Resounding The Faith

‎[Greek] στερεόω (stereoō), [Latin] solido, [Latin] firmum, [Latin] perfectorum: to make firm, be strengthened, to make strong, to make solid, to receive strength; Act.3:16, Act.16:5, Act.3:7

Background Information:

Old Testament: Outside the bible, this term is rarely used. The meaning of this word is related to stereoma, relating to creation and firmament. The prophet makes mention of the firmament of the heavens (Dan.3:56). God becomes known as the revered one of the firmament. God then establishes the earth as the firmament.

Scripture:

“Then Peter took him (the beggar) by the right hand and raised him up, and immediately his feet and ankles grew strong.” Act. 3:7

Peter, by the authority of Jesus’ name, healed the beggar. The beggar’s feet and ankles became strong so the he could walk. The beggar was physically strengthened.

“Day after day the churches grew stronger in faith and increased in number.” Act. 16:5

The churches grew both internally and externally. Internally, the congregants’ faith in God strengthened. Externally, because of the increased number of congregants into the Church, there was a need to build more churches. The Church strengthened in faith and size.

Stereotype:  This term comes from the printing trade and was first adopted in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The duplicate plate, or the stereotype is used for printing instead of the original. The first reference of a stereotype as an unchanged image was in 1850. It was not until 1922 that stereotype was used in a psychological or sociological context.

Stereophonic sound: This is a sound reproduction that creates an illusion of a multiple audible perspective. This is achieved by using two or more independent audio channels. This gives the impression of sound heard from various directions.

Conclusion:

Stereo, stereotype, stereophone, firm, solid, perfect

I would have never thought that stereo would be identified with firmness, strength, or solidness.  Music in stereo form produces a stronger and deeper sound.  A stereotype can be lasting and difficult to change or break. There is a common thread of durability in these examples.  In current times, a stereotype may involve someone’s perception of another. To be honest, these stereotypes can be both positive and negative.  However, as we all know, stereotypes are most often negative.  These kinds of stereotypes are often hard to break and difficult to erase, like an old fashioned stereotype.

‎[Greek] θεωρέω (theōreō), [Latin] contemplatio: to behold, to gaze, to look with purpose, to scrutinize, to be a spectator, to contemplate, to consider, to look upon, to discern, to grasp the circumstances; 61 scriptures

Samson makes a “spectacle” of himself showing off his feats of strength (Judges 16:27)

Background Information:

Ancient Greece/Hellenism: Seeing was very important to the Greeks. There are several verbs to illustrate the various aspects of seeing. This basic sense of the Greek word theoreo is giving attention to a spectacle. These situations occur when one attends a festival, cultic ceremony, procession, or state function. The Greek polytheism may be regarded as a religion of vision. The gods were anthromorphized (given human like qualities) in mythology and poetry. The Greeks’ intellectual striving and search is always a seeing. However, philosophy emphasized the invisibility of the gods.

Old Testament: This Greek term mostly denotes sense perception. This is found in spectators watching Samson’s making sports, participating in a festival, and watching processions. This also suggests participation in cultic events.

Gnosticism:  For the most part, Gnosticism hold that God is invisible by nature. However, when that person attains that divine nature, he can see God. This essential change is brought about by gnosis, which makes it possible to see God. Gnosticism claims that only a few are allowed to have this access or insight.

New Testament: There extensive examples of seeing, watching and holding.

Scripture:

“Stephen said, ‘Behold, I see the heavens opened and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God’”. Act.7:56

Stephen was a spectator, watching closely his ultimate destination in heaven.

“Then Paul stood up at the Areopagus and said, ‘You Athenians, I see that in every respect you are very religious.’” Act. 17:22

Paul understood that despite their polytheism, the Athenians were essentially religious people.

“Amen, amen, I say to you, whoever keeps My word will never see death.” Jn. 8:51

Jesus states that those, who follow Him, will experience everlasting life.

Conclusion:

Theory, theoretical, contemplation

Essentially, in order to come up with a theory, one must first understand and contemplate his perceived surroundings. In theory, contemplating about God can become like prayer.

[Greek] ‎μετεωρίζομαι (meteōrizomai), [Latin] suspensus: to raise, to suspend, to elevate, to be uncertain, to hesitate, to be anxious, to be uncertain, to be up in the air, to be unsettled, to be distracted, to be uplifted, to be arrogant, to be perplexed, to be puffed up, to be put out to sea; Lk.12:29

Background Information:

Old Testament: This term can be used in both a literal and figurative sense. In scripture passages, the Lord’s house is exalted, the cherubim’s wings are lifted, and the eagle is mounted. This term is also used to describe a person being arrogant. Such person is described as “puffed up” and “exalting oneself.”

New Testament: This term takes on a more nuanced sense, having a both a literal and figurative sense. The scripture passage in Luke’s gospel encourages one not be anxious or to worry. This is related to the early Christian exhortation against arrogance and exhortation to moderation. Humility and humbleness are attitudes to strive for. The greatness of God’s providence is all that is needed to deflect such anxious concerns and little faith. This value was stressed in light of the early Christians experiencing anxiety, unsettlement, and persecution.

Scripture:

“As for you, do not seek what you are to eat and what you are to drink, and do not worry anymore.” Lk. 12:29

God tells us to have complete trust in Him. We need to trust in God’s Providence.

Science history: The Greek noun meteros is something raised up. In the middle ages, this referred to any atmospheric phenomena. It was only during the Elizabethan times, that this was identified with a fireball, rock, or shooting star. This study later developed into meteorology, the study of atmosphere and weather forecasting.

Conclusion:

Meteor, meteoroid, meteorology, meteorite, suspense

I was surprised to discover that this term originally had a figurative sense. Like meteors, I would have not seen that coming. So, it makes sense that, when someone is “up in the air” about something, he is not sure about it. So, we are no longer in suspense about what this means.

[Greek] ‎κατηχέω (katēcheō), [Latin] eruditus, [Latin[ docere, [Latin] instruere, [Latin] audire, [Latin] catecizare: to teach by word of mouth, to instruct, sounding down into the ears, to catechize, to inform, to echo; Act 18:25, Rom. 2:18, 1Cor.14:19, Gal. 6:6, Lk.1:4, Act. 21:21, Act.21:24

Early depiction of the Catechetical School of Alexandria

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term is rare in secular arena. Its basic meaning is to sound down from above, to recount something to someone, to inform, to instruct (teach) someone. It is said of being used by poets from a stage addressing the audience. This term is also found in the teaching of an apprentice in the learning of a skill or trade.

Judaism:  In Gal.6:6 Paul had foresaw the importance of using words in an understandable sense to effectively teach the faith. This gives rise for the need for the proper instruction and the need for a professional teaching ministry in the congregation. This term, very rarely used in Judaism, becomes a technical term unique for Christian instruction.

New Testament: A narrative of events have been handed down by eyewitnesses. Luke writes his gospel down for the benefit of his friend Theophilus. Apollos had been instructed in the Way of the Lord. The Jewish Christians inform Pau that the Jews believe that Paul has encouraged the Jews to abandon the Mosaic law. One who is being instructed in the Word should share all good thing with his instructor. The early Church did not have a special class of teachers. The bishops and clergy undertook this function. As the early Church grew, increasing numbers of converts from Judaism and paganism became part of the Church. This also led to large numbers of younger persons who needed instruction in the faith. A more comprehensive teaching ministry was now needed at the local congregational level. Later, this group would be called the catechumen whom would be given instruction preparing for the sacrament of baptism.

Scripture:

“I too have decided, after investigating accurately anew, to write it (the gospel) in an orderly sequence for you, most excellent Theophilus.” Lk.1:4

Luke, already aware of the gospel message, writes it down for Theophilus and all of us for our benefit. Luke puts down in writing what was already established oral Tradition. Luke essentially confirms in writing what was told to him.

“One who is being instructed in the Word should share all good things with his instructor.” Gal.6:6

Paul alludes the teaching ministry of the catechist. This implies oral instruction in the faith by catechists. Paul recognizes the need to support this teaching ministry.

“A Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, an eloquent speaker, arrived in Ephesus. He was an authority on the scriptures.” Act. 18:24-25

Here we have a catechist. Teaching was becoming an important part of the missionary task of the Church at the congregational level. This teaching ministry was needed in response to growth of the Church.

Late Christianity: The Catechetical School of Alexandria was a school of Christian theologians in Alexandria, Egypt. The teachers and students of the school would be influential in later sorting out theological controversies of the Church. It said that this school may have been founded by the Apostle Mark around 176 A.D.

Conclusion:

Catechist, catechetical, catechism. erudite, docent, doctrine, audio, instruct, instruction

From this comes the words catechist, catechetical, and catechism. This post was a fun one for me as I am myself a catechist. A catechism is essentially a summary or manual of doctrine for the instruction of those persons coming into the faith.  The catechism is quite often organized in a question/answer format. Until this today, catechists are sounding down the faith.

So it is no surprise that my blogging site is called Resounding the Faith.  That sounds about right!

‎[Greek] σχίζω (schizō), [Latin] dividare: to split, to divide, to cleave, to tear, to sever; Mt. 27:51, Mt. 15:38, Lk. 5:36, Jn. 19:24, Jn.21:11, Act.14:4, Act.23:7, Mk. 1:10

Background information:

Old Testament:  This term is predominantly used in the active sense of to tear apart or to split. This term is not used to describe the division of opinion in a group. Water
has a relationship with the sense of dividing. Moses stretched his hand over the sea. The sea was then divided by a strong wind. (Ex.14:21)

Schizophrenia: This psychotic disorder involves a split mind (personality). This condition is illustrated by a disintegration of personalities, identities, and feelings. One loses contact with his environment and surroundings.

Jesus’ death tears the veil of separation between God and man

Scripture:

“And behold, the veil of the sanctuary was torn in two from top to bottom. The earth quaked, rocks were split.” Mt. 27:51

Jesus’ death uproots the existing social order and indicates the coming of the next age. The tearing of the veil near the Holy of Holies enables the people to have greater access to the presence of God.

“No one tears a piece from a new cloak to patch and old one. Otherwise, he will tear the new and the piece from it will not match the old cloak.” Lk. 5:26

Luke states that there exists the incompatibility of the old and new. There is a breach between ancient Israel and the new established community.

“On coming up out of the water, He saw the heavens being torn open and the Spirit, like a dove, descending upon Him.” Mk 1:10

Here is another example where water is associated with God actions of tearing and separating.  It is through water, that God will ultimately provide deliverance to His people.

Etymology: The Latin verb dividare means to divide or separate. The Latin dividual means divided self, one who loses himself with his surroundings.  The Latin individual means undivided self, one who can separate himself from his surroundings. This person retains his self-identity.

Conclusion:

Schizophrenia, schism, individual

From this comes the words schizophrenia, schism, and individual. It is interesting to note how water is tied to separation and deliverance.  The New Testament Church also faces division and schism from the Pharisees, Sadducees, scribes, and Gnostics.

‎[Greek] βάπτω (baptō), [French] immerger, [Latin] aspergere, [Old German] dunken: to dip, to steep, to moisten, to bathe, to stain; Lk.16:24, Jn.13:26, Rev. 19:13

Background Information:

Secular history:  Blacksmiths dip the red-hot steel in water to temper it. Potters use this process in glazing earthen vessels. Clothing is dipped in dyeing solution. This can refer to slaying (dyeing a sword in blood) and dipping an object in poison. A ship draws water as the ship dips into it. The Greek essayist Plutarch makes reference to being covered in blood. He said, “To dip (steep) with Sardian dye.” Sardian dye was red. Tea is prepared by steeping (soaking) the tea leaves in water. In his recipe for preparing pickles, the Greek physician Nicander (200 B.C) succinctly summarized the difference between baptizing and dipping. The vegetable is briefly dipped into boiling water. Then the vegetable is lengthily immersed in a vinegar solution, becoming a pickle. The vegetable becomes changed.

Old Testament: An object is dipped, plunged, soaked, or bathed, usually for a particular use or purpose. They took Joseph’s tunic, and after slaughtering a got, dipped the tunic in its blood (Gen.37:31). Sprinkle the lintel and the two doorposts with this blood (Exo.12:22). Dipping his finger in the blood, he shall sprinkle it seven time before the Lord (Lev.4:6). Hazael took a cloth, dipped it in water, and spread it over the king’s face (2Kgs.8:15). Jonathon thrust out the end of the staff he was holding and dipped it into the honey (1Sam.14:27). He dipped his finger in the blood and put it on the horns of the altar (Lev.9:9). May he be the favorite among his brothers, as the oil of his olive trees run over his feet (Deu.33:24).

New Testament: As the rich man was suffering in torment in hell, he pleaded for Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water to cool his tongue. Jesus points to Judas, whom He hands the morsel (bitter herbs) to. Judas becomes the one who betrays Him.

Scripture:

“Send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, for I am suffering torment in these flames.” Lk. 16:24

The rich man was sent to the netherworld where he was suffering torment in the flames.

“Jesus answered, ‘It is the one to whom I hand the morsel after I dipped it.’ So He dipped the morsel and took it and handed it to Judas.” Jn. 13:26

Jesus announces that someone will betray Him. The betrayer is the one whom Jesus hands over morsel.

“He wore a cloak that had been dipped in blood, and His name was called the Word of God.” Rev.19:13

This represents the crucified Christ.

Etymology: This term is related to the Latin verb tingere, meaning to tinge, to dye, and to soak. The Latin tinctus (dye) is the past participle of this verb. The Latin noun aspersio (sprinklng) is related to the Latin verb aspergere. The non-theological sense of aspersion means a bespattering with slander and derogatory criticism.

Conclusion:

Baptism, baptize, immerse, immersion, aspersion, tincture, dunk

It was interesting to discover to nuanced (even poetical) description of slaughter someone with a sword. A ship drawing water is also a very nuanced reference to dipping into water. The covenantal use of blood clearly illustrates the purposes of dipping or sprinkling blood. Likewise, Jesus dipping and handing off the morsel serves the very important purpose of identifying Judas’ betrayal. It is interesting to note that the use of this Greek term is never used for the purposes of baptism.

‎[Greek] ἀριθμέω (arithmeō), [Latin] numare: Rev.7:9, Mt.10:30, Lk.12:7; to number, to count, to sum, to calculate

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to count, to consider, to number, to pay, and to reckon. Primitive man could only count when he uses his fingers, toes, stones, sticks and notches. Before an abstract numbering system was used, man simply used pebbles. The Latin calculus means stone. Homer’s Odyssey 13.218 states “So he set him to count the beautiful tripods, the cauldrons, and the gold.” Homer’s Iliad 2.124 states “We should be minded to swear a solemn oath with sacrifice and number ourselves.”

New Testament: This term is used in the literal sense in the gospels. God tells us that the number of our hairs (on our heads) have all been counted. This term  is used in a theological sense in the book of Revelations. 666 is the number of the beast.

Scripture:

“Wisdom is needed here; on who understands can calculate the number of the beast, for it is a number that stands for a person. His number is 666.” Rev. 13:18

These numbers represent the epitome of evil and imperfection.

“Even all the hairs of your head are counted.” Mt. 10:30

God has everything in control. However, many of use often do not see it that way.

Symbolic Numbers

1:   God

2:   witness

3:   God’s salvation

4:   the world (four corners of the world)

5:   Moses and the Law (those under the Law)

6:   sin and imperfection

7:   the completion and perfection of God’s work

8:   resurrection and new creation

10:  testing

12:  God’s people (Israel, the Church)

40:  testing

1000:   infinite (uncountable)

4000:   the whole world

5000:  all those under the Law

Conclusion:

Arithmetic, number

From this comes the word arithmetic. It is also interesting to note that stones were used in casting votes whether or not to put someone to death. A white stone was used in voting for acquittal.  A black stone was used in voting for sentencing to death.  The Greek word for stone is psephos. Psephology is the study of elections and voting patterns.

It is interesting to note that in Jn.6:66, many of many of Jesus’ disciples left Him.

‎[Greek] ποιητής (poiētēs), [Latin] poeta, [Latin] factor: maker, doer, producer, performer, artist, poet, author, poet; Rom. 2:13, Jas.1:22-25, Jas.4:11, Act 17:28

St. Paulinus (354-431) is the patron saint of publications, writers, and publications.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means maker, begetter, inventor, composer, author, poet, and workman.

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 11.638: “You yourself must also be an inventor of strategems against the enemy, just as musicians render compositions.”

Plato’s Republic 10.597d: “It seems we shall call him its true and natural begetter.”

Plato’s Euthyprho 3b: “For he say I am a maker of gods’ and I make new gods and do not believe in the old ones So he brought the indictment against you for making innovations in religion.”

Ancient Greeks: The ancient Greeks had no word corresponding to the words: “to create” or “creator.”  The Greek verb poieo means “to make” sufficed. This term applied only to poetry. In a sense, the poet was a creator. The poet brings a creation into the world. This was in contrast to art, which already had existing rules and laws.

Ancient Romans: These Greek concepts were partly shaken. Poets and other artists now are seen as creators. The Romans had a term for creating, “creation” and “creator.” The classical Greeks had not yet applied inspiration and imagination to the other arts.

Old Testament: This term, used extensively, refers to the work of God’s hand in creation. God’s works are created. This term is not used for creator.

New Testament: This term means poets and doers. A poet creates and composes a poem. Those who hear and observe (act on) the law and Word in the sight of God will be justified. In contrast, a hearer who does not act deludes himself.

Scripture:

Rom.2:13: “For it is not those who hear the law who are just in the sight of God; rather, those who observe the law will be justified.” (It is not enough to hear the law. One needs to follow the law. The Gentiles stand on equal moral footing with the Jews. The Jews cannot condemn the sins of Gentiles without condemning themselves. God made it possible for the Gentiles to instinctively know the difference between right and wrong. The final judgment will be a review of performance, not of privilege.) 

Acts 17:28: “For ‘In him we live and move and have our being,’ as even some of your poets have said, ‘For we too are his offspring.’” (Paul makes reference to the poet Aratus who praises Zeus, who embodies a pantheism (divine reason) that permeates every facet of human endeavor. In response, Paul states that the Athenians unknowingly worship an “Unknown God” who does not dwell in sanctuaries and does not need to be served by human hands. Paul states that we must examine divinity from the standpoint of judgment, not creation.)

Jas.1:22: “Be doers of the word and not hearers only, deluding yourselves.” (To be quick to hear [and do] the gospel means to accept it readily and to act in conformity with it. This also includes removing such obstacles. To listen to gospel message, but not practicing it becomes a failure to improve oneself.)

Jas.1:23: “For if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like a man who looks at his own face in a mirror.” (This person sees himself as he truly is. The word forces us to see the true “face of our souls.” When he walks away, he forgets what he looks like [who he really is].)

Jas.1:25: “But the one who peers into the perfect law of freedom and perseveres, and is not a hearer who forgets but a doer who acts, such a one shall be blessed in what he does.” (This is the image of a person who hears the word of God. By following God’s will, one is freed from the bondage of sin, defects, and worldly values. In a sense, one can find true freedom by being “controlled” by God.)

Jas.4:11 “Do not speak evil of one another, brothers. Whoever speaks evil of a brother or judges his brother speaks evil of the law and judges the law.” (Slander of a fellow Christian breaks the commandment of “loving thy neighbor” and mocks the law’s authority and God.)

Becoming creators of Modernism:

1. Vital immanence: the Modernists create within themselves [in their minds] an explanation (sentiment) for religion, faith, and doctrine. Outside sources for religion must be excluded.
2. The Modernists are “renewing” and “reforming” Jesus’ Church into a synodal Church in the image of man and his lived experiences. Tradition and the TLM must go.
3. The Vatican’s Synodal Penitential Celebration is creating new sins: ex. sins of using doctrine as a stone, sins against synodality. Creating new sins and new innovations ==> creating a new Church. This already indicates an animosity toward Tradition.
4. The Modernists are creating a new Church where homosexuality is no longer sinful. Fr. James Martin even said that St. Paul got it wrong about homosexuality. Let that sink in! Creating a new situational morality! Let’s not forget that Pope Francis is Fr. James Martin’s greatest advocate. Let that sink in.
5. The Jesuit Fr. Reese states that Catholics and Protestant should receive Communion side by side. Creating a new sacrilegious rite.
6. Modernists seek to remove decentralize Church authority and Church teachings to the local level. Creating a more Protestant church structure! More animosity towards Tradition.
7. The Modernists are seeking to create a new Mass having a better expression of synodality. Creating enculturated Masses with pagan and secular customs. Ex: Mayan rite of the Mass
8. Cardinals Cupich, Tobin, McElroy are requesting that the USCCB be organized in a more synodal way. (These Pope Francis’ pope-splainers are seeking to create a new USCCB.
9. The Vatican has created a Japanese anime character Luce, rather than actual young saints, to inspire young people. (The Church is try to remain hip with the world.)

Conclusion:

Poet, poem, poetry, factor

It is interesting that the Greeks elevated the creative aspects of poetry. Poetry still can be considered as a very creative form of literature.

James points out that faith without works is essentially dead. One must act upon one’s faith. Be a hearer AND a doer.

Update: Modernists seek to create an explanation for religion inside themselves and lived experiences. Modernists are content creators (developing doctrine, faith, religion inside their minds). This sounds quite Protestant.

Modernists’ subjective human decisions, already starting from agnosticism, ultimately lead to more heresies and atheism.

As a result, Pope Francis has unfortunately created many examples of heresy, confusion, chaos, and questionable statements and documents. Shocker!

In their arrogance, Modernists have claimed that the Church’s ecclesiology has changed into a synodal Church in the image of man and his lived experiences. Are the Modernists saying that they know better in how to lead Jesus’ church??

Pope Francis and his fellow Modernists need to look at themselves in the mirror in creating such liturgical confusion and chaos in the Church. All of us are seeing their true character in despising Tradition.

Many faithful Catholics are now rightfully claiming that Pope Francis’ new Synodal Church will eventually fail. This is actually supported by Acts 5:38: “If this endeavor (activity) is of human origin, it will destroy itself.”

Quotes:

“Whoever wants to be come a Christian must first become a poet.” Pophyrios of Kavskalyvia

‎[Greek] συλάω (sylaō), [Latin] expoliare: to plunder, to rob, to make spoil of, to strip with impunity; 2 Cor. 11:8

Temple of Theseus: a refuge for slaves

Background information:

Ancient Greece: Some temples, altars, groves, and statues of the gods were places of refuge to slaves, criminals, and debtors. In Athens, the temple of Theseus was chiefly intended for the protection of ill-treated slaves, who could take refuge in this place. These slaves then compelled their masters to sell them to someone else.

Temple of Asylaeus: a refuge for vagabonds and fugitives

Ancient Rome: The temple of Asylaeus was built on the hills in Rome. This hill was called Asylum Hill. This temple was a place of refuge and sanctuary for those who have violated the laws of the city. The god Asylaeus was the patron of vagabonds and fugitives.

Old Testament: Adonijah, in fear of this life from King Solomon, had seized the horns of the altar. Adonijah pleaded and paid homage to King Solomon.  The king spared his life.  The horns on each of the four corners have been said to have a special degree of holiness. The Lord said to Joshua to designate cities of refuge which the Lord had previously spoken through Moses. These were cities where one, guilty of accidental and unintentional homicide, may flee for asylum. This person shall plead his case before elders. Once he has stood judgment before the community, he shall live in that city until the death of the high priest in office.

New Testament: Paul relates that he had “plundered’ other cities in order to carry out his apostolic mission. Paul received support (rations) and provisions. Technically, Paul did not repay or reciprocate for these provisions. These cities freely and generously supported Paul. Later in Christianity, many ancient people recognized a religious right of asylum. The early Christian church adopted this principle. In England, King Aethelberth made the first laws regulating sanctuary in 600 A.D. The practice of churches offering sanctuary is still observed in the modern era. This is respected for the sake of tradition.

Scripture:

“I plundered other churches by accepting from them in order to minister to you.” 2 Cor 11:8

Paul figuratively speaks of accepting financial support from some churches in order to help others.

Conclusion:

Asylum, spoils

From this comes the word asylum. An asylum is place where one is free from recrimination. So it is probably not surprising that a church would be a source of refuge. The sanctuary serves the same purpose whether it is a temple, altar or church for those who plunder or commit other crimes. An asylum can also refer to a medical facility.

‎[Greek] ὀστράκινος (ostrakinos), [Latin] fictilis: potshard, clay, tile, earthenware, earthen vessel, shell; 2Cor.4:7, 2Tim.2:20

 Pottery shards were used in voting to banish those who were perceived as threatening the stability of the state. The names of the persons to be banished were written on these shards.

Background Information:

Ostracism:

1. In ancient Greece ostracism (ostrakismos) was a procedure under Athenian democracy in which any citizen could be expelled from Athens for ten years.
2. There were some times when a prominent citizen was perceived as threatening the stability of the state.
3. A political practice was established in which this citizen could be banished without bringing any charges against him.
4. People decided, without debate, whether to hold a vote of ostracism of that person.
5. Unlike a trial, no defense could be mounted by the person expelled. The vote occurred by the wishes of the electorate.
6. If the people voted yes, then an ostracism would be held two months later.
7. The people would vote using clay shards, which were considered like ancient scrap paper. The voter scratched the name of the person on his shard and deposited the shard in an urn.
8. The person who received the most votes would be given 10 days to leave the city. The banished person would still be able to hold his property.

Old Testament: Pottery shards were less expensive than papyrus sheets in the ancient world. Shards were used for engraving scriptures, letters, inventory lists, notes, receipts, and manuscripts. The Dead Sea Scrolls were found inside clay pots near Qumran.

New Testament: This term, meaning vessel, refers to men (members of the Church).

This treasure (glory of Christ) is held in earthen vessels (men).

Paul also speaks of the Church having both precious and useless vessels.  Likewise, those useless vessels will bring dishonor, opposition, and destruction.

2Cor.4:7: “But we hold this treasure in earthen vessels that the surpassing power may be of God and not from us.” (Paul speaks of the paradox of the ministry. These earthen vessels are fragile, broken, and flawed followers of Christ. This treasure is the glory that He preaches and into which these vessels are transformed.)

2Tim.2:20: “In a large household there are vessels not only of gold and silver but also of wood and clay, some for lofty and others for humble use.” 2Tim.2:20 (The Church includes both precious and useless vessels.)

Etymology: The Greek ostrakon is also related to the Greek osteon, meaning bone and oyster. This term is also related to the French oistre. The Latin fictilis, meaning made of earthenware, is related to the Latin verb fingere, meaning to mold or fashion. The Latin fictio means a making, fashioning, or feigning. Essentially, fiction is something which is invented or imagined.

Cancel culture: It seems our recent cancel culture has become the latest version of ostracism in this age of news media, social media, tech giants, and academia. Trump supporters, conservatives, Christians, and others have been continually ostracized, being called Hitler, fascists, garbage deplorables, racists, hateful, bigots, and other such terms. TV shows and consumer products are also subject to cancellation.

Conclusion:

Ostracism, ostracize, oyster, fiction

Even in ancient Athens, there existed a form of cancel culture. Unlike a judicial procedure, anyone could bring up a measure to ostracize someone. A person could be summarily banished with out being accused of any charges. The abundance of pottery shards were likened to ancient scrap paper. Historical evidence shows that ostracism was initiated for both valid and invalid reasons (political antagonism and hatred). Socrates was ostracized because he mocked the court. The kids’ game Ostrakinda was a form of ancient dodgeball using sea shells.

In the Old Testament, Lam. 4:2 describes the abandoned, starving, and killed children like being regarded as broken earthen jars. This imagery continues the notion of man being fragile, broken, imperfect, and vulnerable earthen vessels (2Cor.4:7). Within these fragile vessels contains the surpassing power to spread and share the word of God. The Church contains both precious (good) and useless (indifferent and evil) vessels.

Update:  Recent efforts have been made to impeach, to ostracize, to remove, to incriminate, and to assassinate President Trump.

President Biden just recently called all of of Trump’s supporter as garbage. (They are just say what they really think about them.)

Billionaire Mark Cuban idiotically stated that Trump does not surround himself with strong and intelligent women. Mark Cuban has just insulted many conservative women.

Who would have thought that this term would lead to fictio (fiction)! (You really can’t make this up) ☺☺☺

[Greek]‎ ἀμοιβή (amoibē), [Latin] reddere, [French] restituer: repayment, recompense, change, requital, return, alternation; 1Tim.5:4

Background Information:

New Testament: In Paul’s first letter to Timothy, words of advice are given for the care of widows. The first responsibility for their care belongs to the family circle, not the Christian community. As the grandparents and parents have taken care of their children, it is only right that the children reciprocate in caring for their parents in their old age. Aside from this, the community must take care of these widows. The widows, in turn, may benefit the community with their prayers.

Scripture:

“But if a widow has children or grandchildren, let these first learn to perform their religious duty to their own family and to make recompense to their parents, for this is pleasing to God.”

Children and grandparents must give back in caring for their parents in their old age.

Science: The amoeba is a single celled organism which has the ability to change or alter its shape. The amoeba can live in damp areas or be parasitic. The amoeba move by expanding and contracting its pseudopodia. This term derives from the Greek verb ameibo (to change).

Conclusion:

Amoeba, return, restitution

I bet you didn’t think that this post would turn to an amoeba.

‎[Greek] κουστωδία (koustōdia), [Latin] custodire, [French] garder, [French] proteger: guard, Roman sentry, watch, custody; Mt. 27:65-66, Mt. 28:11

Background Information:

Roman Empire: The Roman guard consists of 4 to 16 soldiers. In battle formation, this guard would form a square to hold off a much larger force. Roman guards consisted of soldiers and trained warriors. The Romans divided the night into four watches.

Jerusalem:  A portion of the Roman soldiers were on loan to the supervision of the temple priests.  The Temple guard was housed at Antonia Fortress, a military barracks located at the eastern end of the great wall of the city, near the Temple Mount. The Temple guard was in charge of the priestly vestments.

New Testament: This term means guard and watch. Pilate grants the Jewish petitioners’ request to have soldiers guard Jesus’ tomb. The Jewish leaders were fearful that Jesus’ body would be removed in order to create the notion that Jesus had resurrected. Some of the guard went into the city and told the chief priests what happened at the tomb

Scripture:

“Watch, therefore; you do not know when the lord of the house is coming, whether in the evening, or at midnight, or at cockcrow, or in the morning.”

This shows that the Roman night was divided into 4 watches. For the Jews, the night was divided into 3 watches.

“Pilate said to them, ‘The guard is yours; go secure it as best you can.’ So they went and secured the tomb by fixing a seal to the stone and setting the guard.” Mt. 27:65-66

Pilate instructed the chief priests to place guards in front of the tomb. The authorities wanted to prevent anyone from stealing Jesus’ body to in order to perpetuate the “rumor” that Jesus rose from the dead.

Roman soldiers guarding Jesus’ tomb

Conclusion:

Custody, custodial, guard, protege

From this comes the word custody and custodial. It not surprising that these soldiers enabled Caesar to take custody of his empire.

[Greek] αἵρεσις (hairesis), [Latin] hairesis, [Latin] secta, [Latin] dissensio: faction, opinion, party, division, a choosing, sect, choice; Act. 5:17, Act, 15:5, Act.24:5,14, Act.26:5, Act.28:22, 2 Pet.2:1, 1Cor.11:17-19, Gal.5:20

Various schools of thought

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means doctrine, school, seizure, choice, inclination, teaching, resolve, and inclination. This term takes on the idea of a school, thought, or philosophy. These teachngs attained a gathering of students with a self-chosen teacher/master. The doctrines were exclusively defined. Herodotus’ The Histories 9.3 states “What he decided was to take Athens once more. Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 779 states “Set them forth and offer me the choice.” Plato’s Phaedrus 256c states “They continue the practice, but infrequently, since what they are doing is not approved by the whole mind.”

Old Testament: The Jewish leaders mainly consisted of the Sadducees, Pharisees, and the scribes. The Sadducees were the conservative priestly class who only accepted the written Law of Moses. The Pharisees were a lay group who accepted the Old Testament and the tradition of the elders. The scribes were leaders who wrote, copied and interpreted scripture

New Testament: This term means party, sect, division, and heresy. The sect of the Sadducees were jealous of the Apostles’ popularity. The sect of the Pharisees said it was necessary to circumcise and observe the Mosaic law. Paul was considered the ringleader of the sect of the Nazoreans who followed Jesus. In Rome, the Christian sect’s teachings were denounced. Paul saw divisions among the Christians in Corinth. False teachers will introduce destructive heresies, deny God and bringing destruction upon themselves.

Scripture:

“There were also false prophets among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you, who will introduce destructive heresies and even deny the Master who ransomed them, bringing swift destruction on themselves.” 2 Pet. 2:1

This letter, written around 75 A.D., was written to the churches in Asia Minor (Turkey).  This letter was written to those new Christians recently converted from paganism. These factions were falling back into their sinful pagan nature.

“First of all, I hear that when you meet as a church there are divisions among you, and to a degree I believe it. There have to be factions among you in order that also those who are approved among you may become known.” 1 Cor.11:18-19

There are problems of schism and sedition in Corinth. The persecution of the Emperor Domitian was beginning against the Church. This was leading to the breakdown of relationships in the Church. The younger generations were deposing the older Corinthian church leaders. The younger generations were now declaring themselves as the authorities.

What problems did Paul see in Corinth?  Paul saw schism, sedition, divided parties, opens sexual immorality, doctrinal heresy, liturgical abuses, problems with the state of marriage, and Christians settling disputes in pagan courts.

Conclusion:

Heresy, heretical

From this comes the words heresy and heretical. It is interesting to note how the meaning of heresy had evolved over time.  Heresy begins as a neutral idea of a school of thought to a more serious issue/crisis for the Church.

[Greek] ιπποπόταμος (hippopatmus) [Hebrew] בְּהֵמוֹת (behē·môṯ): river horse, behemoth, Job 40:15, 21-27

Background Information:

The hippopotamus is considered as the Egyptian beast of the reeds. This beast, called the “Nile Horse”, was considered sacred to the Egyptian fertility gods. Hippos submerge themselves in the river and bask in cool marshes. Hippos can climb up riverbanks and hillsides. The Hebrew name for this creature means beast. The Greek potamos means river.

Hippos, the horse- shaped city set on a mountain overlooking the Sea of Galilee

Hippos was the site of Greco-Roman city located on horse shaped hill overlooking the Sea of Galilee. This is the city set on a mountain, stated in Mt. 5:14. The city minted its own coins, stamped with the image of a horse in honor of its city’s name.

Scripture:

“See, besides you I made Behemoth, that feeds on grass like an ox… Under the lotus tree he lies, in coverts of the reedy swamp.” Job 40:15,21

God humbles Job by His creation of this Behemoth.  Job could not approach nor subdue this creature.

Conclusion:

Hippopotamus, behemoth

From this comes the words hippopatamos and behemoth. I was surprised that this led me to a horse shaped mountain in Israel.

‎[Greek] τίτλος (titlos), [Latin] titulus: title, inscription, placard, writing, accusation/crime of accused; Jn.19:19-20

Santa Maria della Vittoria Church Cardinal Sean O’Malley (titular head)

Background Information:

Pagan Culture: This was an inscription on stone. A titulus (inscription) was a notice or marker of private property. This inscription sometimes illustrated the generosity or philanthropy of a patron.

Cardinal’s coat of arms at his titular church

New Testament: This term means inscription. Pilate had an inscription placed on the crucifix above Jesus. The inscription was written in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek.

Scripture:

“Pilate also had an inscription written and put on the cross. It read, ‘Jesus, the Nazorean, the King of the Jews’” Jn.19:20

This was an example of the Roman practice of making public the crime of the accused person.

Earlier Christianity:  A titulus also referred to a certain group of churches that was found in the oldest parishes of Rome.  The titulus in this case illustrated the name of the Roman patron, pope or Christian martyr. The priests were considered title holders of these churches. Starting in 1059, these priests in Rome established the practice of electing the pope. These priests were also given the title of Cardinal. The College of Cardinals becomes this group of Roman clergy.

Later Christianity: As Christianity expanded and spread throughout the world, the Church elected Cardinals outside of Rome. In continuing the tradition of the Roman clergy, Cardinals are bestowed honorary titles as titular heads (title holders) of Roman churches.  Essentially, present day Cardinals become honorary Roman clergy. In additional to their administrative duties, Cardinals also celebrate Mass in their respective titular churches.

Conclusion:

Title, titular, titulus

From this comes the words, title, titular, and titulus. The titular head is a person in an official position of leadership who possesses few actual powers. So today, newly elected Cardinals become titular heads of a Roman church.

‎[Greek] σῖτος (sitos), [Latin] frumentum: corn, grain, wheat; Act.27:38, Act.7:12, Mt.13:25,29

Grain used in sacrificial offerings in the temple

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means grain, provisions, aid, food, and allowance. Homer’s Odyssey 13.244 states “Therein grows corn beyond measure and the wine grapes as well.” Xenophon’s Hellenica 7.5.14 states “The Arcadians would be coming to Lacedaemon to bring aid.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 1.2.11 states “They consume but one day’s provisions.”

Greco-Roman Theatre: The parasite is one of the classical stock characters on the stage. This character is often seen exploiting the hospitality from others, showing praise and flattery toward others, and misleading for his own gain.

Pagan culture: The Parasiti was a holy order associated with the Temple priests. This order’s primary duty was to collect and take care of the sacred grain destined for Temple sacrifices. The Parasiti ensured that each resident duly performed their public offerings to the Temple. The grain was stored in the public storehouse (Parastium) for sacred purposes. This holy order of Parasiti, as public servants, were often supported by the community at meals. The term parasite essentially means beside the grain.

New Testament: At God’s judgment, He will separate the weeds form the wheat, burning the chaff.  The weeds and the wheat must not be separated. Unless a grain of  wheat falls to the ground and dies, it remains just a seed.  Jesus’ death will bring everlasting life to others.

Scripture:

“Unless a great of wheat falls to the ground and dies, it remains just a grain of wheat; but if it dies, it produces much fruit.” Jn.12:24

Jesus’ death will bring about everlasting life to many others.

“But when Jacob heard that there was grain in Egypt, he sent our ancestors there a first time.” Act. 7:12

Grain was important commodity for food and for sacrificial offerings.

“The kingdom of heaven may be likened to a man who sowed good seed in his field. While everyone was asleep, his enemy came and sowed weeds all through the wheat, and then went off.” Mt.13:24-25

The field is the world. The good seed represents the children of the kingdom.  The weed represents the children of the evil one.

Conclusion:

Parasite, parasitical, fruit

From this comes the terms parasite and parasitical. It is interesting to note that this term did not originally have such a negative sense as of today. For the most part, a parasite is seen as taking advantage of someone, while not returning anything back in kind.

‎[Greek] κατηγορία (katēgoria), [Latin] accusare, [Latin] accusatio: accusation, charge, criminal charge, classification; Jn.18:27, 1Tim.5:19, Tit.1:6, Lk.6:7

Socrates was accused of being an atheist

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term essentially means to make a formal charge or accusation against someone in the public assembly (agora). This accusation is made in a judicial manner before witnesses or at a public tribunal. An accusation is lodged against a person. Then this person can attempt to vindicate himself with a statement in defense (apology). Socrates was accused of being an atheist. He was charged with not accepting the gods of the state. He believed that an inner voice lead him to find the truth. Socrates makes an apology to defend his conduct. Socrates claims that he was given wisdom that he knows nothing. Socrates explains that it his duty to question the false wisdom of “wise” men. Xenophon’s Hellenica 2.1.31 states ” Many charges began to be urged against the Athenians.” Antiphon’s On the Choreutes states “Indeed they deserve to win neither gratitude nor credence with these charges of theirs.”

New Testament: This term means charge and accusation. The scribes and Pharisees saw Jesus healing a man with a withered hand in the synagogue. Furious of what they had seen, they sought an opportunity to accuse Jesus. Pilate asks the Jews about what is the charge against Jesus. As a result, Pilate tells the Jews to judge Jesus with their own laws. 1Tim. and Titus shows the importance of choosing presbyters with no accusations against them.

Scripture:

“So Pilate came out to them and said, ‘What charge do you bring against this man?’” Jn. 18:29

Pilate requires proof of these charges made by witnesses against Jesus. Pilate eventually found that Jesus was not guilty of these charges.

“The scribes and the Pharisees watched Him closely to see if He would cure on the Sabbath so that they might discover a reason to accuse Him.” Lk.6:7

The scribes and Pharisees wanted proof to see if Jesus would perform these works on the Sabbath, the day of rest. This evidence would be used to accuse Jesus of violating the Sabbath.

“Do not accept an accusation against a presbyter unless it is supported by two or three witnesses.” 1 Tim. 5:19

It was important to have witnesses to make a formal accusation. An unfounded accusation could greatly ruin the reputation of someone in a ministerial position.

The scribes and Pharisees accuse Jesus

Conclusion:

Category, categorical, accuse, accusation

From this comes the terms category and categorical.  Essentially, an accusation toward someone often gives that person a certain category as a criminal.  It is also interesting to note that a predicament is the state of being in a difficult or troubling situation.

‎[Greek] ἀποστρέφω (apostrephō), [Latin] mutare, [Latin] convertere, [Latin] tradere, [Latin] avertere:to turn away, to turn back, to put back, to avert, to return, to bring back, to pervert, to remove; Act. 3:26, Lk.23:14, Mt. 26:52, Rom. 11:26, 2 Tim. 4:4, Tit.1:14, Heb.12:25, Mt. 5:42

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to turn away, to drive back, to divert, to dissuade, to abandon, and to desert. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 5.5.36 states “And you will not turn away from me as you did a little while ago.” Homer’s Iliad 15.62 states “Then from that time forth shall I cause a driving back of the Trojans.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 850 states “We will endeavor to avert mischief of the disease.” Xenophon’s On the Calvary Commander 1.12 states ” You will put an end to their extravagance in buying expensive horses.”

Old Testament: This term is repeatedly used, focusing on the themes of restoration, turning back, returning, going home, and turning away.  These examples are found in everyday situations and in God’s relationship with His people.

New Testament: This term means to turn back, to put in, to return, to incite, to turn, turn away, to deviate, to repudiate, and to divert. One must not to our back those who are in need and kinfolk.  Jesus ask the servant to put his sword back in its sheath. In his betrayal, Judas returns the 30 pieces of silver to the Jewish authorities. Jesus was brought before Pilate being accused on inciting the Jews. Pilate later return Jesus to the Jews. God raised up His Servant to turn away from our godless and evil ways. One must present himself acceptable to God without deviation. There are also those who have repudiated the truth.

“Give to the one who asks of you, and do not turn your back on one who wants to borrow.” Mt.5:42

We are called to not to turn our back to those in need. We must show generosity.

“Then Judas, His betrayer, seeing that Jesus had been condemned, deeply regretted what he had done. He returned the thirty pieces of silver.” Mt.27:3

Judas regretted his actions in turning his back on Jesus.

“Pilate said, ‘You brought this man to me and accused Him of inciting the people to revolt. I have conducted my investigation in your presence and have not found this man guilty of the charges you have brought against Him.” Lk.23:14

Rhetorical device: An apostrophe is a rhetorical device where the speaker breaks away from addressing the audience in a play. The speaker speaks to an absent person or inanimate object. In Homer’s Odyssey, a narrator intrudes the story line to provide information or commentary.

Literal composition: This occurs when the poet interrupts his prose to address an absent person or when the poet inserts an “O”. Let’s not forget “Twinkle
twinkle ,little star.” The poet refers to the twinkling little star as an inanimate object.  Simon and Garfunkel refer to darkness as “my own friend” in their song “Sounds of Silence”. This device is also used to from a contraction of two words.

Conclusion:

Apostrophe, mutation, mutate, trade, tradition, covert, avert

It is interesting to note the command to care for those in need comes from Deut.15:7-8. From this comes the word apostrophe. I was surprised about the many uses of turning. I never thought I would talk about “Twinkle, twinkle, little star….” in this post.

‎[Greek] θησαυρίζω (thēsaurizō), [Latin] thesauros, [Latin] thesaurizare, [Latin] reponere: to store up, to lay up, to store up treasure, to keep in store, to amass, to gather up, to heap, to reserve; Mt.6:19-20, Lk.12:21,Jas.5:3,1Cor. 16:2, 2 Cor.12:14, 2 Pet. 3:7, Lk. 6:45, Rom.2:5

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to keep, to hoard, to lay up, to treasure, to store, and to hoard. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 8.2.24 states ” He had observed that most people lay up for themselves what will serve to supply the wants of the people.” Herodotus’ The Histories 2.121 states “The memorial of his name left by him was the western court of the temple of Hephaestus.” Plato’s Phaedrus 276d states “The gardens of letters will treasure up reminders for himself when he comes to forgetfulness of old age.” Isocrates’ Antidosis 15.229 states “When have those traducers ever seen reserving and treasuring up their depravity for future use.”

Old Testament: The Hebrews valued the importance of using one’s resources and possessions for good works. Using alms for good deeds was a way to store good treasures for oneself against the day of adversity (Tobit 4:8-10). So, it is not surprising that Jesus and Paul also held these same values.  These acts of love were described as a laying up of heavenly treasures in heaven. The laying up of earthly goods was seem as worldly, egoistic, and selfish. This was a contradiction against God.

New Testament: This term means to store up, to set aside, and to reserve. We are called to store up heavenly treasures which last longer. These heavenly treasures are rich in what matters to God.  Paul states that one must money (collections) in service to others. Parents ought to save for their parents. Since life on earth passing, earthly goods and possessions will decay and corrode. Our sinfulness, stubbornness, and hardness will store up wrath when we face our judgment.

Scripture:

“Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and decay destroys, and thieves break in and steal. But store up treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor decay destroy, nor thieves break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there will your heart be.” Mt.6:19-21

Earthly treasures do not last. Heavenly treasures last longer. Heavenly treasure are acts of love, which come from the heart.

“Thus will it be for the one who stores up treasure for himself is not rich in what matters to God.” Lk. 12:21

Heavenly treasures are more valuable in God’s “eyes”.

“On the first day of the week each of you should set aside and save whatever one can afford.” 1Cor. 16:21

This was for the collection for the church at Jerusalem.

“By your stubborn and impenitent heart, you are storing up wrath for yourself for the day of wrath and revelation of the just judgment of God.” Rom.2:5

Our selfish acts can store up wrath of judgment upon ourselves before God.

Conclusion:

Thesaurus, reposition

From this comes the word thesaurus, a treasure trove of synonyms and sometimes antonyms.  The Greek word thesauros means treasure. It is also interesting to note that storing up heavenly treasures was a Jewish value, even before Jesus introduced this concept to His disciples.

‎[Greek] γυμνός (gymnos), [Latin] nudus: naked, poorly clothed, bare, without clothing; Mt.25:44, Mk.14:52, 1Cor.15:37,Jas.2:15, 2 Cor. 5:3, Heb.4:13, Jn.21:7, Rev. 17:16

The gymnasium in Pompeii

Background Information:

Greek culture: The gymnasium in ancient Greece functioned as a training ground or facility for competitors in public games. Physical training and the maintenance of health and strength were the chief parts of children’s education. It was also a place for socializing and intellectual pursuits. Athletes competed nude, a practice which was said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the male body.  The Greek verb gymnazo means to train naked. The Greek adjective gymnastikos means skilled in bodily exercise. The word gymnast was first used in 1594.

Scripture:

“Then they will answer and say, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or ill in prison, and not minister to your needs?’” Mt.25:44

In this context naked means wearing shoddy clothing or wearing only undergarments. It was a scandal to be completely naked.

“No creature is concealed from Him, but everything is naked and exposed to the eyes of Him to whom we must render an account.” Heb. 4:13

Naked means easily known. Nothing is hidden from God.

“If indeed, when we have taken it off, we shall not be found naked.” 2 Cor. 5:3

To be naked means to be without our resurrection body.

Conclusion:

Gym, gymnasium, gymnastic, gymnosperm, nude.

A gymnosperm is a plant which produces naked seeds. Even today the gymnasium is a place for athletic and social events. Still to this day, many people would have never known that this term means naked. And that is the naked truth.

‎[Greek] συμποσία (symposia), [Latin] contubernium: common meal, banquet, drinking party; Mk. 6:39

Background Information:

Greek/Roman culture: The Greek symposium was a Hellenistic social institution. It was a forum for men of respected families to debate, plot, boast, or simply to revel with others. These gatherings were held to celebrate young men into aristocratic society and victories in athletic and poetic contests. Participants, facing each other toward the inside of the room, would recline in pillowed couches against the three walls of the room. Servants would enter in the middle to serve the participants. Herodotus’ The Histories 2.78 states “This he says to each of the company saying, ‘While you drink and enjoy. This is the custom of the symposia.'” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 8.8.10 states “They drink so much that, instead of carrying anything in, they are themselves carried out.”

Last Supper: The Hebrews would also adopt the Greco-Roman style banquet room.  The banqueters gathered around a U shaped table and recline on couches on the outside of this table. Jesus, in His position as Host, occupied the second seat on the left. Judas was the “honored guest”, was seated to the left of Jesus.  John, as the “best man” was seated to the right of Jesus. John was reclining at Jesus’ side.  Peter, directly facing John, was seated at the end of the right table.  Peter had to motion to John to lean back and ask Jesus a question. Peter was considered the most honored guest. Interestingly, some scholars state that Peter occupied the servant seat.

New Testament: This term means small groups. Jesus gave orders for the people down in groups on the green grass. Jesus multiplied the loaves and fish to feed the 5000 people.

Scripture:

“So He gave orders to have them sit down in groups on the grass.” Mk. 6:39

During the feeding of the five thousand, Jesus instructed the people to sit in small eating groups.

Conclusion:

Symposium, tavern

From this comes the word symposium. Many times today employees from a corporation or company come together to have a conference or discussion of a subject.  A dinner or meal often is involved. And some drinking is usually involved.

‎[Greek] συκοφαντέω (sykophanteō), [Latin] caluminiari: to make false charges, to accuse fraudulently, to exhort; Lk. 3:14, Lk.19:8

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to denounce, to accuse, to bring false charges against, to cheat, to inform, to blackmail, and to quibble. Aristophanes’ Birds states “I won’t belie my breeding, from generation to generation, we have lived by informing.” Aristophanes’ Archanians 828 states “What! I may not denounce our enemies?” Plato’s Republic 341b states ” Now bring on against this your cavails and your shyster’s tricks if you are able.”

Roman culture: The Greek sykon means fig. A sycophant originally meant “fig revealer.” Figs were so important that the Greeks banned their export to other nations. This term may have derived from the laws forbidding the exportation of figs. A sycophant may have been a person who informs the authorities about those who engage in such forbidden fig trading practices or who engage in stealing a landowner’s figs. A sycophant may have also made false accusations against other fig traders. Sycophants were also seen as overly litigious officials who make false accusations and trumped up charges.  These persons, engaging in frivolous lawsuits, had developed the reputation as a swindler, nuisance and parasite. Several Greek and Roman plays portrayed sycophants as sleazy lawyers.

Old Testament: This term means to press upon, to oppress, to defraud, to violate, and to cheat. You shall not steal. You shall not commit robbery (Lev.19:11). At the sound of those who taunt and revile at the sight of the enemy and avenger (Psa.44:17). You shall not exploit your neighbor (Lev.19:13). He let no one oppress them; for their sake he rebuked kings (1Chr.16:21). I have fulfilled your righteous judgment; do not abandon me to my oppressors (Psa.119:121).

Scripture:

“Soldiers also asked Him, ‘And what is it that we should do?’ He told them, ‘Do not practice extortion, do not falsely accuse anyone and be satisfied with your wages.’” Lk.3:14

Soldiers also had a poor reputation for being corrupt.

“Zacchaeus stood there and said to the Lord, ‘Behold, half of my possessions, Lord, I shall give to the poor, and I have extorted anything from anyone I shall repay it four times over.’”Lk.19:8

It is also interesting to note that Zacchaeus climbed up a sycamore tree. Zacchaeus held the traditional reputation as a sycophant.

Conclusion:

Sycophant, sycamore, calumny

From this comes the words sycophant and sycamore.  For the most part, sycophant is mostly known as a flatterer, “yes-man”, toady, “suck-up”, “boot-licker”.  We now see numerous examples of sycophants in the media and political organizations.

‎[Greek] σεισμός (seismos), [Latin] motus: earthquake, storm, tempest, commotion, shaking, disaster; Mt.8:24,Mt. 24:7,Mt.27:54, Mk.13:8, Lk.21:11, Act. 16:26,36

Moses and the Hebrews at Mt. Sinai

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means shaking, shock, earthquake, agitation, and commotion. Euripides’ Heracles 862 states “Neither ocean with its fiercely groaning waves, nor the earthquake, nor the thunderbolt with blasts of energy shall be like the headlong rush.” Herodotus’ The Histories 4.28 states “If there is an earthquake summer or winter, it is considered a portent in Scythia.” Euripides’ Prometheus Bound 1166 states “By itself or did an earthquake turn it?”

Old Testament: The earth is personified. It shakes because of events which disturb its order. There are vivid descriptions of earthquakes in the Old Testament. There is a prevalence of seismic activity in Palestine. The more common examples are theophanies and manifestations of God. The shaking of heaven and earth is a constant theme. When God appears at Sinai, there is a storm which produces an earthquake, fire and winds. In the New Testament, these theophanies (earthquakes and storms) begins the process of ushering in a new Messianic age.

New Testament: This term means violent storm and earthquake. A violent storm came upon the sea and shook the boat. Jesus was still asleep. Earthquakes will occur from place to place on the coming of the Lord. The soldiers keeping watch over Jesus greatly feared the earthquake. After the earthquake an angel descended from heaven and rolled back the stone. An earthquake shook the foundation of the jail. All the doors flew open.

Scripture:

“Nation will rise against nation and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes from place to place and there will be famines. These are the beginning of the end times.” Mk. 13:8

Jesus foreshadows of the calamities that will come at the end times.

“Suddenly a violent storm came upon the sea, so that the boat was being swamped by the waves, but He was asleep.” Mt. 8:24

Jesus shows that he can control the storm. The storm references the earthquake, commonly used in apocalyptic literature for the shaking of the old world when God brings in His kingdom.

“And behold, there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, approached, rolled back the stone.” Mt.28:2

This earthquake represents that the new age has broken in with death and resurrection of Jesus.

The disciples in a violent storm

Conclusion:

Seismic, seismology, motion

From this comes the words seismic and seismology. It is interesting to note that the storm on the water becomes a metaphor for shaking of the world and preceding the coming of the Son of Man.

‎‎[Greek] διαβάλλω (diaballō), [Latin] diffamari:to bring charges against, to accuse, to defame, to malign, to separate; Lk.16:1

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to throw, to discredit, to attack, to accuse, to misrepresent, and to set against. Antiphon’s First Tetralogy states “I only ask that my misfortune, which is being used to discredit me, may turn to good fortune.” Herodotus’ The Histories 5.96 states “Sigeum left not stone unturned maligning the Athenians to the Artaphrenes.” Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.20 states “The peace conceded to him at the time was due to the causes I have named and not, as Aeschines maliciously insists, to me.”

Old Testament: This is a verbal assault. Satan has become the most noteworthy biblical character who slanders and accuses. Satan’s primary task is to separate God from man.  However, there are also human deceivers and false witnesses in scripture.

New Testament: This terms means to accuse. The Jewish people highly value the important relationship between master and servant/steward. It was accepted that servants would act on their master’s behalf. This becomes a significant situation when this bond of trust is broken. The dishonesty of the steward consisted in the squandering of his master’s property.

Etymology: This term means to throw (-ballo) accross (dia-).

Scripture:

“A rich man had a steward who was reported to him for squandering his property.” Lk.16:1

The steward was correctly accused of squandering the rich man’s property.

Conclusion:

Diabolic, defame

Form this comes words diabolic and Diabolos, a name given to the Devil. Satan is known as the Accuser and Adversary, who separates God from man. It is seems that accusers and witnesses are many times in close proximity to the accused.  The accusers appeared before the woman caught in adultery.  Jesus shamed these accusers, forcing them to leave.

‎[Greek] παρθένος (parthenos),[Latin] virgo: virgin, a chaste person, an unmarried person, one who has had no sexual relations; Mt.1:23, Lk. 1:27, Act.21:9, 1Cor.7:25, 2Cor.11:2, Mt.1:16, Rev.114:4

The Parthenon

Background Information:

Greek culture: The Parthenon was a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. This temple’s main function was to shelter the stature Athena
Parthenos (Athena the Virgin). Young virgins (representing youth and innocence) held great power in religious services.

Old Testament: The 3^rd century B.C Jewish writers translated the Hebrew word alba into the Greek parthenos in the Septuagint. St. Jerome, who learned from the Hebrew writers, translated the Greek term parthenos into the Latin virgo.

New Testament: The gospel writers make references to an unusual birth of a virgin. Scriptural references to Sarah and Elizabeth set the stage for a miraculous birth of a child with Mary.  In addition to Mary, the term virgin is illustrated in other ways.

Scripture:

“Behold, the virgin shall be with child and bear a son, and they shall name Him Immanuel.” Mt.1:23

The scripture passage makes reference to Isa.7:14. Matthew was speaking to a Jewish audience. It interesting to note that Matthew uses the Greek parthenos, rather than the Hebrew alba, meaning young girl. This gives credence to the extraordinary birth of Jesus.

“He had four virgin daughter gifted with prophecy.” Act.21:9

This mostly likely infers that these daughters are still very young.

“For I am jealous of you with the jealousy of God, since I betrothed you to one husband to present you as a chaste virgin to Christ.” 2 Cor.11:2

Paul makes allusions to covenantal relationship between Christ and His Church.  Jesus is the Bridegroom. The Church is the bride.  This illustrates the nuptial relationship between God and His Church.

Conclusion:

Virgin, parthogenesis

Parthogenesis is the study of the development of an unfertilized organism among lower plants and some invertebrate animals.

‎[Greek] διακονέω (diakoneō), [Latin] ministrare, [Latin] adminstrare, [French] servir: be an attendant, wait at table, to serve, respond to the needs of the people, to distribute, to minister, to provide for; Mt. 20:28, Mt.25:44-45, 1Tim.3:10, Act.6:2, Rom.16:1

The Ordination of Stephen to the Diaconate by St. Peter (in the Vatican Museum)

Background Information:

Secular Greek society: For the most part, the idea of serving others was seen as not being very dignified. Ruling and being served were more preferable. It was proper only for a woman to be serving. This was not considered a proper role for a man. However, there was only one role of serving that was suitable for a man. Serving the state or country (being a statesman) attained a certain amount of prestige.

Judaism: Judaism showed a much deeper understanding of the meaning of service. This shows in the relationship of a servant to his master. This is supremely true in the relationship of man to God. Although Judaism greatly valued the commandment of loving thy neighbor, many times these precepts were obscured and rejected. A sharp distinction concerning righteous and unrighteous hindered and prevented the command to serve other less fortunate persons.

‎Jesus’ influence on Judaism: The Pharisees were more concerned about the righteousness of those in need. The Pharisees were placing pre-conditions before considering helping someone. In response to this, Jesus talked about the parable of the Good Samaritan. Jesus hoped to instill the need to show unconditional love and service to others. Jesus claims that this is how one becomes a true disciple in serving others.

New Testament: The idea of serving was first used in the original sense of waiting at the table. It was seen as an honor for the servants to serve their master in the house. Jesus reverses this human relationship dynamic. Jesus presents Himself a servant. This culminates in Jesus’ washing the feet of His disciples. Jesus introduces the notion of being a humble servant.

Scripture:

“The Son of Man did not come to be served but to serve and to give His life as a ransom for many.” Mt. 20:28

Jesus turns the tables on what it means to serve others. It is more important to serve rather than being served.

“Then they will answer and say, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or ill or in prison, and not minister to your needs?’ He will answer them, ‘Amen, I say to you, what you did not do for one of these least ones, you did not do for me.’” Mt. 25:44-45

This recalls Jesus’ important message to help the needy and less fortunate.

“If there is nothing against them, let them serve as deacons.” 1Tim. 3:10

The office of deacon was created in response to care for the needs of the growing Church.

“Phoebe our sister who is also a minister of the church at Cenchreae.” Rom. 16:1

Cenchreae was a village in the region of Corinth.  In a patriarchal society, Phoebe may have not have attained a formal title of deacon.  However, she could have served the community in a role similar to a deacon.

Deacon Lawrence: He was ordained as a deacon by Pope Sixtus II (257-258 AD).  Deacon Lawrence was entrusted with the distributions of alms to those in need.  Under the persecution of Valerian, Pope Sixtus II and most of his deacons were beheaded. Lawrence was given three days to hand over the church treasure to the secular authorities.  Instead, Lawrence distributed it to the poor.  Lawrence was later martyred.  So, in a sense, the true treasure of the church was handed over to the church to be martyred.  This fresco is also found in the Vatican Museum.

Conclusion:

Deacon, diaconate, administer, minister, ministry

From this comes the word deacon and deaconate. Since then, the deacon’s role has expanded into pastoral, spiritual, financial, and administrative functions of a parish.  It is also interesting to note when Jesus states “Amen, amen, I say to you…”  These words give an indication that Jesus will say something very profound and important. Even to this day, many people still attain public office to seek prestige.

‎[Greek] σεληνιάζομαι (selēniazomai), [Latin] lunaticus: to be “moon struck”, be epileptic; Mt.4:24,Mt.17:15

Background Information:

New Testament: Jesus was proclaiming the gospel of the kingdom and curing every disease and illness among the people. A man brought is epileptic son to Jesus, hoping that Jesus will show pity for him. The man’s son was called a lunatic. Jesus healed his son.

Scripture:

“His fame spread to all of Syria, and they brought to Him all who were sick with various diseases and racked with pain, those who were possessed, lunatics, and paralytics, and He cured them.” Mt.4:24

The writer of this gospel already knew the difference between demonic possession and epilepsy.  However, those epileptics were called “lunatics”.

Epilepsy: This medical condition was thought to be caused or influenced by the phases of the moon. The person was thought to be “moon struck.”

Mythology: The Roman moon goddess was Luna. The Greek moon goddess was called Selene. Both Luna and Selene are commonly depicted with a crescent moon.

Conclusion:

Lunatic, lunacy

As crazy at it seems, many thought that epilepsy was caused by the moon. So a lunatic was someone who had epilepsy. Now, the term lunatic has a more negative sense.

‎[Greek] μαθητεύω (mathēteuō), [Latin] doctus, [Latin] discipilus, [Latin] docere: to become a pupil/disciple, to make a disciple, to teach someone, to follow instructions of another, be a committed student/apprentice ; Mt. 27:57, Act.14:21, Mt.28:19, Mt.13:52

Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher, is instructing his listeners (akousmathikoi) and learners (mathematikoi)

Background Information:

Secular culture:  In Ancient Greece the position of disciple took on different aspects. One example is becoming an apprentice in a trade school.  Another example is becoming a pupil in a school of philosophy. The other type of disciple role involved a deeper master and disciple/adherent relationships involving Socrates. It was important that the rites and practices be kept secret. There the master/disciple relationship had to be built on trust. Only a select few were privy to the secrets of these religions.

New Testament: Jesus intended to develop a strong relationship with His disciples. More than a religious teacher, Jesus established friendships with His disciples.  In addition, Jesus had to make efforts to spend time teaching His followers through parables. The Christian scribe, like the Jewish scribes, should be knowledgeable in the old (teachings of Jesus) and the old (law and the prophets). Joseph of Arimathea was also a disciple of Jesus. Jesus had given the His disciples a universal mission to preach the Gospel to all nations (Gentiles and Jews).

Scripture:

“Then every scribe who has been instructed in the kingdom of heaven is like the head of a household who brings from his storeroom both the new and the old.” Mt. 13:52

These already were already aware of Jesus’ new teaching. These scribes learned their trade through apprenticeship.

“There was a rich man from Arimathea named Joseph, who was himself a disciple of Jesus.” Mt. 27:57

This disciple becomes a true adherent to Jesus teachings.  This kind of disciple will spread the Jesus’ message, despite fears of harm, persecution, or death.

“Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.” Mt. 28:19

This disciple willingly goes out and spread Jesus’ message.  This disciple goes out to share His message and teach others of Jesus’s message.

Conclusion:

Math, doctrine, disciple

From this comes the word math. This all adds up in that the disciple becomes a pupil and learner. It is also interesting to note that this only applies when the disciple is an older person.  In the modern culture, the professor/student relationship can take on a different dynamic.  The professor’s relationships with this graduate student/teaching assistant involves a deeper relationship.  On the other hand, the lecturer’s relationship with the matriculating students is only temporary.

‎

Greek] ἀρχιερεύς (archiereus), [Latin] pontifex maximus: a high priest, a chief priest, a leader, a ruler; Mt.26:3, Act. 4:1, Heb.10:11, Heb. 7:24-26, Mk.11:18

Background Information:

Roman Empire: The emperor was called the pontifex maximus (chief ruler). The emperor was head of the collegium pontificum. This group consisted of high ranking priests of the state religion. The Latin pontifex means bridge builder. The position of bridge builder was in important position in Rome with the Tiber River.  The role of pons (bridge) was given to the emperor. The emperor was seen as the link between gods and men. Pontifex maximus literally means highest bridge maker.

Old Testament: A chief priest is a mediator for his people. He is the leader of the priest class. The high priest, once a year on the Day of Atonement, enters the Holy of Holies. The priest must offer for his own sins and sins of his people.

New Testament: Christ assumes the role as the perfect High Priest. Christ offers Himself as a perfect a sacrifice and mediator. The chief priests’ status is diminished in comparison to Christ.  The chief priests often oppose Jesus.

Scripture:

“The chief priests and scribes came to hear of it and were seeking a way to put Him to death, yet they feared Him because the crowd was astonished at His teaching.” Mk. 11:18

The chief priests become opponents to Jesus.

“He has a priesthood that does not pass away. Therefore, He is always able to save those who approach God through Him, since He lives forever to make intercession for them.  It was fitting that we should have such high priest.” Heb.7:24-26

Jesus is the High Priest who makes the perfect sacrifice and intercession for all.

Christianity: The word pontifex later becomes a term for Christian bishops, including the Bishop of Rome. Tertullian, in heresy rebuking Pope Calixtus I (217-222 AD), ironically bestowed upon him the title of Pontifex Maximus. In the 15th century, the Renaissance stirred up new interest in ancient Rome. This became an unofficial regular title of honor for the Pope.

Conclusion:

Pontiff, hierarchy

From this comes the words pontiff and hierarchy. It interesting to note that the emperor, chief priest, and pope have similar roles, leading an organization of priests of some form.  The pontiff or pope, as successor to Peter, continues to serve as bridge between God and the Church.

[Greek] μυστήριον (mystērion), [Latin] sacramentum: mystery, secret, work, something hiddenMk.4:11,Rom.11:25, Rom.16:25,1Cor. 2:11, 1Cor.4:1,1Cor.13:2,1Cor.14:2,1Cor.15:51, Eph.1:9, Eph.6:19, Col. 1:26, Col. 2:2, 2Thess.2:7, 1Tim.2:7,1Tim.3:9, Rev.17:5

Roman soldiers making an oath

Background Information:

Old Testament: It is only interesting to note that a covenant is much more than a contract. A covenant, involving the exchange of persons and loyalties, carries both blessings and curses. The Hebrew sheba means to swear an oath. The modern day number seven comes from the Hebrew sheba. Essentially, to swear an oath means to “seven oneself” to someone else. The number seven means a number of perfection. It is no surprise that there will later be seven sacraments in the Church.

Roman empire:  The sacramentum militaie  (military sacrament) was use with new recruits to the army. These soldiers swore an oath of allegiance, receiving a mark (such as a tattoo or a brand) and a new name.  A sacramentum was also carried legal connotations associated with funds laid out as surety in a legal case with a sworn oath.

Mystery religions: These religions kept their teachings, rites and practices secret only to their followers. The Greek word mysterion was identified with these mystery religions. However, the Christian idea of mystery becomes more so as of something secret being revealed.

New Testament: This term means mystery or secret. Mystery is made in reference to the kingdom of heaven, God, Jesus, revelation, marriage relationship between Christ and the Church, lawlessness (led by Satan), and the gospels.

Scripture:

“He answered them, ‘The mystery of kingdom of God has been granted to you. But to those outside everything comes in parables’” Mk. 4:11

Jesus presents the kingdom of God in parables to His disciples. Yet the disciples still have difficulties understanding. To others, these parables are understood, but the truth remains hidden. Then to others, these mysteries are partially revealed because of their faith.

“When I came to you, brothers, proclaiming the mystery of God, I did not come with sublimity of words or of wisdom.” 1Cor.2:1

Paul’s mission is to bring God’s plan of salvation to others.

“The mystery hidden from ages and from generations past. But now it has been manifested to His holy ones.” Col. 1:26

Paul preaches God’s word to carry out the divine plan (mystery) to make Christ known to the Gentiles.

The Christians make an oath

Christianity:  The Roman Empire and Latin language were absorbing the Greek culture.  The traditional sense of mysterion did not adequately describe this process of revelation of God’s mystery.  As a way to differ itself from the mystery religions, the Latin sacrament was used to describe access to this mystery.  St. Augustine described a sacrament as an outward and visible sign on an inward and invisible grace.  Like the military sacramentum, a sacramentum was seen a sign of initiation into the Christian community through baptism and the eucharist. St. Augustine (354-430 AD) stated, ‘The New Testament is concealed in the Old Testament, and the Old Testament is revealed in the New Testament.’  This begins the trajectory of the Greek mysterion from being mysterious to something revealed.

Conclusion:

Sacrament

The sense of the Greek word mysterion changes from something hidden to something revealed.  From this we get the word sacrament which provides a more tangible description of this mysterious grace from God. The mystery of God is revealed through the New Covenant through Jesus and the sacraments.  It is also interesting to note that there is a direct relationship with covenants and sacraments with oaths.  The sacraments become an initiation into the Church.

‎[Greek] ἱστορέω (historeō), [Latin] videre, [French] voir, [German] sehen: to investigate, become acquainted with, to inquire about, to visit for information, to find history, to interview, to ask a question; Gal.1:18, Act. 17:23

St. Peter and St. Paul: painting by Jusepe de Ribera (1616) St. Paul confers with St. Peter.

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to inquire, to examine, to question, to have information of, and to to seek an oracle. Sophocles’ Trachinae 415 states “And who are you to question me like that.” Euripides Orestes 380 states “Menelaus, I am Orestes, whom you are asking about.” Sophocles’ Electra 1101 states “I have been searching for the home of Aegisthus.” Herodotus’ The Histories 2.113 states “When I inquired of the priest, they told me that this was the story of Helen.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 1156 states “Did you give this man the child about whom he asks?” Euripides’ Helen 1371 states “Proteus’ daughter has told her brother nothing when questioned as to my husband’s coming.” This term first appears in history in ancient Greece.  Travelers would come great distances to visit the young priestess at the Oracle of Delphi.  Visitors would ask the priestess important questions of life. In her drug-induced trance, the priestess would utter counsel, prophecy, insight, and precognition of the future.

New Testament: Paul’s apostleship come from God. In his apostleship, Paul traveled through various regions. After time Paul eventually resided in Jerusalem. Paul went up to Jerusalem to confer with Cephas (Peter) and remained with him for fifteen days. Paul sought to learn more and inquire about these Christians.

Scripture:

“Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to confer with Cephas and remained with him for fifteen days.” Gal 1:18

Paul gets acquainted with Peter.  Paul visits Peter in order to get information from him.  Paul spends time with Peter in order to learn about the story of these new Christians.

Conclusion:

History, historical, video, see, voyer

And that is the history of this word.

‎[Greek] βάρβαρος (barbaros): foreigner, barbarian, rude and harsh, ignorant, uncouth, uncivilized, who does not speak Greek, who does not speak Latin; Rom.1:14, 1Cor.14:11, Act.28:2, Col. 3:11

 The Greeks fighting barbarians

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means barbarous, foreign, brutal, rude, and non-Greek. Xenophon’s Anabasis 5.4.34 states “They were set down by the Greeks who served through the expedition as the most uncivilized people whose country they traversed.” Aeschylus’ Persians 255 states “And yet, Persians, I must relate the entirety of the calamity–the whole barbarian host is lost.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 1051 states “Well, if her language is not strange and foreign, I must speak within her comprehension and move her to reply.” This term originally did not have a negative sense. This term simply meant someone who did not speak the Greek language. When the Roman Empire conquered Greece, barbarians were considered those not influenced by the Greco-Roman culture. The Jews also considered the Zealots as barbarians.

Old Testament: This term means brutish, stupid, unintelligent, alien, non-Jewish, and stammering. When Israel came forth from Egypt, the house of Jacob from an alien people (Psa.114:1). I was stupid and could not understand, I was like a brute beast in your presence (Psa.73:22). Whoever loves discipline loves knowledge, but whoever hates reproof is stupid (Pro.12:1). I am more brute than human being, without even human intelligence (Pro.30:2).

New Testament: This term means native, non-Greek, foreigner, and barbarian. After Paul’s shipwreck, the natives show Paul great hospitality by lighting a fire and welcoming him. The natives thought that Paul was destined to a murderer’s fate by being bitten by a snake. Paul is under obligation to preach the Gospel to Greeks and non-Greeks alike. Paul considered himself as a foreigner to one who speaks a different language. Christ accepts all people, even barbarians.

Scripture:

“The natives (of Malta) showed us extraordinary hospitality.” Act. 28:2

Upon his shipwreck on the island of Malta, Paul recounts the natives welcoming him. Malta resides near the tip of southern Italy. These ‘barbarians’ showed Paul hospitality.

“But if I do not know the meaning of a language, I shall be a foreigner to one who speaks it, and the one who speaks it a foreigner to me.” 1 Cor. 14:11

The foreigner is considered as someone not participating Greco-Roman culture or civilization.

“Here there is not Greek and Jew, circumcision and uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, slave, free; but Christ is all and in all.” Col. 3:11

Paul states that all distinctions are null and void in Christ. Regardless of the culture or civilization, each ethnic group seems to be able to point to another group being more uncivilized. The Scythians were viewed a barbaric people north of the Black Sea.

Conclusion:

Barbarian, barbaric

Greek becomes the standard international language in the Mediterranean world. From this term comes the words barbarian and barbaric. Today, the word barbarian continues to be defined as uncivilized, crude, or brutal person in current times. In other word, everyone pretty much knows what a barbarian is.

The Roman Empire fighting barbarians

‎[Greek] οἰκουμένη (oikoumenē), [Latin] orbe: world, inhabited earth, all over the world; Lk.4:5, Rom. 10:18, Act.11:28, Act.17:6, Act. 24:5, Lk.2:1, Lk. 21:26, Act. 17:31, Rev.3:10, Rev. 12:9

Oikoumene: The Greek World

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means inhabited region, Greek world, barbarian lands, the whole world, and Roman world. Demosthenes’ On the Halonnesus 7.35 states “He will not restore your possessions, for he claims them as his own, and his rewards will not be delivered in this part of the world, for fear his motive should be misrepresented to the Greeks; some other country, it seems, new quarter will assigned for the bestowal of your rewards.” Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.48 states “Since then the whole world has become crowded with men exiled, punished in every conceivable way.”

New Testament: This term means the world. The gospel of the kingdom will be preached throughout the world as a witness to all nations. A decree was made to enroll the whole world. The devil took up Jesus to see all the kingdoms of the world in a single instant. People will be fearful of the signs coming upon the world. The Jews saw the Paul and others creating dissension among the Jews throughout the world.  The Father appointed a man who will judge the world with justice. The pagan idol-makers were fearful that Artemis’ influence will be diminished throughout the world. Prophecy also states that the Messiah will enter into the world.

Scripture:

“For it was not to angels that He subjected the world to come, of which we are speaking.” Heb. 2:5

This metaphorically refers to the world that will come. This is the world that man will have dominion over.

“The devil took Him up and showed Him all the kingdoms of the world in a single instant.” Lk. 4:5

The kingdoms of the world are the area which are inhabited by man.  This is contrasted to the heavens  above.

“In those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that the whole world should be enrolled.” Lk. 2:1

This whole world refers to the Roman Empire.

Etymology: The Greek noun oikos means home. The Greek verb meno- means to remain.

Conclusion:

Ecumenical, ecumenism, orbit

From this terms comes the words ecumenical and ecumenism. These refers to the idea of promoting unity among Christians and Christianity.

Oikoumene: The Roman Empire

‎[Greek] σκάνδαλον (skandalon), [Latin] offensio, [Latin] scandalus:a trap, a scandal, a snare, an obstacle, an obstacle to faith, something that arouses anger or rejection, cause for stumbling, stumbling block; Rom. 11:9, Mt. 13:41, 1Cor. 1:23, Gal. 5:11

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means trap stick and movable stick (to catch animals). Smart young lawyers set verbal traps to convict Athenian war veterans. As a result, these war veterans have to use their own savings to pay their fine. Aristophanes’ Acharians 687 states “We others, now old men and heavy with years, are ill-used, harassed with law suits, delivered over to the scorn of stripling orators. Our minds and bodies are ravaged with age. The accuser overwhelms us with his ready rhetoric. He drags us before the judge. Old Tithonus says, ‘This fine robs me of the last trifle that was to have bought my coffin.”

Old Testament: This term means cause of ruin, what causes one to sin, stumbling block, obstacle, trap, and hindrance. You sit and speak against your brother, slandering your mother’s son (Psa.50:20). Lovers of your law have much peace, for them there is no stumbling block. See, I will place before these people obstacles to trip them up (Jer.6:21). For if you serve their gods, this will become a snare for you (Exo.23:33). I recognized that wickedness is foolishness and folly is madness (Ecc.7:25). Let an impious man not rule, nor those who ensnare their people (Job 34:30).

New Testament: This term means obstacle, stumbling block (stone), hindrance, and opponent. Those who cause sin and evil doers will be collected out of the kingdom. Peter becomes a human obstacle to Jesus’ divinely appointed path. It is inevitable that those (who cause sin) will occur. Old Testament prophecy foretells stumbling stones and hindrances for accepting Jesus. Paul warns about self-seeking teachers in Rome. Christ becomes a stumbling block to the Jews and foolishness to the Gentiles. The Cross also becomes a stumbling block to many.

Scripture:

“The Son of Man will send His angels, and they will collect out of His kingdom all who cause others to sin and all evildoers.” Mt. 13:41

The Church is the place where Jesus’ kingdom is found on earth.  The Church becomes an obstacle to those who do evil.  The actions of evildoers become an obstacle or stumbling block, which leads to sin.

“And David says, ‘Let their table become a snare and a trap, a stumbling block and a retribution for them’” Rom 11:9

Paul finds the scandal for the Jews predicted in Psalm 69:22.

“But we proclaim Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and foolishness to Gentiles.” 1 Cor. 1:23

The idea of Christ crucified became an obstacle to the Jews and some Gentiles. The Jews expected a victorious strong King as the Messiah. Instead the idea of crucified Christ as the Messiah became a stumbling for Jews to accept.  Some Gentiles considered it be absurd to believe and worship a dead man. They saw this as the ‘folly of the Cross’.

Conclusion:

Scandal, scandalous, offence, offend

From this term comes the words scandal and scandalous. So it not surprising that being caught, being trapped, and being offensive (engaged in bad behavior), being tripped, and being offended is all tied together. This “stumbling block” can happen equally to ordinary persons, public officials, and celebrities.

‎[Greek] ἐπισκοπή (episkopē), [Latin] vistatio, [Latin] episcopatum: an overseeing, a visitation, a looking upon, office of an overseer   This is related to episkopos (bishop); Lk. 19:44, 1 Pet.2:12, 1 Tim.3:1, Act.1:20

Background Information:

Old Testament: This term means visit, a looking, glance, care, prophetic intervention, investigation, examination, punishment, and office. This visitation may lead to condemnation and punishment or pardon and remission. This term can take on the sense of office, position, and authority.

Sir.16:18: “Look, the heavens, the abyss, and the earth tremble at His visitation.”

Wis.14:11: “Therefore upon even the idols of the nations shall a judgment come, since they became abominable among God’s works.”

Isa.22:19,22: “I will thrust you from your office and pull  you down from your station. I will place the key of the House of David on his shoulder.”

Psa.109:8: “May his days be few; may another take his office.”

New Testament: This term means visitation and office.

Scripture:

Lk.19:44: “They will smash you to the ground and your children within you, and they will not leave one stone upon another within you because you did not recognize the time of your visitation.” (Jerusalem experiences lament and destruction in failing to accept Jesus who mediates peace. Jerusalem will not find peace but will be the victim of devastation. Jesus, lamenting for Jerusalem, may also be alluding to the Jerusalem revolt in 70. A.D.).

Acts 1:20: “May another take his office.” (This scripture passages prophecies the need to replace Judas’s position as apostle.  This will require the Apostles help of the Holy Spirit to find a suitable replacement.)

1Tim.3:1: “This saying is trustworthy: whoever aspires to the office of bishop desires a noble task.” (This is an office uniquely found in the New Testament, requiring noble human qualities and characteristics. This bishop must be experienced. This bishop must not become conceited [puffed up ] with pride and vanity and thus incur punishment.)

1Pet.2:12: “Maintain good conduct among the Gentiles, so that if they speak of you as evildoers, they may observe your good works and glorify God on the day of visitation.” (Pagans, often out of ignorance or malice, have spoken evil about Christians. It is important that one uphold Christian principles in front of these opponents. This will enable them to think more favorably of you and your faith in God.)

Pope Francis reveals a plan to diminish papal authority in creating a synodal papacy:

1. This would crate a global ecumenical church without doctrine and discipline. The hierarchical structure of the Church must be undermined and overturned.
2. This would intend to abolish the papacy. This position will have no real authority over Protestant and Orthodox believers.
3. The synodal Church will no longer be subject authority to a figurehead leader.
4. There will be selected referencing of Church fathers to support a new understanding of the papacy.
5. A new hermeneutical approach will be used to reinterpret papal jurisdiction and papal infallibility.

Conclusion:

Episcopal, visit, visitation, episcopal

From this comes the word episcopal. This has become associated with the office of bishop. The [Greek] dioikesis (diocese) becomes the geographical unit entrusted to the pastoral care of a bishop.

Update: Pope Francis and his inner circle are seeking to diminish and decrease the influence of papal authority in order for it to be acceptable to other churches and the world.

Pope Francis truly believes that he was called to complete what Vatican II intended to do: to create a worldly synodal Church in the image of man.

Bishop Strickland, because he had the audacity to state traditional Church teachings, received a visitation from the Vatican. Bishop Strickland was removed because he was divisive and not a “team” player.

Archbishop Vigano, pointing out the heresies of Pope Francis, is now being called to report to the Vatican. What do you think will happen next?

Father Jesus Mary Missigbeto, calling out heresies of Pope Francis, is now being called to report to the Vatican. What do you think will happen next.

The legion of “pope-splainers” and papal sycophants are out in full force defending and using “verbal gymnastics” for Pope Francis.

Hyper-papalism, the modern version the Montanism heresy is permeating this papacy. If you disagree with Pope Francis, then you are divisive. This is now being called the “doctrine of the holy father”.

The Vatican, Pope Francis and his inner circle will experience lament for downplaying the serious warnings of chastisement and punishment from the Marian apparitions.

Pope Francis and his inner circle will experience spiritual destruction in failing to point out the serious and serious nature of homosexuality and same sex unions. Many are being mislead in believing that this is an acceptable lifestyle. Many souls are being led into eternal moral peril. These clergy are failing in their responsibilities to bring souls into heaven.

During these difficult times of liturgical chaos and confusion, we need more courageous cardinals, bishops, and priests to stand up and speak against serious doctrinal issues and heresy. We need bishops who will become voices of contradiction and not clergy who seek favor and status in the world.

‎[Greek] παροικέω (paroikeō), [Latin] non cognoscere: to dwell (oikeo) beside (para-), be a sojourner, reside as a foreigner, to settle; Lk. 24:18, Heb. 11:9

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to dwell beside, to be a resident alien, to live near, and to be a foreigner. Isocrates’ Panegyricus 4.162 states “For since the barbarians are unequal to small divisions of the Hellenes, it is not hard to foresee what would be their plight if they should be forced into a war against our united forces.” Xenophon’s Ways and Means 1.5 states “Many as are the states near to her by land and sea, into none of them does even a thin vein of silver ore extend.”

Old Testament: The Old Testament discusses the ideas of being a refugee and also abiding and dwelling on the land. Although these may appear to be contrasting ideas, these concepts are related in terms of our relationship with God. In a sense, life on earth becomes a sojourning with God. The final destination will be dwelling and abiding in the heavenly Jerusalem.

New Testament: This term means to sojourn and to visit. On the road to Emmaus, Cleopas sees a wandering traveler who in fact was Jesus. Cleopas ask this visitor if he had knew of the things that had taken place in Jerusalem. Abraham sojourned in the promised land in a foreign country.

Scripture:

“One of them names Cleopas, said to Him in reply, ‘Are you the only visitor to Jerusalem who does not know of the things that have taken place there in these days?’” Lk. 24:18

Cleopas and his fellow traveler are lost and downcast sojourners on the road to Emmaus. They also think this stranger is a traveler.

“For here we have no lasting city, but we seek the one that is to come.” Heb. 13:14

The early Christians were also sojourners. The New Testament Church, in its growth and spread to other parts of the world, often persecuted, become strangers and travelers, in alien lands.

The Martyrdom of St. Polycarp (155-157 AD) : “The Church of God which sojourns in Smyrna, to the Church of God which sojourns in Philomelium, and to all the dioceses of the holy and Catholic Church in every place.”

Conclusion:

Parochial, parish, recognition

From this comes the words parochial and related parish.  A parish is essentially a congregation of Christians. In a sense all Christian are sojourners who are temporarily abiding in parishes, yet continuing to reach the heavenly Jerusalem. Still to this today, many Christian and non-Christian face struggles on their journey through life.

Refugees from Syria

‎[Greek] βασιλικός (basilikos), [Latin] regis: royal official, nobleman, robes, law, royal country; Jn. 4:46,49, Act.12:20-21, Jas. 2:8

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means kingly, ruling, authority, decree, and royal hall. Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 869 states “She it is who shall give birth to a royal line.” Plato’s Statesman 291e states “They divide the two forms we mention, giving to the two aspects of monarchy: the two names tyranny and royalty.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 1.91 states “Cyrus came to his end, an man who was the most kingly and the most worthy to rule all the Persians.

Old Testament: The monarch arose because of Phillistine pressure. Israel’s national religious identity had already been established. There is no hint of deification of the monarch. The expected king is of the house of David. Jahweh would would build this house forever. The Jews expected a powerful king, not a suffering Messiah as a monarch.

New Testament: This term means royal official, king’s territory, and royal law. The royal official asked Jesus if He could heal his ill son. Jesus healed his son because the royal official had faith in Jesus. The people of Tyre and Sidon was supplied with food from the king’s territory. The royal law according to the scripture is a Mosaic law which comes from God.

Scripture:

“However, if you fulfill the royal law according to the scripture, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself’, you are doing well.” Jas.2:8

This refers to Mosaic law which comes from the God, the universal king.  Jesus refers to this as greatest and first commandment.  So God’s royal law surpasses earthly royal law.  This law must and should apply to all persons.

Conclusion:

Basilica, basilican, basilisk, basil, regal

Basil is an herb familiar with Greek authors.  It is also known as the “king of herbs” and the “royal herb.” This herb in the past has been used in religious services for embalming.  Basil has been used as perfume, incense, and a cooking ingredient.

[Greek] καθέδρα (kathedra), [Latin] sedere, [Latin] cathedra: chair, seat, bench, seat of authority (representing the synagogue chair which symbolized the origin and authority of their teaching; Mt. 21:12, Mk. 11:15, Mt.23:2

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means seat, chair, sitting and idling. Polybius’ Histories 1.21 states “They made the men sit on rower’s benches on dry land, in the same order as they would sit on the actual benches in actual vessels.” After the army had assembled, he had further injured himself in public estimation by his loitering at the Isthmus and the slowness with which the rest of the march had been conducted.

Old Testament:  At some point in history, there was an actual chair or seat in which Moses sat. But more importantly, the Seat of Moses represents the authority to interpret the Jewish Law.  In Ex. 10:13 Moses sat in judgment for the people. Moses used his authority to settle matters and disputes among the people.  In Ex. 10:25 Moses appointed wise men as officers to help him in settling these issues.  These associate judges decided ordinary cases. The more difficult cases were referred to Moses.  A seat of authority (Moses’s Seat) is still remaining on the synagogue grounds at Delos, Greece. The synagogue is thought to have been built between 150 to 128 BC.

New Testament: Jesus entered the Temple and drove out all those engaged with buying and selling there. Jesus overturned the tables of the moneychangers and the seat of those who were selling doves. The scribes and Pharisees take their seat at the chair of Moses.

Scripture:

“The scribes and the Pharisees have taken their seat on the chair of Moses” Mt. 23:2

The chair of Moses mostly like represents Mosaic teaching authority.

Chair of St. Peter:  Tradition holds that Senator Pudens, an early convert to the faith, gave this chair to St. Peter. This chair became the throne of the See. The Puden residence became a house church.  Much of what remains is covered by the Church of St. Pudenziana. The chair of Peter was later excavated and now remains in the present Church of St. Peter’s.

Eusebius:  Eusebius, a Greek historian of Christianity, makes reference to throne of James, the bishop of Rome. Eusebius states, “Now the throne of James, who was the first to receive from the savior and the apostles the episcopate of the Jerusalem church.” (320 AD).

Conclusion:

Cathedral, see, sedentery

From this comes the word cathedral. The bishop’s seat of authority is his kathedra. This is the chair (cathedral) were he holds down office. The Greek kata- means down. The bishop’s see is his ecclesiastical jurisdiction. See comes from the Latin sedes, meaning seat. It is also interesting to note that there exists a similar leadership structure with Moses and his staff, the chief Jewish priests and his staff, the bishop James and his fellow Apostles, and the Pope and the Cardinals.

‎[Greek] λειτουργός (leitourgos), [Latin] ministrum: servant, minister, soldier, administrator, public servant in government; Rom.13:6, Rom. 15:15-16, Phill. 2:25, Heb. 1:7, Heb. 8:1-2

 Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means public servant, workman, minister, acolyte, sacrificial attendant. Polybius’ Histories 3.93.5 states “He led the pioneers out of the camp, ordered them to tie the fagots to the horns of the oxen. He place his light armed troops behind to assist the drivers. Polybius’ Histories 5.2 states “The gallant soldiers dug trenches, making palisades, and all such engineering work.”

Old Testament: Surprisingly, this term occurs only 14 times in the Old Testament. This term takes on a cultic sense and a servant position.  This person is not seen as a slave, but rather a staff person serving a superior religious or political leader. In Isaiah 61:6, this position of minister is referred as a priest of the Lord and ministers of God.  This takes on a cultic sense.

An Old Testament Priest

New Testament: Authorities are ministers of God, devoting themselves to this very task. Jesus is a minister of the heavenly and true sanctuary. The angels are also seen as God’s ministers. Paul is a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles. Epaphroditus is is a messenger and minister in Paul’s need.

Scripture:

“We have such a high priest, who has taken His seat at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in heaven, a minister of the sanctuary and the true tabernacle that the Lord has set up.” Heb. 8:1-2

Jesus performs His priestly duties as the High Priest in the heavenly tabernacle.

“This is why you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, devoting themselves to this very thing.” Rom. 13:6

The governing authorities are to be given respect. Whether they are conscious of this or not, they are considered as ministers of God. God is the recipient of the governing authorities’ actions.

“Because of the grace given me by God, to be a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles in performing the priestly service of the gospel of God, so that the offering up of the Gentiles may be acceptable.” Rom. 15:15-16

Paul is almost a priest in a cultic sense. He discharges a priestly duty in relationship to the Gospel.  He wins the Gentiles to the Christian faith and leads them to God.  Thus they are an acceptable sacrifice.

Conclusion:

Liturgy, liturgical, minister

From this comes the words liturgy and liturgical.  It is interesting to note that this term occurs only 14 times in the Old Testament.  This term occurs only 5 times in the New Testament.  Perhaps, many also would not associate this term with a public servant or government position.

‎[Greek] σχολή (scholē): school, a lecture hall, place for leisure; Acts 19:8-9

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means leisure, rest, enjoyment, discussion, lecture, school, learning, and office. Plato’s Apology 36d states “Now what is fitting for a poor man who is your benefactor, and who needs leisure to exhort you?” Euripides’ Heracles 725 states “Follow me, servants, that one may joyfully put an end to this delay of work.” Plato’s Laws 820c states “For students who are not absolutely worthless it is necessary to examine these and to distinguish the two kinds, and, by proposing such problems one to another, to compete in a game that is worthy of them. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 7.5.42 states “However, if great success is to have such consequences that a man is not able to have leisure for himself nor time to enjoy himself with his friends, I am ready to bid farewell to that sort of happiness.”

A schola built over a cemetery

Roman burial societies (collegia funeratica): Roman laws were very strict in regard to people associating into groups and associations. An exception was made for burial societies (collegia funeraticia). These societies were created to provide a decent funeral and burial place for their loved ones. An inscription was discovered of a Roman Senate decree: “It is permitted to those who desire to make a monthly contribution for funeral expenses to form an association” It was the custom to celebrate on the occasion of a feast each year.  Special buildings were erected to hold these feasts, as well for other meetings. These societies received gifts from rich members or patrons. It was quite possible that they gathered here for the breaking of the bread and the prayers (Mass).

Scola: The schola took the shape of a square lodge room with three apses (vaults). This structure was built over the catacombs. The schola above the Catacombs of Callixtus was excavated at the time of Pope Fabianus (236-250 AD).  The original schola was covered by a wooden roof and had no façade or door.  In the year 258 Pope Sixtus II, presiding over a meeting, was murdered by the persecution under Emperor Valerian. The schola was destroyed. Half a century later, Emperor Constantine restored the schola to its original shape with the addition of a vaulted roof and façade. Later the schola was changed into a church and dedicated to Sixtus. It became a great place of pilgrimage.

New Testament:

“He entered the synagogue, and for three months, debated boldly with persuasive arguments about the kingdom of God. But some in their obstinacy and disbelief disparaged the Way before the assembly, he withdrew and took his disciples with him and began to hold daily discussions in the lecture hall of Tyrannus.” Acts 19:8-9

Paul preaching in Ephesus:

Where did Paul preach?  As a Jew, Paul makes the first offer of the gospel to the Jews in the synagogue. Paul hopes to ingratiate himself with them. He hopes to win them over to his gospel message. When there were no Christian assemblies yet formed, Paul frequented the Jewish assemblies.

What did Paul preach to the Jews?  Paul preached the things concerning the kingdom of the Messiah, which the Jews were in expectation of.

How did Paul preach to the Jews?  Paul preached argumentatively. He disputed, gave scripture reasons for what he preached. He answered objections. He put questions to them and received their answers.  He persuaded, preached undauntedly, and spoke boldly.

How successful was Paul?  There were some Jews whom were persuaded to believe in Christ. Yet many Jews continued their opposition to Paul’s arguments. Many Jews were hardened and believed not. They soon grew weary of him. When their opposition grew more obstinate, Paul left the synagogue.

Where did Paul go?  He went to the lecture hall (school) of Tyrannus.  Instead of preaching every Sabbath day, Paul preached and lectured every day. Both Jews and Greeks attended his ministry. Some considered this place a divinity school of the Jews, the house of enquiry, a philosophy school of the Gentiles, or a place of leisure.

Conclusion:

School

From this comes the word school.  However, the present day idea of a classroom did not yet exist in this early point in history.

[Latin] Ecclesia Domestica

Background:

At this time, Christianity, as a practicing religion, was still against the law.  The Christians gathered in their homes.  This was the place of assembly, worship, prayer, and the celebration of the Mass. The congregants entered the house through the vestiblum (vestibule), entering into the atrium (court area). The impluvium (pool) was most likely used for washing hands and baptism.   A compluvium (central opening in the roof) let in air and light in the atrium. A sloping roof carried water in the pool.

The small number of congregants would gather in the tablinum (office). This is the room where the bishop or priest would preside over the Eucharist.  As the number congregants increased, the excess of attendees would gather in the atrium and peristylum (courtyard) surrounding the atrium.

The roof (compluvium) let in air and light in the atrium. A sloping roof carried water into the pool. The church community gathered in the triclinium (dining room) for a meal before worship. After dinner, services were held in the tablinum (office).  If the group was large, the extra visitors would gather in atrium and courtyard (peristylum).

                                             Typical layout of a Roman house

House of Pudents: Some have claimed that this is the oldest place of Christian worship in Rome. The later St. Pudenziana church was
built over the 2^nd century house, during  the pontificate of Pius I (140-155 AD).  This church was residence of the pope until 313 AD, until Emperor Constantine offered the papacy the Lateran Palace. This was also a tradition that Peter, Paul, and Mark may have lived at different times at this house.

A very old tradition, confirmed by the Liber Pontificalis, describes the modern church St. Pudenziana as the place where Pudens was baptized by the Apostles. It also suggested that the chair used by St. Peter was located here in this house church.

Scripture:

“They devoted themselves to the teaching of the apostles and to the communal life, to the breaking of the bread and to the prayers….Every day they devoted themselves to meeting together in the temple area and to breaking bread n their homes.” Acts 2:42,46

This scripture passage shows that they celebrated Mass in the home.

Inside the city of Rome, there exists authentic houses of prayer. There are five names that can be associated with Peter and Paul’s time in Rome.  The House of Pudens was led by Senator Cornelius Pudens.  His daughters were Pudentia and Praxedes.  The House of Prisca consists of Priscilla and Aquila.

House of Prisca:  Prisca may have belonged to one of the prominent families of Rome. Jewish tentmakers by trade, Prisca and Aquila, were banished from Rome by the edict of Emperor Claudius.  Prisca and Aquila later joined with Paul’s ministry in Corinth. She became a pupil of Paul. Paul’s letter to the Romans indicates that Prisca and Aquila later returned to Rome and established yet another house church there. Rom 16:3-4. St. Prisca Church was later built over a house church.

.

Possible relationship/connection between Pudens family and Prisca:   As a rule, early Roman churches were built above the houses attached to the names, going back to 145 AD.  Under the floor of St. Prisca, a bronze tablet showed the date of 224 AD.  The inscription on the tablet mentions the name of another Roman senator of a prominent Roman family.  His name was Caius Marius Pudens Cornelianus. It has also been shown that the Cemetery of Priscilla, was on a site belonging to the Pudens family.  So they must have shared the same cemetery.

Scripture:

“Try to get here before winter. Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia, and all the brothers send greetings.” 2Tim. 4:21

Here is scriptural evidence that Paul knew Pudens. Linus is known to be the Peter’s successor as pope.

“Aquila and Prisca together with the church at their house send you many greeting in the Lord.” 1 Cor.16:19

Scripture show that Aquila and Prisca had a church house.

Conclusion:

The components of the early house church later come the blueprint for the modern church.  The tablinum becomes the apse of the church.  The atrium becomes the nave of the church.  The side wings of the peristyle becomes the aisles of the church.  This confirms the idea that a church structure existed before established scripture.

It is also very interesting note that the Apostles Peter and Paul can be connected with the church houses. Tradition in addition to scripture provides a broader and clearer picture of the early church.

‎[Greek] ἀγών (agōn), [Latin] sollicitudo:fight, struggle, agony, opposition, foot race; Php.1:30, Col.2:1, 1Thess.2:2, 1Tim.6:12, 2 Tim.4:7, Heb. 12:1

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means contest, stadium, debate, conflict, and games. Sophocles’ Electra 686 states “When he had finished the race, the first contest he entered the list, a wonder in all the eyes there.” Sophocles’ Trachinae 159 states “He inscribed with words all the previous labors he endured. So great was his belief that he would triumph.” Euripides’ Orestes 847 states “He has gone to the Argive people to stand the appointed trial.” The agon was the place of assembly, a place of contests, and a stadium. The contest can involve litigation, debate, and conflict. This venue can provide an exercise of moral, mental, or physical struggle. The execution of martyrs occurred in the same place of athletic contests.

Old Testament: This term means to be weary, to be impatient, to be offended, and to contest. This term conveys the sense of the heroic struggles that the pious experience. The passion of martyrs are associated with the contest of athletes. But now that it comes to you, you are impatient, when it touches you, you are dismayed (Job 4:5). But now he has exhausted me; you have stunned all my companions (Job 16:7). The toil is exhausting, but the great filth will not come out (Eze.24:12).

New Testament: This term means struggle, competing, and running. Paul reminds us that all Christians may share in the same struggle as a Christian. Being a Christian may involve various forms of struggle, opposition, and persecution. The Christian life is like participating in a race (contest), requiring discipline, faithfulness, and perseverance. The final destination is eternal life. Martyrdom can be seen as ultimate victory in the Christian race. Paul states that he has competed well in being faithful. The saints in heaven support us in our in Christian path.

Scripture:

“Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us rid ourselves of every burden and sin that cling to us and persevere in running the race that lies before us.” Heb 12:1

The writer visualizes a great host of people surrounding these 1^st century readers. The writer speaks of a race, which is living the Christian life. The testimony of these witnesses are giving examples to urge these Christians on their way to be faithful. The contestants are urged to remove any impediments or hindrances that will weigh (or slow) them down in their race.

“Yours is the same struggle as you saw in me and now hear about me.” Phil.1:30

“I have competed well. I have finished the race; I have kept the faith.” 2 Tim.4:7

Paul, realizing that he is coming to the end of his life, claims that he was faithful to Christ.  Living the Christian life can be a both a struggle and a race to the finish line.

Early Church: Living the Christian life was like participating in a contest. Martyrdom was seen as a victory. The martyrdom writings allowed the person’s blessedness, but also accomplishes the triumph of the Church over all forces against it. The picture of the victorious contestant becomes the glorified symbol of the Christian martyr. The Christian martyr gains his victory over Satan. Christ Himself came to be celebrated as the great martyr who entered the contest of suffering on our behalf. Christ redeemed the world by conquering death and sin.

Conclusion:

Agony, agonize, solitude

From this comes the words agony and agonize. Jesus prayed so fervently in the garden. His sweat became like drops of blood. Jesus was in agony.

The athletes compete in the agon, the place for contests. The saints in their heavenly skyboxes are cheering us on!

‎[Greek] τροπή (tropē), [Latin] trophaeum: a turning, trophy, revolution, or change; Jas 1:17

Trophaeum Traiani. In 102 A.D. the Roman emperor Trajan erected a monument commemorating the victory (turning point) over the Dacians.

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means trope, turn, solstice, throwing, and change. Aeschines’ Against Ctesphion 3.90 states “But having wronged Phillip, and run away from thence, he made haste to throw himself at the feet of the Thebans.” Aristophanes’ Knights 246 states “Courage! Attack him, put him to fight.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 1237 states “And how the all-daring woman raised a shout of triumph, as when the battle turns, the while she feigned to joy at his safe return.”

New Testament: This term means change. All good and every perfect gift comes from above from the Father. Unlike the stars and planets, Father remains shining bright and constant.

Scripture:

“All good giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no alteration for shadow caused by change.” Jas 1:17

Trope: This term is also currently uses as a figure of speech for artistic effect. This literary device is used to change the appearance of the word. An example of a trope is Achilles’ Heel. This derives from Homer’s Iliad: “He pierced the tendons of both feet behind from heel to ankle.” The seemingly Achilles was killed in this way. This trope refers to one’s weak spot.

Conclusion:

Trope, trophy

A trophy in the secular world signifies a turning point (victory). Trophies in a religious sense are often referred to the remains of the martyrs who won the ultimate victory in staying true to Christ in the end. Today, trophies are associated with victories and winning. In recent times, there continues to be a practice in handing out participation trophies. What and where is the victory in that?

[Greek] βιβλίον (biblion), [Latin] liber: book, scroll, writing; Mt.19:7, Mk.10:4, Lk.4:17,20, Jn.20:30, Jn.21:25, Gal.3:10, 2Tim.4:13, Heb.9:19, Heb.10:7, multiple Rev. scriptures

Background Information:

Byblos: This was the ancient Phoencian port city of Gebal on the Mediterranean sea in what is, today, Lebanon.  Papyrus was the principal business trade. The city was named after the papyrus plant stalk (byblos). During the Decian Persecution, around 250 AD, Christians were forced to sign a libellus, a document that certified performing a pagan sacrifice. The Christians who refused were put to death. Some Christian went to hiding.  Some Christians apostasized by signing these documents and performing such sacrifices. Biblion is a small form of biblios (book).

New Testament: This term means bill of divorce, scroll, parchment, and book. By of hardness of heart, bills of divorce were often given for failed marriages. Jesus read the prophecies written on parchment scrolls in the synagogue. Jesus performed many signs not written in this book. All the books couldn’t contain all the things that Jesus did.

Scripture:

“When you come, bring the cloak I left with Carpus in Traos, the papyrus rolls, and especially the parchments.” 2 Tim 4:13

“No Jesus did many other signs in the presence of His disciples that are not written in this book.” Jn 20:30

“Cursed be everyone who does not persevere in doing all the things written in the book of the law.” Gal 3:10

“Then why did Moses command that the man give the woman a bill of divorce and dismiss her?” Mt 19:7

Conclusion:

Bible, bibliography, libel, library

There were Christians, for various reasons, gave up and handed their scriptures to the authorities. These Christians were called Traditores (who handed over).

It is important to note that there were no written books of scriptures and the gospels. Scriptures were considered the Old Testament at the time of the early Church. Learning of the faith was carried out my oral instruction (catechesis). At this time, there was yet no determination of what included the gospels and New Testament scripture. It was many years later that Church councils determine the canon of the New Testament. It was also years later that the printing press was invented. It is also important to note that the Gospels did not contain all the things that Jesus did.

‎[Greek] ἀπολογία (apologia), [Latin] defensio, [Latin] ratio, [Latin] defendere: defense, vindication, apology, explanation, justification; Act25:16, 2Cor 7:11,Phil 1:7,16,2 Tim 4:16,1 Pet 3:15

Justin Martyr (born 100 A.D.) is perhaps one of greatest apologists (defenders) of the Catholic faith.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means speech in defense of or response to something.

Antiphon’s On the Choreutes 6.7: “My own attitude to my defense is very different from that of my accusers to their prosecution. They have treated their speech as nothing but an opportunity for malicious falsehood. Even though I am entirely innocent.”

Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.61: “We should never have asked to make this speech if the Plataeans had contented themselves with shortly answering the question, and had not turned around and made charges against us. However, since they have done so, we must answer their charges and refute them.

Plato’s Apology 28a: “That I am not a wrongdoer seems to me not to need much of a defense, but what has been said is enough. But you may be assured that what I said before is true, that great hatred has risen against in the minds of many persons.”

New Testament: This term means defense and reason.

Scripture:

Acts 22:1: “My brothers and fathers, listen what I am about to say to you in my defense.” (Paul’s first defense is presented to the Jerusalem crowds. Luke presents Paul as a devout and zealous persecutor of the Christian community. Paul relates to others his conversion story to become a Christian apostle.)

Acts 25:16: “I answered them that it was not Roman practice to hand over an accused person before he has faces his accusers and had the opportunity to defend himself against their charge.” (As a Roman citizen, Paul was entitled to have the “right to be beheaded” rather than to be crucified like a slave or barbarian. Paul was also entitled to have the right to defend himself and the right to face his accuser.) 

2Tim.4:16: “At my first defense no one appeared on my behalf, but everyone deserted me.”

1. After the great fire of Rome in 64 A.D., Christians were looked upon as enemies of the state. Accused Christians were killed by being burned to death.
2. This scripture implies a second trial for Paul in Rome. Paul could have been charged and given a warning in the complicity of the introduction of Christianity in Rome.
3. The second defense (trial) leads to Paul’s second imprisonment for actively introducing Christianity in Rome.
4. Christians were fearful and afraid in standing with Paul against the Roman authorities.
5. Paul was mindful of other Christians’ fears and concerns. Paul did not hold this against them.
6. Tradition [Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History] indicates that Paul was finally beheaded in 64 A.D. in Rome.

1Pet.3:15: “Always be ready to give an explanation to anyone who asks you for a reason for your hope.”

Christians suffering and restraint: 1 Pet.3:13-17, 1Pet.18-21

1. If you suffer because of righteousness [of God], blessed are you.
2. Always be ready to give an explanation to anyone who asks you for a reason for your hope.
3. It is better to suffer for doing good, if that is God’s will, than to do evil.
4. Whenever anyone bears the pain of unjust suffering, following the God’s will, that is a GRACE.
5. If you are patient when you suffer for doing good, this is a GRACE before God.
6. For this you have been called [to share in Christ’s suffering], because Christ also suffered. Christ leaves you an example that you should follow in His footsteps.

Justin Martyr:

What is the original meaning of apologetics? This term can be used in a legal context, where the accused makes a systemic and logical defense or statement in response to  formal charges against detractors and unbelievers. St. Justin Martyr, used philosophical arguments to defend Christianity to the Roman authorities. His First Apology was written around 153-155 AD. His Second Apology was written around 148-161 AD.

How did Justin view Christ? Justin said that Jesus was the missing piece of Socrates’s puzzle. Socrates rejected pagan idolatry. Socrates searched for the one true God. Philosophy brought Justin to Christ. Justin remained as a philosopher to the end.

How did Justin view these Christians? Justin found it impossible that these Christians were not living in wickedness and pleasure. These Christians were fearless of death, even sometimes welcoming it. These Christians would rather escape the observation of others. This was a result of excellent Socratic reasoning. This allowed Justin to recognize baloney when he smelled it. Perhaps this is also the work of the Holy Spirit. Justin laughed at these accusations.

What was the early education of Justin? He showed an early philosophical interest in life. He spent much time with the Stoics, Peripatetics, and the Pythagoreans, before settling upon the study of Plato and Plato’s master Socrates. Justin still had many unanswered questions about Socrates’ Unknown God. Justin seems to have reasoned that these difficulties would surely be resolved one by one

When did Justin convert to Christianity?  This is thought to have happened in Ephesus around 130 AD. He was given a warm welcome into the Christian congregation.

Why was Justin’s conduct, after his conversion, somewhat unusual?  He raised a few eyebrows from others by his conduct as a new believer. Instead of remaining with his fellow Christians, Justin continued to meet with his fellow philosophers in the Temple grounds. He kept all his old friendships and ran with the same crowd. JUSTIN REMAINED ENGAGED WITH THE CULTURE!

Why did Justin do this? Justin was an apologist. He became a defender of the faith as a philosophical evangelist. Justin seemed to have the desire to see his own people, his fellow philosophers, and to bring the knowledge of the truth to them.

What is the significance of this temple area? Such places were where the philosophers of the day plied their trade. Groups of them could always be found arguing on the steps of every pagan shrine in the Empire. On this particular day, Justin drew the attention of Trypho, a Hellenized rabbi. These competing viewpoints all met here on equal terms, debating philosophy.

Despite being a Christian, why is Justin able to debate in these temple grounds? Justin knew that there was an unwritten code of honor among the Greek philosophers to allow for other points of view. Socrates’ great motto had been to follow the argument wherever it leads. Keeping an open mind was considered to be among the highest virtues. They prided themselves upon that just about any viewpoint could gain a respectful hearing among them, until they felt that viewpoint had been conclusively disproved. Therefore, to surrender their old comrade to the authorities would have been a serious violation of this code of conduct.

Etymology: In classical Greek this term apologia means well reasoned and thought-out reply (response). The Greek apologos means account or story. The Greek apo- means away from. The Greek logos means speech. First recorded in 1590, this term conveyed self justification and a frank expression of regret for wrong done. Currently, an apology signifies excuse and extenuating the fault rather than vindication and proving innocence. The Greek apologetikos means defensible.

Personal note: In addition to being a catechist, I am also a Catholic apologist. My website is called Resounding the Faith.  The Greek verb katecheo means to sound (-echeo) down (kata-). This is what I am seeking to do: “to resound the faith”. Katecheo ==> catechist, catechize, catechism (You should not be surprised!)

Conclusion:

Apology, apologize, apologetics, defense, rationality, rational

Shakespeare perhaps may have become the father of the modern apology: “My lord, there needs no such apologie.” Richard III

It is quite interesting to see how the term apologia (apology) has changed over history. In classical Greek this term was very important in one defending one’s beliefs, statements, and principles. Both Paul and Peter greatly held up the idea of defending one’s faith. Later, this leads to the development of Christian and Catholic apologetics. This study entails the examination of the Hebrew, Greek and Latin influences of scripture.

It is quite remarkable that St. Justin Martyr sought to evangelize and catechize his fellow philosopher peers “in the trenches” rather than staying comfortably safe among the Christian community.

Progression of this term: reasoned defense (justification) ==> self-justification (excuse) ==> apology (“I’m sorry!”)

Update:

Apologies/explanations/defenses/non-apologies for the Paris Olympics Opening ceremonies:

1. We intended to offend.
2. We are sorry for the offense. This did not depict the Last Supper.
3. This was intended to highlight diversity, inclusion, acceptance, and love. 
4. You do not understand French culture.
5. We did not intend to offend.
6. We have the right to do what we want.
7. Art is meant to offend.
8. Even Modernist clergy are giving tepid criticism to this sacrilege and mockery.

In Nicaragua, priests are continually being kidnapped, imprisoned, and expelled from the country. Unfortunately, these priests do not much recourse in this country ruled the Communist leader Ortega. Where is the Vatican in all this to defend these priests? At least, we can pray for these the persecuted priests and people of Nicaragua.

Unfortunately, there are too many cardinals, bishops, and priests WHO WILL NOT STAND UP AND SPEAK OUT AGAINST heresies, scandal, sacrilege, evil, and secular values. Perhaps these cowardly are fearful of being canceled, fearful of offending their superiors, and fearful of not getting that next great apostolic position.

Those progressive and Modernist clergy who claim that the Church must reform or change are actually denigrating and criticizing the magisterial authority of Jesus’ Church.

Modernists arrogantly claim that Jesus’ Church must change in a synodal Church in the image of man. Are they actually saying that Jesus got it wrong??

Yet, at the same time, these priests, suffering in the name of Christ, are actually receiving graces and blessings from God. Do they even realize this!

There are now priests being cancelled, laicized, and excommunicated for defending traditional Church teachings and criticizing Pope Francis’s Modernist changing of Jesus’ Church. This is not a good look for the Modernists! Yet, they continue to do this.

Each of us (in the trenches) most give a reasoned explanation for our appropriate criticism of Pope Francis’ Modernist practices and policies.

Each of us (in the trenches) must give a reasoned explanation for the reason of our hope to others (non-Christians and non-Catholics) in our call to evangelize others.

The GREAT CULTURAL DIVIDE between the secular world and Catholicism (Christianity) is quite evident when apologies are refused, ignored, and rebuffed by those who cause great sacrilege, scandal, and blasphemy.

CitizenGo claimed that the French government violated its neutrality laws regarding religious beliefs during the French Olympics. The French government was actively involved in Paris Olympics opening and closing ceremonies. As a result of CitizenGo’s efforts to bring this to their attention, the French authorities arrested and actually jailed some members of CitizenGo. As you can imagine, CitizenGo will be pursuing more legal action. https://go.citizengo.org/IT-2024-07-29-Global-FR-MGI-13626-Christian_Mockery_Olympics-Paris_Olympics_LP-OTD-IT.html?dr=533431%3A%3A8b5ae5f6debc3489dd499f72f53fb269&utm_source=em&utm_medium=e-mail&utm_content=em_btn&utm_campaign=IT-2024-07-29-Global-FR-MGI-13626-Christian_Mockery_Olympics-Paris_Olympics.17_FR_OTD_Launch&fd_buttonid=1-6&email_domain=gmail.com

This is a somewhat lengthy post:  Sorry ===> but not sorry! ☺☺☺

Next post: being pagan

[Greek] ἄθεος (atheos), [Latin] sine Deo: without God, ungodly, godless; Eph2:12

Modernism is a synthesis of all heresies. One’s human reason and religious sense only comes from one’s subconsciousness and lived experiences. Anything that suggests God and the divine must be excluded. Modernism ultimately leads to atheism.

Background Information:

Origins and sources of atheism:

1. Practical atheism of the ignorant.
2. Self-glorification of the State and secularization of religion (Greek gods, Roman gods, emperors)
3. Philosophical and humanistic enlightenment and removal of God in the culture (French Enlightenment)

Greek Hellenism: This term means with out God. Socrates, believing truth as inner voice coming from God, was accused of being an atheist.  Pagans also called Christians as atheists for believing in only one God.

Plato’s Laws 967c : “These were the views which caused thinkers to incur many charges of atheism and odium, and which also incited the poets to abuse them by likening philosophers to dogs howling at the moon.”

Plato’s Laws 908b :”Those, though they utterly disbelieve in the existence of the gods, possess a just character and are incapable of being induced to commit unjust actions.”

Old Testament: Atheism refers to avoidance and rejection of God. God’s providence is dismissed and ignored. Belief in God can be turned to hatred to God. The demonic hatred of God seeks to destroy all His works.

New Testament: This term means without God. Gentiles were called the uncircumcision by Israel, the circumcision. The Gentiles lacked messianic expectations and covenants with God. But through Christ, these barriers between Jew and Gentile have been transcended.

Scripture:

“Remember, you Gentiles, were at that time without Christ, alienated from the community of Israel and strangers to the covenants of promise, without hope and without God in the world.” Eph.2:11-12 (The Gentiles lacked messianic expectations and various covenants with God. But through Christ all these barriers between Jew and Gentile has been transcended. The Gentiles were morally godless in the sense that they were void of any recognition of God.)

Pope Pius X’s encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis prophetically warns about the evils, problems, heresies, and atheism of Modernism. (Aug. 7, 1907)

1. Pope X recognized that the Catholic Church was facing the rising threat of Modernism.
2. Modernism: human reason is confined to natural phenomena. Human reason cannot perceive the divine and supernatural realities. God and the divine must be excluded.
3. Vital  immanence: one’s religious sentiment (reaction or need) comes from within oneself but does not come from a response to God and the divine.
4. This human perspective allows Catholicism to be put on an equal footing with all other religions.
5. The Modernist is more easily able to reject Tradition and doctrines and to change or update other doctrines and teachings. Dogma becomes optional.
6. Those who seek to hold on to Tradition are perceived as rigid and “Pharasaic”.
7. The Modernist is more easily open to criticize and change (democratize) the Magisterium and Church teaching authority..
8. Pride, curiosity, error, and ignorance are the immediate causes of Modernism.
9. Modernism is the cumulative subjective human embracing of errors ultimately leading to atheism.

Practical atheism: (Cardinal Sarah warns of a subtle form of atheism):

1. God is no longer at the center of one’s center of divine worship. Modern man acts as if God does exist in his life.
2. Doctrine and faith are reduce to social activism.
3. One’s lived experiences becomes that basis for one’s moral guiding principles.
4. There is a continual need to adjust and change moral theology to the culture.
5. There is a greater focus on horizontal relationships (man to man) rather a vertical relationship (God to man).
6. There is a continual rejection of traditional Catholic morals and theology.
7. There is a suppression of the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM).
8. Cafeteria Catholicism: one picks and choose what he like from Catholicism.
9. Synodal path: there are continual efforts to transform Jesus’ Church into a synodal Church in the image of man.
10. Clergy are becoming more concerned and conscious about their status (position) in the Church rather than focusing on Jesus.
11. Adoration of Jesus becomes a distraction in comparison to other Church matters.

3rd century papyrus

Conclusion:

Atheist, atheism, prosper

Atheism was originally defined by the number of gods. Now atheism is now defined by the denial of theism.

[Greek] δόσις (dosis), [Latin] donum, [Latin] datum, [Old Norse] gift: activity of giving, a gift, thing given; Phil 4:15,Mt.6:1-3,Jas.1:17

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means gift, contribution, permission, bequest, legacy, portion, dose, and fate. Plato’s Euthypro 14c states “What do you say holiness is? Sacrificing is making gifts to the gods. Praying is asking for gifts from them (the gods). Herodotus’ The Histories 1.61 states “The opinion of Hippias prevailing, that they should recover the sovereignty, they set out collecting contributions from all the cities that owed them anything.” Homer’s Odyssey 14.58 states “For from Zeus, we are all strangers and beggars, and a gift though small is welcome from such as we.” Virgil’s Aenid 2.49 states “Do not trust the horse, Trojans! Whatever it is, I fear the Dannaans even if they are bearing gifts.”

Old Testament: This term means statute, ordinance, something prescribed, gift, offering, present, and reward. Thus Joseph made it a statute for the land of Egypt (Gen.47:26). No matter how high you set the bridal price and gift I will give you whatever you ask from me (Gen.34:12). Everybody is a friend of a gift giver (Pro.19:6). Moreover, that all can eat and drink and joy the good of all their toil—this is a gift of God (Ecc.3:13). Those to whom God gives riches and property, and grants power to partake of them. This is a gift from God (Ecc.5:18).

New Testament: This term means gift and the act of giving. Although Paul strives to be self-sufficient, he gives thanks to the Philippians for their gift (money) to him sent by Epaphroditus. Paul speaks of giving and receiving in commercial terms. Paul is more concerned about the spiritual growth of the Philippians. Paul emphasizes that the Philippians will receive God’s care. All good and every perfect gift comes from the Father. These gifts come from the Father who does not alter or change.

Scripture:

“You Philippians indeed know that the the beginning of the gospel, when I left Macedonia, not a single church share with me in an account of giving and receiving except you alone.” Php. 4:15

The Philippians gave help to Paul. Philippia was the first place that Paul preached the gospel in Europe.

“All good giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of light, with whom there is no alteration or shadow caused by change.” Jas.1:17

The Father never changes or diminishes in giving gifts.

Etymology: The Latin datum is the neuter past participle of the Latin verb dare, meaning to give. Data is essentially a thing given or granted. The Latin donum is a gerund (a verb form functioning as a noun). Interestingly, donum is also related to the Latin verb dare.

Paraclesus (1493-1541): “The dose makes it either a poison or remedy.” Poison was placed on an arrow for hunting. Poison also has been used throughout history for killing and assassination purposes. This later becomes involved with the administration and quantities of medication. The German word for poison and present is gift. It is also interesting to note that the German mitgift (with gift) means dowry. A dowry is an ancient family tradition. It was a practice by which the bridegroom offers to the father of the bride a satisfaction before he can receive. This practice appears in Gen.34:12.

Conclusion:

Dose, dosage, data, donation, dowry

It was interesting to discover the varied and nuanced meanings of this term in Greek Hellenism. Plato, a non-Christian, makes some astute observations about giving and receiving gifts. Plato unknowingly touches upon the Christian notion of holiness in sacrificing or serving others. In a sense, we also receive gifts from God in our prayer requests. We are also reminded that not all gifts may be good. Hence, we are all familiar with the expression, “Beware of Greek bearing gifts.”

In the Old Testament, it is also interesting to note that this term can also mean a statute or ordinance. The Old Testament provides the basis that all gifts come from God. The Old Testament develops the notion that wealth and prosperity were signs of God’s blessing. This provides the basis for all those pastors who champion the ‘wealth and prosperity’ gospel.

In the New Testament, Jesus initiates a new paradigm shift regarding wealth and prosperity. Jesus calls one to be humble servant to others. Instead of accumulating earthly wealth and riches, Jesus calls us to instead accumulate spiritual treasures. Although the Philippians provided money to Paul, Paul stresses that God will provide for others. All good gifts come from the unchanging and perfect Father.

Paraclesus (1493-1541):”The dose makes it either a poison or remedy.”  Poison was placed on arrow for hunting.  Poison also has been used throughout history for killing and assassination uses. This later becomes involved with the administration and quantities of medication. The German word for poison and present is gift. It is also interesting to note that the German mitgift (with gift) means dowry.  A dowry is an ancient family tradition. It was a practice by which the bridegroom offers to the father of his bride as a satisfaction before he can receive. This practice appears in Gen.34:12.

Scripture:

“You Phillippians indeed know that the beginning of the gospel, when I left Macedonia, not a single church shared with me in an account of giving and receiving, except you alone.”  Phil 4:15

Paul praises the Phillippians for their generosity to others.

“But take care not to perform righteous deeds in order that people may see them; otherwise, you will have no recompense from your heavenly Father. When you give alms, do not blow a trumpet before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogue and in the streets to win the praise of others. Amen, I say to you, they have received their reward. But when you give alms, do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing, so that your almsgiving may be secret. And your Father who sees in secret will repay you.” Matthew 6:1-3

Yes. It is important that we show generosity in giving gifts and alms.  But is also important in how we give these gifts to others.  God says that we should not draw attention to ourselves when giving gifts. In doing so, God may repay us in kind more favorably.

“All good giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights.” Jas. 1:17

All gifts come from the Father.

Conclusion:

From this we get the modern day words dose and dosage. Both gifts and poisons are often freely and given to others. In Matthew 14:7 it also interesting to note that Herod gave a birthday “gift” of John the Baptist’s head on a platter to his daughter Salome

‎

A dowry cabinet

κλείς (kleis), [Latin] clavis: keys: Mt16:19, Lk11:52, Mt 23:13, Rev 1:18

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means key, catch, door bolt, solution, collar bone, straight, and rowing bench. Euripides’ Medea states “Themis, goddess of oaths, brought her to Hellas across the sea through the dark salt-water over the briny gateway (straight) of the Black Sea.” Homer’s Iliad 14.168 states “She went her way to her chamber and had fitted strong doors with a secret bolt, that no other god might open.” Homer’s Odyssey 21.241 states, “But to thee, goodly Philoetius, do I give charge to fasten with a bar the gate of the court, and swiftly to cast a cord upon it.

Old Testament: This term means key, opener, and shoulder blade. Keys are used to represent power, authority, and office. I will place the key of the House of David on his shoulder, when he open, no one shall shut, when he shuts, no one shall open (Isa.22:22). So they took the key and opened them, and there was their lord lying on the floor, dead (Jdg.3:25). Then may my arm fall from the shoulder, my forearm be broken at the elbow (Job.31:22).

New Testament: This term means key. Jesus states that He will to Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven. The keys represent the heavenly authority of  the church on earth. The promise of the keys is given to Peter alone. The keys confer binding and loosing on earth and heaven. Binding and loosing confer authoritative teaching, lifting or imposing bans, and excommunicating. Woe is given to the law scholars for obscuring, defying, and denying the true knowledge of the Messiah. This key of knowledge was conferred by a delivery of a key bestowing authority.

Scripture:

“I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” Mt 16:19

Jesus gives Peter authority to lead His Church. Peter is given authority the authority of loosing (opening) and binding (closing) heaven. Like Eliakim, Peter becomes a prime minister for Jesus’ Church.  Then, when the time comes, a successor will follow Peter.

“Woe to you, scholars of the law! You have taken away the key of knowledge. You yourselves did not enter and you stopped those trying to enter.” Lk 11:52

The key represents attaining the knowledge regarding the kingdom of heaven. The key provide the means of access of authority.

Conclusion:

Key, clavicle

Catholics believe that Peter is the first shepherd (pope) of the Church on earth. In order for the Church to continue forward, God provided the mechanism whereby successor have assumed the office of authority of Peter. It is important to note that all the disciple were each given the power to bind and loose. The key of knowledge is both a literal and metaphor symbol of authority and access.

[Greek] εἰδωλολάτρης (eidōlolatrēs), [Latin] paganus, [Latin] idolum, [Latin] serverus idola (server of idols): idolater, pagan, idol worshiper, servant; 1Cor5:10-11, Cor6:9, Eph5:5, Rev21:8, Rev22:15

A local villager (paganus)

Background Information:

Ancient World:

1. A pagus denotes a specific demarcation of rural land. If you were a rural villager, rustic, peasant, or “country bumpkin”, you were a paganus.
2. A paganus (pagan) was a person who had not adopted the customs of the Roman cities, nor the official state religion. This was an uncivilized and primitive person.
3. A paganus (pagan) was not originally considered as a religious person.
4. Eidololatres (idolator) is not found in secular Greek. Idolatry was not considered sinful at this time before Christianity.
5. The term eidololatres (idolator) started in the New Testament and Christian literature in the first Christian centuries. Idolatry begins to take on a sinful sense.
6. When the Roman Empire converted to Christianity, the pagans were still viewed as outsiders and enemies.
7. With the introduction of Christianity, the term paganus (pagan) becomes later identified with the polytheistic religions.

Spiritual harlotry: This is an intercourse of the mixing of Old Testament values with worldly values, idolatry, paganism, and sin. Abandoning the Lord for a foreign god was called prostitution or adultery. Against God, the harlot prostitutes oneself with idolatry, paganism, and sin. Interestingly, the related Greek word is porneia ===> pornography, porn!  Not a good look! The Old Testament idol Moloch was associated with child sacrifice (abortion).

New Testament: This term means idolater. Paul warns his Christian communities not to associate or eat with idolaters. No idolaters will inherit (gain entrance) the kingdom of God.

Scripture:

1Cor.10:7: “And do not become idolaters, as some of them did, as it is written, ‘The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to revel’” (Pagans participated in their idol worship by eating (consuming meat), drinking, and dancing before their idols. This notion harkens back to the Israelites worshipping the golden calf in the wilderness.)

1Cor.6:9: “Do you not know that the unjust will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived; neither fornicators, idolaters, adulterers, nor sodomites.” (Immoral people will have difficulty entering into heaven. Sodomites refer to adult males who indulged in homosexual practice with such boys.)

Eph.5:5: “Be sure of this, that no immoral or impure or greedy person, that is, an idolater, has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God.”

Idolaters and other immoral people:

1Cor.5:9: “I [Paul] wrote you in my letter not to associate with immoral people.” (Paul calls other to avoid those who disgrace the Christian name. Although they say that they are Christians, they really are heathens engaged in sin and immoral behavior.)

1Cor.5:10: “I am not at all referring to the immoral of this world, the greedy, the robbers, or idolaters; for you would then have to leave the world.” (Although you should not associate with sinners, you must not abandon the world. You must engage the world and be a light to the world.)

1Cor.5:11: “But I now write to you not to associate with anyone named a brother, if he is immoral, a drunkard, or a robber.” (Paul urges the Corinthians to maintain the inner purity of their own community.)

Modern-day syncretism (spiritual harlotry) of Christianity with worldly values, paganism, and sin in the Church:

1. Remaking Jesus’ Church into a synodal Church: (remaking Jesus’ Church into the image of man)
2. A Panchamama idol at Mass at the Vatican and other pagan rituals in Mass: (inserting pagan rituals in the Mass)
3. Allowing Anglican services in Vatican cathedrals: (questionable ecumenism)
4. Dialog with Freemasons: (questionable ecumenism)
5. Appointing a Vatican doctrinal chief with a questionable past: (works of hard-core theological porn, accusations of heresy) 
6. Overlooking, ignoring, and normalizing sin: (a Church that looks more like a NGO rather than an institution that saves souls).
7. Clergy sharing decision-making authority with the laity:(bringing worldly values, poorly catechized laity decision-making, “lived experiences”, and sin into the Church)
8. Allowing sacrilegious gatherings in Church: (resulting in a transgender sacrilege in St. Patrick’s Cathedral)
9. Cardinals supporting Fiducia Supplicans: (offering non-liturgical “blessings” for same-sex couples [blessing evil])
10. Some clergy are silent or even OK in allowing abortion-supporting “Catholics” to receive the Eucharist:(scandalous Modernist clergy) 
11. Reducing Church doctrine, faith, and morals to social work: (Jesus is only given “lip service.” This becomes a form of “practical atheism.”)
12. Vatican considering woman deacons: (Vatican capitulating to women’s political pressure [rights] and lack of understanding of vocations)

Conclusion:

Idolatry, idolater, pagan, paganism, server, service

Historically, paganism held either a positive or neutral reputation. It was only after the introduction of Christianity, that paganism later attains a negative reputation. The traditional understanding of  paganism has generally passed.

Update: In our current secular society, many of us have engaged in some form of paganism. We have almost become like ‘little pagans’ “worshipping ” technology, money, power, status, politics, etc.

“Tech neck”: This is in fact a medical condition, consisting of neck strain, shoulder problem, pain from bowing down to our electronic devices.

In this secular and evil culture, many have elevated abortion to the level of morbid “sacrament”. Abortion supporters continue to celebrate the “Moloch ritual” (abortion).

The Democratic National Convention political platform includes the right of abortion. They are “celebrating” womens’ reproductive “rights”! They are even offering free abortions and vasectomies! 

Cardinal Cupic, part of Pope Francis’ inner circle, gave the invocation for abortion supporters at the Democratic National Convention. Cardinal Cupic is a typical Modernist who is engaging in SPIRITUAL HARLOTRY to the world’s values and evil. 

Cardinal Cupic had been a proponent of removing the St. Michael’s Prayer and the Hail Mary at the end of Mass.

Cardinal Cupic stated that the Church sexual abuse scandal was a distraction!

Cardinal Cupic stated that the Tradition Latin Mass impoverishes the Church! He says this while traditional parishes are thriving with the TLM. He says this while Novus Order churches are closing and Mass attendance is declining.

Salve Regina University Sisters of Mercy defended a fundraising event for the Democratic party because they support “freedom of speech”. Evidently, allowing a political party supporting abortion rights is no big deal! Are you surprised that they also support LGBTQ rights? Are you surprised that they are older sisters (and nuns) not wearing the religious habit? These Modernist sisters of mercy are kowtowing to the world’s values, not the Church’s teachings!

In this culture of relativism, one’s right to do “whatever I want” often becomes idolized at the expense of faith and morals.

We should not be surprised in saying that “one’s rights”, paganism, fame, wealth, sin, abortion, and porn are idols that we often “worship.”

Some of the organizers of the Paris Olympics Opening Ceremonies claimed that this was a depiction of honoring Bacchus, the god of wine. Do you remember the  blue man? The Olympics organizers engaged in idolatry, paganism, humanism, sacrilege, and blasphemy.

“The Lord God has no one else but you. You’d better get off your lead bottoms and go out there and change this pagan world.”  Mother Angelica

“Modernism leads to atheism and the annihilation of all religion.” Pope Pius X

Next post: being “tolerant”

[Greek] ‎εἰσάγω (eisagō), [Latin] inducere, [Latin] introducere, [Latin] conprehendere: to bring in, to spin, introduce, carry in, lead into; Lk 22:54, Jn 18:16,Act 9:8, Act21:28-29,Act 22:24,Lk2:27,Lk 14:21,Act 7:45, Heb 1:6

Eisagogies were magistrates who brought in legal cases before arbitrators in the public court.

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to lead in, to introduce, to import, to bring forward, and to register. Homer’s Odyssey 4.43 states “Then they tilted the chariot against the bright entrance and led  the men into the divine place.” Xenophon’s Hellenica 7.3.5 states “The officials brought those who slew Euphron before the senate.” Plato’s Apology 35b states “You will be much more ready to condemn a man who puts before you such pitiable scenes.” Aeschylus’ Eumenides’ 580 states “Bring in the case, and, in accordance with your wisdom, decide it.” Euripides’ Bacchae 260 states ” If  your gray old age did not defend you, you would sit in chains in the midst of the Bacchae.”

Old Testament: This term, used extensively, means to gather, to receive, to come in, to walk, to introduce, to go forth, to take in the hand, to lead, to be included, to pursue, to bear, to be brought, and to guide.

New Testament: This term means to come into, to bring in, to take someone, to arrest, and to lead. Joseph and Mary brought the infant Jesus into the temple to be consecrated. In the parable of the great feast, the master was enraged that the invited guest did not show up. The master instructed that the crippled, blind, and the lamp be brought to the feast. Having been identified with associating with Jesus, Peter was brought into the courtyard to be questioned. The Israelites in the wilderness brought with them the tent of testimony. On the road to Damascus, the speechless men brought the blinded Paul to the city. Paul was arrested for bringing a Greek into the temple. Paul was arrested (taken into the compound). God leads the First-Born into the world.

Scripture:

“He came in the Spirit into the temple; and when the parents brought in the child Jesus to perform the custom of the law in regard to Him.” Lk2:27

Joseph and Mary brought the infant Jesus into the temple to be consecrated.

“But Peter stood at the gate outside. So the other disciple, the acquaintance of the high priest, went out and spoke to the gatekeeper and brought Peter in.” Jn.18:16

Peter was identified with being associated with Jesus. Peter was brought into the courtyard for questioning.

“Saul got up from the ground, but when he opened his eyes, he could see nothing, so they led him by the hand and brought him to Damascus.” Acts 9:8

The speechless men were told to bring the blind Paul to Damascus. Paul was also experiencing a spiritual blindness.

Scriptural Eisegesis: This is the process of interpreting scripture in such a way as to introduce (“bring in”) one’s own biases, spin, presuppositions, or biases. This is often done to prove or reinforce a previously held belief system. This method generally ignores the original Hebrew, Greek, or Latin meanings of the text.

Conclusion:

Eisegesis, introduce, introduction, induce, comprehend

In classical Greek and Greek Hellenism, this term played an in important part in legal proceedings. The more nuanced examples are introducing a family member, introduce a conspiring member (conspiracy), introducing a subject (teaching), bring in troops (invasion), bringing in new customs (culture).

It is ironic that the master would invite the outsiders, downtrodden, and the lame to his feast. The men led the very helpless Paul to Damascus. Being brought in or taken in are common euphemisms for being arrested.

I think it is only human nature that each of us unconsciously bring in our biases and opinions as we seek to learn the meaning of scripture. This often helps to reinforce our belief systems and prejudices. But it is also important to be aware of the original meaning and intent of the Spirit filled writers of the Gospel and New Testament and Old Testament.

I wanted to take this opportunity to explore the basic methods that we can view scripture. These two methods are called exegesis and eisegesis. These two terms provide differing approaches to understanding scripture.

Exegesis comes from the Greek word exago, means to lead out or bring out.  This method seeks to understand the original intent of the writers of scripture.  Several factors are taken in consideration in this study.  There are several exegetical critical methods in use today.  Some of these many factors are: history, culture, syntax, word usage, literary uses, religion, society, typology, etc.

On the other hand, eisegesis comes the Greek word. eisago, which means lead into, or bring in.  We are all familiar with this method.  This is where we interpret scripture based on what we think it is.  In this method, be bring in our opinions, biases, and “spin” into the equation.  This method can become potentially problematic when multiple interpretations of the same scripture passage may result.  However, in spite of this, I think God will still be happy that we are looking at scripture at all.

So, in the future I will be examining scripture passages and key Greek words in an exegetical manner.  Essentially, I will expand of what I have been previously doing on Twitter. I will look at the original intent of scripture and find modern day words that are derived from Greek, Latin, and other languages. I try to make this fun and interesting. I like to call this “stealth catechesis”.