Apostles….Be subject to the bishop and to one another, as Jesus Christ was subject to the Father, and the Apostles were subject to Christ and to the Father.”

The Nicaea Council sorting out the issues of Jesus’ nature

Council of Nicaea: This council was convened by the emperor Constantine in 325 A.D. in order to respond to the Arian belief (heresy) that Jesus, as the Son of God, was a created being. The council proclaimed that Jesus was begotten, not made.  Jesus was of the same substance of the Father. This leads to the development of the Trinity, the three Persons of God.

Conclusion:

Dogma, dogmatic, discern

It seems that in order for governments and religions/faiths to be effective, they must have principles, rules and regulations. Otherwise, there would be resistance and chaos. It was only natural that Christianity developed core beliefs and principals, despite not having an original written theological manual. The only written scriptures at the time (of the Apostles) was the Old Testament.

Over history, there have been times when false teachings or heresies occurred. Sometimes, church leaders had to further define and clarify their basic teachings as a means to counter these false teachings. In addition, church leaders often implored their followers to follow the teachings of Jesus and the Apostles. So dogma can be considered the “meat and potatoes” or important principles of the faith.

[Greek] στερέωμα (stereōma), [Latin] firmamentum, [Latin] rigidius, [Latin] validus; support, firmness, steadfastness, strength, stability, bulwark (military fortification), solid front; Col.2:5

 Paul’s exhorts the Colossians’ faith to be a strong defense against the false teachers. In Eph.6:16 Paul calls upon Christians to hold their faith as a shield.

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means solid body, foundation, firmness, and steadfastness.

Homer’s Odyssey 23.103: “But thy heart is ever harder than stone.”

Homer’s Iliad 23.42: “Be he steadfastly denied them, and swore an oath.”

Sophocles’ Antigone 1262: “Ah, the blunders of an unthinking mind, blunders of rigidity, yield death.”

Old Testament: The vault of heaven is depicted as a solid bowl or canopy. God called the dome the sky. God established this vault of heaven in its solidity. Eventually, God becomes associated with constancy and firmness. However, the Hebrew term raquia means “strectched-outness” or “spread-outness”, like a sail. Yet, the translators of the Septuagint seemed to have used the Greek stereoma to focus on the hardness or stability of the firmament. In a sense, the heavens are both stretched out and firm.

Colossian Church: Paul, while in prison, writes to the Colossian church. Paul was concerned about the issues facing the Colossians. Faith becomes more precisely defined by orderliness and firmness. Faith become likened to a miliary division or bulwark (wall or defense built for protection against danger, injury, or annoyance). The community’s steadfastness is belief in Christ. Paul urges the Colossians to be firm and steadfast in their faith.

Warnings against false teachers:

1. The Colossians are warned and admonished to adhere to the gospel as it was first preached to them.
2. They must reject any religious teachings outside the gospel.
3. They are called to not be captivated (enslaved) by empty seductive philosophies, according to human tradition.
4. They are called to not be captivated (enslaved) by the elemental powers of the world, not according to Christ.

Scripture:

Col.2:5: “For even if I am absent in the flesh, yet I am with you in spirit, rejoicing as I observe your good order and the firmness of your faith in Christ.” (Paul encourages the Colossians to stand firm in the faith. Paul admonishes them to remain true to their faith.)

Stereotype: This term comes from the printing trade and was first adopted in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The stereotype is used for printing from the original. The reference of a stereotype as un unchanged image was in 1850. It was not until 1922 that a stereotype was used in a psychological or sociological context.

Stereophonic sound: This is a sound reproduction that creates an illusion of a multiple audio perspective. This is achieved by using two or more independent audio channels. This gives the impression of a sound heard from various directions.

Other related Greek term:

[Greek] ἀνδρίζομαι (andrizomai), [Latin] agitare viriliter: to act in a manly way, to be courageously, to conduct oneself in a courageous way; 1Cor.16:13

1Cor.16:13: “Be on your guard, stand firm in the faith, be courageous, be strong.”

Being on your guard: spiritual watching signifies a diligent abstaining from sin, temptation, worldly values, and false teachers.

Standing firm in the faith: being firm in holding and defending gospel truths

Being courageous: acting like soldiers fighting against the world, the flesh, and the devil (satanic influences).

Conclusion:

Stereo, stereophonic, firmament, firm

It should be no surprise that acting courageously and acting manly go hand in hand. Both seek to stand firm and protect.

Because of its sound wave properties, music in stereo provides a stronger and deeper sound.  So, it should be no surprise that the ideas of soundness and strength are tied together. There is no direct reference to the firmament in the New Testament.  However, in any age in history, there is always a need for sound teaching. In today’s age of thousands of religious organizations and denominations, this can sometimes be a very challenging prospect to have a firm foundation of faith.

‎[Greek] συνεργός (synergos), [Latin] adiutor, [Latin] cooperator: fellow worker, co-worker, partner, collaboration, fellow laborer; Rom.16:3, 1Cor.3:9, 2Cor.1:24, Phil.2:25, Col.4:11, 1Thess.3:2, Mk.16:20

An old Roman mural of Paul’s co-workers Prisca and Aquila

Background Information:

Old Testament: This Greek term synergos is rarely used in the Old Testament. Interestingly, this term does not directly refer to God or the prophets. God is seen as all powerful with no need for co-operation. Instead, this term refers to more mundane matters, such as situations or opportunities which benefit people.

Hellenism: In some situations skilled artisans, who needed resources and tools for their craft, offered their services as co-workers being employed by others. Paul supported his ministry as a tentmaker in his missionary efforts. For the most part, co-workers were given specific tasks or roles in part of a larger project or function. A fellow servant could also be an acolyte involved in a pagan ceremony.

Hellenistic letter: Paul corresponded with various Christian communities using the format of the Hellenistic letter. Paul establishes his primary authority in his letters. However, in his letters, Paul attaches significant importance to the position of his co-workers. By establishing his relationship with his co-workers, Paul brings trustworthiness and reliability to that co-worker in that Christian community. In addition, Paul addresses a community rather than an individual.

New Testament: This term is only used primarily in the plural form in connection with companions and pupils. Without relinquishing authority, Paul honors their service and commitment. Paul and the others are in the service working for the kingdom of God. As such, they can claim the respect and obedience of the community. Paul and his co-workers share in God’s own work with its toil and labor.

Scripture:

“Greet Prisca and Aquila, my co-workers in Christ.” Rom. 16:3

Prisca and Aquila are Jews banished from Rome by Emperor Claudius. Prisca and Aquila accompanied Paul to Ephesus. Christians gather in their home in Rome.

“For we are God’s co-workers; you are God’s field, God’s building.” 1Cor.3:9

Paul and the co-workers share in God’s own work with its toil, labor, and burdens. Hence they are God’s servants.

“But they went forth and preached everywhere, while the Lord worked with them and confirmed the Word through accompanying signs.” Mk.16:20

Signs are working together with faith. This attests that the Word and signs belong together.

“Therefore, we ought to support such persons, so that we may be co-workers in the truth.” 3 Jn. 8

This scripture pertains outside the Pauline sphere of influence. An appeal is made to the community to welcome and receive the Gentile missionaries.

Conclusion:

Synergy, adjust, adjustor, co-operator, cooperate

To be honest, I was not aware of the significant influence that Hellenism plays in Paul’s missionary work. I was also surprised of the vastly different use of “co-workers” between the Old Testament and New Testament. Again, the use of this term has a different meaning today. Synergy, often associated with industry, economics, and psychology, relates to the coordinated action of a system or organs. Synergy also relates to the combined action whose total effect is greater than the sum of its parts. Perhaps, the same can still be said about faith.

[Greek] πολιτεύομαι (politeuomai): to be a citizen, to take part in political life, to conduct oneself with proper references to obligations to others, to administer the state, to be a public servant, to “walk” (conduct oneself in life), to conduct politics; Act.23:1, Phil.1:27

Citizens (politicans) who take part in the political life of Athens

Background Information:

The Polis: The polis (city) was a very important phenomenon in Hellenistic culture. The polis was the center of social, economic, and political life. It was a duty, honor, and privilege for the individual to serve the state in some capacity. Although the state held ultimate authority, citizenship required that one be subject to the state’s laws.

Greco-Roman culture: Individuals were subservient to the state. Citizens and public servants gave their allegiance and support to the city/state. Citizenship included political acts or dealings. Privileges came along with those servants who served the state. It was a willing sense of pride to be a public servant. Citizens and military often would swear loyalty to the emperor. Conversely, the country folk, farmers, and outsiders were looked down upon in a subtle manner.  These people were called “idiotes” because they were not capable of being a government servant.

Old Testament: Instead of meaning citizenship, this Greek term politeuomai has a religious sense of “to walk.” Religion is a law which regulates the life of society and individual conduct. The Jewish life bears a different character in how one “walks” in life, rather than a physical location. Jewish society finds expression in one’s character, conduct, and identity. This is evident in the Diaspora of the Jews, who maintained their Jewish identity in other lands.

New Testament: The Old Testament culture had already developed the notion of the heavenly Jerusalem. However, the New Testament culture further develops this idea in a new and spiritual focus in terms of hope. Jerusalem was recognized as the headquarters for all Christianity. Paul develops the notion of a heavenly city, whose builder and maker is God. This New Jerusalem will descend to a new earth at the consummation of salvation. This is the future city to which the Christians look forward to.

Citizens in the New Jerusalem

Scripture:

“Paul looked intently at the Sanhedrin and said, ‘My brothers, I have conducted myself with a perfectly clear conscience before God to this day.” Act. 23:1

Paul does not speak of his “walk in life” in a religious sense. Paul speaks in a Greek Hellenistic way of being a citizen or public servant in the community of Christ. Paul claims he conducted his life in his obligation to others as a follower of Christ.

“Only, conduct yourselves in a way worthy of the gospel of Christ, so that, whether I come and see you or am absent, I may hear news of you, that you are standing firm in one Spirit, with one mind struggling together for the faith of the gospel.” Phil.1:27

Phillipi, in northeastern Greece, was an important city in the Roman province of Macedonia. Paul was appealing to the Phillipians’ sense of civic and public responsibility. Paul was asking the Christians to be citizens of Christ’s community.

Conclusion:

Polite, political, politics

It is interesting to note that human motivations are often constant throughout history. In today’s world, there is still that desire to serve the public in the political arena. And with that comes the prestige in being a career politician. With this also comes the potential temptation for power and corruption.

[Greek] ἀμύνομαι (amunomai), [Latin] vindicare: to come to the aid of, have tools to defend, to ward off, to put a defense before oneself; Act.7:24

Moses, using a sword, defends and avenges his fellow kinsmen in Egypt (Ex. 2:11-14)

Background Information:

Old Testament: In Exodus chapter 2 Moses witnessed the forced labor of his kinsmen in Egypt. Moses saw one of them treated unjustly and defended and avenged the oppressed man. Moses struck down an Egyptian and buried his body in the sand.  Soon after, Moses must have some sense from God that he was going to be his kinsmen’s deliverer from bondage in Egypt. Moses assumed his kinsmen would have understood that God was offering deliverance through him.

New Testament: This term means to defend. Moses saw one of his kinfolk being unjustly treated. Moses defended the oppressed man by striking down the Egyptian.

Scripture:

“When he saw one of them treated unjustly, he defended and avenged the oppressed man by striking down the Egyptian.” Act.7:24

Stephen relates the story of Moses in Egypt defending and avenging this kinsman. Stephen states how the Old Testament prophets were persecuted and misunderstood by their ancestors. Stephen also states his accusers are stiff-necked people like their kinsmen (ancestors). This further incites the crowd, leading to Stephen’s martyrdom. This stubbornness and misunderstanding also defined the Jews’ hostile relationship with Jesus.

Conclusion:

Ammunition, ammo, vindicate, vindication

This Greek verb amuno provides for the resources needed to protect against or to ward off enemies. These resources can include military provisions, weapons, firearms, and military supplies. Over the years, the letters “la” became attached to munition. The French la munition means provision. Then later the letter “l” went away, leading to the current word ammunition.

‎[Greek]  ξένος (xenos), [Latin] hospes, [Latin] peregrinus, [Latin] pilgerin: a host, a guest, a stranger (immigrant), one who shows hospitality, a strange thing, one receives and entertains, a foreigner, an alien, foreign, strange; Act.17:18, Heb.13:9, 1Pet.4:12, Rom.16:23, Mt.25:35, Act.17:21, Heb.11:13,  3 Jn. 5

Remnant of a hospitium (lodging place) in Pompeii

Background Information:

Dynamic meaning of hospitality:

1. This term means both host and stranger (foreigner), depending on one’s perspective and location.
2. Over time a custom of hospitality evolved to cultivate, stabilize, and strengthen this dynamic relationship.
3. Hospitality and friendship became a better way to “control” this relationship.
4. A social code of conduct emerged in that the host had the duty and obligation to provide hospitality.
5. In state functions, a proxenos essentially functioned as an ambassador providing hospitality to foreign officials.

Greek culture:

1. The Greeks were one of the earliest cultures who championed the idea of protecting and respecting the alien.
2. The Greeks believed that the stranger stood under the protection of the gods.
3. It was believed that strangers could be gods or goddesses in disguise.
4. Large numbers of aliens resided in Athens throughout history. Acts 17:2 provides evidence of this cultural value.
5. Increasing commerce produced increasing numbers of pilgrimages to the temples. Hospices and hostelries were built to provide rest and lodging for these pilgrims.
6. The first hostels (inns) were located in the shadows of the temples. This practice later continued with the building on inns and hospices near synagogues and churches.

Roman culture:

1. Roman culture developed a more nuanced view toward hospitality. Aliens were not viewed in the same way.
2. Aliens were often viewed and treated based on their political, social, and economic status.
3. Prominent or well-to-do aliens received hospitality due to their place in society.
4. Other slaves received certain legal rights and protections in the employment of a patron.
5. Quite often these slaves were employed to provide hospitality to other Roman patrons.

Hebrew/Jewish culture:

1. The Jewish/Hebrew also held a more complicated view toward hospitality.
2. This culture had always great valued the importance of hospitality.
3. The Old Testament is filled with numerous examples of hospitality.
4. Israel viewed alien peoples and resident aliens in a more negative manner.
5. Israel has historically shown a cultural antipathy against Samaritans, Gentiles, and Christians.

Christian culture:

1. Christianity’s view also come form a pre-conceived antipathy against foreign religions.
2. Jesus commands that the Christians show unrestricted and unconditional love for the stranger or alien.
3. Jesus elevates the notion of hospitality to strangers as a supreme commandment.
4. Jesus emphasizes the importance of hospitality in the parables and Beattitudes.
5. Jesus often identifies Himself with the stranger or alien.

Early Christianity:

1. As the Church was growing, hospitality was highly valued.
2. Hospitality created the need for Church organization and Church officials (deacons).
3. This organization was necessary in providing for the widows, sick, and strangers.
4. It was important that hospitality was also provided to other churches in the form of offerings.

New Testament: This term means unknown, strange, foreign, visitor, guest, and host.

Scripture:

Mt.25:35: “For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, a stranger and you welcomed me.” (Jesus points out the importance of helping and serving the helpless and vulnerable. Jesus identifies Himself with the stranger and helpless person. Jesus stresses the importance of hospitality toward others. Christians and Christian missionaries also suffered opposition and persecution)

Mt.25:41: “Depart from Me, you accursed…” (Jesus says that neglect of sufferers is neglect of the Lord. Those who neglect the suffering will suffer serious consequences.)

Mt.27:7: “After consultation, the chief priests they used it [Judas’ returned blood money] to buy a potter’s field as a burial place for foreigners.” (This burial place [Field of Blood] was used for Roman soldiers, Gentiles, proselytes, strangers, and criminals.)

Rom.16:23: “Gaius, who is host to me [Paul] and to the whole church, greats you.” (Gaius loans his house to entertain his guests to have the Church meetings.)

Acts 17:18: “Some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers asked about Paul, “‘What is this scavenger trying to say?’ Others said, ‘he sounds like a promoter of foreign deities, because he was preaching about Jesus and Resurrection.'” (The Greeks welcomed aliens and foreigners in their culture. Paul was called a “seed-picker” and a scrap collector who take other people’s ideas and propagate them as his own.)

Eph.2:19: “You are no longer strangers and sojourners, but you are fellow citizens with the holy ones and God’s household.” (All the religious barriers between Jew and Gentile have been transcended into a single religious community. They have become adopted sons and daughters of God who in this world, but not of this world. Yet, they remain temporary sojourners in this world on their way to heaven.)

Heb.13:9: “Do not be carried away by all kinds of strange teaching.” (Paul warns against receiving false teaching [doctrine] which is detrimental (cannot remove sin and impedes spiritual growth).

1Pet.4:12: “Do not be surprised that a trial by fire is occurring among you, as if something strange were happening to you.” (Following Christ may entail opposition, struggles, persecution, and even martyrdom.)

Conclusion:

Xenophobia, hospitable, hospice, hospital, novelty, novel, peregrine, pilgrim, pilgrimage

I was quite surprised by the rich depth of historical and spiritual meaning that hospitality confers. There is a causal relationship between the host/guest dynamic and hospitality. This also helps to explain why Jesus greatly stressed the importance of hospitality. It also makes sense that a hospice and hospital provide for and care for the sick.

The current political climate has been recently defined by such issues as immigration, terrorism, globalism, nationalism, and xenophobia. As a result, this has created a very difficult and complicated situation in terms of responding to the concerns of hospitality.

Update: We are called to help and serve others. Our faith requires works. We will also be judged by our actions and our inactions (failing to help others).

The United States has always been a nation of immigrants. There is a long history of legal immigration and naturalization, making the United States a melting pot of multiple nationalities. Yet liberal Catholics defend open borders.

Unfortunately, in recent years, there has been a great failure to protect the borders under the Biden administration. The Trump administration is now making a priority of protecting the border and removing illegal aliens.

The pagan Athenians believed Paul was referring to two “gods”: Jesus and Resurrection (Anastasis)

The Modernists and Synodalists seem to be creating a new synodal Church made in the image of man and his lived experiences. Unlike the citizens of God, this synodal Church continues to move with the world’s values and secular culture. Lived experiences are taking on greater importance than the salvation of souls.

In this new synodal Church, synodality (lived experiences) has almost become like an idol. Lived experiences are taking precedence over Jn.8:11-12, Church teachings, doctrine, and sin.

Synodality focuses more on worldly lived experiences, situational moralities, and overlooking, de-stigmatizing, and normalizing sins.

President Trump just pardoned 23 pro-life activists were arrested for opposing abortion. The pro-life activists were imprisoned under the Biden administration. It is perhaps not surprising that they were put in prison.

It is curious that we have heard much public reaction for the US Catholic bishops about the pardon of the pro-life activists? Are they hesitant about saying something positive about Trump?

The US Catholic bishops have not been quiet in criticizing President Trump immigration policies. Are these bishops criticizing because they could lose out on their government funding regarding immigration?

The Trump administration has just paused funding for Catholic Charities. There will inevitably be a further investigation into their activities.

Liberal Catholics often selectively cherry-pick Catholic doctrine to justify illegal immigration. Using “pro-life” language, they seem to gloss over the sinful and evil aspects of illegal criminal activity. Shocker.

As of now, we currently have a catastrophe in the making (on so many levels) at the southern border. Then there is a continual problem of the transport of fentanyl. While being welcoming, we need to still have better control of the border.

Speaker of the House Mike Johnson has publicly revealed 64 actions enacted by the Biden Administration to undermine U.S. border security.

There are Democratic representatives on record not supporting removing illegal aliens from the U.S who have killed Americans.

Does a nation have a right to control its borders?

A country without control over its borders has no borders at all.

What does Pope Francis say about this?

“Can borders be controlled? Yes, each country has a right to control its borders, who enters and who leaves, and countries that are in danger–of terrorism or the like–have more right to control them more…” (Interview with the Spanish newspaper El Pais on Jan. 17, 2017)

What does Pope John Paul II say about a nation?

“The term ‘nation’ designates a community based in a given territory and distinguished by its culture. Catholic social doctrine holds that the family and the nation are both natural societies, not the product of mere invention.” (From John Paul II’s final book Memory and Identity)

What does the Catechism of the Catholic Church say about the common good of a nation?

Political authorities, for the sake of the common good for which they are responsible, may make the exercise of the right to immigrate subject to various juridical conditions,  especially with regard to the immigrants’ duties toward their country of adoption. Immigrants are obliged to respect with gratitude the material and spiritual heritage of the country that receives them, to obeys its laws and assist in carrying civic burdens. (CCC 2241).

What does the Catechism of the Catholic church say about the right of migration?

“The more prosperous nations are obliged, to the extent they are able, to welcome the foreigner in search of the security and means of livelihood which he cannot find in his country of origin.” (CCC 2241)

What does Pope John Paul II say about a country’s obligation to accept immigrants?

“These are the right to have one’s own country; to live freely in one’s own country’ to live together with one family’ to have access to the goods necessary for a dignified life; to preserve and develop one’s ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage; to be recognized and treated in all circumstances according to one’s dignity as a human being. The exercise of such a right [that is, the right to immigrated to a particular country] is to be regulated, because practicing it indiscriminately may do harm and be detrimental to the common good the community that receives the migrant.” (John Paul II’s Message for the 87th World Day of Migration 2001)

What does the Catechism of the Catholic Church say about the immigrants already in the country?

“Public authorities should see to it that the natural right be respected that places a guest under the protection of those who receive him.” (CCC 2241)

What does Pope John Paul II say about these immigration crises?

“The challenge is to combine the welcome due to every human being, especially when in need, with a reckoning for both the local inhabitants and the new arrivals to live a dignified and peaceful life.” (John Paul II’s Message for the World Day of Peace 2001)

Next post: false tolerance and false compassion

[Greek] θεατρίζω (theatrizō), [Latin] spectaculum: to make a spectacle of, to bring up to the stage, to expose publicly, to make an  example of, to make a public spectacle, to make a gazing stock, to expose to contempt; Heb. 10:33, Heb.12:4, 1Cor.4:9, Col.2:15

Background Information:

Greco-Roman stage: The Greek word theatrizo means to bring one up to the stage or publicly expose someone. This person would become a “gazingstock”. In other words, that person would be a spectacle for scorn and contempt. This would occur in a theatron (theater) or other public venue in which that person would be shamed. The crowd in the seats (spectators) would sit on their edge of their seats waiting for any opportunity to ridicule this person. Although this term may have originated as a neutral dramatic invention, this action later took on its negative connotation.

New Testament: The Jewish converts to Christianity experienced reproach and affliction. These Christian converts were to be made an example of for not only converting but also associating with the Gentiles. These new Christians were encouraged to endure in their faith, even to the point of shedding their blood. By their example, the Apostles become a spectacle for others to see.

Scripture:

“At times you were publicly exposed to abuse and affliction; at other times you associated yourselves with those so treated.” Heb.10:33

These Christian converts received insults hurled at them from others. These Christians were also exposed to difficulties and pressures. The writer of Hebrews encouraged these Christians not give up nor lose heart when the devil tries to exert its evil influences.

“In your struggle against sin you have not yet resisted to the point of shedding blood.” Heb. 12:4

The writer of Hebrews already anticipates the struggles and difficulties that the Christians will face. In spite of these difficulties, the writer encourages these Christians to persevere. Perhaps, the writer also foresees spilling of blood and lives of the Christians under the Roman Empire.

“For as I see it, God has exhibited us apostles as the last of all, like people sentenced to death, since we have become a spectacle to the world, to angels and human beings alike.” 1Cor.4:9

God has exposed and set apart the Apostles destined for death. God sheds a light on the example of the Apostles for all to see.

The Romans made a spectacle of killing Christians in the Coliseum

Theater, theatric

It is interesting to note that the scripture passage 1Cor.4:9 actually has a foreshadowing sense. This passage foretells of the martyrdom of the Christians in the arena. The Roman Coliseum was considered as a theater (theatron). This public venue was the location for gladiator contests and various brutal or “artistic” methods to kill Christians. The spectators would often get riled up from this form of Roman “entertainment”.

‎[Greek] σκοπέω (skopeō), [Latin] videre, [Latin] observare, [Latin] contemplare, [Latin] considerare, [French] voir: to view closely, to examine, to fix one’s eyes upon, to observe, to behold, to contemplate, to consider, to mark, to pay attention; Rom.16:17, Phil.3:17, Gal.6:1, Phil.2:4, Lk.11:35, 2Cor.4:18

God appointed Ezekiel to be a watchman for the house of Israel. Ezekiel shall warn them for God.

Background information:

Secular use: This term skopeo is used mainly in the sense of “to look at” and “to look at critically.” This can be seen when a philosopher or historian critically examines a certain subject. This term is also used when an actor or performer inspects the faces in the audience. In addition, this term can be used when a philosopher holds something as a model before one’s eyes.

Old Testament: The Old Testament utilizes this word in a much more narrow sense than in the New Testament. The Greek skopeo is primarily used in the sense of “to have a watchful eye on.” Ex. 33:8 provides a sense of watchfulness. Whenever Moses went out to the tent of meeting, the people would rise and stand at the entrance of their own tents. Ezek.3:17 provides the ultimate existential purpose for the Old Testament prophet. The Lord has appointed Ezekiel as a watchman for the house of Israel. When Ezekiel hears a word from the Lord, Ezekiel shall warn them.

New Testament: The New Testament uses the Greek skopeo in much more varied and nuanced ways rather than in the Old Testament. Seemingly a secular word, the Greek skopeo helps to clearly describe and define some of the issues/problems the New Testament Christians faced as a new group. These Christians needed to be on watch against dissension and false teaching. They needed to be watchful in concern for others. The Christians needed to keep thinking about seeing things clearly.

Scripture:

“Take care, then, that the light in you not become darkness.” Lk.11:35

The lamp of the body is your eye. When your eye is sound, your body is full of light. It is important to be free from the darkness which may cloud our judgment and behavior.

“I urge you, brothers, to watch out for those who create dissensions and obstacles, in opposition to the teaching that you have learned, avoid them.” Rom.16:17

Paul urges the Christians to watch for and avoid enemies, obstacles, and false teaching which obstruct their faith.

“Join with others in being imitators of me, brothers and observe those who thus conduct themselves according to the model you have in us.” Phil.3:17

Paul urges the Phillippians to follow his example in conducting themselves. Paul also tells them to be aware of those who are enemies of the cross and only concerned with earthly things.

“Brothers, even if a person is caught in some transgression, you who are spiritual should correct that one in a gentle spirit, looking to yourself, so that you also may not be tempted.” Gal.6:1

Paul instructs his brothers to be not only observant of those who are caught in transgressions, but also have gentle compassionate compassion for these people.

Foreground:  Hebrew University located on Mount Scopus

Mount Scopus: Mount Scopus, nearly 2800 feet in elevation, is considered a geographical extension of the Mount of Olives. Over history Mount Scopus became a strategic key to controlling and defending Jerusalem. In 70 A.D. Roman legions camped at this location. In 1099, the Crusades took place at this mountain. Currently, Mount Scopus is the home of Hebrew University.

Conclusion:

Scope, telescope, microscope, video, observation, observe, contemplate, contemplation, consider, consideratio, voyer

It is interesting to learn that the Old Testament prophets served as observers at God’s request. The New Testament examples of this Greek word skope helps us to understand the issues the Christians faced.  There was a continual need for an organizational structure to meet the needs of the growing Church. In addition, a leadership structure was needed to respond to issues (heresies) facing the Church. Interestingly, the Greek word for bishop is episkopos. This is one who oversees church affairs and administration. Bishops instructed Christians to strive for clear minded judgment, sound teachings, and compassion for others.

[Greek] ἀπορφανίζω (aporphanizō), [Latin] desolare: to be orphaned, to make someone an orphan, to have someone torn apart, to make parents deprived of children; 1Thess. 2:17

Paul speaks in the public square in Thessalonica.  A disturbance ensues and a mob forces Paul out of the city. (Acts 17:1-14)

Background Information:

New Testament: Paul, from Corinth, wrote his first letter to Thessalonica around 50-54 A.D. Paul spoke in the synagogue and the public square. A disturbance occurred and set the city in turmoil. The Thessalonians were experiencing persecution. Paul, like a concerned parent, was anxious about the new Christians’ welfare and faith. Paul speaks of himself as a bereaved parent unable to see his  spiritual children in Thessalonica. Satan thwarted Paul’s attempts to visit the city. Paul and the Thessalonians faced persecution from Jews and Gentiles alike. Hostilities, conflict, false teachings, and sinful conduct sowed seeds of doubt and fears among the Christian faithful. Satan’s efforts lead to these Christians being orphaned by this separation from Paul. Paul becomes a bereft childless parent.

Scripture:

“Brothers, when we were bereft of you for a short time, in person, not in heart, we were all the more eager in our great desire to see you in person.” 1Thess.2:17

Paul becomes forcibly separated from his spiritual children in Thessalonica.

Conclusion

Orphan, desolate, desolation

Had I not seen this Greek term, I wouldn’t have really understood the true gravity of the meaning of this word. Essentially, Paul has become a spiritual father to many of his followers.  This helps to explain his grief. In today’s world, this brings to mind those unfortunate situations when a child is kidnapped. This also brings to mind when a court of law makes a ruling to take a child away from its parents. It is also curious as to why Paul was thwarted by Satan. Perhaps, God allowed this happen as part of His Providence.

[Greek] ἀλληγορέω (allēgoreō): to speak allegorically, to speak figuratively, to make an allegory, to speak symbolically; Gal.4:24, 1Cor.5:6-8, 1Cor9:8-10, Jn.15:1-17

Israel is the allegorical vine brought by out of Egypt by God

Background Information:

Allegorical Mythology: As many of the Homeric tales of the gods had become offensive and irrelevant, efforts were made to present these stories as allegorical mythologies. This was intended to find to deeper meanings and truths, rather than biographical information. These stories were presented as extended metaphors for persons, events and objects.

Greek Hellenistic Influences on Judaism: This Greek allegorical interpretation influenced how the Jews viewed the Old Testament. The scriptures were initially seen through the lens of literal and historical interpretations. The Jews later viewed scripture in a wider scope through metaphorical, allegorical, philosophical, and cosmological ways. Several books of the Old Testament contain allegorical examples.

Old Testament: There is an allegorical reference in Psa. 80:9-10. Israel is the vine brought out of Egypt and planted by God. The allegory suggests that the history of Israel is the work of God. The book Song of Songs, in poetic form, is an allegory of the covenant love relationship between God and His wife Israel. From the Christian perspective, this book is an allegory of the covenant love relationship between Christ and His bride, the church.

New Testament: The allegory of the Vine and the Branches is depicted in Jn.15:1-17.  This passage resembles a parable involving a vine, vinegrower, and branches. Paul presents and explains scripture as a person who lives in the time of its fulfillment. Paul’s allegories allow him to understand scripture in terms of the centrality of Christ and the cross.

Scripture:

“Rather, their thoughts were rendered dull, for to this present day the same veil remains unlifted when they read the old covenant, because through Christ it is taken away.” 2 Cor.3:14

In Exodus Moses veiled his face to protect the Israelites from God’s reflected glory. This veil also clouded or dull their understanding of God’s glory. When converts to Christianity fully and authentically approach Christ, this impediment to understanding is removed.

“Now this is an allegory. These women represent two covenants. One was from Mount Sinai, bearing children for slavery; this is Hagar. Hagar represents Sinai, a mountain in Arabia; it corresponds to the present Jerusalem, for she is in slavery along with her children. But the Jerusalem above is freeborn, and she is our mother.” Gal.4:24-26

Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and the other by the freeborn woman. The son of the slave woman (Old Testament) was born naturally. The son of the freeborn woman (New Testament) was born through a promise. The women represent different covenants.

Conclusion:

Allegory, allegorical

I never really thought much about how the allegorical literary device was incorporated in scripture. Greek Hellenism makes this contribution of allegory in presenting mysterious and subtle truths. The Jewish writers embraced this idea of allegory. Jesus is the true vine and God the Father is the vine grower (vinedresser). Jesus’ followers are the branches.

[GreeK] ἐνδημέω (endēmeō), [Latin] praesente: to be in one’s own country, to be at home, to be among one’s own people, to be present; 2Cor.5:6,8,9

Background Information:

Physical (bodily) and invisible (spiritual) realms: Paul and Christians, living in the physical realm, are separated by the resurrected and ascended Jesus in the invisible (spiritual) realm. There is a separation, but this separation is not absolute. Christians long to find communion with Christ in the spiritual realm.

New Testament: Faith is a reality in human life which overcomes absolute separation. Faith, in itself, is not the final reality. Faith is directed to what is invisible. Faith is an operation of the Spirit and thus comes from the sphere beyond. Until our ultimate communion with Jesus, this faith is the bridge between both realms. Paul speaks of “treasure in our earthly vessels.” This treasure is Jesus and the light of the gospel message.

Scripture:

“So we are always courageous, although we know that while we are at home in the body we are away from the Lord, for we walk by faith, not by sight.” 2Cor.5:6-7

Paul states we remain in our physical realm separated from the spiritual real of the Lord. It is through faith that we come toward Jesus.

“Yet we are courageous, and would rather leave the body and go home to the Lord.” 2 Cor.5:8

At present we are separated from Jesus. Yet we long for communion with Him in the spiritual realm.

Conclusion:

Endemic, present

A disease that is endemic is found in certain geographical region. Malaria can be considered a disease to parts of Africa. Also the koala is endemic to Australia. Also used as a noun, an endemic is this malaria outbreak. In contrast, an epidemic is a disease that is widespread.

[Greek] βαρέω (bareō), [Latin] gravitas: to weigh down, to be overcome, to be weighted down, to be heavy, to be pressed, to have “heavy” eyes (drowsy), to be sleepy; Lk.21:34, 2Cor.1:8, 2Cor.5:4, 1Tim.5:16, Lk.9:32, Mt.26:43

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to weigh down, to depress, to be indignant, to be sad, and to be intoxicated. Homer’s Odyssey 3.139 states “Now the two called an assembly all the Aechaeans, recklessly and in no order, at sun set, and they came heavy with wine.” Homer’s Odyssey 19.122 states “I would not that one of thy maidens or thine ownself be vexed with me, and say that I swim in tears because my mind is heavy with wine. Plutarch’s Aemelius Paulus 34 states “He was followed by a company of friends and intimates whose faces were heavy with grief.”

New Testament: This term means to be sleepy, to be weary with struggles (and death), and to be financially burdened. In the garden, Jesus sees that His disciples could not stay awake in watching. The Christians are at times weary with struggles, persecution, and death. Paul reminds that the woman believers must help out widowed relatives.

Scripture:

“Peter and his companions had been overcome by sleep, but becoming fully awake, they saw His glory and the two man standing with Him.” Lk.9:32

Peter had “heavy” eyelids. Peter couldn’t keep eyes open and fell asleep.

“We do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of the affliction that came to us in the province of Asia; we were utterly weighed down beyond our strength, so that we despaired even of life.” 2Cor.1:8

This was a time when Paul could not endure on his own. Paul had to rely on God’s help.

“Beware that your hearts do not become drowsy from carousing and drunkenness and the anxieties of daily life, and that day catch you by surprise.” Lk.21:34

Luke was talking about daily struggles in life. Luke was warning others to be vigilant and to pray for the strength to handle these situations.

Conclusion:

Barometer, barometric, gravity

The modern day use of this word concerns itself only with the science of atmosphere and air pressure. Scripture obviously had no need for this context. The scientific understanding (notion) of pressure was not yet even conceived until many centuries later. Scripture had to deal with more ‘pressing’ issues, such as daily struggles and adversity. Scripture speaks to more of the psychological aspects of experiencing pressure.  However, sometimes physical pressure resulted in persecution.

[Greek] παύω (pauō), [Latin] pausa, [Latin] disinere, [Latin] coercere: to cease, to pause, to quit, to come to an end, to stop, to get release from, to refrain; Lk.5:4, Lk.8:24, Lk.11:1, Act.5:42, Act.6:13, Act.13:10, Act.20:1, Act.21:32,1Cor.13:8, Eph.1:16, Col.1:9, Heb.10:2, 1Pet.4:1, 1Pet.3:10

Jesus rebukes the winds and waves

Background Information:

Pausing uses/contexts:  The related Greek noun anapausis refers to a resting up or refreshing. This term refers to a rest or cessation in Isa. 34:14. This pausing action is involved with cessation of actions, stopping for reflection, and stopping in hesitation.

Greek literary grammatical device: The middle voice in Greek does not have an exact parallel in the English language. The middle voice indicates that the subject (in the sentence) acts on or for itself. (Ex: The boy washes himself.) The action ends by itself.  This action has a finality to itself.

Scripture:

“He awakened, rebuked the wind and the waves, and they subsided and there was a calm.” Lk.8:24

Jesus, in response to the disciples’ fear and insecurity, calmed the winds and waves. Because of the power of Jesus, the winds and waves stopped.

“Love never fails. If there are prophecies, they will be brought to nothing; if tongues, they will cease; if knowledge, it will be brought to nothing.” 1Cor.13:8

Tongues would be cut off as their necessity ceased.  It is important to note that tongues are never mentioned again in the New Testament after this warning.

Those times when we need Jesus to pause the storms in our lives

Conclusion:

Pause, pausing, coerce, desist

It was interesting to discover that the actions by the middle voice provides a sense of finality to it. Anapausis refers to the rest that Jesus speaks of in Mat.11:29. Jesus invites us to take the yoke of obedience to His word. As we face the storms of life, we often need Jesus to hit the pause button for us. If He could pause all our struggles in life…..

‎[Greek] καρδία (kardia), [Latin] cor: heart; Act.21:34, Act.14:17, Lk.24:32, Mk.7:21, Lk.21:14, Mk.12:30, Lk.16:15

Old Testament: the heart is the “seat” of moral and religious conduct

Background Information:

Old Testament: This term is predominantly depicted in the figurative sense. The figurative sense is considered the innermost part of the person involving the emotional, mental, and spiritual faculties. The heart stands firm in bravery and courage. The heart is the seat of rational functions, given by God. Planning, volition, and will comes from the heart. Religious and moral conduct is rooted in the heart, which allows one to serve God. The heart accepts the divine teachings.

Greek culture: The heart, on the other hand, is primarily viewed in the literal or physiological sense. The figurative sense of the heart, although used infrequently in prose, is utilized by poets.  Poets present the heart as the seat of emotions, passions, anger, courage, fear, joy, or sadness. ‎Most of the philosophical schools viewed the heart in a literal sense. However, Stoicism, which held virtue as the highest good, viewed the heart as the seat of reason, feeling, will, and intellectual life.

New Testament: The New Testament also primarily views the heart in a figurative sense, agreeing with the Old Testament. However, the New Testament more strongly views the heart as the main center of spiritual life. The heart is the place in man which God bears witness to Himself.

Scripture:

“Beware that your hearts do not become drowsy from carousing and drunkenness and the anxieties of daily life, and that day catch you by surprise.” Lk. 21:34

This is an example of one of the few times that the heart is referred to in a literal or physiological sense.

“Then they said to each other, ‘Were no your heart burning within us while He spoke to us on the way and opened the scriptures to us?’” Lk.24:32

In the heart dwells feeling, emotions, desires, and passions.

“From within people, from their hearts, come evil thoughts, unchastity, theft, murder, adultery, greed, malice, deceit, licentiousness, envy, blasphemy, arrogance, and folly.” Mk.7:21

The heart is the seat of the will, the source of resolve.

“And He said to them, ‘You justify yourselves in the sight of others, but God knows your hearts; for what is of human esteem is an abomination in the sight of God.’” Lk.16:15

It is in the heart where the religious life is rooted. The heart is where one finds God.

The kneeling lover offers his “heart” to the damsel.  (1250’s)

Heart: a symbol of romantic love:  The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates back to the 1250’s. This is depicted in a miniature plate of a kneeling lover offering his “heart” to a damsel. The pinecone anatomically represented the heart in terms of medieval scientific understanding. The kneeling lover offers the pinecone. The point of the pinecone represents the bottom of the heart. So, the kneeling lover offers his heart to the damsel.

Conclusion:

Cardiac, coronary

It is interesting to see how the Old Testament and Judaism’s views differ from the Greeks. It is also interesting to see how the New Testament has a much greater focus than the Old Testament on the importance of the heart. The Greek word sklerocardia means hard-hearted or unyielding. This speaks more of the attitude of a person. Likewise, the Greek word kardiognostes means knower of hearts. God is the knower of hearts. Essentially, God is the preeminent heart specialist.

The heart has become the seat of emotions. Years later, this develops the notion of the heart as the source of love and romance.

[Greek] ἔκστασις (ekstasis), [Latin] stupore, [Latin] invadare, [Latin] adprehendere: a standing out of one’s self, being aside oneself, amazement, astonishment, trance, lose one’s senses, state of being beyond reason and self-control; Mk.5:42, Mk.16:8, Lk.5:26, Act.3:10, Act.10:10, Act.11:5, Act.22:17

The Oracle (Pythia) appears in an ecstatic state

Background Information:

Definition/Assumptions of an ecstatic event: One must first determine whether this event is divinely inspired, demonically inspired, or a neurotic disturbance. The boundary between ecstasy and illusion may be very tenuous. An ecstasy in the narrow sense involves a beneficial infilling by a higher power. Already there have been attempts to artificially induce ecstasy by narcotics, music, dancing, cries, and self-mutilation.

Hellenism: The Greeks make no distinction between ecstasy and illusion. Ecstasy, in its Dionysiac form, is expressed in the swarms of dancing women. In the Delphic cult, there are dancers with torches at night. The Oracle at Delphi, in delivering her prophesy, appears intoxicated by scents arising from a vent in the earth. Some wild ecstasies are linked with journeys to Hades in the cult of Isis. Ecstasy has also gained a footing in philosophy. Mystical ecstasy has a secure place in Plato. In his famous description of poetic inspiration, Plato said, “The poet is an ethereal, easily moved, sacred being, and not able to compose.” The poet was seen more as a creator, rather than a writer.

Old Testament/Judaism: Prophets are repeatedly described as mad. The Hebrew meaning of this word gives a sense of “to speak with frenzy.” Those gifted with supernatural knowledge were viewed more as a seer than an ecstatic. The prophet Deborah was a true ecstatic (Jgs.4:4). On the whole, there is an unmistakable decline in the ecstatic element. Rather than by artificial means, Yahweh is the source of events. As visions were being perceived as deceptions, prophetic proclamations were made by speech.

New Testament:  Ecstatic events mostly have been seen in a narrow or nuanced sense. John the Baptist, rather than using artificial means, prays and fasts in the desert. Only in a narrow sense, John the Baptist experiences an ecstatic event prior to his proclamations. The New Testament neither ascribes ecstatic events or miracles to him.  This is a mark of its authenticity as a typical prophet of the Word. John the Baptist’s message is full of ethical seriousness with eschatological passion. For the most part, Jesus cannot be considered as an ecstatic. Jesus’ contemporaries may have ignorantly viewed Jesus as being psychically deranged or possessed. Jesus’ relatives think that Jesus was out of his mind. (Mk.3:21). The scribes thought Jesus was possessed (Mk.3:22). Jesus does not fit the classic ecstatic. Jesus does not separate Himself from sinners. Jesus’ unique relationship to God cannot be described in terms of ecstasy.

Scripture:

“The girl, a child of twelve, arose immediately and walked around. They were utterly astounded.” Mk.5:42

They were astounded by Jesus healing the synagogue official’s daughter.

“Then they wen out and fled from the tomb, seized with trembling and bewilderment.” Mk.16:8

The disciples were astounded that Jesus had risen from His tomb.

“Peter was hungry and wished to eat, and while they were making preparations, he fell in a trance.” Acts 10:10

Peter fell into a trance and saw the heavens opening up to reveal a sheet.

Stephen, just before his impending death, sees the heavens open up

Conclusion:

Ecstasy, ecstatic, stupor, invade, invasion, apprehensive

It was interesting to learn how ecstatic events are presented in nuanced ways with the major characters and events in the New Testament. Ecstatic events play a complementary part in relaying the Gospel message. In Medieval times, an ecstatic event meant someone was out of place. This was called alienation. The Latin term for this is alienato mentis (out of mind). The French lien means a tie (connection). An alien is someone without a connection. So insanity and separation have a common origin.

[Greek] ‎συμφωνέω (symphōneō), [Latin] consentire, [Latin[ convenire, [Latin] concordare: to be in harmony, to be in accord, to “sound together”, to agree, to have singleness of mind; Lk.5:6, Act.15:15, Mt. 18:19-20, Act 5:9, Mt.20:2

It was necessary for two or three witnesses to “sound together” (agree) in their testimony to bring charges to the accused.

Background Information:

Greek culture: As with other later cultures, the Greeks utilized this Greek term in several ways. This term can be used to denote the fitting of one piece to the larger total part (the fitting together of stones in a building). This term is also used in the working together to achieve a positive purpose (political treaties and economical contracts). This working together can also be used for an evil or negative purpose (conspiring). This term conveys the sense of agreeing with (championing the views of the prophets, supporting others’ political views). Finally, this term can be used negatively to express the sense of discrepancy.

Old Testament: This Greek term is found in the gathering of conspiring kings (Gen.14:3). The Syrian army gathered together in Ephraim (Isa.7:2). The priests agreed that they would not take funds from the people to repair the temple (2 Kgs.12:9). The Hebrews viewed harmony and agreement as the order of the world as God created it. The Law of God is the standard in which the Hebrews contemplated their world. Hence, the will of God revealed in the Law was a norm of true life and conduct. This was the society shaped by the Law. In Deut.17:6 the Hebrews established the practice of identifying others who transgressed the Covenant. This included doing evil in the sight of the Lord, transgressing the covenant, or worshipping other gods. A thorough investigation and producing witness testimony was necessary to sentence this person to death by stoning. The testimony of two or three witness was required for putting this person to death. No one shall be put to death on the testimony of only one witness. The two or three witnesses must be of the same voice (sound together) in order to put this person to death.

Early Christianity: Ignatius of Antioch (110 A.D) uses the Greek term to portray the unity of the Church. The unity of the Church is already achieved by Christ, but it is to be kept by the members of the community with a common mind. The unity of the Church does not rest on uniformity but on the relationships in the hierarchical Church structure: the members to the bishop, the bishop to Christ, Christ to God.

Scripture:

“He told them a parable. ‘No one tears a piece from a new cloak to patch an old one. Otherwise, he will tear the new and the piece from it will not match the old cloak.”” Lk.5:36

Jesus speaks of the unsuitability of combining the old with the new. There is no harmony.

“The words of the prophets agree with this, as it is written.” Act.15:15

The agreements speaks of supporting tradition and a like-mind belief systems.

“Then Peter said to her, ‘Why did you agree to test the Spirit of the Lord? Listen, the footsteps of those who have buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out.’” Act.5:9

The sin of Ananias and Saphira is in conspiring together in their deception of the community. Their deaths are ascribed to a lie to the Holy Spirit.

“Again, I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything for which they are to pray, it shall be granted to them by My heavenly Father. For where two or three are gathered together in My name, there am I in the midst of them.” Lk. 18:19-20

The speakers may be plural, but the mouth is a singular voice. This speaks of a message or request of unity and blessing. Jesus, becoming in their midst, guarantees the efficacy of prayer.

A wind flute: a possible precursor to the modern day bagpipes

Conclusion:

Symphony, symphonic, consent, convene, concord

A symphony is collection of musical instruments playing a specific part. These sounds, although different, come together in a harmonious arrangement. These musical instruments “sound together” in creating a unified arrangement. A symphony is also a specific type of musical composition. It was interesting to note that there was very little reference to the musical aspects of this Greek term. However, there is a mention of a dulcimer (wind instrument) in Daniel 3:5. This was most likely the precursor to the modern day bagpipes.

Jesus borrows from the idea of bringing of two or more together but in a positive sense.  This unity or “sounding together” indicates that Jesus is in their midst.

[Greek] λαμπρός (lampros), [Latin] alba, [Latin] candida: bright, shiny, brilliant, clear, splendid, magnificent, gorgeous; Lk.23:11, Act.10:30, Jas.2:2, Rev.22:6, Rev.18:14, Rev.15:6, Rev.19:8, Rev.22:16

The candidatus (political candidate) aspires to be in office wearing a bright white toga (candida toga)

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This Greek term, meaning shining, radiant, and bright, is used of objects. These objects refer to the stars, the sun, the moon, the morning star, shiny helmets, water, stones, and clothes. Lightness does not really have a strong connection with gods or deities. Those who seek the oracle wear white clothes. Those who seek an office in a philosophical school often wear white clothes. In a figurative sense, this Greek term means smart, stately, beautiful, generous, respected, and distinguished.

Old Testament: The Old Testament faith is not really considered as a religion of light. Light is not deified. The focus is more on God Himself. There is a connection of light with God in the sense of God as Creator. Yahweh created light. Fire, in various forms, is used to identify God. Nowhere is there a passing of the divine substance of light from God to man. The gulf between God and sinful man is too great.

Judaism: The luminous glory of Yahweh is further developed in Judaism. The Shekinah is represented as radiant light. God has no need of lights. The emphasis is mostly on Israel. God seeks to remind Israel to shine for Him. God gives Israel the opportunity to attain merit by keeping the lamp and by the flames of the seven-branched candelabra. So Israel (Jerusalem) must be the light of the world.

New Testament: This term means fine, resplendent, and dazzling. After mocking Jesus, Herod and his soldiers put Jesus in a resplendent garb to meet. At prayer Cornelius saw a man in dazzling white stating that his prayers were answered. James we must show no partiality as you adhere to your faith. Yet one will recognize a rich man with rings in fine clothes rather than a person in shabby clothing.

Scripture:

“Even Herod and his soldiers treated Him contemptuously and mock Him, and after clothing Him in resplendent garb, he sent Him back to Pilate.” Lk.23:11

The soldiers mostly likely dressed Jesus in a purple garment. The color purple represents kingship. They mocked Jesus as being king of the Jews.

“Cornelius replied, ‘Four days ago at this hour, three o’clock in the afternoon, I was at my prayer house when suddenly a man in dazzling clothes before me.’”  Act.10:30

The dazzling image of the angel represents the glory and majesty of God.

“For if a man with gold rings on his fingers and in fine clothes comes into your assembly.” Jas. 2:2

Fine clothes represents a person’s wealth and stature. Most people will pay attention to the rich man.

Conclusion:

Lamp, albino, candid

This Greek term can refer to both white, bright and vibrant colors. These colors are representative of kings, politician, and public leaders. In Roman times, a toga candida (bright white toga) was worn by politicians. Politicians often did dress to impress others. It is interesting to note that the Latin candidatus is one aspiring to office wearing white robes. This becomes the origin of the current term candidate.

[Greek] γλεῦκος (gleukos),[Latin] mustum: sweet wine, new wine, unfermented wine, fresh grape juice, must; Act.2:13

A stone winepress discovered in Hamei Yo’av  Israel

Background Information:

Old Testament: This Greek term gleukos refers to several related Hebrew terms in the Old Testament. All make references to intoxication. Job 32:19 makes reference to fermenting wine bursting wineskins. Isaiah 49:26 makes reference with drunkenness from grape juice. Gen 9:21 makes reference to Noah drunk with mine.

Winepress:  The winepress was a rock hewn open air system.  Grapes were pressed and stomped on by feet in a treading floor.  The juice would pour through a channel into a vat, where it would ferment. From the vat, the wine would be collected in jars.

Fermentation:  Must is freshly pressed fruit juice (usually grape juice). This unfermented grape juice contains the skins, seeds, and stem of the fruit. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, must is also used as a sweetener. Fermentation occurs when yeast is added. The yeast breaks down the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. It is this carbon dioxide gas which may cause a wineskin to burst. Grape juice also contains small amounts of naturally occurring yeast. Left alone, this grape juice will ferment over time. It is this fermented form of grape juice (wine) which may can cause one to be intoxicated.

Scripture:

“But others said, scoffing, ‘Thy have had too much new wine’”.  Act. 2:13

This new wine was still in the processing of fermentation, leading to its intoxicating effects.

Conclusion:

Must, glucose

Grape juice, consisting of glucose, is sweet. This helps to explain why grape juice, by itself, will ferment into wine over time. This also provides some insight on why no one should pour new wine in old wineskins. Carbon dioxide gas, produced by the new wine, will burst (split the seams) of the old wineskin. On a larger level, this can refer to the parable pouring new wine in an old wineskin in Lk.5:33-35. This relates to Jesus’ teachings which cannot fit in with traditional Judaism. Jesus’ new ways are better.

[Greek] εὐχαριστέω (eucharisteō), [Latin] agere gratiam, [Latin[ participare cum gratiam: to give thanks, to express gratitude, to return thanks, to give thanks before meals, to express thanks, 41 scriptural references

The people show an expression of thanks (eucharistia) for the emperor

Background information:

Greco-Roman culture: When a favor was given, an obligation of thanks was expected.  This practice of giving thanks is found both in a secular and religious sense. This secular and religious thanksgiving can also be found in both public and private spheres. Public secular thanksgiving is found in the bestowing of honors to public leaders and public servants. Private secular thanksgiving is found as a literary device in praising the recipient in letters. Public religious thanksgiving can be found in the public worshipping of the Emperor and other gods. This thanksgiving is given in response to healings, sacrifices, and other petitions offered to the gods. Private religious thanksgiving is found when the writer gives thanks to the gods in the introduction of the letter.

Old Testament/Judaism: In Judaism, there is no Hebrew equivalent to the Greek word eucharisteo.  Religious thanks are expressed in a Toda (thanks offering) and a song of thanksgiving.  Food and drink are objects of thanksgiving. But thanksgiving will never cease.

New Testament: The Jewish practice of giving thanks explains the use of eucharisteo in the accounts of the Last Supper. This corresponds to the Jewish rule that a blessing should be announced on each food. Giving thanks is found when Jesus gives thanks in the multiplication of loaves and at the Last Supper. Thanksgiving is primarily found in others thanking Jesus. Paul gives thanks to others. Paul also uses an introductory literary device thanking God at the beginning of his letters.

Paul: Paul utilizes a literary devices of thanksgiving at the beginning of his letters. After the greeting, Paul gives thanks to God. This serves to usher in the main theme of the letter. This literary practice follows a Hellenistic tradition of thanking a god for one’s safety.

Mass:  The priest gives thanks to God offering up bread and wine.  With the help of the Holy Spirit, the bread and wine becomes the Body and Blood of Jesus in the form of the Eucharist. Under the appearance of bread and wine, Jesus is present.  This process had been called Transubstantiation.

A Letter written by a young person, who enlisted in the Roman army in Alexandria, Egypt, writes to this father and lord Epimachos (written in the 2^nd century):

Many good wishes! First of all I hope you are in good health and that things are going well for you and my sister and her daughter and my brother.  I thank the Lord Serapis [an Egyptian god] for saving me right off when I was in danger at sea.

 Early Christianity: The Didache is probably the oldest patristic document. This document was probably written some years before the end of the 2^nd century. This document was intended for the instruction of the catechumen in liturgy, sacraments, vocations, and canon law.

Catholics celebrate the sacrifice of the Eucharist at Mass

The Didache
Of the Eucharist

9. At the Eucharist, offer the eucharistic prayer in this way. Begin with

the chalice: “We give thanks to thee, our Father, for the holy Vine of thy

servant David, which thou hast made known to us through thy servant Jesus.

Then over the broken bread: “We give thanks to thee, our Father, for the

life and knowledge thou hast made known to us through thy servant Jesus.”

Scripture:

Multiplication of loaves: Jesus gives thanks

Mt.15:36, Mk.8:6, Jn.6:11

The Last Supper: Jesus gives thanks

Mt.26:27, Mk.14:23, Lk.22:17-19, 1Cor.11:24

Bread of Life Discourse: Jesus gives thanks

Jn.6:23

Giving thanks to God (Jesus)

Lk.17:16, Lk.18:11, Jn.11:41, Act.27:35, Act.28:15, Rom.1:21, Rom.7:25, Rom.14:6, Rom.16:4, 1Cor.1:14, 1Cor.10:30, 1Cor.14:17-18, 2Cor.1:11, Eph.5:20, Col.1:12, Col.3:17, 1Thess.2:13, 1Thess.5:18, 2Thess.2:13, Rev.11:17
Paul gives thanks to others

Eph.1:16

Giving thanks to God: Introductory literary device

Rom.1:8, 1Cor.1:4, Phil.1:3, Col.1:3, 1Thess.1:2, 2Thess.1:3, Phlm.1:4

Etymology: The Greek prefix eu- means well. The Greek verb charizomai means to give freely. The Latin verb agere means to conduct, to act, and to deliver something or someone.

Conclusion: Eucharist, Eucharistic, agent, agency, participate

At Mass Catholics believe that the offered bread and wine becomes the Body and Blood of Christ (Eucharist). This Greek term is used in many more ways than just for a Catholic sacrament. It was very interesting to note that this Greek term eucharisteo is found 38 times in the bible! It is interesting to see that this term is used in a secular sense. I was surprised how often this term was used in a secular and religious context in the Greco-Roman culture. This is understandable in such a culture where an emperor is perceived to be a god.

‎[Greek] σμύρνα (smyrna), [Latin] myrrha:  myrrh, aromatic resin; Mt.2:11, Jn.19:39

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means a resin gum used as an embalming material, incense, salve, and unguent.

Herodotus’ The Histories 2.86: “They take out all the intestines filing the belly with pure ground myrrh and casia and other spices.”

Euripides’ Ion 1175: “For he brought water for washing hands from the pitchers, and burned the myrtle incense.” Aristophanes’ Knights 1332 states “Perfumed with myrrh, he spreads around him not the odor of lawsuits, but that of peace.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 7.181:”The Persian soldiers on the ships took great pains to keep him alive for his valor, tending his wounds with ointments.”

Old Testament: This aromatic resin comes from South Arabia and North Ethiopia. This sap, when hardened, becomes a gum with volatile oil. When heated, this substance gives off a strong scent.

New Testament:

1. As with the Old Testament, the Jews used myrrh to prepare the deceased body.
2. Embalming was not a Jewish practice.
3. Instead, myrrh was used in a pulverized form.
4. The pulverized form, placed in the deceased’s clothes, was used to protect against rapid body decomposition.

Smyrna: This was an ancient Greek city on the Aegean coast of Turkey. This city’s name most likely derived from its trade of myrrh. Smyrna is one the seven cities addressed to in the Book of Revelations.

Scripture:

Mt.2:11: “Then they opened their treasures and offered Him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.” (Myrrh represents the anointing of a king. In a more practical basis, myrrh can be used in a variety of medical uses. Perhaps, this myrrh could have been used for diaper rash and other skin conditions.)

Jn.19:39: “Nicodemus, the one who had first come to Him at night, also came bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes weighing about 100 pounds.” (Nicodemus was preparing Jesus’ body for burial. A speedy resurrection was not expected or anticipated by the Jews.)

Conclusion:

Myrrh, Smyrna

It was interesting to learn myrrh has multiple medical uses, which could have been immediately very beneficial for the infant Jesus. Also, this Greek term refers both to the resin and the city in Turkey.

Well, there is not much myrrh I can say about this post. ☺☺☺

‎[Greek] παιδεία (paideia), [Latin] educare, [Latin] erudire, [Latin] disciplina: training, instruction, nurture, education, discipline, correction, upbringing; 2Tim.3:16, Eph.6:4, Heb.12:5

Greek teacher writing with stylus and folding wax tablet (500 B.C)

Background:

Greco-Roman culture:  This education of children was carried out by the aristocracy. This instruction sought to attain the intellectual, moral, and physical refinement of the child. This education consisted of subject based schooling, liberal arts, rhetoric, grammar, and philosophy. The purpose was to provide a well-rounded education. This educational system served as the model for the later Christian institutions of higher learning. The wax tablet was constructed with a wood or ivory frame.  The inside was filled with a layer of wax.  A stylus was used, having the same dexterity as a pen. The Roman expression “Tabula rosa” means clean slate.  This originates from the Roman tabula used for note-keeping.  The wax was heated and smoothed, essentially becoming erased.  Wax tablets were used by teachers, students and secretaries.

Judaism:  For the Jewish people, the Law is the revealed standard of growth in discipline and order. There is no broad vocabulary of education. The Old Testament focuses on discipline and correction. All discipline ultimately comes from God. The Old Testament shows how the prophetic admonitions and warnings about chastisement are presented as education. The Law is the pedagogy. The scribes, Pharisees, and Sadducees are the pedagogues.

New Testament:  With the advent of Jesus, the Law itself loses its comprehensive and unconditional significance. Education through the Law ends with man’s coming of age, in which God makes us adults. Man enters into a more mature and personal relationship with God. This relationship now involves instruction, discipline, and correction. With this new relationship comes the possibility of chastisement, punishment, and suffering.

Scripture:

“All scripture is inspired by God and is useful for teaching, for refutation, for correction, and for training in righteousness.” 2Tim.3:16

As the New Testament scripture was not yet fully determined, the scriptures referred to the Old Testament. Evangelical instruction in the family is applied to the community. It serves the purpose of teaching, correction, conversion, and instruction in righteousness. This is in reference to the proper use and understanding of the Old Testament.

“Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but bring them with the training and instruction of the Lord.” Eph.6:4

This is the education which the Lord gives through the father. This serves to instill the proper discipline, training, and the rearing of children in the family structure.

“Endure your trials as discipline; God treats you as son. For what “son” is there whom his father does not discipline?” Heb.12:7

This scripture passage speaks of the discipline of suffering. This speaks to the compassionate correction, purification, and perfection of a child from a loving father. This may also relate the Christian’s sufferings to Jesus’ sufferings. Christian perfection is a gift given by God.

Conclusion

Encyclopedia, pedagogy, pedagogue, educate, education erudite, discipline

It was interesting to see how these separate cultures approached the application of teaching and instruction. The word encyclopedia literally meant training in a circle. This circle was a well-rounded education in many disciplines. Today, this word means a storehouse of a volume of books of knowledge. I was also fascinated that the Greeks had made use of a tablet and stylus.

‎[Greek] τίκτω (tiktō), [Latin] filius, [Latin] natus, [Latin] generare, [Latin] conceptio, [Latin] parere, [French] enfanter, [French] engendrer, [French] procurer: to beget, to bring forth, to give birth, to bear, to produce, to be born, to be in labor; Mt.1:21,23,25, Mt. 2:2, Lk.1:31,57, Lk.2:6-7, Jn.16:21, Gal. 4:27, Heb.6:7, Heb.11:11, Jas. 1:15, Rev.12:2,4,5,13

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to bear children, to bring forth, to hope to be a mother, to be with child, to be pregnant, to nurture, to conceive, to produce, and to generate.

Old Testament: This term, extensively used, means to conceive, to become pregnant, to be with child, to bear  young, to begat, and to bring forth.

New Testament: This term refers to natural birth, supernatural birth, and metaphorical birth, and bringing forth. Mary becomes with child through the Holy Spirit. Sarah and Elizabeth give birth. By his faith, Abraham receives power to generate by becoming the father of many nations (believers) in his covenant with God. The ground brings forth crops. Desire brings forth sin.

Scripture:

“Then desire conceives and brings forth sin, and when sin reaches maturity it gives birth to death.” Jas.1:15

Beguiled by passion, consent is given which causes the sinful act. When sin permeates the entire person, it incurs the penalty of death.

“By faith he received power to generate, even though he was past the normal age–and Sarah herself was sterile–for He thought the one who had made the promise was trustworthy.” Heb. 11:11

By his covenantal faithfulness with God, Abraham becomes a father to Isaac. Abraham also becomes a father of many nations (believers).

“Behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a Son, and you shall name Him Jesus.” Lk.1:31

Mary becomes with child through the Holy Spirit.

Conclusion:

Token, filial, natal, nature, generate, generation, conception, parent, infant, engender, procure

Mary, sinless throughout her life, provides a sin-free womb environment for the infant Jesus. Joseph and Mary will name their son Emmanuel, meaning “God is with us”. It is interesting to note that in Mt.28:20 Jesus states that “I am with you always.” Firstborn refers to the rights and privileges of the being born the eldest son. It is also interesting that Luke’s gospel is the only gospel mentioning a Savior is born. Sarah also experiences a very unusual natural birth in her old age. A token is the interest income created (born) from a financial transaction.

Next post: Walking for pro-life

[Greek] σκληρός (sklēros), [Latin] durus, [Latin] validis: be hard, be difficult, be rough, be strong, be severe, be harsh, be unyielding, be stubborn; Jas 3:4, Mt.25:24,Jud. 15, Jn. 6:60, Act. 26:14, Act. 9:4

Background Information:

Old Testament: This word has to do with the so-called hardening of unbelievers, enemies of Israel, Israel itself, Jews opposed to Christians, and Christians themselves. This term had remained in the sphere of God’s dealings with His people. In addition to its physiological and medical sense, this term can be found in a theological and psychological sense. Multiple uses are found both in the Old Testament and New Testament. This term means hard, difficult, strong, bad, unyielding, and stubborn. But when Moses told this to the Israelites, they would not listen to him because of their dejection and hard slavery (Exo.6:9). Making life bitter for them with hard labor (Exo.1:14). The more difficult cases they referred to Moses (Exo.18:26). Their power weighed ever more heavily on him (Jdg.4:24). I have been commissioned to give you bitter news (1Kgs.14:6). Because I know that you are stubborn and that your neck is an iron sinew and your forehead bronze (Isa.48:4).

New Testament: This term means demanding, hard, difficult, fierce, and harsh. In the parable of the tenants, the master was very demanding toward his servant. Jesus stated to His disciples that they must eat His Flesh and drink His Blood in order to have everlasting life. Many disciples walked away because they could not accept this difficult statement. Jesus asked why was Saul persecuting Him. Saul’s actions were as pointless as kicking against on oxen’s goad. The power of the tongue (speech) is like a small rudder leading a ship during fierce winds. The Lord will judge the godless sinners for their harsh words.

Scripture:

“It is the same with ships; even though they are so large and driven by fierce winds, they are steered by a very small rudder wherever the pilot’s inclination wishes.” Jas.3:4

Speech is like a small rudder guiding a ship through fierce winds. Speech often controls one actions.

“We all fell to the ground and I heard a voice saying to me in Hebrew, ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting Me? It is hard for you to kick against the goad.'” Acts 26:14

Jesus was pointing out the uselessness of Saul opposing the actions of Jesus.

“Then many of His disciples who were listening said, ‘This saying is hard; who can accept it?'” Jn.6:60

Many disciples could accept Jesus’ words that they must eat His Body and drink His Blood in order to have everlasting life. Many could not accept this difficult statement.

Sklerotrachelos: means stiff-necked or stubborn. The Greek word sklerocardia means hardness of heart, unyielding, and insensitive to God’s call. Atherosclerosis is the build-up of plaque in the arteries. Multiple sclerosis is the damage to the nerve sheath.

Kicking against the goad: This comes from a rural image in the practice of farmers goading their oxen in the fields. A goad, a wooden pointed stick was used to urge the oxen into motion. Sometimes, the beast would kick against the goad, resulting in the goad stabbing in the oxen’s flesh.

Conclusion:

Sclerosis, durable, durability, valid

In researching this topic, I found that there is not much difference between being emotionally hard-hearted and physically hard-hearted.  A hard heart might have difficulty being able to be moved by compassion and sympathy. A softer heart can be more moved by compassion.

It is interesting to note that the Jews were forbidden by Jewish custom from partaking of the blood.  The blood, the source of life, can never be consumed. Therefore, it is the great and sad irony that the Jews refused to partake in Jesus’ blood which offered everlasting life.

I hope this post wasn’t to hard to understand.

[Greek] ‎ὑγιής (hygiēs), [Latin] sanitas, [Latin] ambulare, [Latin] restituere, [Latin] sanare: healthy, whole, sound, well, restored, sound (in doctrine); Mt.12:13, Mt.15:31, Mk.5:34, Jn. 5:6, Jn. 7:23, Tit. 2:8

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: Hygieia was the goddess/personification of health, cleanliness, and hygiene. She was associated with the prevention and the continuation of good health. Statues appear with this goddess holding a serpent and bowl.  The serpent represents the art of healing. The bowl represents the pharmacological sciences. Health comes with a sense of balance between the body and soul. Bodily and spiritual health belong together, so that a person cannot have the one with the other. Virtue follows the health of the soul and vice follows sickness. All excess damages health.

Old Testament: Health and the healer (physician) were definitely highly valued. Health is better than riches.  Healing is from the Most High as the physician works through means of healing given by God. Sin and sickness are still interconnected, but healing comes forth from atoning sacrifice and the work of the physician.

New Testament: This spiritual and physical balance was not given much priority in the Palestinian world. Instead, Jesus was seen as the victor over sin and suffering by His deeds. At His Word health is restored visibly. John’s epistles continue the Hellenistic formula for health. The pastoral letters apply “soundness” to true and correct doctrine (teaching).

Scripture:

“Then He said to the man, ‘Stretch out your hand.’ He stretched it out, and it was restored as sound as the other.” Mt.12:13

Jesus, though His healing power, restores the man’s hand.

“Beloved, I hope you are prospering in every respect and are in good health, just as your soul is prospering.” 3 Jn. 2

This letter addresses the problems of the early Church. This passage borrows from the Greek Hellenistic values focusing on both physical and spiritual health. A sound physical and spiritual balance is necessary for good health.

“And sound speech that cannot be criticized, so that the opponent will be put to shame without saying anything bad to say about us.” Tit. 2:8

This scripture passage pertains to Christian proclamation and teaching (doctrine). Sound (accurate) words cannot be criticized. These are truthful words.

Conclusion:

Hygiene, hygienic, sanity, sane, ambulance, restitution

It was interesting to learn that Greek Hellenistic culture advocated a balance with physical and spiritual health. Historically, hygiene was viewed in a more general sense.  Today, hygiene is more specifically defined in maintaining health in various medical disciplines, such as dentistry.  As with a sound body, sound teaching provides for a healthy and strong faith and understanding.

‎[Greek] μωραίνω (mōrainō), [Latin] sal, [Latin] stultus: to become foolish (a moron), to become tasteless, to become insipid, to act as a simpleton, to make foolish; Rom.1:22, Mt.5:13, Mt.5:22, 1Cor.1:18, 1Cor.1:20

Useless and tainted salt thrown on roads to absorb moisture

Background Information:

Classical Greece: This term can take on different contexts. This can mean insipid or insufficiently seasoned foods. This term is found in the medical arena with slackness, fatigue, and dulling of the nerves. This term may be attributed to a failure in judgment or a deficiency of intellectual or spiritual capacities. This idea of folly may take on the nature of warning or the impossibility of understanding or following the thinking of others. This idea may be a condemnation of one’s character. Folly may take on a power which confuses one’s understanding, causing one to do mad things or taking a wrong path. Folly comes to expression as arrogance against the unfortunate. Folly may be seen as a fate.

Old Testament: Folly is seen as having a lack (intentional or unintentional) of the knowledge of God. This is seen as having eyes that do not see or ears that do not hear. This folly can be sometimes condemned as apostasy from God. Evil and corrupt leaders/rulers are often perceived as fools. Devotion to idols is seen as foolish. Warning against fools is a rule of life which runs through the wisdom of Sirach.

New Testament: Salt is used as a metaphor in how something becomes inactive or useless. The Gospel is incorruptible or indestructible as salt. This salt must not be inactive, useless or “tasteless”. Jesus refers to this salt as the disciples’ abilities to spread the Gospel. This salts loses its “taste” when the disciples’ faith vacillates and falls away. The disciples and followers of Jesus are the salt of the earth. Jesus speaks of the effectiveness and desire to preach the gospel. Salt was used in a variety of different ways. Salt was an important trading commodity. Salt was used in preserving foods, enhancing food flavor, and cleaning wounds. Salt was used to plug roof leaks. Useless and tainted salt even had its use. The worthless salt still had value as it absorbed moisture. This worthless salt was used for roads in the Roman Empire.

Scripture:

“You are the salt of the earth. But if salt loses its taste, with what can it be seasoned? It is no longer good for anything but to be thrown out and trampled underfoot.”Mt.5:13

This salt’s “flavor” is the disciples’ desire and enthusiasm to spread the Gospel. The disciple who wavers in his faith loses his value (“saltiness”). It also interesting to note that Jesus may be alluding to the salt on the roads. Jesus was telling His disciples to be “salty.”

“But I say to you, whoever is angry with his brother will be liable to judgment, and whoever says to his brother, ‘Raqa,’ will be answerable to the Sanhedrin, and whoever says, ‘You fool,’ will be liable to fiery Gehenna.” Mt. 5:22

Raqa is an Aramaic word for imbecile.  Insulting or accusing someone as a fool may lead to condemnation and serious spiritual consequences. To call someone a fool would be to deny that person fellowship with God and man.

“The message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God.” 1Cor1:18

Paul illustrates the conflicting values between the Greeks and the followers of Christ. Paul knew the Greeks would mock his message. That Paul would speak of a crucified man would seem very tactless to the Greeks. The Greeks think it is folly and in bad taste to talk about the crucifixion in the company of worthy citizens.

“Where is the wise one? Where is the scribe? Where is the debater of this age? Has not God made the wisdom of the world foolish?” 1Cor.1:20

The focus is on the content of wisdom and nonsense. The people of the world thought what they understood was wise, but God showed them that their way of thinking was foolish.

Conclusion:

Moron, moronic, salt, stultify

At first glance, I would have never thought that there would be a connection between salt and being foolish. However, I can see how this could be possible. Salt losing its tastiness is like someone not being too smart (losing their thinking capabilities).  Both become useless. So disciples “worth their salt” are the ones who are effective in spreading the gospel.

To be worth one’s salt is to be worth one’s pay. The Latin salarium means salary. Sal is the Latin word for salt. Most scholars say that it was the money allowed to Roman soldiers for the purchase of salt.

[Greek] θαυμάζω (thaumazō), [Latin] mirari, [Latin] timere, [Latin] stupere, [Latin] admiri: to admire, to wonder, to marvel, to amaze, to be surprised, to be astonished; Act. 7:31, Mt.9:8, Lk.4:22. Jude 16

Spectators are astonished by the speaker’s bombast, deceit, and flattery

Background Information:

Old Testament: The motif of amazement is a major theme in the Old Testament. There is a large number of unrelated Hebrew terms which denotes to be amazed. This Greek term occurs as a mark of wonder and astonishment in Wisdom literature. The noun form of being amazed appears more frequently than its related verb form.

Hellenism: This term occurs with miracles, epiphanies of gods, and teachings of priests of prophets. Philosophy intersects the subject of amazement. Amazement is seen to be beginning of philosophy. Then wonder ceases as the cause of a phenomenon is discovered. This means to wonder, to marvel, to honor, and to admire. Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 476 states “Hear the rest and you shall wonder the more at the arts and resources I devised.” Sophocles’ Ajax 1093 states “Never again, my fellow Salminians, will I be amazed if some nobody by birth does wrong.” Lysias’ Against Simon 3.44 states “I wonder most of all at this man’s temperament.”

New Testament: In the synoptic gospels, Luke uses themes of amazement to direct the interest of the reader to the significance of the event. Luke also focuses on the attitudes of astonishment from Jesus’s disciples and peers. John focuses on the impact made by the works of Jesus. This is found on the disciples’ misunderstanding of Jesus’ actions and statements.

Scripture:

“People were amazed at the gracious words that came from His mouth.” Lk.4:22

Jesus was with His kinfolk in Nazareth in the synagogue.  They couldn’t believe the eloquent words that had come from Jesus, whom was like them.

“They were unable to trap Him by something He might say before the people, and so amazed were they at His reply that they fell silent.” Lk.20:26

The Jewish leaders sought to trap Jesus in hopes of accusing Him of blasphemy.  Instead, Jesus was able to turn the tables on them and stymie their efforts.

“At that moment His disciples returned, and were amazed that He was talking with a woman, but still no one said, ‘What are you looking for?’ or ‘Why are you talking with her?'” Jn.4:27

The disciples thought it was improper that a woman approach Jesus. The disciples did not understand that Jesus welcomes everyone to Him.

“These people are complainers, disgruntled ones who live by their desire; their mouths utter bombast as they fawn over people to gain advantage.” Jude 16

This refers to those speakers who flatter others to seek their own advantage. These speakers praise others (admire the face) in an exaggerated or insincere manner.  This is reminiscent of those orators who speak words of pseudo wisdom.  This was commonly used in the mystery religions.

Conclusion:

Amaze, amazement, amazing, admire, timid, stupefy, admirable

I was surprised (amazed) to discover that the use of being amazed involved far more than just seeing miracles and spectacles. There are many nuances of how being amazed was illustrated by the Gospel writers.

‎[Greek] στερεόω (stereoō), [Latin] solido, [Latin] firmum, [Latin] perfectorum: to make firm, be strengthened, to make strong, to make solid, to receive strength; Act.3:16, Act.16:5, Act.3:7

Background Information:

Old Testament: Outside the bible, this term is rarely used. The meaning of this word is related to stereoma, relating to creation and firmament. The prophet makes mention of the firmament of the heavens (Dan.3:56). God becomes known as the revered one of the firmament. God then establishes the earth as the firmament.

Scripture:

“Then Peter took him (the beggar) by the right hand and raised him up, and immediately his feet and ankles grew strong.” Act. 3:7

Peter, by the authority of Jesus’ name, healed the beggar. The beggar’s feet and ankles became strong so the he could walk. The beggar was physically strengthened.

“Day after day the churches grew stronger in faith and increased in number.” Act. 16:5

The churches grew both internally and externally. Internally, the congregants’ faith in God strengthened. Externally, because of the increased number of congregants into the Church, there was a need to build more churches. The Church strengthened in faith and size.

Stereotype:  This term comes from the printing trade and was first adopted in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The duplicate plate, or the stereotype is used for printing instead of the original. The first reference of a stereotype as an unchanged image was in 1850. It was not until 1922 that stereotype was used in a psychological or sociological context.

Stereophonic sound: This is a sound reproduction that creates an illusion of a multiple audible perspective. This is achieved by using two or more independent audio channels. This gives the impression of sound heard from various directions.

Conclusion:

Stereo, stereotype, stereophone, firm, solid, perfect

I would have never thought that stereo would be identified with firmness, strength, or solidness.  Music in stereo form produces a stronger and deeper sound.  A stereotype can be lasting and difficult to change or break. There is a common thread of durability in these examples.  In current times, a stereotype may involve someone’s perception of another. To be honest, these stereotypes can be both positive and negative.  However, as we all know, stereotypes are most often negative.  These kinds of stereotypes are often hard to break and difficult to erase, like an old fashioned stereotype.

‎[Greek] θεωρέω (theōreō), [Latin] contemplatio: to behold, to gaze, to look with purpose, to scrutinize, to be a spectator, to contemplate, to consider, to look upon, to discern, to grasp the circumstances; 61 scriptures

Samson makes a “spectacle” of himself showing off his feats of strength (Judges 16:27)

Background Information:

Ancient Greece/Hellenism: Seeing was very important to the Greeks. There are several verbs to illustrate the various aspects of seeing. This basic sense of the Greek word theoreo is giving attention to a spectacle. These situations occur when one attends a festival, cultic ceremony, procession, or state function. The Greek polytheism may be regarded as a religion of vision. The gods were anthromorphized (given human like qualities) in mythology and poetry. The Greeks’ intellectual striving and search is always a seeing. However, philosophy emphasized the invisibility of the gods.

Old Testament: This Greek term mostly denotes sense perception. This is found in spectators watching Samson’s making sports, participating in a festival, and watching processions. This also suggests participation in cultic events.

Gnosticism:  For the most part, Gnosticism hold that God is invisible by nature. However, when that person attains that divine nature, he can see God. This essential change is brought about by gnosis, which makes it possible to see God. Gnosticism claims that only a few are allowed to have this access or insight.

New Testament: There extensive examples of seeing, watching and holding.

Scripture:

“Stephen said, ‘Behold, I see the heavens opened and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God’”. Act.7:56

Stephen was a spectator, watching closely his ultimate destination in heaven.

“Then Paul stood up at the Areopagus and said, ‘You Athenians, I see that in every respect you are very religious.’” Act. 17:22

Paul understood that despite their polytheism, the Athenians were essentially religious people.

“Amen, amen, I say to you, whoever keeps My word will never see death.” Jn. 8:51

Jesus states that those, who follow Him, will experience everlasting life.

Conclusion:

Theory, theoretical, contemplation

Essentially, in order to come up with a theory, one must first understand and contemplate his perceived surroundings. In theory, contemplating about God can become like prayer.

[Greek] ‎μετεωρίζομαι (meteōrizomai), [Latin] suspensus: to raise, to suspend, to elevate, to be uncertain, to hesitate, to be anxious, to be uncertain, to be up in the air, to be unsettled, to be distracted, to be uplifted, to be arrogant, to be perplexed, to be puffed up, to be put out to sea; Lk.12:29

Background Information:

Old Testament: This term can be used in both a literal and figurative sense. In scripture passages, the Lord’s house is exalted, the cherubim’s wings are lifted, and the eagle is mounted. This term is also used to describe a person being arrogant. Such person is described as “puffed up” and “exalting oneself.”

New Testament: This term takes on a more nuanced sense, having a both a literal and figurative sense. The scripture passage in Luke’s gospel encourages one not be anxious or to worry. This is related to the early Christian exhortation against arrogance and exhortation to moderation. Humility and humbleness are attitudes to strive for. The greatness of God’s providence is all that is needed to deflect such anxious concerns and little faith. This value was stressed in light of the early Christians experiencing anxiety, unsettlement, and persecution.

Scripture:

“As for you, do not seek what you are to eat and what you are to drink, and do not worry anymore.” Lk. 12:29

God tells us to have complete trust in Him. We need to trust in God’s Providence.

Science history: The Greek noun meteros is something raised up. In the middle ages, this referred to any atmospheric phenomena. It was only during the Elizabethan times, that this was identified with a fireball, rock, or shooting star. This study later developed into meteorology, the study of atmosphere and weather forecasting.

Conclusion:

Meteor, meteoroid, meteorology, meteorite, suspense

I was surprised to discover that this term originally had a figurative sense. Like meteors, I would have not seen that coming. So, it makes sense that, when someone is “up in the air” about something, he is not sure about it. So, we are no longer in suspense about what this means.

[Greek] ‎κατηχέω (katēcheō), [Latin] eruditus, [Latin[ docere, [Latin] instruere, [Latin] audire, [Latin] catecizare: to teach by word of mouth, to instruct, sounding down into the ears, to catechize, to inform, to echo; Act 18:25, Rom. 2:18, 1Cor.14:19, Gal. 6:6, Lk.1:4, Act. 21:21, Act.21:24

Early depiction of the Catechetical School of Alexandria

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term is rare in secular arena. Its basic meaning is to sound down from above, to recount something to someone, to inform, to instruct (teach) someone. It is said of being used by poets from a stage addressing the audience. This term is also found in the teaching of an apprentice in the learning of a skill or trade.

Judaism:  In Gal.6:6 Paul had foresaw the importance of using words in an understandable sense to effectively teach the faith. This gives rise for the need for the proper instruction and the need for a professional teaching ministry in the congregation. This term, very rarely used in Judaism, becomes a technical term unique for Christian instruction.

New Testament: A narrative of events have been handed down by eyewitnesses. Luke writes his gospel down for the benefit of his friend Theophilus. Apollos had been instructed in the Way of the Lord. The Jewish Christians inform Pau that the Jews believe that Paul has encouraged the Jews to abandon the Mosaic law. One who is being instructed in the Word should share all good thing with his instructor. The early Church did not have a special class of teachers. The bishops and clergy undertook this function. As the early Church grew, increasing numbers of converts from Judaism and paganism became part of the Church. This also led to large numbers of younger persons who needed instruction in the faith. A more comprehensive teaching ministry was now needed at the local congregational level. Later, this group would be called the catechumen whom would be given instruction preparing for the sacrament of baptism.

Scripture:

“I too have decided, after investigating accurately anew, to write it (the gospel) in an orderly sequence for you, most excellent Theophilus.” Lk.1:4

Luke, already aware of the gospel message, writes it down for Theophilus and all of us for our benefit. Luke puts down in writing what was already established oral Tradition. Luke essentially confirms in writing what was told to him.

“One who is being instructed in the Word should share all good things with his instructor.” Gal.6:6

Paul alludes the teaching ministry of the catechist. This implies oral instruction in the faith by catechists. Paul recognizes the need to support this teaching ministry.

“A Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, an eloquent speaker, arrived in Ephesus. He was an authority on the scriptures.” Act. 18:24-25

Here we have a catechist. Teaching was becoming an important part of the missionary task of the Church at the congregational level. This teaching ministry was needed in response to growth of the Church.

Late Christianity: The Catechetical School of Alexandria was a school of Christian theologians in Alexandria, Egypt. The teachers and students of the school would be influential in later sorting out theological controversies of the Church. It said that this school may have been founded by the Apostle Mark around 176 A.D.

Conclusion:

Catechist, catechetical, catechism. erudite, docent, doctrine, audio, instruct, instruction

From this comes the words catechist, catechetical, and catechism. This post was a fun one for me as I am myself a catechist. A catechism is essentially a summary or manual of doctrine for the instruction of those persons coming into the faith.  The catechism is quite often organized in a question/answer format. Until this today, catechists are sounding down the faith.

So it is no surprise that my blogging site is called Resounding the Faith.  That sounds about right!

‎[Greek] σχίζω (schizō), [Latin] dividare: to split, to divide, to cleave, to tear, to sever; Mt. 27:51, Mt. 15:38, Lk. 5:36, Jn. 19:24, Jn.21:11, Act.14:4, Act.23:7, Mk. 1:10

Background information:

Old Testament:  This term is predominantly used in the active sense of to tear apart or to split. This term is not used to describe the division of opinion in a group. Water
has a relationship with the sense of dividing. Moses stretched his hand over the sea. The sea was then divided by a strong wind. (Ex.14:21)

Schizophrenia: This psychotic disorder involves a split mind (personality). This condition is illustrated by a disintegration of personalities, identities, and feelings. One loses contact with his environment and surroundings.

Jesus’ death tears the veil of separation between God and man

Scripture:

“And behold, the veil of the sanctuary was torn in two from top to bottom. The earth quaked, rocks were split.” Mt. 27:51

Jesus’ death uproots the existing social order and indicates the coming of the next age. The tearing of the veil near the Holy of Holies enables the people to have greater access to the presence of God.

“No one tears a piece from a new cloak to patch and old one. Otherwise, he will tear the new and the piece from it will not match the old cloak.” Lk. 5:26

Luke states that there exists the incompatibility of the old and new. There is a breach between ancient Israel and the new established community.

“On coming up out of the water, He saw the heavens being torn open and the Spirit, like a dove, descending upon Him.” Mk 1:10

Here is another example where water is associated with God actions of tearing and separating.  It is through water, that God will ultimately provide deliverance to His people.

Etymology: The Latin verb dividare means to divide or separate. The Latin dividual means divided self, one who loses himself with his surroundings.  The Latin individual means undivided self, one who can separate himself from his surroundings. This person retains his self-identity.

Conclusion:

Schizophrenia, schism, individual

From this comes the words schizophrenia, schism, and individual. It is interesting to note how water is tied to separation and deliverance.  The New Testament Church also faces division and schism from the Pharisees, Sadducees, scribes, and Gnostics.

‎[Greek] βάπτω (baptō), [French] immerger, [Latin] aspergere, [Old German] dunken: to dip, to steep, to moisten, to bathe, to stain; Lk.16:24, Jn.13:26, Rev. 19:13

Background Information:

Secular history:  Blacksmiths dip the red-hot steel in water to temper it. Potters use this process in glazing earthen vessels. Clothing is dipped in dyeing solution. This can refer to slaying (dyeing a sword in blood) and dipping an object in poison. A ship draws water as the ship dips into it. The Greek essayist Plutarch makes reference to being covered in blood. He said, “To dip (steep) with Sardian dye.” Sardian dye was red. Tea is prepared by steeping (soaking) the tea leaves in water. In his recipe for preparing pickles, the Greek physician Nicander (200 B.C) succinctly summarized the difference between baptizing and dipping. The vegetable is briefly dipped into boiling water. Then the vegetable is lengthily immersed in a vinegar solution, becoming a pickle. The vegetable becomes changed.

Old Testament: An object is dipped, plunged, soaked, or bathed, usually for a particular use or purpose. They took Joseph’s tunic, and after slaughtering a got, dipped the tunic in its blood (Gen.37:31). Sprinkle the lintel and the two doorposts with this blood (Exo.12:22). Dipping his finger in the blood, he shall sprinkle it seven time before the Lord (Lev.4:6). Hazael took a cloth, dipped it in water, and spread it over the king’s face (2Kgs.8:15). Jonathon thrust out the end of the staff he was holding and dipped it into the honey (1Sam.14:27). He dipped his finger in the blood and put it on the horns of the altar (Lev.9:9). May he be the favorite among his brothers, as the oil of his olive trees run over his feet (Deu.33:24).

New Testament: As the rich man was suffering in torment in hell, he pleaded for Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water to cool his tongue. Jesus points to Judas, whom He hands the morsel (bitter herbs) to. Judas becomes the one who betrays Him.

Scripture:

“Send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, for I am suffering torment in these flames.” Lk. 16:24

The rich man was sent to the netherworld where he was suffering torment in the flames.

“Jesus answered, ‘It is the one to whom I hand the morsel after I dipped it.’ So He dipped the morsel and took it and handed it to Judas.” Jn. 13:26

Jesus announces that someone will betray Him. The betrayer is the one whom Jesus hands over morsel.

“He wore a cloak that had been dipped in blood, and His name was called the Word of God.” Rev.19:13

This represents the crucified Christ.

Etymology: This term is related to the Latin verb tingere, meaning to tinge, to dye, and to soak. The Latin tinctus (dye) is the past participle of this verb. The Latin noun aspersio (sprinklng) is related to the Latin verb aspergere. The non-theological sense of aspersion means a bespattering with slander and derogatory criticism.

Conclusion:

Baptism, baptize, immerse, immersion, aspersion, tincture, dunk

It was interesting to discover to nuanced (even poetical) description of slaughter someone with a sword. A ship drawing water is also a very nuanced reference to dipping into water. The covenantal use of blood clearly illustrates the purposes of dipping or sprinkling blood. Likewise, Jesus dipping and handing off the morsel serves the very important purpose of identifying Judas’ betrayal. It is interesting to note that the use of this Greek term is never used for the purposes of baptism.

‎[Greek] ἀριθμέω (arithmeō), [Latin] numare: Rev.7:9, Mt.10:30, Lk.12:7; to number, to count, to sum, to calculate

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to count, to consider, to number, to pay, and to reckon. Primitive man could only count when he uses his fingers, toes, stones, sticks and notches. Before an abstract numbering system was used, man simply used pebbles. The Latin calculus means stone. Homer’s Odyssey 13.218 states “So he set him to count the beautiful tripods, the cauldrons, and the gold.” Homer’s Iliad 2.124 states “We should be minded to swear a solemn oath with sacrifice and number ourselves.”

New Testament: This term is used in the literal sense in the gospels. God tells us that the number of our hairs (on our heads) have all been counted. This term  is used in a theological sense in the book of Revelations. 666 is the number of the beast.

Scripture:

“Wisdom is needed here; on who understands can calculate the number of the beast, for it is a number that stands for a person. His number is 666.” Rev. 13:18

These numbers represent the epitome of evil and imperfection.

“Even all the hairs of your head are counted.” Mt. 10:30

God has everything in control. However, many of use often do not see it that way.

Symbolic Numbers

1:   God

2:   witness

3:   God’s salvation

4:   the world (four corners of the world)

5:   Moses and the Law (those under the Law)

6:   sin and imperfection

7:   the completion and perfection of God’s work

8:   resurrection and new creation

10:  testing

12:  God’s people (Israel, the Church)

40:  testing

1000:   infinite (uncountable)

4000:   the whole world

5000:  all those under the Law

Conclusion:

Arithmetic, number

From this comes the word arithmetic. It is also interesting to note that stones were used in casting votes whether or not to put someone to death. A white stone was used in voting for acquittal.  A black stone was used in voting for sentencing to death.  The Greek word for stone is psephos. Psephology is the study of elections and voting patterns.

It is interesting to note that in Jn.6:66, many of many of Jesus’ disciples left Him.

‎[Greek] ποιητής (poiētēs), [Latin] poeta, [Latin] factor: maker, doer, producer, performer, artist, poet, author, poet; Rom. 2:13, Jas.1:22-25, Jas.4:11, Act 17:28

St. Paulinus (354-431) is the patron saint of publications, writers, and publications.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means maker, begetter, inventor, composer, author, poet, and workman.

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 11.638: “You yourself must also be an inventor of strategems against the enemy, just as musicians render compositions.”

Plato’s Republic 10.597d: “It seems we shall call him its true and natural begetter.”

Plato’s Euthyprho 3b: “For he say I am a maker of gods’ and I make new gods and do not believe in the old ones So he brought the indictment against you for making innovations in religion.”

Ancient Greeks: The ancient Greeks had no word corresponding to the words: “to create” or “creator.”  The Greek verb poieo means “to make” sufficed. This term applied only to poetry. In a sense, the poet was a creator. The poet brings a creation into the world. This was in contrast to art, which already had existing rules and laws.

Ancient Romans: These Greek concepts were partly shaken. Poets and other artists now are seen as creators. The Romans had a term for creating, “creation” and “creator.” The classical Greeks had not yet applied inspiration and imagination to the other arts.

Old Testament: This term, used extensively, refers to the work of God’s hand in creation. God’s works are created. This term is not used for creator.

New Testament: This term means poets and doers. A poet creates and composes a poem. Those who hear and observe (act on) the law and Word in the sight of God will be justified. In contrast, a hearer who does not act deludes himself.

Scripture:

Rom.2:13: “For it is not those who hear the law who are just in the sight of God; rather, those who observe the law will be justified.” (It is not enough to hear the law. One needs to follow the law. The Gentiles stand on equal moral footing with the Jews. The Jews cannot condemn the sins of Gentiles without condemning themselves. God made it possible for the Gentiles to instinctively know the difference between right and wrong. The final judgment will be a review of performance, not of privilege.) 

Acts 17:28: “For ‘In him we live and move and have our being,’ as even some of your poets have said, ‘For we too are his offspring.’” (Paul makes reference to the poet Aratus who praises Zeus, who embodies a pantheism (divine reason) that permeates every facet of human endeavor. In response, Paul states that the Athenians unknowingly worship an “Unknown God” who does not dwell in sanctuaries and does not need to be served by human hands. Paul states that we must examine divinity from the standpoint of judgment, not creation.)

Jas.1:22: “Be doers of the word and not hearers only, deluding yourselves.” (To be quick to hear [and do] the gospel means to accept it readily and to act in conformity with it. This also includes removing such obstacles. To listen to gospel message, but not practicing it becomes a failure to improve oneself.)

Jas.1:23: “For if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like a man who looks at his own face in a mirror.” (This person sees himself as he truly is. The word forces us to see the true “face of our souls.” When he walks away, he forgets what he looks like [who he really is].)

Jas.1:25: “But the one who peers into the perfect law of freedom and perseveres, and is not a hearer who forgets but a doer who acts, such a one shall be blessed in what he does.” (This is the image of a person who hears the word of God. By following God’s will, one is freed from the bondage of sin, defects, and worldly values. In a sense, one can find true freedom by being “controlled” by God.)

Jas.4:11 “Do not speak evil of one another, brothers. Whoever speaks evil of a brother or judges his brother speaks evil of the law and judges the law.” (Slander of a fellow Christian breaks the commandment of “loving thy neighbor” and mocks the law’s authority and God.)

Becoming creators of Modernism:

1. Vital immanence: the Modernists create within themselves [in their minds] an explanation (sentiment) for religion, faith, and doctrine. Outside sources for religion must be excluded.
2. The Modernists are “renewing” and “reforming” Jesus’ Church into a synodal Church in the image of man and his lived experiences. Tradition and the TLM must go.
3. The Vatican’s Synodal Penitential Celebration is creating new sins: ex. sins of using doctrine as a stone, sins against synodality. Creating new sins and new innovations ==> creating a new Church. This already indicates an animosity toward Tradition.
4. The Modernists are creating a new Church where homosexuality is no longer sinful. Fr. James Martin even said that St. Paul got it wrong about homosexuality. Let that sink in! Creating a new situational morality! Let’s not forget that Pope Francis is Fr. James Martin’s greatest advocate. Let that sink in.
5. The Jesuit Fr. Reese states that Catholics and Protestant should receive Communion side by side. Creating a new sacrilegious rite.
6. Modernists seek to remove decentralize Church authority and Church teachings to the local level. Creating a more Protestant church structure! More animosity towards Tradition.
7. The Modernists are seeking to create a new Mass having a better expression of synodality. Creating enculturated Masses with pagan and secular customs. Ex: Mayan rite of the Mass
8. Cardinals Cupich, Tobin, McElroy are requesting that the USCCB be organized in a more synodal way. (These Pope Francis’ pope-splainers are seeking to create a new USCCB.
9. The Vatican has created a Japanese anime character Luce, rather than actual young saints, to inspire young people. (The Church is try to remain hip with the world.)

Conclusion:

Poet, poem, poetry, factor

It is interesting that the Greeks elevated the creative aspects of poetry. Poetry still can be considered as a very creative form of literature.

James points out that faith without works is essentially dead. One must act upon one’s faith. Be a hearer AND a doer.

Update: Modernists seek to create an explanation for religion inside themselves and lived experiences. Modernists are content creators (developing doctrine, faith, religion inside their minds). This sounds quite Protestant.

Modernists’ subjective human decisions, already starting from agnosticism, ultimately lead to more heresies and atheism.

As a result, Pope Francis has unfortunately created many examples of heresy, confusion, chaos, and questionable statements and documents. Shocker!

In their arrogance, Modernists have claimed that the Church’s ecclesiology has changed into a synodal Church in the image of man and his lived experiences. Are the Modernists saying that they know better in how to lead Jesus’ church??

Pope Francis and his fellow Modernists need to look at themselves in the mirror in creating such liturgical confusion and chaos in the Church. All of us are seeing their true character in despising Tradition.

Many faithful Catholics are now rightfully claiming that Pope Francis’ new Synodal Church will eventually fail. This is actually supported by Acts 5:38: “If this endeavor (activity) is of human origin, it will destroy itself.”

Quotes: