[Greek] ποιμήν (poimēn), [Latin] pastor: shepherd, pastor, one who tends a flock, herdsman, shepherder; Mt. 9:36, Mt. 25:32, Mt.26:31, Mk.6:34, Mk.14:27, Lk.2:8,15,18,20, Jn.10:2,11-12,14,16, Eph.4:11, Heb.13:20, 1Pet.2:25

Adoration of the Shepherds: painting by Gerard van Honthorst (1622)

Background Information:

Ancient Orient/Greek Hellenism: This terms means ruler, king, shepherd, protector, herdsman, lord, master, chief, and captain. The Sumerian king is described as a shepherd appointed by a deity. The shepherd is a common epithet for a ruler in the Assyrian and Babylonian cultures. The Egyptian Osiris is presented as a ruler with a staff (crook) in tending his flock in the netherworld. Gods (deities) also bear the title of shepherd.

Plato’s Republic 1.343a: “You [Socrates] don’t know the difference between the shepherd and the sheep…Because you think the shepherds are considering the good of the sheep with anything else in view than the good of their master and themselves.”

Aeschylus’ Suppliant Women 767: “Even at anchorage, shepherds of ships do not feel immediately secure above all if they have arrived on a harborless coast. In a cautious pilot, night is likely to beget anxiety.”

Euripides’ Phoenissae 1140: “Now I was able to see each of them, as I carried the watch-word along to the leaders of our companies.”

Old Testament:

1. The dryness of the ground made it necessary for the shepherds and flocks to move about or stay for months at a time.
2. Herding of sheep required vigilance against robbers and wild beasts.
3. The image of Yahweh (as the Shepherd of Israel) comes from the rich vocabulary of the shepherd who guides his flock, who leads it to pasture, who protects his sheep, who carries his lambs, and whose sheep hear his voice.
4. It is interesting to note that there is no single Old Testament use of shepherd ever being used as a title for a ruling king.
5. David continues to be presented as a shepherd. Jesus will later come as a shepherd (and Messiah) who will shepherd His flock.

New Testament: Since this is the Christmas season, Jesus’s later role as a shepherd will be excluded for now.

1. Shepherds, having unfavorable reputations, were often looked down upon as second-class citizens.
2. Although the priests and rabbis despised the shepherds, the shepherds served their purposes in providing the priests with unblemished lambs for sacrifices.
3. The shepherds were mostly identified with sinners, tax collectors, and outcasts. Shepherds could not be used as witnesses.
4. Interestingly, God is never called a shepherd. However, the comparison of God with a shepherd is restricted to Jesus’ parables.
5. This is in part due to a greater Christological emphasis on Jesus as a shepherd. 

Scripture:

Lk.2:8: “Now there were shepherds in that region living in the fields and keeping night watch over their flock.” (Luke’s gospel was written to the lowly and outsiders like the shepherds. The shepherds were often looked down upon and even despised. The shepherds were struck by fear from the appearance of an angel who proclaimed that a savior has been born who is Messiah and Lord. They would never forget this this experience. They shepherds would ask each other if they had seen this phenomenon.) 

Lk.2:12: “And this will be a sign for you: you (shepherds) will find an infant in swaddling clothes and lying in a manger.” (Shepherds would have already been familiar with seeing lambs in swaddling clothes. This ordinarily would not be a big deal. However, seeing an infant in swaddling clothes is a very unusual circumstance. The shepherds, not fully understanding this, would see this infant like a lamb.)

Lk.2:16: “So they (shepherds) went in haste and found Mary and Joseph, and the infant lying in the manger.” (The shepherds, being poor, could only offer their praise and adoration to the infant Jesus.)

Lk.2:17: “When they (shepherds) saw this, they made known the message that had been told them about this child.” (In their travels, the shepherds would no doubt have received many angry stares and puzzled faces from the people in the town of Bethlehem.)

Shepherds as congregational leaders:

1. Only once in the New Testament are shepherds stated as an office. This office refers to pastor, rather than shepherd.
2. Rather, pastors and teachers appear as a single group ministering to the congregations.
3. Congregational leaders are seen more metaphorically as shepherds. Likewise, the congregation is also seen metaphorically as the flock.
4. The pastor see his role as a shepherd in leading the congregation.
5. The pastor (shepherd) cares for the congregation, seeks the lost, combats heresy, and sets an example for the flock.

Conclusion:

Pastor, pasture, poimenics (study of pastoral theology)

It was interesting to discover that the Assyrian, Babylonian, Sumerian, and Egyptian rulers were viewed as shepherds. In the Greco-Roman era, the shepherd/sheep dynamic was sometimes viewed in the realm of “haves’ and “have-nots”. It was also interesting to learn that captains were seen as shepherds of ships.

I was surprised that there was no Old Testament use of the title shepherd for a ruling king. This would only later apply to the Messiah. I am not surprised that there would be profound differences (on many levels) between the priests and the shepherds. I can see how the priests would look down upon shepherds. These shepherds would be only good for providing lambs for sacrifices.

Luke’s gospel was written for the simple and downtrodden folks (like the shepherds).

Luke is the only gospel writer to use the title savior for Jesus. I suppose that the Jews would have not been happy to have a Messiah who was like a shepherd.

The Jews would rather have a Messiah who would be like a strong king. It then would follow that a pastor would be like a shepherd to his congregation (flock).

It was interesting to discover that the title ‘shepherd’ was infrequently used for a congregational leader. However, the roles of the pastor, priest, and shepherd are essentially the same.

Shepherds were generally despised by the city folk. The priests only tolerated them because they supplied the lambs for sacrifices.

Poimen??–Forget about it! “By hook or crook”–[sorry, couldn’t resist]– I finally was able to find a related word (pastor) that comes from the Latin form of this term!  

Upon seeing the angel, the shepherds would no doubt ask each other: ‘Did you see I what I see?’ and ‘Did you hear what I hear?’ I don’t know about you, but I think these words would make a great Christmas song! Perhaps sung by Bing Crosby! ☺☺☺

Shepherds are already familiar with lambs in swaddling clothes. But when the shepherds see an infant in swaddling clothes, it is a freaking big deal to them! The shepherds adore the infant.

You can imagine them saying, “I have no gift to bring… Parum pum pum pum.” [sorry, couldn’t resist]. Refer to my previous post about swaddling https://resoundingthefaith.com/2016/12/%e2%80%8egreek-%cf%83%cf%80%ce%b1%cf%81%ce%b3%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%8c%cf%89-sparganoo-old-english-swaebian/ I can only imagine the many stares when the shepherds shouted to others ‘A child has been born!’ Merry Christmas!

[Greek] προσκυνέω (proskyneō), [Latin] adorare, [Latin] procidere: to worship, to prostrate oneself, to bow as an act of regard or allegiance; 65 scriptural references

Adoration of the Child: painting by Gerard van Honthorst (1620). The infant is so adorable! ☺

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to revere, to salute, to prostrate oneself, to kiss the ground, and to humble oneself. The Greeks adopted this Oriental word for their own adoration of their gods. There is evidence of the sense of prostrating (bowing down) and kissing the ground in thankfulness or adoration. This term can convey both an outward gesture and an inward attitude. This term is frequently found in the tragic plays. The deification of rulers finds itself in the emperor cults of Greek and Roman leaders.

Sophocles’ Philoctetes 656: “Behold the bow and revere it as a god.”

Sophocles’ Philoctetes 533: “We must salute this home, which is no home.”

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 5.3.18: “The eunuch came out and did him obeisance.”

Sophocles’ Philoctetes 776: “Humble yourself before the jealous gods.”

Aristophanes’ Knights 156: “Then worship the earth and the gods.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 7.136: “Fall down and bow to the king.”

Euripides’ Orestes 1507: “I prostrate myself, lord, and supplicate you in my foreign way.”

Homer’s Odyssey 4.522: “Agamemnon set his foot on his native land and kissed the ground.”

Old Testament: This term means to prostrate, to bend the knee, to kneel, to promise fidelity and submission (to the conqueror) , to serve, to pay homage and to kiss. You have subdued under me those who rose up against me (2Sam.2240). He arose from before the altar of the Lord, from kneeling on his knees (1Kgs.8:54). Do homage to the Son, that he not become angry (Psa.2:12). Thus he came to the king and prostrated himself on his face to the ground to the king (2Sam.14:33). He who makes a god a worships it (Isa.44:15). Exalt the Lord, our God; bow down before His footstool (Psa.99:5).

New Testament: This term means to worship, to prostrate oneself, to show respect, to fear, and to mock (false adoration). Worship is shown to the infant Jesus, the older Jesus, God, the Father, idols, and Satan. There exists a continuous theme of Jesus’ healings that are made possible by others’ faith in Him. Satan tempts Jesus to obey him. Stephen points out the Jews’ ancestors worshiping idols. The Samaritans worship what they do not understand. Cornelius, moved by the apparition, bows down in respect for Peter. The demons, acknowledging His authority, fear Him. Herod, falsely intending to honor the infant Jesus, plans to kill Him. The Roman soldiers mockingly show reverence to the crucified Jesus.

Scripture:

“And on entering the house the magi saw the child with Mary His mother. They prostrated themselves and did Him homage.” Mt.2:11

The Old Testament makes reference to the magi as kings. In Psa.72:10, the kings of Sheba an Seba ofter gifts. In Psa.68:30, the kings bring tribute. In Isa.60:6, all from Sheba come bearing gold and frankincense.

“And then a leper approached, did Him homage, and said, ‘Lord, if you wish, You can make me clean.’” Mt.8:2

The leper was healed because he had faith in Jesus. This becomes a recurring theme in scripture.

“Catching sight of Jesus from a distance, the demoniac ran up and prostrated himself before Him, crying out in a loud voice, ‘What have you to do with me? I adjure you by God, do not torment me!’”Mk.5:6

Even the demons fear the authority of Jesus.

Noteworthy Revelation scriptures:

Rev.3:9: Followers of Satan will be singled out/be prostrate at your feet.

Rev. 13:4: They also worshiped the beast (Roman empire).

Rev. 14:9: Anyone who worships the beast will drink the wine of God’s fury

Etymology: The Greek verb proskuneo literally means to kiss (-kuneo-) forward (pro-). The Latin verb procidere means to fall forward (collapse). A procedure is a fact or manner of proceeding. The related Latin verb cadere means to fall. The Latin verb genuflectere means to bend (-flectere) the knee (genu). Adorable mean worthy of worship. The later use of adorable means delightful or charming.

Conclusion:

Adoration, adore, proceed, procedure, kiss, genuflect

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term aside from worshiping. It seems that the word ‘adore’ was not commonly used in this time period. Humbling oneself, bowing down, submitting to authority, and kissing the ground are other aspects in expressing thankfulness and obeisance.

In the Old Testament, this term refers to paying homage, bending the knee, and showing fidelity and submission to the conqueror. Psa. 99:5 makes reference to bowing down before His footstool (humble at His feet). This could be likened to a conquering superior placing his foot on the captured enemy’s neck. Perhaps, this could be likened to the woman placing her foot on the serpent in Gen.3:15. Mary ultimately conquers Satan.

In the New Testament, this term is extensively used in conveying worshiping and prostrating oneself. Regarding the magi, the Old Testament makes references to being kings bearing gifts (Psa.72:10, Psa.68:30, and Isa.60:6). It is interesting to note that Matthew’s gospel, written to the Jews, presents kings. On the other hand, Luke’s gospel, written for the downtrodden, presents shepherds. Herod has ulterior motives in wanting to see the infant Jesus.

Jesus’ encounter with Satan tempting Him recalls Israel’s worship of false gods. That Jesus’ healings are made possible because of others’ faith in Him becomes a very important theme throughout the gospels. Yet many showed little faith. Moved by the apparition, Cornelius mistakenly prostrates himself before Peter. In the Parable of the Unforgiving Servant, a servant humbly seeks forgiveness but does not show the same forgiveness to another person. As a result, this servant later received stern recrimination. Likewise, the Father will do the same to us.

The Samaritans worship what they do not understand. (In our current culture, many of us seem to be “bowing down” before our technical gadgets. In fact, there is now a medical condition called “tech (text) neck”, associated with pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, and upper back. Thankfully, I am not that far gone!) It is also interesting to note that the Samaritans, known for helping others, were looked down upon by the Jews as “second-class” citizens. It is important to note that even the demons feared the authority of Jesus. The Roman soldiers mocked (showing fake adoration) to the crucified Christ.

Grapes of wrath: Reaping and treading of the grapes symbolize God’s fury on the ungodly. All enemies will be trodden as easily as grapes are crushed. To tread a person as in a winepress is to destroy or crush that person. The crushed grapes are likened to the image of the spilling of the blood.

On bended knee I humbly submit to you that a child has been born. Merry Christmas!

[Greek] ἄμωμος (amōmos), [Latin] inmaculati, [Latin] non habentam maculam: without blemish, unblemished, without blame, spotless, faultless, without fault; Eph.1:4, Eph.5:27, Col.1:22, Heb.9:14, 1Pet.1:19, Jud. 1:24, Rev.14:5

Adoration of the Mystic Lamb: painting by Hubert and Jan van Eyck (1430). This is part of the Ghent Altarpiece at St. Bevo Cathedral in Ghent, Belgium.

Background information:

Adoration of the Lamb: The martyrs are shown in the top left. The pagan writers and Jewish prophets are shown in the bottom left. A fountain (symbol of eternal like) is shown in the bottom center. Apostles are shown in the bottom right. Behind the Apostles are the Church authorities. Virgins are shown on the top right. The Lamb, whose blood is spilling in a chalice, stands on the altar. Angels adore the Lamb. The angels are carrying the symbols from the Passion (the cross, the spear, the spear that held the sponge, and the pillar of the flagellation). The dove, representing the Holy Spirit, is at the top center.

Greek Hellenism: This term means one who is without approach (physically and morally) , blameless, without blemish, perfect, and unimpaired. Herodotus’ The Histories 2.177 states “Solon the Athenian got this law from Egypt and established it among his people; may they always have it, for it is a perfect law.” Hesiod’s Theogony 259 states “And, Euarne, lovely of shape and without blemish of form.” Aeschlylus’ Persians 185 states “I dread that two women in beautiful clothes, one in Persian garb, the other in Dorian attire, appeared before my eyes; both far more striking in stature than are the women of our time, flawless in beauty, sisters of the same family.”

Old Testament: This term means without defect, blameless, perfect (physical and moral), right (genuine), and entire (full). This term refers to God’s blamelessness Himself and of things of God. This term also refers to the perfect qualities needed for spotless animal sacrifices and priest qualifications. “The lamb must be a year-old male and without blemish (Exo.12:5). Noah, a good man and blameless in that age (Gen.6:9). The Rock-how faultless and are His deed, how right all His ways (Deut. 32:4). God’s way is unerring, the promise of the Lord is fire-tried (2Sam.22:31). As and oblation to the Lord, he shall present the fat of the peace offering: the whole fatty tail (Lev.3:9). Now, therefore, fear the Lord and serve Him completely and sincerely (Jos.24:14). You shall count seven full weeks (Lev.23:15).

New Testament: This term means without blemish and blameless. Christians, having received numerous blessings from Christ, are called to be holy in being without blemish. Paul calls husbands and wives to be holy (without blemish) in relationship to each other, like Christ’s relationship with His Church. Paul reminds the Colossians that they have been reconciled by Jesus’ unblemished body. Jesus, the unblemished high priest, enters into the sanctuary of heaven. Jesus is the unblemished sacrificial lamb. Companions of the lamb, not deceiving nor denying Christ, are unblemished. The power of God is needed to keep you unblemished, in not falling or stumbling.

Scripture:

“As He chose us in Him, before the foundation of the world, to be holy and without blemish before Him.” Eph.1:4

Christians have received numerous benefits from Christ. With this comes the call for holiness as adopted sons and daughters of God.

“How much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal spirit offered Himself unblemished to God, cleanse our consciences from dead works to worship the living God.” Heb.9:14

Christ, the unblemished high priest, enters the true heavenly sanctuary. He remains there permanently.

“But with the precious Blood of Christ as of as spotless unblemished lamb.” 1Pet.1:19

Jesus becomes the perfect sacrificial Lamb.

Macula: A macula is a spot, blemish, or stain. The macula is the central area of the retina which gives us the ability to see ‘20/20’. Macular degeneration can result in blindness.

Conclusion:

Immaculate, macula

In Greek Hellenism, this term also conveys the notion of someone who is without approach (physically and morally). It is interesting to note that this term speaks of purity in character. There are references to physical beauty. Herodotus also makes reference to the perfection in a law.

In the Old Testament, this term starts with God’s absolute blameless and of things with God. This term also refers to the perfection of qualities needed for a priest and animal sacrifices needed for sacrifices.

In the New Testament, Jesus becomes the more perfect and unblemished (spotless) sacrificial Lamb. Christ is the unblemished High Priest able to enter the sanctuary of heaven. Christians, receiving blessings from Christ, are called to be holy and without blemish. Paul calls husbands and wives to be in a strong mutual love in relationship to each other. This marriage should be likened to the relationship between Christ and the Church.

We also must not forget immaculate Mary who is without reproach. Mary is the new Ark of the Covenant who provides an unblemished place for Jesus to be born. The Church is absolutely “spot on” (exactly right) in celebrating Mary.

This is plain to see!

[Greek] ἀφυστερέω (aphustereo), [Latin] facere fraudem, [Latin] privare fraudem, [Latin] patere fraudem: to rob, to defraud, to deprive of, to despoil, to keep back by fraud, to be late, to be lacking, to become destitute; Mk.10:19, 1Cor.6:7-8, 1Cor.7:5, 1Tim.6:5, Jas.5:4

Many have felt that they have been defrauded or robbed by these election results.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to rob, to defraud, to cheat, to be constrained, to be frustrated, to withdraw oneself, to evade, to fail to pay, and to fail (oneself or others).

Demosthenes’ Olynthiac 1: “He is deprived of this source of revenue.”

Demosthenes’ Against Timocrates 24.210: “They are impaired by your neglect.”

Andocides’ On the Mysteries 1.149: “You will not rob yourselves of such further services.”

Xenophon’s Anabasis 7.6.9: “While he defrauds us of our pay.”

Aristophanes’ Clouds 487: “But cheating is.”

Antiphon’s On the Murder of Herodes 5.78: “He is evading his obligations towards Athens.”

Aristophanes’ Clouds 1305: “Wishes to withhold the money that he borrowed.”

Demosthenes’ Against Midias 21.44: “A man who has lost his case fails to pay.”

Old Testament: This term means to withdraw, to restrain, to diminish, to take from, to keep back, to withhold, to deny, to oppress, to defraud, and to exploit. He does not withdraw His eyes from the righteous (Job 36:7). But none of your labor will be reduced (Exo.5:11). From the wicked their light is withheld (Job 38:15). Do not refuse me before I die (Pro. 30:7). You shall not oppress your neighbor, nor rob him (Lev.19:13). Whose ox have I taken, or whose donkey have I taken, or whom have I defrauded? (1Sam.12:3).

New Testament: This term means to defraud, to cheat, and to deprive (withhold). Jesus states that one of the necessary requirements for seeking eternal life is to not to defraud others. Upon hearing all these requirements, the rich man discouragingly walked away. Paul was upset that the Corinthian Christians, instead of settling their personal issues among themselves, were suing one another before pagan judges in Roman courts. These Christians were judging themselves by the world’s standards. Paul cautions husbands and wives not to deprive themselves from each other. James denounces those who exploit workers. These workers’ pleas are being heard by the Lord. False teachers can be discerned by depriving others of the truth.

Scripture:

“Now indeed then it is, in any case, a failure on your part that you have lawsuits against one another. Why not put up with injustice? Why not rather let yourselves be cheated?” 1Cor.6:7

The Christians in Corinth were using the pagan courts (with Roman judges) instead of settling their own personal matters in Christian ways.

“You know the commandments…you shall not defraud.” Mk.10:9

In speaking to the rich man, Jesus tells him what he must do in order to have eternal life. The rich man walked away.

“Do not deprive each other, except perhaps by mutual consent for a time, to be free for prayer, but then return to one another, so that Satan may not tempt you through your lack of self-control.” 1Cor.7:

Paul cautions husbands and wives not to deprive themselves (of their presence) from each other.

Etymology: The Latin verb facere means to make and to do. A fact is something that happened. Prima facie means at first glance (based on first impressions). The Latin verb privare means to deprive, to take away, and to rob. Privation is the state of being without something. Private is something set apart from what is public. The Latin verb patere means to be open, to exposed, and to be vulnerable. Patient means being capable of enduring something. The Greek verb hustereo means to come late, to come short, and to be left behind.

Conclusion:

Fraud, fact, face, deprive, deprivation, patient, patience, private, privation

The Greek Hellenistic era fully illustrates the meanings of this term, ranging from depriving, robbing, impairing, cheating, evading, and refusing. All of these meanings could be applicable at any time in history. We all can relate to these situations.

The Old Testament culture also provides many meanings for this term. Oppressing and exploiting seem to take on more significance.

The New Testament continues this term’s sense of being deprived and defrauded. In addition to Jesus’ call to be just (in not depriving others), He calls upon others to focus more on spiritual treasures which last longer. The Corinthian Christians were failing to settle their affairs with Christian values. Instead, they referred to the pagan court’s judicial authority. Paul was fearful that these Christians were being guided by the world’s standards. Paul cautions husbands and wives to be physically present to each other. False teachers, by their nature, deprive others of the truth.

Election aftermath: Many conservatives, Trump supporters, and Republicans, feeling deprived of due process and confidence in the integrity of the election, are now seeking judicial recourse in several battle ground states. Many have felt that this election was stolen from them. (#StopTheSteal) At first glance, simple recounting of votes would not suffice if there are questions about about the underlying vote tabulations. In other words, recounts become meaningless if this data (votes) are questionable. Therefore, further investigation is needed to determine the extent of electronic vote switching, tampering, and manipulation, and internet connections. Efforts are now being undertaken to analyze the election software. The hundreds of irregularities and fraud (and affidavits of eyewitnesses) of depriving, withholding, and cheating as of yet do not give the American public confidence in these election results. So this judicial process (going to court) will continue in the meantime.

In this post, I hope that I was able to provide you with a thorough understanding and background of this term. I did not want to deprive you of that!

[Greek] ἀποκαλύπτω (apokalyptō), [Latin] revelare: to reveal, to disclose, to manifest, to make fully known; 32 scriptural references

Fresco of the Seven Sorrows of Mary at Santa Stefano Rotondo in Rome. The thoughts of many hearts will be revealed, resulting in the ways that Mary’s heart will be pierced (Lk.2:35).

Background information:

Fresco of the Seven Sorrows of Mary: These seven sorrows are revealed: the prophecy of Simeon, the flight into Egypt, the loss of the child Jesus in the Temple, Mary’s meeting Jesus on the Via Dolorosa, Jesus’ crucifixion, the piercing of Jesus’ side and His descent from the Cross, and Jesus’ burial in the tomb.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to uncover, to reveal one’s view (mind), to disclose, to reveal, to draw aside the veil, and to mask. The Greek seeks through his reason to unveil God. Plutarch’s Alexander 55 states “For this reason also, when the conspiracy of Hermolaus and his associates against Alexander was discovered, it was thought that the accusation of his detractors had an air of probability.” Plato’s Gorgia 460a states “For heaven’s sake, as you proposed just now, draw aside the veil and tell us what really is the function of rhetoric.” Plato’s Protagoras 352a states “Come my good Protagoras, uncover some more of your thoughts.” Plutarch’s Crassus 6 states “Thus Crasss passed eight months in concealment; but as soon as he heard of Cinna’s death, he disclosed himself.”

Old Testament: In contrast to empty idols, God (Yahweh) is the living God, who only reveals Himself when He wills it. God reveals Himself through history (workings of God). Revelation is the action of God. God reveals Himself as holy and gracious. God reveals Himself as the creator and sustainer of the world. The Greek seeks to master his world by reason, while the righteous believer in the Old Testament world through faith receives revelation. There are many meanings and scripture references.

More notable New Testament examples:

Mt.10:26: The concealed and secret coming of the kingdom will be revealed.

Mt.11:25: Jesus’ preaching and deeds revealed to the childlike

Mt.11:27: Father’s revelation granted to those who are open to receive it.

Mt.16:17: The Father reveals to Peter that Jesus is the Messiah.

Lk.2:35: Mary will be sorrowfully affected as the Jews’ reaction to Jesus will be revealed.

Lk.17:30: When the day of the of the Son of Man is revealed, not everyone will be ready.

Jn.12:38: Isaiah’s prophecy provides an historical explanation for why many Jews will not believe in Jesus.

Rom.8:18: The glory that believers are revealed to share exceeds the suffering of the present age.

Gal.3:23: Before faith was revealed, we were all under the Law.

Conclusion:

Reveal, revelation, apocalypse, apocalyptic

It was interesting to discover that the Greeks used reason to understand their world (environment). This is in contrast to the Old Testament culture in which God chooses to reveal Himself through faith.

This term is used extensively in the Old Testament. Some of the more interesting (nuanced) meanings include to make naked, to repent (revealing one’s sins), to declare, to pour out (revealing one’s motivations), and to loosen.

In the New Testament, God’s revelation and power are revealed in many ways. God’s ways can be revealed by faith and by the childlike.

Election aftermath: Many people have stated, “There is no evidence of fraud.” However, in this process of legal litigation, the many instances of affidavits (claims) of voter irregularities and fraud are being revealed (discovered) in these lawsuits, examinations, and hearings. This will be further revealed as this judicial discovery process continues. This will be very revealing in the weeks ahead. What we find could be apocalyptic!

I found that this term was very revealing. I hope I was able to reveal this to you.

[Greek] συνέρχομαι (synerchomai), [Latin] convenire, [Latin] pravenire, [Latin] venerare, [Latin] exire, [Latin] concurre, [Latin] venire, [Latin] comitare, [Latin] discedere, [Latin] revertere: to come together, to go with, to have sexual intercourse, to cohabit, and to associate with; 30 scriptural

The Entombment of Christ: painting by Caravaggio (1603). The women had followed behind Joseph and venerated (come together to honor) Jesus in the rock-hewn tomb.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism:

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.152: “The Ionians and Aeolians came to Sparta.”

Euripides’ Bacchae 714: “Herdsmen and shepherds gathered.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.80: “Lydians fought the Persians.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.77: “All these things come together.”

Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.2.4: “Lust provokes man to begat children.”

Sophocles’ Ajax 491: “I have come into your bed.”

Plato’s Symposium 192e: “That from being two you may be made one; the pair of you, being as one, may share a single life.”

Old Testament: This term means to gather, to receive, to walk, to embrace, to betroth, to appoint, to meet, to join, to encounter, and to come into combat. There are very many Old Testament scriptural passages.

New Testament: This term means to live together, to assemble, to resort, and to go together. There are many references of persons assembling together. Paul makes references to doctrinal abuses and problems with the Corinthians’ assemblies. Mary was betrothed to Joseph. Mary’s betrothal essentially begins Mary’s marriage commitment to Jesus. As a betrothed person, Mary was subject to potential adultery penalties (sanctions). Accompanying (going on a journey) also becomes an aspect of assembling together.

Scripture:

“Now this is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about. When His mother Mary was betrothed to Joseph, but before they lived together, she was found with child through the Holy Spirit.” Mt.1:18

Betrothal was considered the first part of the marriage process. Adultery claims could apply during the betrothal period.

“People saw them leaving and many came to know about it. They hastened there on foot from all the towns and arrived at the place before them.” Mk.6:33

Jesus was filled with pity and provided for their spiritual and physical needs.

“Therefore, it is necessary that one of the men who accompanied us the whole time the Lord Jesus came and went among us.” Acts 1:21

Since Judas had betrayed Jesus, it was necessary to select his replacement among the disciples. This replacement had to be one who had accompanied them with Jesus.

Etymology: The Latin verb praevenire means to come in front of,  to precede, to interrupt, and to prevent. The Latin verb convenire means to gather with, to meet, and to convene. The Latin verb venerare, meaning to come to honor, also means to venerate. The Latin verb exire, meaning to come out, also means to exist. The Latin verb concurre means to assemble together, to concur, and to coincide. The Latin verb venire means to come. The Latin verb comitare means to attend or to follow. The Latin discedere means to depart or to leave. The Latin verb revertere means to turn back.

Conclusion:

Convene, convention, prevent, prevention, venue, exist, existence, concur, concurrence, venerate, veneration, revert

This is an interesting term which conveys aspects of being or doing something together. Gathering, walking together, fighting, debating, co-habitating, and sexual intercourse are various forms of being together. It is quite interesting that Plato, being a non- Christian, coveys the notion that persons in a marital union, become one. This idea occurs long before the Christian notion of a marital union of one flesh.

The New Testament also illustrates assembling together in various ways. For purposes of brevity, I have focused on examples aside from assembling together. The betrothal is essentially the beginning process of the marriage relationship in the Jewish culture. Adultery claims can be made during the betrothal stage.

In Mk. 6:33 the people were flocking together to where Jesus departed, setting the stage for the feeding of the 5000. The number 5000 means everyone (1000) under the law (5 books). The Latin verb praevenire (to come to anticipate Jesus’ arrival) is used in this scripture passage prior to the feeding of 5000.

In Acts 1:21 it was necessary that the one who replaced Judas must have been one of those who accompanied them the whole time when Jesus was present among them. The Latin verb existere is used to define these candidates.

In Acts 5:16 many signs and wonders were done by the Apostles. The Latin verb concurre is used in this verb. Interestingly, the related French verb is coincider.

In Lk. 23:55 Joseph, along with other women, came to lay Jesus’ body in the tomb. The Latin verb venerare (coming to honor) is used. The related French verb is honorer.

Election aftermath: It is very curious that there are numerous examples (and affadavits) of election concerns, irregularities, or fraud during this election process. Therefore, the Trump campaign has proceeded to litigate these legal issues through the courts. Hopefully, these election irregularities and their causes (sources) can be tied together (explained) once and for all, so that the American people can have confidence in the integrity of our election.

I initially had some doubts about making this post, but it eventually all came together.

Here’s hoping that your family can come together for Thanksgiving. Happy Thanksgiving!

[Greek] ἀνθίστημι (anthistēmi), [Latin] contendere, [Latin] resistere: to cause to stand, to stand against, to oppose, to withstand, to set one’s self against, to hinder; Mt.5:39, Lk.21:15, Acts 6:10, Acts 13:8, Rom.9:19, Rom.13:2, Gal.2:11, Eph.6:13, 2Tim.3:8, 2Tim.4:15, Jas.4:7, 1Pet.5:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to set against, to turn against, and to turn out unfavorably. Thucydides’s History of the Peloponnesian War 1.54 states “The Corinthians did set up a trophy (monument) because in the battle having gotten more of the wreck and dead bodies than the enemy.” Plutarch’s Theseus 1 states “With such a warrior who will dare to fight? When shall I set against him?” Sophocles’ Tracking Satyrs 256 states “I won’t put up with your loud quarrelsome words.” Homer’s Iliad 16.305 states “They still sought to withstand him.” Plato’s Laws 834a states “We must establish a general tourney for infantry who shall compete with bows, targes, javelins, and stones.”

New Testament: This term means to resist (oppose), to offer no resistance, and to be unable to resist. Jesus instructs others to turn the other cheek when someone strikes you. Jesus offers the wisdom which no adversaries can resist. The persecutors could not withstand the wisdom of the inspired Stephen. Those opponents (Elymas, Alexander, and unbelievers) are powerless to resist God’s inspired words. Paul rightly rebukes Peter for failing to uphold proper Christian table fellowship. Those who resist God’s authority bring judgment upon themselves. One must put on the armor of God to resist evil. Resist the devil and he will flee from you.

Turning the other cheek:

What is a common misperception of turning the other cheek? This does not mean becoming a complete doormat in allowing one to be attacked by an aggressor. “Ok. You slapped me on my right cheek. Why don’t you also slap me on my left cheek.”

How did the Roman soldiers view the Jews? The Jews were considered as second-class citizens. Soldiers tended to be right-handed. When Romans struck an “inferior” person, they would give a back-handed slap on that person’s right cheek.

How did the Roman soldiers strike someone considered their equal? The soldier would punch that person’s left cheek with his fist.

What does turning the other cheek accomplish? The Jewish person forces his Roman attacker to treat him as an equal. Jesus wants the Jews to stand up and demand respect. This action is intended to activate the soldier’s conscience.

Scripture:

“But I say to you, offer no resistance to one who is evil. When someone strikes you on your right cheek, turn the other one to him as well.” Mt. 5:9

Jesus offers advice as how to confound your enemy. Romans traditionally looked upon Jews as inferiors. Therefore, Romans would strike the right cheek of the victim with the back of their hand. This illustrates the attitude of a superior person attacking an inferior person. On the other hand, striking the left check with one’s fist indicates a more equal relationship. Jesus’s turning the other cheek forces the attacker to view his enemy as an equal.

“Therefore, whoever resists authority opposes what God has appointed, and those who oppose it will bring judgment upon themselves” Rom.13:2

Paul speaks about God’s authority and Roman authority. Caesar is not entitled to obedience when it is involved with God’s domain.

“Therefore, put on the armor of God, that you may be able to resist on the evil day and, having done everything, to hold your ground.” Eph.6:13

The Christian must be ready for combat against human being and the spiritual powers.

Antihistamine: An antihistamine is a drug (substance) that counteracts or blocks the effects of a histamine which causes the symptoms of hay fever and other allergies.

Conclusion:

Antihistamine, resist, resistance, contend, contention

It was interesting to discover that this term can take on a range of meanings, from putting up with, fighting, competing, and setting up monuments. In military battles, the victors would build a trophaeum (monument) memorializing the turning point of a victory in war. The Greek verb tropaion means turning. From this we get the word trophy.

In the New Testament, this term essentially means resisting, opposing, and being hostile. Jesus tells others to turn their other cheek to minimize violence and to psychologically challenge the attitude of the offender. Christians putting on armor in the battle against evil is a recurring theme in the New Testament. God’s wisdom and words will be resistant to evil. Paul rightly rebukes Peter for being a hypocrite in observing proper Christian table fellowship.

Election aftermath: There will be continued resistance to accepting the results of the election if potential fraud and irregularities are not investigated. I hear that a Kraken will soon be released in this battle.

Until then, keep awake and don’t take any antihistamines (which may cause drowsiness during political battles).

[Greek] ἀνέχομαι (anechomai), [Latin] adferre, [Latin] sustinere, [Latin] subportare, [Latin] patere, [Latin] sufferere: to be patient with, to put up with (forbear), to bear, to endure, to persevere to tolerate; Mt.17:17, Mk.9:19, Lk.9:41, Acts 18:14, 1Cor.4:12, 2Cor.11:1,4,19-20, Eph.4:2, Col.3:13, 2Thess.1:4, 2Tim.4:3, Heb.13:22

The Trojan Horse: painting by Henri-Paul Motte (1874) “Beware of Greeks bringing Gifts”: One must be bear (endure) the consequences of receiving something from strangers.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to endure, to bear, and to abide. Plato’s Phaedo 109e states “If anyone should come to the top of the air or should get wings and fly up, he would see things in that upper world, if his nature were strong enough to bear the sight, he would recognize that this is the real heaven.” Sophocles Ajax 660 states “Ever since I took into my hand this gift from Hector, my greatest enemy, I have gotten no good from the Greeks. Yes, the men’s proverb is true: the gifts of enemies are not gifts and bring no good.” Homer’s Iliad 1.586 states “Be patient, my mother, and endure for all your grief, lest dear as you are to me, my eyes see you stricken.”

Old Testament: This term means to endure, to bear, to forbear (put up with), to restrain oneself, and to receive (accept) something or someone. God can either restrain Himself, showing mercy for men. Or God can restrain Himself, permitting men to reap the consequences of their sinful actions. These I cannot bear (Isa.1:13). When he could not longer bear his own stench (2Macc.9:12). For the emotions of the appetites are restrained (4Macc.1:35). What strength have I that I should endure (Job.6:11). Can you hold back, O Lord, after all this? (Isa.64:11). I have said nothing, holding myself in (Isa.42:14). O Lord, hold not back (Isa.63:15).

New Testament: This term means to endure, to accept (tolerate), and to forebear (be patient with). Jesus disappointingly puts up with the disciples’ lack of faith concerning healing the possessed boy. Pointing out the Corinthians’ hubris, Paul tells them to put with his ‘foolishness’. Paul cautions one must not put up with (tolerate) sinful behavior. Paul calls one to bear with one another with love and encouragement. Paul warns that there will be a time when people will not tolerate sound doctrine but will follow their own desires. Paul warns that Christians may endure struggles and persecutions.

Scripture:

“Jesus said in reply, ‘O faithless and perverse generation, how long will I be with you? How long will I endure you? Bring him here to Me’” Mt.17:17

Jesus is disappointed in the disciples’ lack of faith which couldn’t heal the possessed boy. Jesus becomes exasperated about this.

“Accordingly, we ourselves boast of you in the churches of God regarding your endurance and faith in all your persecutions and the affliction you endure.” 2Thess.1:4

Paul acknowledges and warns the Christians that they may experience struggles and persecutions.

“For the time will come when people will not tolerate sound doctrine, but following their own desires and insatiable curiosity, will accumulate teachers.” 2Tim.4:3

This becomes a very prophetic scripture foretelling those who would rather follow the current culture rather than scriptural mandates.

Etymology: The Greek anechomai, meaning to hold (-echo) up (ana-), is related to several Latin verbs. The Latin adferre means to bring to, to carry forth, and to offer. The Latin sustinere means to uphold, to tolerate, to put off, and to maintain. The Latin subportare means to support (to bear from underneath). The Latin patare means to be exposed, to be vulnerable, to endure, and to be patient. The Latin suffererre means to endure and to suffer.

Conclusion:

Offer, sustain, support, patient, suffer

At first glance, I wasn’t very sure if I was going to be able to make a post about this term. I had to put up with my lack of understanding and endure some research into this term. It was interesting to learn about the original sense of putting up with something for which we all take for granted. We all also can relate to enduring with some struggle or difficulty. Sophocles makes reference to the notion of accepting gifts from strangers (beware of Greeks bearing gifts).

The Old Testament develops the important theme of God putting up with (forbearing) man. God can restrain Himself in showing us mercy (by not punishing). Or God can also restrain Himself, permitting man to reap the consequences of his sinful actions.

In the New Testament, Jesus also shows a disappointing forbearance (putting up) with the disciples’ lack of faith. Paul asks others to put up with his foolishness. Paul also has to put up with the Corinthians’ hubris and arrogance. Paul also mentions that Christians may have to endure struggles or persecutions. 2Tim.4:3 provides a prophetic commentary on human behavior. Modifying or even denying sound doctrine in order to adapt to current times happens frequently in the current times. This could apply to the definitions of abortion, marriage, the priesthood, Jesus’ Body and Blood, etc.

Current events: In the aftermath of this election, our nation is more divided than ever. One side believes we have a new President-Elect. The other side believes that further legal action is needed in contested state elections to ascertain the next President. So now we will have to put up this legal challenges before we have consensus on this election.

Thanks for putting up with me in making this post.

[Greek] ἀναστρέφω (anastrephō), [Latin] revertere, [Latin] conversare, [Latin] tradere, [Latin] subvertere: to turn back, to overturn, to conduct one’s self, to abide, and to return; Mt.17:22, Jn.2:15, Acts 5:22, Acts 15:16, 2Cor.1:12, Eph.2:3, 1Tim.3:15, Heb.10:33, 1Pet.1:17, 2Pet.2:18

We all must seek the wisdom from Yoda (aka “Anastrophe Master”)

Background information:

Anastrophe: This is a figure of speech in which the normal word order of the subject, the verb, and the object is changed (turned). Famous examples of anastrophes:

“Do or do not. There is no try!”  Yoda

“The greatest teacher, failure is” Yoda

“Hello, darkness, my old friend, I’ve come to talk to you again.” Simon and Garfunkle

“Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are!” Jane Tyler 1806

“You stupid computer, why aren’t you working?” [insert your name] (Down this road, many times we have been!) ☺☺☺

Greek Hellenism: This term means to convert, to bring back to, to conduct oneself, to walk, to return, and to change. Euripides’ Hippolytus 1176 states “For a messenger had come saying that Hippolytus would no longer dwell in this land, being exiled by you.” Aristophanes’ Plutus 779 states “But I want to change everything. What a misfortune it is.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 449 states “No, the gods take excellent care of their own kind. They find a strange joy in turning back from Hades all things criminal.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.80.5 states “As soon as the horses smelled and saw the camels, they turned to flight and all Croesus’ hope was lost.”

Old Testament: This term means to come back (return), to conduct oneself, to bring forth, to overturn, to change, to repeat, and to turn. This term is used to describe one’s religious and ethical “walk” in life. In literal terms, this means “the way of walking.” This term is not used in a spatial (locational) sense. One always walks with God on the earth. This is in keeping with the moral sense of piety. Essentially, this refers to how one conducts himself (walks in a straight path) in life before God.

But I will bring back Israel to her fold (Jer.50:19). You turned back his sharp sword (Psa.89:44). They would relapse and do worse than their fathers (Jdg.2:19). I will restore the fortunes of Jacob (Eze.39:25). Can I bring him back again? (2Kgs.12:23). When a man walks in integrity and justice, happy are his children after him (Pro.20:7). None who enter theron come back again (Pro.2:19). He told them to send him at once to the abode of the dead (2Macc.6:23). Why do these people rebel with obstinate resistance? (Jer.8:5).

New Testament: This term means to abide, to return, and to conduct oneself (behave). Jesus overturns the money-changers’ tables as they were desecrating the Temple. The disciples were gathering together in Galilee when Jesus is to be handed over. The court officers came back and reported that the Apostles escaped a locked and guarded prison. Prophecy states that Jesus will rebuild the fallen hut (house) of David. Paul states one must conduct oneself in conformity to Christ. A person can be like a slave to whatever overcomes or controls him.

Scripture:

“He made a whip out of cords and drove them all out of the temple area, with the sheep and oxen, and spilled the coins of the money-changers and overturned their tables.” Jn.2:15

Jesus acts in this way because they desecrated the Temple.

“But the court officers who went did not find them in the prison, so they came back and reported.” Acts 5:22

The court officers reported that there was no one in the unlocked and guarded cell.

“All of us once lived among them in the desires of our flesh, following the wishes of the flesh and the impulses, and we were by nature children of wrath, like the rest.” Eph.2:3

We can make the choice of walking in the carnal ways of the world. Or we can choose to walk in the way of the Lord.

Conclusion:

Revert, reversion, converse, conversation, subvert, subversion, trade, trader

This term has the basic sense of turning. However, this term has various meanings. In classical Greek, ‘to turn one’s self about’ refers to one’s conduct or behavior. It is interesting that this sense continues in other cultures later in history. This term can range from turning back, engaging, to abiding.

In the Old Testament, this term also has a wide range of meanings. It was very important for Jews (Hebrews) to “walk with God” in being faithful to Him.

In the New Testament, we are all familiar with Jesus overturning the money-changers’ tables in the Temple. Paul stresses that one must live one’s life rooted in Christ. Otherwise, one will walk the path of being enslaved by sin.

My post, I hope you liked!

Next post: For those whom God leads on a unique path

[Greek] ἀγωνίζομαι (agōnizomai), [Latin] contendere, [Latin] certere, [Latin] decertere, [Latin] sollicitus: to contend for a prize, to compete, to strive, to endeavor to accomplish something; Lk.13:24, Jn.18:36, 1Cor.9:25, Col.1:29, Col.4:12, 1Tim.6:12, 2Tim.4:7

Carlos Acutis’ tomb is opened for public veneration in Assisi Italy. His life provides us an example of what it means to contend for the prize of salvation.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to engage in a conflict (struggle), to insult, to contend for a prize, to fight for a cause, to contend in court, and to bring to issue. Herodotus’ The Histories 2.160 states “The Egyptians deliberated and then asked the Eleans. If their won cities took part in the contest (Olympic games), all Greeks from Elis must attend.” Euripides’ Heracliedae 992 states “When I had taken up a quarrel with Heracles and realized that this was the struggle I would be engaged in, I became the inventor of much grief.” Plato’s Lesser Hippias 369c states “I will prove to you by satisfactory argument based on many pieces of evidence.”

Greek Hero/Jewish Maccabeean Martyr: These metaphorical models both illustrate the Hellenistic heroic qualities of the exercising of virtue, discipline, and self-denial. The heroic struggle of the athlete takes place in the arena, while the heroic struggle of the pious Jew takes place in the moral life. The struggle for virtue also becomes equated with an athlete’s striving. Paul later equates the athlete’s striving to a faithful Christian. Some Christians and Jews will ultimately exercise their virtue even to martyrdom in the arena (and in the moral life).

Old Testament: This term means to struggle, to contest, to debate, and to uphold one’s faith (in times of persecution). They vindicated their nation, looking to God and enduring torture even to death (4Macc.17:10). Even to the death, fight for the truth, and the Lord your God will battle for you (Sir.4:28). Leaving the outcome to the Creator of the word, Judas exhorted his followers to fight nobly to death for the temple, the city, the country, and the government (2Macc.13:14).

New Testament: This term means to strive, to fight, to struggle, the exercise, and to compete. Jesus states that one must strive (with effort) to enter through the narrow door into the kingdom of heaven. Jesus points out that His followers will not be fighting against handing Him over to the Jews, since the kingdom of heaven is not here in this world. The Christian, like a disciplined athlete, seeks to win the imperishable crown of salvation in his race in life. Paul, as a disciple and slave to Christ, labors and struggles in his apostolic service for Christ. Epaphras, in his service to Paul, works in his service in evangelizing and praying for the Colossians. Paul, as he approaches the end of the life, testifies that he has finished the race in being faithful in serving Christ.

New Testament:

“Strive to enter through the narrow gate, for many, I tell you, will attempt to enter but will not be strong enough.” Lk.13:24

It will require effort to enter through this narrow gate. This door will not remain open indefinitely.

“Jesus answered, ‘My Kingdom does not belong to this world. If My kingdom did belong to this world, My attendants would be fighting to keep Me from being handed over to the Jews. But as it is, My kingdom is not here.’”Jn.18:36

Jesus’ kingdom is not here in this world.

“Every athlete exercises discipline I every way. They do it to win a perishable crown, but we an inperishable one.” 1Cor.9:25

The Christian is likened to an athlete who also must exercise discipline with exertion. This imperishable crown is salvation.

Striving for holiness: Carlos Acutis, who died of leukemia at the age of 15, will be the first Millennial to become beatified. From early on, his first love was for our Lord in the Eucharist. He began visiting Eucharistic miracles all over the world. He believed that if people knew that Jesus was truly present in the Eucharist, they would turn to God. In fact, today is the Beautification Mass for Carlos Acutis.

Quotes from Carlos Acutis:

“If we get in front of the sun, we get sun tans, but when we get in front of Jesus in the Eucharist, we become saints.”

“The Eucharist is my highway to heaven!”

Conclusion:

Contend, contention, solicit, certain, certainty, ascertain, agony, agonize

I think I knew for certain that this would be a very interesting term. This term consists of many meanings, ranging from fighting, contending, competing for a prize, insulting, and striving for holiness. Early on in history, striving for virtue was a deeply held Hellenistic value. Competing and contesting can involve games, fights, legal proceedings, and holiness.

In the Old Testament, this Hellenistic value applies to the pious Jews and Maccabeean martyrs. Although not exactly similar, the Maccabeean martyrs become a precursor to the Christian martyrs. The Jews died for their faith in the Law, while the Christians died for their faith in Christ. Although 1Macc and 2Macc are only considered canonical, 3Macc and 4Macc are still important in terms of the understanding the Maccabeeans.

In the New Testament, Jesus illustrates that effort and discipline are needed in order to enter the narrow gate into heaven. Jesus also makes an important distinction that His kingdom of heaven is not in this world. Paul likens the faithful Christian as a disciplined athlete who seeks to finish the race. It is important that the faithful Christian win the prize of salvation in his race in life. It is very interesting to note that the bones of the Christian martyrs are called trophies. These Christian martyrs ultimately won their prize of salvation. Paul states that he has completed and finished the race, being faithful to Christ. Paul will also be later martyred in Rome.

Carlos Acutis is a very inspiring example to the younger generation (and all others) who have to contend with difficulties (disease, adversity, peer pressure, etc.). He had a very enthusiastic interest in attending Mass. He often had to coax his parents to join him in going to Mass. In a sense, Carlos Acutis could potentially be considered the patron saint of bringing one’s parents to Mass. He stated that he offered up his suffering for the pope and the Church. A spokesman for Acutis’ beautification stated that his entire body was present but not incorrupt. Despite his difficulties, Carlos Acutis was able to contend for the prize of salvation.

Keep striving and contending on that narrow road. (Make sure you stretch and limber up. It could be a difficult race!)

[Greek] ἐκπλήσσω (ekplēssō), [Latin] admirare, [Latin] mirare, [Latin] stupere: to amaze, to astonish, to astound, to strike with panic, to frighten, to surprise; Mt.7:28, Mt.13:54, Mt.19:25, Mk.1:22, Mk.6:2, Mk.7:37, Mk.10:26, Mk.11:18, Lk.2:48, Lk.4:32, Lk.9:43, Acts 13:12

The Boy Jesus in the Temple: painting by Heinrich Hofmann (1881). Joseph and Mary were both astounded in finding Jesus in the Temple.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to strike out, to drive away, to expel, to amaze, to astound, to be struck, and to drive out one’s senses. Euripides’ Orestes 549 states “Old man, I am afraid to speak before you. Only let your years, which frightened me from speaking, set no barrier in the path of my work.” Euripides’ The Trojan Woman 183 states “I have come stricken with terror.” Aeschylus’ Persians 290 states “Long have I kept silent in my misery, struck with dismay at our disaster.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.116 states “Astonished at this, he sat awhile silent; but at last with difficulty he collected his wits.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 1.4.27 states “Now a certain Median gentlemen, very noble, had for some considerable time had been struck with Cyrus’ beauty.”

Old Testament: This term means to be appalled, to be desolate, to be awestruck, to stupefy, to devastate, to grow numb, and to cause oneself ruin. I will lay waste your cities as well and make your sanctuaries deserted (Lev.26:31). Then we have laid waste even to Nophah (Num.21:30). Everyone who passes by it will be astonished (2Chr.7:21). The upright will be appalled at this (Job 17:8). You have laid wast all my company (Job 16:7). Why should you ruin yourself? (Ecc.7:16). Everyone who passes by Babylon will be horrified (Jer.50:13). And the land is destitute of what which filled it (Eze.32:15).

New Testament: This term means to be greatly astounded, to be amazed, and to be astonished.

Jesus preaching in Nazareth (Mt.13:54)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus teaching and performing mighty deeds.

Who were astonished (surprised): Local people astonished (taken offense) by Jesus’ ‘pretentiousness’.

Jesus says one must sell possessions and give to the poor (Mt.19:25)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus’ teachings contradict the Old Testament’s teachings that wealth and material goods are a sign of God’s favor.

Who were astonished (surprised): The rich young man and fellow Jews.

Sadducees asking Jesus about marriage in heaven (Mt.22:33)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus stating that marriage no longer exists in heaven.

Who were astonished (surprised): The Sadducees

Jesus heals the deaf man (Mk.7:37)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus heals because of the Gentiles’ faith (belief) in His power.

Who were astonished (surprised): The Gentiles were astonished but they also believed in His power.

Jesus enters into the temple and becomes angry (Mk.11:18)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus overturning the tables

Who were astonished (surprised): The crowd, scribes, and chief priests.

Joseph and Mary looking for Jesus (Lk.2:48)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus in the temple

Who were astounded (surprised): Joseph and Mary

Second prediction of the Passion (Lk.9:43)

Astonishing (surprising) event: The Son of Man will be handed over to men.

Who were astonished (surprised): The disciples

Etymology: The Latin verb admirare means to wonder at, to regard with wonder, and to be astonished. Admiration is a wondering at something or someone. This sense later means high regard or esteem. The Latin verb stupefacere means to make stupid or senseless. This word comes form the Latin root verb stupere, meaning to be stunned. The Lat adjective stupidus means confounded, dull, and foolish. The Latin verb plangere means to strike. The Latin noun plaga means affliction, destruction, and blow. Apoplectic means disabled by a stroke, crippled, dumbstruck, and foolish. The Latin verb surprendere, means that something takes over. The prefix sur- means over and beyond. The verb prendere means to grasp or to seize. Essentially, a surprise is something unexpected. One is literally ‘overtaken’ by something you did not see coming.

Conclusion:

Admire, admiration, stupefy, stupid, surprise, surprising, plague, apoplectic

To be honest, I was really surprised by the extensive background of this term. I did not realize such an active sense of striking, driving, and astounding. One can be struck with fear, terror, beauty, and frightened out of one’s wits.

I was also struck by this term’s etymological depth. It is interesting to note that admiration, plagues, stupefying, and surprising are all related. Very surprising!

In the Old Testament, Isa.53:5 prophesies that the Messiah (Jesus) would receive stripes in being whipped. His suffering (whipping and crucifixion) leads to the redemption of humanity. In a sense the Messiah would be laid desolate through God’s providence.

The New Testament provides illustrative examples of how others are astounded or surprised. This is also indicative of the various peoples’ attitudes toward Jesus. Some were derisive, offended, suspicious, surprised, or confused toward Him. Many also were very unsettled by Jesus’ difficult teachings.

Perhaps the most surprising example is that I did not realize that having wealth and material goods was a highly held Old Testament value. Essentially, Jesus introduces a contradictory teaching that focuses more on spiritual wealth. Jesus states that it is easier for a camel to enter a needle’s eye than for a rich man getting into heaven. This becomes a very difficult teaching for the rich young man and others.

Jesus also states the provocative notion that listening and acting on the words of the Gospel are both needed for salvation. In other words, faith requires works (actions). Jesus also reminds us that faith (trust) is often first needed in order for miracles (healings) to occur. The Nazoreans were astounded because they had little faith in Jesus.

I can imagine that Joseph and Mary were apoplectic (stricken with fear) upon losing Jesus. They were astounded in seeing Jesus in the temple. The Sadducees, in their efforts to trick Jesus, were astounded upon learning that the marriage state no longer exists in heaven.

Current events: In a sense many of us have been struck with fear by this pandemic. Unfortunately, many have been struck down by this virus. I also think most of us were very surprised and dismayed by what happened in the first presidential debate. And then we were further surprised when President Trump was stricken by the coronavirus!

So I hope you are not surprised I made this post!

[Greek] ὑπερβάλλω (hyperballō), [Latin] superare, [Latin] excellens, [Latin] eminens, [Latin] supereminens: to “throw beyond, to go too far, to surpass, to go beyond, to exceed, to overshoot; 2Cor.3:10, 2Cor.9:14. Eph.1:19, Eph.2:7, Eph.3:19

“Jumping the Shark”: When you know when you have gone too far.

Background information:

Jumping the shark: This is a popular idiom used to describe a moment when someone (or something), that was once popular or accepted, makes a misguided attempt at generating publicity or doing something new. However, this effort only serves to highlight its irrelevance. This action may often lead to becoming a gimmick (or absurdity). The phrase originates from an episode of Happy Days when Fonzie jumps over a shark while on water-skis. This phrase finds its ways in a wide variety of situations and contexts when someone or something “has gone too far.”

Greek Hellenism: This term means to go beyond, to excel, to stand out, to surpass, to exceed reasonable bounds, to exceed (go past) the time, to outdo, to overcome, to conquer, and to outbid.

Homer’s Iliad 23.843: “Sent the cast past the mark of all.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 5.3.21: “Agesilaus had already gone beyond the time.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 7.3.6: “So far surpassed in boldness and villany.”

Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.275: “So far surpasses all mankind in savagery and malignity.”

Aeschlyus’ Persians 291: “This calamity is so great that is it not possible to say.”

Aristophanes’ Plutus 109: “Their wickedness knows no bounds.”

Demosthenes’ On the Chersones: “Stupid beyond measure.”

Thucydides’ Peloponessian War 2.35: “To suspect exaggeration if he hears anything above his own nature.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 2.124: “While the cities were being overtaken.”

Old Testament: This term means to go beyond, to surpass, to exceed, to be excessive, and to delay. Fear of the Lord surpasses all else. It possessor is beyond compare (Sir.25:11). He secured the priesthood for himself, outbidding Jason by three hundred talents of silver (2Macc.4:24). The craze for Hellenism and foreign customs reached such a pitch (2Macc.4:13). Enough has been said about the sacrificial meals and excessive cruelties (2Macc.7:42). Delay not your conversion to the Lord, put it not off from day to day (Sir.5:7). Are the consolations of God not enough for you? (Job 15:11).

New Testament: This term means to surpass and being immeasurable. The Mosaic covenant (ministry of death) is compared to the New Covenant (ministry of the Spirit). The glory of the New Covenant surpasses the fading glory of the Mosaic covenant. The surpassing grace of God upon us generates generosity (and service) to others and obedience to the gospel. This in turn further glorifies God, creating a further circular flowing of grace. God’s grace is abundant and immeasurable.

Scripture:

“Indeed, what was endowed with glory has come to have no glory, in this respect because of the glory that surpasses it.” 2Cor.3:10

Jesus’ New Covenant is contrasted the Mosaic covenant. The Mosaic covenant eventually loses its glory. The ministry of the Spirit (New Covenant) glory surpasses it.

“While in prayer on your behalf they long for you, because of the surpassing grace of God upon you.” 2Cor.9:14

The movement of grace overflowing from God is handed on to others. This in turn generates generosity (and service) to others and obedience to the gospel which glorifies God. This generates a further flowing circle of grace.

Etymology: The Greek verb hyperballo literally means means to throw (-ballo) beyond (hyper-). The Latin verb sumittere means to send (-mittere) under (sub-). This means to put under or to yield. Excellent is the adjective form of the Latin verb excellere, meaning to surpass. Eminent is the adjective form of the Latin verb eminere, meaning to stand out. The Latin noun hyberbole means a “throwing beyond” or an exaggeration.

Conclusion:

Hyperbole, super, excellent, excellence, pre-eminence, pre-eminent

This term really can be used in both a positive and negative sense. It is interesting to note that the notion of “throwing someone under the bus” can happen in any time of history. Homer points out that one can overshoot the mark. This can be perceived positively or negatively, depending on the context. A more nuanced example refers to being late or delayed (going past the allotted time). One can or could surpass oneself in various qualities (good or bad).

The Old Testament develops the notion of the all surpassing grace, power, and glory of God. This theme continues in the New Testament.

In the New Testament, Paul points out that the New Covenant’s glory surpasses the Mosaic covenant’s glory. The movement of God’s grace generates a circle of surpassing grace which is bestowed. God’s grace inspires followers and believers to further glorify God, who in turn bestows more grace.

Current events: In the political arena, unfortunately, one does not need to look far and wide to find examples where people make hyperboles, beyond stupid and reckless statements, over the top declarations, crass comments, and irresponsible statements. There are so many examples out there. It is often difficult to keep up!

Recent examples: Defunding the police, defaming reputations of judicial nominees, cancel culture, knee jerk historical cancel culture (without historical perspective), politicians and others accusing police of being murderers, blurring peaceful protests with rioting and looting, claiming that the United States is a systemic racist nation (How can this be possible after Americans had elected an African-American as President for two terms?). These are just a few of the many “over the top” examples.

Perhaps the most blatant example of “overshooting the mark” is defunding the police. These policies are naïve, non-sensical, irresponsible, and reckless. Along with the failure to prosecute criminals and easy access bail, these policies further embolden criminal activity. Then they wonder: “where are the police when we need them”?

They’ve “jumped the shark” and are now finding themselves in troubled waters. They’ve gone too far!

But we all must also try to catch that wave of God’s surpassing grace.

[Greek] ὑποβάλλω (hypoballō), [Latin] submittere: to “throw under”, to instigate, to bribe, to throw under (the bus), to be submitted to something, to introduce by collusion, to suborn, to put under, to hire for a dishonest purpose; Acts 6:11

Deceiving, suborning, and colluding are never good looks!

Background:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to throw under, to put down, to cast furtive glances, to subject, to submit, to spread rumors, and to torture. Xenophon’s Economics 18.5 states “The threshers, by continually turning the untrodden corn, and throwing it under the animal’s feet, they will keep it level on the floor.” Polybius’ Histories 1.82.2 states “While those who were made prisoners and brought to him he threw to the elephants to be trampled to death.” Euripides’ Heracles 1384 states “Yet, am I to strip myself of these weapons and put myself in the power of my foes?” Aeschines’ Against Ctesiphon 3.90 states “But having wronged Phillip and run away from thence, he made hast to throw himself down at the feet of the Thebians.” Sophocles’ Ajax 188 states “And if it is the great kings who slander you with their furtive stories.” Lysias’ Against Agoratus 13.25 states “They argued that if were brought up before the council, he would be put to the torture.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex 5 states “Did any bandit dare so bold a strike, unless the king was suborned from Thebes?”

New Testament: This term means to instigate, to bribe, to fraudulently persuade, and to spread rumors. Stephen, filled with grace and power from the Holy Spirit, worked great signs and wonders among the people. Opponents and others were provoked by Stephen’s wisdom and Spirit. This further instigated some in saying that Stephen spoke blasphemous words against Moses and God. As a result, Stephen was arrested and brought before the Sanhedrin. False witness were brought to testify against Stephen. They say that Stephen claims that Jesus will destroy this place and change customs. They saw that Stephen’s face was like that of an angel.

Scripture:

“Then they instigated some men to say, ‘We have heard him speaking blasphemous words against Moses and God.” Acts 6:11

Others, fearful of Stephen, attempted to discredit Stephen and his claims. They used false witnesses and testimony to discredit him.

Throw under the bus: This is an idiomatic phrase meaning to betray a friend (ally) for selfish reasons. It is typically used to describe a self-defensive disavowal (cutting off) of a previously friendly relationship when it becomes inconvenient, unpopular, or controversial. The earliest known usage was in June 1982 when Julian Critchley of the London Times wrote “President Galtieri had pushed her under the bus in which the gossips had said was the only means of her removal.” This phrase has been widely popularized ever since in various situations.

Suborn: This action means to procure unlawfully, to accomplish something for a wicked purpose, and to lure someone to commit a crime. The Latin verb subornare means to employ as a secret agent, to incite secretly, and to bribe. Essentially, this can mean to adorn someone underneath. The Greek verb hypoballo literally means to throw (-ballo) under (hypo-).

Collude: This action means to have a secret agreement for fraudulent or harmful purposes. Fraud or underhandedness is essential for collusion. The Latin colludere comes from the preposition com- meaning with and the verb ludere, meaning to play.

Conclusion:

Suborn, submit, submission

It is very interesting to note that “throwing someone under the bus” could easily apply or happen in any time of history. Likewise, peoples’ motivations are also consistent and similar at any time in history. A more mundane example is corn (thrown on the ground) being trampled by animals. Being literally trampled by an elephants is a gruesome form of execution. We all can identify with throwing ourselves “at the feet” of someone in our attempts to seek forgiveness or mercy. We all can also relate to the idea of being slandered or smeared by rumors, gossip, innuendo, or false information.

In the New Testament, the Jews were amazed and fearful of Stephen’s actions and words. No doubt that the Jews were provoked by Stephen’s inspired words. What may be inspired could also be perceived as blasphemous by the Jews. Ultimately, the Jews felt that they had no choice but to arrest and kill Stephen. I can imagine that the Jews were very unsettled in seeing Stephen’s angelic face.

Russian “collusion narrative”: A made up telephone call, unverified FISA warrant, withholding evidence in FISA court, Clinton purchase of an unverified Steele dossier (and sub-source), many cell phones “accidently” erased at the same time, throwing people’s reputation (Flynn, Page) under the bus, renegade US govt officials and FBI agents, entrapment, recorded conversations, failure to inform Trump political team, complicit media narrative spin, etc.

Update: FBI knowingly knew (since 2009) the Steele document sub-source to be an alleged Russian operative. (We have now learned who were the actual colluders.)

Supreme Court and judicial hearings: Using faith as an illegal and political litmus test (even when the dogma lives loudly within), ruining reputations, relying upon questionable witnesses, complicit media narrative spin, etc.

I submit to you that this is no game when one’s reputation is “thrown under the bus” and ruined. No one should have to be submitted to this!

My next post: When you go too far, “throw beyond”, surpass, and “jump the shark” (remember what Fonzie did on Happy Days?)

[Greek] ἀναπληρόω (anaplēroō), [Latin] supplere, [Latin] implere: to fill up, to complete, to fulfill, to make complete, to provide, to occupy; Mt.13:14, 1Cor.14:16, 1Cor.16:17, Gal.6:2, Php.2:30, 1Thess.2:16

This cup is filled by following the law of Christ in loving and serving others. (Gal.6:2)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to fill up a void, to compensate, to replace someone, to pay in full, to restore, to complete, to supplement, and to satisfy. Plato’s Symposium 188d states “Thus Love, conceived as a single whole, exerts a wide and complete power; both here on earth and in heaven above, but any gaps which I may have left out it is your business, Aristophanes to fill.” Euripides’ Helen 907 states “Heaven is common to all mortals, and so is the earth, where people ought to fill up their homes without having another’s property or taking it away by force.” Plutarch’s Publicola 11 states “In the first place, he filled up the senate, which was reduced in numbers.” Plato’s Timaeus 17a states “Then the task of filling the place of the absent falls upon you and our friends here, does it not?”

Old Testament: This term means to fill, to accomplish, to fulfill, to come to an end, to be in covenant, and to make good. He took out one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh (Gen.2:21). I will give you a full span of life (Exo.23:26). The wickedness of the Amorites will not have reached its full measure until then (Gen.15:16). And the earth was filled with violence (Gen.6:11). Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth (Gen.9:1). He shall make full restitution (Exo.22:14). They made peace with David and served him (1Chr.19:19). For He pays a man according to his work (Job 34:11). I will render thank offerings to You (Psa.56:12).

New Testament: This term means to fulfill, to occupy, to make up for, and to fill up (complete). Jesus states Isaiah’s prophecy fulfilling the reason that Jesus speaks in parables. Parables are for those who hear (but do not understand) and who look (but never see). Paul calls the Galatians to fulfill the law of Christ in having love for one another. A Christian teacher must provide clear teaching for the common person (who holds the place of the uninstructed). Paul rejoices in the arrival of the household of Stephanas who makes up for the Galatians’ inability to meet him. Paul makes reference to the continuing Jewish opposition to Jesus. This opposition’s continuing sins will eventually be accountable to God’s wrath.

Scripure:

“Isaiah’s prophecy is fulfilled in them, which says: ‘You shall indeed hear but not understand; you shall indeed look but never see’”. Mt.13:14

Isaiah’ prophecy foretells Jesus’ need to state parables for the disciples’ inability to understand His message. The knowledge of the mysteries are given to some. Others require parables.

“Bear one another’s burdens, and so you will fulfill the law of Christ.” Gal.6:2

The law of Christ is to have love for others. To bear one another’s burdens means to serve one another.

Etymology: This term anapleroo consists of the preposition ana- and the verb pleroo. The ana- prefix indicates intensity, completeness, and “up to”. The verb pleroo means to fill, to accomplish, and to complete. The verb anapleroo indicates an intensive or completed sense of the verb pleroo. The Latin verb supplere essentially means to make up for. The Latin verb implere essentially means to make full. The Greek verb pleroo means to fill up the cup with coffee. The Greek verb anapleroo fills the coffee up to the brim.

Filled to the brim: This expression essentially means as full as possible or completely satisfied. Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra 3.13 states “He will fill thy wishes to the brimme.” W.S Gilbert’s comic opera states “Three little maids from school are we, filled to the brim with girlish glee.”

Conclusion

Supply, supplement, implement

In Greek Hellenism, Plato, not yet conceiving the complete understanding of God, states that love occupies a place in heaven and on earth. Filling up political institutions is necessary for ensuring effective governing. We all can identify with the need for filling in for someone.

In the Old Testament, this term makes reference to completing, fulfilling, and finishing. Finishing or completing is found in contracts and covenants. It is interesting to note that the number seven refers to perfection. To “seven oneself” means to swear an oath to another. The Hebrew shalam refers to a greeting of peace.

In the New Testament, this term continues this sense of fulfilling and completing. Old Testament prophecy is fulfilled or completed by future events (actions). We are called to fulfill Christ’s law of loving and serving others. Certain person make up for others in providing comfort and support to Paul. God will take into account all the sins that fill up against Jesus. It is no surprise that there are seven sacraments.

I think I was able to accomplish what I wanted to do in this post. I hope that I was I able to make good in defining this term. I am satisfied. (Now it’s time to have that cup of coffee!)

[Greek] ἀναπείθω (anapeithō), [Latin] persuadere: to persuade, to incite, to stir up, to induce; Acts 18:13

The Apostle Paul: painting by Rembrandt (1657). The Jews are incited by Paul’s teaching that Jesus is the Messiah in the synagogue.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to persuade, to convince, to move to do something, to seduce, to mislead, and to bribe. Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.2.52 states “Thus by leading the young to think that he excelled in wisdom and in the ability to make others wise, he had such an effect on his companions that no one counted for anything in their estimation in comparison to him.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.124 states “Son of Cambyses, persuade the Persians to rebel, and lead their armies against the Meded, then you have your wish whether I am to command the army against or some other man.” Aristophanes’ Peace 622 states “They hatched a thousand plots to pay you no more dues and gained over the chief citizens of Sparta.”

Mythology: The Greek goddess of persuasion is Peitho. The Roman goddess of persuasion is Suada.

Old Testament: This term means to lead astray, to delude, to seduce, and to deceive. If a man sins against his neighbor and is made to take an oath, he comes and takes an oath before Your altar in this house (1Kgs.8:31). You are exacting usury each from his brother (Neh.5:7). The enemy will not deceive him, nor the son of wickedness afflict him (Psa.89:22).

New Testament: This term means to persuade and to incite. In Corinth, Paul stayed with Aquila and Priscilla, who were fellow tent-makers. Every Sabbath Paul entered into discussions in the synagogue attempting to convince both Jews and Greeks. In his preaching Paul testified to the Jews that Jesus was the Messiah. Not surprisingly, this provoked the ire of the Jews. As a result, Paul left to focus his efforts on evangelizing the Gentiles. Paul moved elsewhere. In a vision, Jesus gives Paul further encouragement to continue his ministry. The Jews later rose up together against Paul and brought him to the Roman tribunal and claimed that Paul was inducing people to worship God contrary to the law. But the Roman tribunal ordered the Jews to take care of this Jewish doctrinal matter among themselves.

Scripture:

“This man is inducing people to worship God contrary to the Law.” Acts 18:13

The Jews rose up in anger against Paul for his teachings. The Jews attempted to point out Paul was preaching Christianity, a religion not recognized by the Roman state. However, the Roman tribunal did not accept this argument. The tribunal ordered the Jews to settle this doctrinal matter among themselves.

Etymology: In this Greek term anapeitho, the ana- prefix indicates intensity or an evil sense. Suasion, derived from the Latin verb suadere, means advocacy and support. In the Latin verb persuadere, the per- prefix also indicates intensity and the successful sense of persuasion.

Conclusion:

Persuade, persuasion, persuasive, suasion, suasive

To be honest, I was not exactly sure if I was going to be able to use this term for one of my posts. I knew that this term means to persuade. Essentially, I was persuaded to further investigate this term. Xenophon points out that a charismatic leader can often inspire and motivate others to follow him. Herodotus points out that persuasion is one component of military strategy.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on a more negative sense in deceiving, seducing, and leading astray.

In the New Testament, Paul was evidently very effective in evangelizing and converting the Jews. As a result, the Jews rose up hoping that the Roman authorities would help them put a stop to this. The Roman tribunal did not want to get involved with this Jewish doctrinal matter.

Donald Trump, a business man and outsider, was able to get elected President. Even as a non-political outsider, he has been effective in his accomplishments. Now the President has quite often been accused of inciting riots, division, and racism in this country. Now the President’s opponents (and critics) now accuse him for accomplishing this. (Yet what about the personal responsibility on the part of these criminals!)

As with any election, politics and faith come to the forefront. Fr. James Altman has certainly become a sensation in the matters of how should a faithful Catholic (and Christian) vote in this election. In a sense, he is “inciting” us into reflecting about how our faith must come into play when voting for a candidate. Fr. Altman makes a very compelling message in his Youtube video “You cannot be a Catholic and a Democrat”.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-7eoTN2vNM He has both provoked criticism and yet received an outpouring of support from many others.

I hope this post also provokes your thoughts in reflecting on this.

[Greek] ἀνακρίνω (anakrinō), [Latin] interrogare, [Latin] requirere, [Latin] scrutare, [Latin] cognoscere, [Latin] examinare, [Latin] iudicare: to examine, to investigate, to scrutinize, to ask, to study; Lk.23:14, Acts 4:9, Acts 12:19, Acts 17:11, Acts 24:8, 1Cor.2:14-15, 1Cor.4:3-4, 1Cor.9:3, 1Cor.10:25,27, 1Cor.14:24

Model of the Second Temple: Inscriptions (on the balistrude) warned the Greeks about entering the Temple. In their investigation of Paul, the Jews also accused Paul of desecrating the Temple (bringing Greeks in the Temple).

Background information:

Temple Balistrude Inscription: This is an inscription that hung along along the balistrude outside the Sanctuary of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. This inscription was a warning to pagan visitors (Gentiles and Greeks) not to proceed further under penalty of death. The Greek translation states “No stranger is to enter the balustrade round the temple and enclosure. Whoever is caught will be himself responsible for his ensuing death.”

Greek Hellenism: This term means to investigate, to interrogate, to inquire, to examine, to find a remedy, and to prove qualifications. Thucydides’ the Peloponnesian War 1.95 states “In the meantime the Lacedaemonians recalled Pausanias for an investigation of the reports which had reached them.” Antiphon’s First Tetralogy 2.19 states “And in reply to our questions stated that the only assailant whom he had recognized was the defendant.” Demosthenes’ Against Olympiodorus 48.31 states “The archon conducted the preliminary examination for all claimants, and when he concluded this he brought to case into court.”

Old Testament: This term means to search for and to investigate. Then you shall investigate and search out and inquire thoroughly (Deu.13:14). The weight of the bronze could not be ascertained (1Kgs.7:47). Behold this; we have investigated it, and so it is (Job 5:27). I listened to your reasonings, while you pondered what to say (Job 32:11). Would not God find this out? (Psa.44:21). Let us examine and probe our ways (Lam.3:40). I , the Lord search the heart (Jer.17:10).

New Testament: This term means to investigate, to examine, to search, to study, and to judge. Pilate examines the Jews’ accusations against Jesus and concluded that He was not guilty. The Sanhedrin examined Peter’s and John’s deeds (healing a cripple). Herod unsuccessfully carried a search to find the infant Jesus. The Jews in Beroea were open-minded in examining the scriptures. The Roman authorities examined the Jews’ accusations against Paul. Paul states that only the Lord can judge him. Spiritual persons, given knowledge of what pertains to God, are not subject to judgment. One will be appropriately judged if one willing eats meats sacrificed to idols.

Scripture:

“Pilate said to them, ‘You brought this man to me and accused Him of inciting the people to revolt. I have conducted my investigation in your presence and have not found this man guilty of the charges you have brought against Him.” Lk.23:14

The Jews claim that Jesus is inciting the people with His teachings. The Jews use this rationale (reason) to accuse Jesus of blasphemy. However, Pilate finds Jesus not guilty of these accusations.

“If you examine him you will be able to learn from him for yourself everything of which we are accusing him.” Acts 24:8

The Jews bring formal charges against Paul to the Roman governor. Paul is also being accused of creating dissension among the Jews, being a Nazorean ringleaders, and desecrating the temple.

“I am not conscious of anything against me, but I do not thereby stand acquitted; the one who judges me is the Lord.” 1Cor.4:4

Paul claims that only God can pass judgment on him. Ultimately, each of us will be ultimately judged by God.

Cognizance: A mark or measure by which something or someone is known by. Own Recognizance Release: A criminal suspect is granted release (no bail money is paid) and promises to later appear in court.

Conclusion:

Interrogate, interrogation, recognizance, cognizance, require, requirement, scrutiny, scrutinize, examination, judication, judge, exam

In Greek Hellenism, this term essentially pertains to examining, investigating, and inquiring. In these efforts, one’s qualification or character is often revealed.

Current events: Fr. James Altman, gave a brave and passionate sermon (Youtube) about the sanctity of life. Fr. Altman calls each of us to examine our fundamental beliefs in how we vote as faithful Catholics (and Christians). As a result, he is getting criticism from his superiors. Yet, he is getting support from many others.

The NFL needs to examine their values and principles in lining with BLM, who who actively engaging in mayhem (violence and looting) in various cities.

The President has been quite often accused of “inciting” violence in our nation (and cities). These critics seemed to have thrown out the notion of personal responsibility of those rioters and looters. Yes, the President may criticize others. But this does not give these opponents license to commit acts of violence. These local mayors need to examine their priorities in safeguarding the interests of local citizens and local businesses rather than blaming the President.

Mayors and other city leaders really need to examine the funding of the easy release (bail) for criminals out of jail. Prosecutors really need to examine their policies of not prosecuting or releasing criminals from jail.

Upon further examination, this term has taken on more relevance in recent times.

[Greek] ἀνακαλύπτω (anakalyptō), [Latin] revelare: to reveal, to unveil, to uncover; 2Cor.3:14,18

Moses Receives the Tablets of the Law: painting by Joao Zeferino da Costa (1868). Upon his return from Mt. Sinai, Moses later wears a veil to protect the Israelites from being blinded by God’s reflected glory on him.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to remove, to undo, to reveal, and to unveil. Objects, truth, character, and other aspects can often be revealed or uncovered. Polybius’ Histories 4.85.6 states “I claim that you should, in the present instance of these accusations of Apelles, summon those who heard my words; and openly produce the man that informed Apelles of them, and omit no means of ascertaining the truth.” Euripides’ Iphegenia in Aulis 1146 states “Well now listen; I will unfold my meaning and no longer employ dark riddles.” Xenophon’s Hellenica 5.4.6 states “And the agreement was that when they were seated, they should unveil themselves and strike at once.”

Old Testament: This term means to uncover, to reveal, to lay bare, to expose oneself, to take from, and to empty.

Jewish Hellenistic philosopher Philo: Virtue veils itself like Tamar at the cross-roads in order that curious wayfarers may see her virgin beauty when she unveils it.

“But there are times when virtue does not come forward to meet them, but veiling her face like Tamar, sits down in the public road, giving room to those who are traveling along the road to look upon her as a harlot. Those who are over curious may take off her veil and may behold the untouched, unpolluted, and most exquisite and truly virgin beauty of modesty and chastity.” On Mating with the Preliminary Studies 124

New Testament: This term means to uncover, to reveal, and to unveil. Paul makes reference to Moses returning from Mt. Sinai. Moses veiled his face to protect the Israelites from being blinded from seeing God’s reflected glory on him. The Israelites of Moses’ time are like the Israelites of Paul’s time. These Israelites, like wearing a veil, cannot clearly see the glory of the Lord. For these Israelites, the same veil remains when they read the Old Testament, of which Christ has taken away. Whenever a person turns to the Lord, the veil is removed. All who gaze with an unveiled face can be transformed by the Lord.

Scripture:

“Rather, their thoughts were rendered dull, for to this present day, the same veil remains unlifted when they read the old covenant, because through Christ it is taken away.” 2Cor.3:14

Paul refers to the Israelites (of his times) wearing this veil, unable to see the glory of the Lord. Christ takes away (supercedes) the Old Testament.

“All of us, gazing with unveiled face on the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from glory to glory, as from the Lord who is the Spirit.” 2Cor.3:18

Etymology: The Greek base verb kalypto means to cover, to hide, to veil, or to conceal. The Greek prefix ana- means against, back, or not. The Latin verb velare means to cover or to conceal. Therefore, the Latin verb revelare means the opposite of the Latin verb velare.

Conclusion:

Reveal, revealing

This term essentially means to reveal (uncover) or to find something. We all can relate to the many everyday situations where there is a need to reveal the truth (mysteries, court cases, disputes and arguments, etc.). If we are not being clear (speaking in riddles), then it is sometimes necessary to clearly state one’s meanings or intentions. Strategy and battle plans are essential for determining (unveiling) an opponent’s intentions.

In the Old Testament, this term is used extensively. The more nuanced meanings include exposing oneself, laying bare, emptying oneself, and taking from. Philo provides timeless wisdom about one’s virtue. Virtue must be protected, guarded, and cherished if it is to have any value or meaning.

In the New Testament, failing to see the Lord’s glory is like wearing a veil. Wearing a veil is like having a lack of understanding. It is with an unveiled face that one can see this glory.

Wisdom from Venerable Fulton Sheen:

“When a woman veils here body in modest clothing, she is not hiding herself from men. On the contrary, is she is revealing her dignity to them.”

Unfortunately, our culture generally seems to minimize (or not value) modesty, chastity, and virginity. However, there are still times where these values are still held in high esteem.

Wisdom from MLK:

“I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.” 

Yet our political climate continues to have identity politics where African-Americans are expected to vote in a certain away.

Very revealing character of some corporations:

NBA: more concerned with doing business with China rather than using their corporate influence (financial and social) to voice any concerns about human rights. Any criticism of China’s policies may lead to potential suspensions for NBA employees, managers, owners, or players who voice their concerns.

Disney: More willing to do business with China rather than using their corporate influence (financial and social) to voice any concerns about human rights.

NFL: highlighting and supporting the general BLM message, yet remaining silent on the Marxist BLM groups causing havoc (violence, damage, property destruction, rioting, looting) in our cities. (I guess they didn’t get the memo (manifesto). Do they know where these charitable contributions are going to? ) The NFL permits a public platform for a black national anthem. The national anthem is now being trashed. (You wonder why the fans are booing and TV ratings are falling).

Netflix: Airing and defending a show about sexual depictions of children

I can reveal more such companies, but you get the message.

These woke companies, perceiving to be aware of issues in society, need to wake up and take off their veils of wokeness!

[Greek] ἀναδίδωμι (anadidōmi), [Latin] tradere: to hand over, to give up, to yield, to deliver; Acts 23:33

This image can represent both oral tradition (handing over the faith to others) or Christians being forced to give up their faith (bibles).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to give up, to hold up, to deliver, to send to a higher authority, to distribute, and to go back. Polybius’ Histories 29.10.7 states “For they at once sent ambassadors to Crete, to renew their friendly relations with the entire Cretan people.” Plutarch’s Aemilus Paulis 25 states “Suddenly and spontaneously the people on their own accord spread a report of a victory, and this story coursed through Rome. This rumor quickly melted away in the city, but when Domitian was setting out with the army for the war and was already on the march, messages and letters announcing the victory came to him.”

New Testament: This term means to deliver, to hand over, or to present. Paul was arrested and being escorted by the Roman soldiers to Caesarea. The Roman commander Claudius Lysias wrote a letter providing the circumstances of Paul’s arrest. The soldiers delivered this letter to the governor and presented Paul to him.

Tradition: This word tradition comes from the Latin verb tradere. During the New Testament culture, the scriptures were considered the Old Testament scriptures. Aside from oral tradition and Paul’s letters, the New Testament had not yet been determined or formulated. The gospel message (Christianity) was transmitted through oral stories (tradition). Essentially, these oral traditions were “handed over” (delivered) from one generation to the next.

Traditores: The Traditores refer to those bishops and Christians who willingly turned over their scriptures and betrayed their fellow Christians to the Roman authorities under the threat of persecution.

Lapsi: The Lapsi were apostates who renounced their faith under persecution by the Roman authorities. This term refers to those who have lapsed or fallen away from their faith, only to return to it later. The Decian Persecution (250 AD) required all Roman citizens to publically sacrifice to traditional gods. Upon completion of this sacrifice, individuals (Christians) received a certificate of sacrifice (libellus).

Conclusion:

Trade, traitor, tradition, treason, lapse, libel

In Greek Hellenism, this term conveys the sense of sending out, which can apply to all types of situations or contexts. We can identify when representatives are sent. When rumors are started, they are in a sense “sent out” which can be either ignored, promoted, or dismissed.

In the New Testament, this term really does not have much significance. It is just a letter that is sent out to the governer in Caesarea. No big deal. Paul’s letters to his congregation are much more important.

The early Christians essentially learned their faith by the oral tradition previously handed down. Traditores were essentially traitors to their faith. The Lapsi essentially lapsed in their faith.

As in times past, we all must be mindful that today there are Christians being persecuted or even being forced to give up their faith.

I think I am done here. Now it is time to deliver this post to my blogging site.

[Greek] παραλογίζομαι (paralogizomai), [Latin] decipere, [Latin] fallere: to miscalculate, to delude, to deceive, to reason falsely, to lead astray, to reckon wrong; Col.2:4, Jas.1:22

Another “mostly peaceful protest” in Kenosha, Wisconsin

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to defraud, to cheat, to reason falsely, and to mislead with a fallacy. Isocrates’ Ad Filios Jasonis 6.12 states “For they do not examine from all sides the real nature of the question, but in many ways deceive themselves.” Demosthenes’ Against Aphobus 1 41.30 states “And yet I have set forth to you clearly, all my charges, while my opponent evaded coming before those acquainted with the facts. “Aristotle’s Poetics 1460a states “Homer has taught the others the proper way of telling lies, that is, by using a fallacy. What is convincing though impossible should always be preferred to what is possible and unconvincing.”

Old Testament: This term means to change, to come against, to transgress, to cover, to delude, to be betray, to carry, and to throw. Yet your father has cheated me and changed my wages ten times (Gen.31:7). He shall not replace it or exchange it, a good for a bad (Lev.27:10). He built it, covered it and hung its door with its bolts (Neh.3:15). Why have you deceived me like this and let my enemy go (1Sam.19:17). But if to betray me to my adversaries, since there is not wrong in my hands, may the God of our fathers look on it and decide (1Chr.12:17).

New Testament: This term means to delude and to deceive. Paul is concerned that the Colossians are being influenced by false teachers who are emphasizing Christ’s relationship with the universe (cosmos). The false teachers stress angels, principalities and powers, astral powers, and cultic practices. These teachings detract from the person and work of Christ for salvation. James states that one must both be a hearer and a doer of the gospel message. Listening but not practicing the gospel message does not allow one to conform oneself to the gospel. This conformity of life to the gospel brings true freedom and happiness.

Scripture:

“I say this so that no one may deceive you by specious arguments.” Col.2:4

Paul has concerns about the false teachers who have been deceptive about Christ’s true nature. The Colossians must reject and adhere to the gospel teachings.

“Be doers of the Word and not hearers only, deluding yourselves.” Jas.1:22

One must both hear and follow (do) the Word in order to be conformed to the gospel message.

Paralogism: A piece of illogical or fallacious reasoning, especially one which appears superficially logical or which the reasoner believes to be logical. This is related to the Greek paralogos, meaning unreasonable.

Conclusion:

Deceive, deception, fall, paralogism

In contrast to my previous post (logizomai), this term paralogizomai conveys the sense of deceiving and miscalculating. We all can relate to being defrauded by a merchant (business person). Demosthenes points out that those who do not face the facts themselves mistakenly think they can persuade others. Homer points out that a false narrative can be laid out based on a fallacy. Isocrates points that some easily deceive themselves, being close-minded and being unable to see the problem from other sides.

In the Old Testament, this term conveys the sense of going against, covering, and throwing. Perhaps this develops the notion of casting doubt and covering up.

In the New Testament, Paul warns that the false teachers in Colossae are creating false narratives about Jesus’ true nature. James states one must be hearers and doers of the gospel. To do otherwise, you are deluding yourself.

Current events: So much time and effort went into the impeachment narrative. In fact, it is very curious that there was no mention at all of impeachment at the DNC. It is because impeachment failed to resonate with the American people (so close to the election). For a long time, the mainstream media, Democratic Party, and the left had been promoting the narrative that protests, rioting, and looting have been “mostly peaceful”. Now the American people are seeing that there seems to be no end in sight to this violence. This violence is moving into other cities. The mainstream media are deluding themselves in thinking that the President is inciting this violence. This violence is being caused by BLM, Antifa, and other left wing individuals. The Democratic Party, media and the left are deluding themselves in thinking that they can win over moderates when they see businesses being destroyed by these mobs. The left is deluding themselves in thinking that they can reason with these mobs. These local leaders (mayors and governors) are deluding themselves in thinking that these mobs will just stop by themselves.

I have no delusions that the American people will ultimately make their feelings known in this election!

[Greek] κοπιάω (kopiaō), [Latin] laborare, [Latin] fatigare, [German] anstrengen, [French] travailler: to work hard, to be weary, to toil, to tire, to be tired, to weary; 25 scriptures

Carrying a burden can also be likened to carrying a cross. Circumstances often can define our burdens.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to grow weary, to make a great exertion (mental or physical), to suffer, to strike, and to work (toil).

Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae 795: “If we fall asleep at friends’ homes from the fatigue of playing and sporting, each you (wives) come prowling around the bed to contemplate the features of this pest (husband).

Aristophanes’ Birds 735: “That you will be weary and cloyed with enjoyment.”

Euripides’ Phoenissae 852: “But first collect your strength and regain your breath, shaking off the fatigue from your journey.”

Euripides’ The Trojan Woman 794: “For you I strike upon my head and beat my breast, my only gift.”

The Wisdom of Ben Sira (Ecclesiasticus):

1. This book follows Wisdom in the Old Testament.
2. Sirach comes from the Greek form of the author’s name. Ben Sira, a Hellenistic scribe, sage, and allegorist, was a wise and experienced observer of life.
3. This book Liber Ecclesiasticus (Church Book) addressed wisdom tradition, the law, the priesthood, divine worship, the individual, and the family.
4. This book, written in the early 2^nd century B.C., provided maxims in integrating faith and family issues in various subject matters.
5. The Wisdom of Ben Sira has been recognized by the Catholic Church as inspired and canonized.
6. The notion of taking a yoke upon one’s neck and seeking rest comes from Sir.51:23-30.

“Come aside to me, you untutored, and take up lodging in the house of instruction; how long will you deprive yourself of wisdom’s food, and how long endure such bitter thirst? I open my mouth and speak of her: gain wisdom for yourselves at not cost. Take her yoke upon your neck; that your mind may receive her teaching. For she is close to those who seek her, and the one who is in earnest finds her. See for yourselves! I have labored only a little, but have found much.” Sir 51:23-27

What is this house of instruction? This is essentially a metaphor for Ben Sira’s teaching.

Who are those who come this house (school) of instruction? The naïve, untutored, and foolish people come here.

What are these students seeking? Wisdom (praise of the Lord).

Why is wisdom personified as female? Finding wisdom was like finding a wife. Like a wife, wisdom provides wealth, blessings, and righteousness. It is also interesting to note that the Hebrew term for wisdom is a feminine noun.

What is a yoke? A yoke is a harness used by oxen and other animals to ease the work of hauling a load. A yoke also means a designation of servitude and carrying a burden of a task or mission.

What does “acquire a little instruction and you will win silver and gold though her” mean? With a little hard work, one may attain great blessings.

New Testament: This term means to work (labor), to grow weary, and to be discouraged.

Scripture:

Mt.6:28: “Why are you anxious about clothes? Learn from the way the wild flowers grow. They do not work or spin.” (Jesus does not deny the reality of human needs. But Jesus forbids making these concerns an object of anxious worries. We often can become slaves to these anxieties.)

Eph.4:28: “The thief must no longer steal, but rather labor, doing honest work with his own hands, so that he may have something to share with one in need.” (Paul states that one must put away falsehood and speak the truth. One must not hold onto anger. One must not be subject to the influences of the devil. This thievery pertains to idleness, selfishness, dishonesty, vice, and lying. Instead, one must make efforts to support and comfort others.)

1Tim.4:10: “For this we toil and struggle, because we have set our hope on the living God, who is the savior of all, especially of those who believe.” (Christians [and others], laboring in the work of God [or in life in general], may have to experience PERSERVERANCE, TOIL, SUFFERING, PERSECUTION, AND MARTYRDOM. The Christian is likened to an disciplined athlete who must be ready and prepared to run the Christian race of life.)

1Tim. 5:17: “Presbyters who preside well deserve double honor, especially those who toil in preaching and teaching. For the scripture says, ‘You shall not muzzle and ox when it is threshing, and a worker deserves his pay’.” (The presbyters have the responsibility for preaching and teaching. Presbyters must be praised for their faithful efforts. Presbyters must be supported when they are falsely accused of wrongdoing (or sinful behavior). Early presbyters were both rightfully and unrightfully accused of sinful behavior. Sinful presbyters must also be held to account for their behavior. Like oxen [who eat grain], presbyters must be allowed to toil in preaching and teaching.)

“Come to me, all you who labor and are burdened, and I will give you rest.” Mt.11:28 (Jesus tells us to take His yoke and learn from Him, for He is meek and humble of heart. You will find rest for yourselves. Jesus’ yoke is easy and His burden is light.)

Etymology: It is interesting to note that the Latin verb deficere consists of the preposition (de-), meaning not, and the verb facere, meaning to make. The Latin deficere can mean to withdraw, to fail, to fall short, to let down, to be weary, and to faint. The Latin defectus (defect) is the past participle of deficere. Essentially, this inability to produce, make, or work can make one weary, ineffective, or deficient.

Conclusion:

Labor, labored, fatigue, fatigued, cope, laboratories, deficient, deficit

In Greek Hellenism this term pertains to making a physical or mental exertion. This term can also refer to suffering from a medical condition. Being cloyed with enjoyment means being ‘wearied’ by enjoyment, (which is a puzzling notion). Perhaps being cloyed (sickened) from eating too much candy provides a better picture to work with. The goddess of wisdom is Sophia.

In the Old Testament, toil in the present time is contrasted to the hope of salvation. Sirach offers a yoke of wisdom for the ignorant (untutored). With a little instruction, they gain wisdom.

Jesus draws upon Old Testament Wisdom imagery in talking about a yoke. Jesus offers a light yoke in providing refreshment to those who are weary. In contrast, the scribes and Pharisees impose heavy burdens on others.

Eph.4:28: “Do not let the sun set on your anger.” This scripture provides the basis for not holding grudges between husbands and wives.

Update: Hamas holding and killing hostages: The families of these living hostages and now deceased loved ones are now carrying a GREAT BURDEN. We all need to extend our prayers to them.

Our thoughts and prayers must go out to:

The victims (and their loved ones) who have been murdered and injured by illegal aliens. Those who are in charge of our nation’s security must be responsible for for this! 

The victims (and their loved ones) from the Georgia shooting.

It is very important to remember that God will NOT WASTE our pains, sufferings, and burdens.

“For whenever anyone who bears the pain of unjust suffering because of the consciousness of God, that is a grace.” 1Pet.2:19

10 Reasons to Believe in a God Who Allows Suffering (Burdens)

1. Suffering comes with the freedom to choose.
2. Pain can warn us of danger.
3. Suffering reveals what is in our hearts—

It has a way of revealing what is in our own hearts. Capacities for love, mercy, anger and pride can lie dormant until awakened by circumstances. Strength and weakness of heart is found not when everything is going our way by when suffering and trials test our character. The human heart is revealed and developed by enduring the pressure and heat of time and circumstance. Strength of character is shown not when all is well with our world but in the presence of human pain and suffering.

4. Suffering takes us to the edge of eternity—

If death is the end of everything, then a life filled with suffering isn’t fair. But if the end of this life brings us to the threshold of eternity, the most fortunate people in the universe are those who discover, through suffering, that this life is not all we have to live for. Those who find themselves and their eternal God through suffering have not wasted their pain. They have let their poverty, grief, and hunger drive them to the Lord of eternity. They are the ones who will discover to their own never-ending joy when Jesus said, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

5. Pain looses our grip on this life—

In time, our work and our opinions are sought less and less. Our bodies become increasingly worse for the wear. Problems loom larger and larger while options narrow. Each new pain makes this world less inviting and the next life more appealing. In its own way, pain paves the way for a graceful departure.

6. Suffering gives us an opportunity to trust God.
7. God suffers with us in our suffering.
8. God’s comfort is greater than our suffering.
9. In times of crisis, we find one another—

Natural disasters and times of crises have a way of bring us together. Suddenly we remember our own mortality and that people are more important than things. Each time we discover God’s comfort in our own suffering, our capacity to help others is increased.

10. God can turn suffering around for our good.

 I hope this post works out for you. Happy Labor Day!

[Greek] λογίζομαι (logizomai), [Latin] cogitare, [Latin] reputare, [Latin] deputare, [Latin] existimare, [Latin] arbitrare, [Latin] acceptare: to reckon, to take into account, to regard, to suppose, to count, to have books balanced, to reason, to conclude, to calculate, to compute, to set one’s account, to make a calculation of something; 48 scriptural references

In ancient Greece, the wax tablet was used for children’s education and accounting (calculating) for business financial transactions.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to keep score, to reason, to reckon, to calculate, to charge someone on account, to audit, to take into account (consider), to regard, to recognize, and to count on.

Aristophanes’ Frogs 1263: “Keep score.”

Euripides’ Orestes 555: “So I reasoned that.”

Demosthenes’ Against Aphobus 2 28.12: “He reckoned up so heavy an outlay.”

Aristophanes’ Clouds 20: “Calculate the interest.”

Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.113: “Charge it to the public account.

Aristotle’s Athenian Constitution 54.2: “Audit the returns of officials.”

Demosthenes’ On the Peace 5.24: “Suggest the following consideration.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 6.4.6 “Calculated that if they did not fight.”

Sophocles’ Trachiniae 944: “Counts on the morrow or the days.”

Euripides’ Iphigenia in Aulis: “Count on ordering all their life.”

Old Testament: In addition to reckoning and crediting, this term provides the sense of considering in varied and nuanced ways. This term takes on a more personal, emotional, and subjective character in value judgments and accusations. This term is also used in the religious sphere in imputing righteousness and judgment. The Lord credited Abraham as an act of righteousness (Gen.15:6). No reckoning was asked of them regarding the funds provided to them (2Kgs. 22:7). Judah thought she was a harlot (Gen. 38:15). Here is a people that lives apart and does not think reckon itself among the nation (Num.23:9). Saul intended to have David fall into the hands of the Phillistines (1 Sam. 18:25). The human heart plans the way, but the Lord directs the steps (Prov.16:9).

New Testament: This term is used quite frequently (around 40 times) in the New Testament. This term is used with the sense of to reason about, to keep a mental record, to hold a view, and to charge to an account. Paul mentions that our spiritual perspective and understanding will mature over time. God, by not counting our trespasses us, allows for forgiveness. As Abraham believed God, Abraham was credited with righteousness. Paul, as a tent maker (businessman), makes reference to accounting terminology (something credited equals something earned).

Scripture:

“The danger grows, not only that our business will be discredited, but also that the temple of the great goddess Artemis will be of no account, and that she whom the whole province of Asia worship will be stripped of her magnificence.” Acts 19:27

If this danger continues, the silversmiths’ profession and Artemis’ influence will decline.

“A worker’s wage is credited not as a gift, but as something due.” Rom.4:4

Paul, as a tentmaker, understood the importance of making a living.

“Not that of ourselves we are qualified to take credit for anything as coming from us; rather, our qualification comes from God.” 2Cor.3:5

Ultimately, our talents and abilities come from God.

Etymology: A deputy is one who has been assigned and considered for to carry out something. A reputation is something that has repeatedly been reckoned or counted on. Cogitation is a thought (idea) that has been considered or reflected on. Arbitration is the ability of making a choice, decision, or judgment. Imputation is making a charge. Esteem is an accounting or value of something. An estimation is the value of something that one considers.

Conclusion:

Deputy, deputize, reputation, cogitation, exist, imputation, accept, esteem, estimate, logic, logical

This term takes on many varied meanings in any period in history. Reasoning and reckoning can apply in almost any context or situation. Reckoning and accounting are important in business transactions. Wax tablets were used in children’s instruction and accounting for business transactions. Even in ancient Greece, people charged transactions on a public account. Calculating can involve assessing strategies and risk in various contexts.

In the Old Testament, this term is used in varied and nuanced meanings. Reckoning plays an important role with righteousness and justification.

In the New Testament, there is so much that can be discussed about reckoning with righteousness and justification. I reckon that now is not the time nor place to extensively consider this topic. We all can relate that God does not count our trespasses against us. God provides us with reconciliation. We also can identify with ‘of no account’ meaning no value. Lastly, as much as we try to take credit for our abilities and capabilities, we have to credit God for these gifts.

Current events: The riots, looting, property damage, and killings are still unfortunately continuing. This in part is driven by a calculated effort by the mainstream media, the Democratic Party (and the left) to minimize, cover, and spin the violent incidents. There also seems to be a concerted effort by prosecutors of not charging criminals or dismissing charges. Funds are being provided to immediately release these individuals from jail. This “mostly peaceful” narrative continues to be promoted. And we cannot forget this one: “fiery but mostly peaceful”. There also continues the coordinated narrative that President Trump is inciting violence. So it seems that personal responsibility for the riotous actions do not matter or count for anything. Therefore, then it must be Trump’s fault. The DNC curiously made no mention of this violence (or impeachment) at their convention. However, the RNC rightly brought up these violent incidents.

Now the tide is turning against this narrative. The media, Democrat Party, and the left have miscalculated (my next post). Now Biden is coming out of his basement. These political narratives (calculations) did not take into account the American people being fed up and worried about this violence continuing. They are seeing what is happening.

Because of these calculations, It could be that the Democratic Party, media, and the left may face their day (time) of reckoning this November!

[Greek] ἀνάγνωσις (anagnōsis), [Latin] lectionem, [French] lecture: recognition, reading, knowing again, public reading; Acts 13:15, 2Cor.13:15, 1Tim.4:13

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means recognition, reading, and persuasion. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.116 states “While the boy spoke, it seemed to Astyages that he recognized him; the character of his face was like his own, he thought, and his manner of answering was freer than customary.” Aristotle’s Poetics 1462a states “Moreover, tragedy fulfills its function even without acting just as much as epic, and its quality can be gauged by reading aloud. In tragedy, this vividness can be felt whether it is read or acted.”

Old Testament: This term means convocation, reading, a calling together, and assembly. On the first day you shall have a holy assembly (Exo.12:16). These are the appointed time of the Lord, hoy convocation which you shall proclaim at the times appointed for them (Lev.23:4). They read from the law of God, translating to give the sense so that they understood the reading (Neh.8:8). New moon and Sabbath, the calling of assemblies I cannot endure iniquity and the solemn assembly (Isa.1:13).

New Testament: This term pertains to reading or public reading of the Old Testament. This refers to both reading and the event of such reading. The Old Testament consists of both the law and of the prophets. 2Cor. 3:14 makes reference to the veil Moses wore upon his return from Mt. Sinai to the people. As a result of his encounter with God, Moses’ face shines brightly, causing Moses to wear a veil (barrier) to protect them from being blinded by God’s glory. Paul likens Paul’s contemporaries and Jewish Christians to the Israelites. Like wearing a veil, the disciples fail to see (understand) God’s glory. They fail to see (understand) that the Old Testament is taken away (rendered ineffective) through Christ.

Scripture:

“Rather, their thought were rendered dull, for to this present day the same veil remains unlifted when they read the old covenant, because through Christ it is taken away.” 2 Cor.3:14

Moses wore the veil to protect the Israelites from being blinded by God’s glory. Like wearing a veil, the disciples and Christians are unable to fully see (understand) God’s glory.

Early Christianity:

“And on the day called Sunday, all who live in the cities or in the country gather together in one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read.” Justin Martyr’s First Apology 67.3

This suggests that Justin had already understood that these memoirs are what the Christians at time knew as the gospels. Justin also quite frequently references the gospels. These gospels were communicated through oral tradition. Justin refers to these writings as being read in the churches along with writings of the prophets (Old Testament).

Why does Michelangelo’s statue of Moses have ears? The Hebrew verb karan means to make radiant. As Moses came down from Mount Sinai, his skin (face) had become radiant when he spoke to the Lord. Interestingly, the related Hebrew noun keren means horn or projection. When applied to God, keren means ray of light. This ray of light would have started from a fixed point moving downward (and outward) like a ▲.  This triangular figure not surprisingly also becomes a horn. In medieval Christian Europe, this scripture passage would have been translated as “Moses horned with radiance”. Therefore, Michelangelo placed unusual horns on Moses.

Conclusion:

Lecture, lecturing

In Greek Hellenism, this term conveys recognition of one’s character. The ancient Greek tragedies were often commentaries (in artistic form) illustrating the human condition. Aristotle points out that acting or reading the part brings out these human qualities.

In the Old Testament, this term pertains to something called out or read in an assembly. This can refer to both spiritual assemblies and non-spiritual assemblies.

This Old Testament understanding continues in the New Testament culture. The veil was used to protect the Israelites from being blinded by God’s radiance on Moses. Paul then likens this veil to a barrier preventing the disciples from seeing (understanding) God’s glory. They fail to see that Jesus surpasses and renders ineffective the Law.

In the New Testament culture, the scriptures, in existence at this time, was the Old Testament. The gospel message was conveyed through the oral traditions. The gospels (as when know them) were not yet fully written or established. It would be centuries later when the formal New Testament canon would be established.

At first glance, why would Michaelangelo put horns on the statue of Moses? I hope this background information helps to carve out the explanation.

And I will soon make this post available for public reading on Facebook and Twitter.

[Greek] ἀναβλέπω (anablepō), [Latin] videre, [Latin] intinuere, [Latin] ascpicere, [Latin] respicere, [Latin] venire, [Latin] recipere, [Latin] suspicere: to look up, to recover sight, to gain sight; 26 scriptural references

No–you are not seeing double! Anablepus (“Four eyed fish”): a large fish, having clearer vision, can see both under and above the surface of the water. Let’s hope that the clergy will also have clearer vision in seeing what the Church stands for: the salvation of souls.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to behold, to look up, to look with confidence, to look with disdain, to revive, and to restore one’s sight.

Aristophanes’ Plutus 117: “I have good hope with the god’s help to deliver you from that blindness, in fact to restore your sight.”

Plato’s Republic 515c: “When one was freed from his fetters and compelled to stand up suddenly and turn his head around and lift his eyes to the light, what do you suppose would be his answer if someone had told him that what he had before was all all a cheat and illusion?”

Euripides’ The Suppliants 322: “Do you see how fiercely your country looks on its revilers when they mock her for want of counsel?”

Old Testament: This term means to enlighten, to give light, to look upon, to regard, to pay attention, to lift up, to bear, to face, to turn to, and to appear.

New Testament: This term means to look up and to restore (gain) sight.

Scripture:

Mt.14:19: “And He ordered the crowds to sit down on the grass. Taking the five loaves and the two fish, and looking up to heaven, He said the blessing, broke the loaves, and gave them to the disciples, who in turn gave them to the crowds.” (Jesus looks up to heaven in giving thanks for these offerings. The taking [blessing, breaking, and giving to the disciples] correspond to the actions of Jesus over the bread at the Last Supper.) 

Mt.20:34 “Moved with pity, Jesus touched their eyes. Immediately they received their sight, and followed Him.” (Jesus restores the sight of the two blind men. The cure of the blind men seeks to open the eyes of His disciples who have also been blind to the meaning of Jesus’ passion and  the necessity of sharing Jesus’ suffering.)

Mk.10:51: “Jesus said to the blind man, ‘What do you want me to do for you?’ The blind man said, ‘Master, I want to see.'” (Jesus restored his sight. Jesus stated that his faith had saved him. The man followed Jesus.)

Acts 9:17: “Ananias laid his hands on Saul and said, ‘Saul, my brother, the Lord has sent me, Jesus who appeared to you on the way by which you came, that you might regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit.” (Saul, formerly an apostate, begins his path in become an apostle for Christ.)

Jn.9:18: “Now the Jews did not believe that he had been born blind and gained his sight until they summoned the parents of the one who gained his sight.” (The Jews vainly hoped to disprove Jesus’ miracle of the healing the man born blind. They could not bear to think that Jesus could do this. They could not come to terms that this person was actually born blind.)

Conclusion:

Receive, receipt, intuit, intuition, visual, aspect, suspect, suspicion, respect

New Testament significance of numbers:

1. 1000: represents everyone
2. 4000: everyone in all four directions
3. 5000: all the Jews (everyone under the Law (5 books)

Update: We have discovered that the USCCB has devoted an excessively high percentage (90%) of their resources to immigration and only 1% to pro-life causes. This represents a skewed and inverted priority to immigration. Hopefully, they will focus more on pro-life, abortion, catechesis, the Eucharist, and the salvation of souls.

Many of us are now seeing the insidious entangled financial relationships between the USCCB, Catholic Charities, the Vatican, and the US government USAID agency.

Many of us are now seeing financial resources sent for questionable purposes: illegal immigration, child trafficking, promoting atheism, condoms, birth control, and LGBTQ values.

Many of us are now seeing that the financial spigot of money is being turned off for many charitable organizations, NGOs, and other government programs.

What a fish! I did not see that coming! This is not a fish story. This is a real fish, see for yourself.

Many immigration supporters are now pleading to continue this funding. They are attempting to present the immigrant (alien) as a higher priority of needed attention. They are seeking to invert the order of showing compassion to those in the one’s closest spheres of influence.

Many are now seeing that Jesus’ Church has become so much entrenched in politics, social justice, worldly values, lived experiences, and worldly causes. We all need to be reminded that Jesus’ Church must be primarily concerned with the salvation of souls, not with moving the world.

We are now seeing the Trump administration (and supporters) competing with the the Vatican (and supporters) championing the immigrant. (Security concerns vs. immigrants’ rights)

We are now seeing competing interpretations St. Augustine’s Odo Amoris (order of love).

[Greek] ἀμφιάζω (amphiazō), [Latin] vestire, [French] areer: to clothe, to adorn; Mt.6:30, Mt.11:8, Lk.7:25, Lk.12:28

John the Baptist wears the simple garments (animal skins) of a prophet.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, meaning to clothe, can be used literally and metaphorically. Homer’s Odyssey 10.542 states “Round about me then she cast a cloak and tunic as raiment, and the nymph clothed herself in a long white robe, finely woven and beautiful.” Plato’s Republic 457a states “The women of the guardians must strip, since they will be clothed with virtue as a garment, and must take their part with the men and the other duties of civic guardianship.” Homer’s Iliad 20.150 states “There Poseidon and the other gods sate them down and clothed their shoulders round about with a cloud that might not be rent.”

Old Testament: This term means to cover, to do things secretly, to clothe, and to put on. Literal examples include loin skins, garments, fine linen, robes, sackcloths, dust, worm, and chain mail (armor). Metaphorical examples include salvation, shame, righteousness, glory, dishonor, and majesty. Psa.65:13 makes reference to pastures clothed with flocks.

New Testament: This term means to clothe, to dress, or to adorn. Jesus brings up the subject of having dependence (trust) in God. Jesus addresses those disciples (and us) having little faith in God. If God can clothe the grass of the field, how much more so will God provide for us. Jesus also speaks of John the Baptist as a simple messenger who is preparing the way for Him. Jesus defines His relationship to John the Baptist. Rather than wearing fine clothing, John wears sackcloth and animal skins.

Scripture:

“If God so clothes the grass of the field, which grows today and is thrown into the oven tomorrow, will He not much more provide for you, O you of little faith.” Mt. 6:30

Jesus was address those disciples who had little faith and trust. He points out God will provide for us who are more important than the grass.

“Then what did you go out to see? Someone dressed in fine clothing? Those who wear fine clothing are in royal places.” Mt.11:18

John the Baptist becomes the one who prepares the way for Jesus. John wears the simple clothing of a prophet.

Etymology: The archaic word raiment comes from the French verb areer. An array can include equipment, furnishings, or clothing. An investiture is a ceremony of putting on the clothing in insignia of office. To invest is to borrow or cover one’s contribution into something. To divest is to strip of one’s clothes or investment.

Conclusion:

Vest, investiture, vestment, array, arrangement

It was interesting to discover that this term is related to that archaic word raiment (clothing). The metaphoric uses refer to being clothed in righteousness and with clouds.

In the Old Testament, this term is used extensively. I was surprised by the many metaphorical uses of this term. The Israelites covertly or undercover worshiped idols.

In the New Testament, the disciples, like many of us, often have little faith (trust). To be honest, you also can count me in during those times when we go through struggles and difficulties. It is often like: “God, you’re killing me here. When will these struggles stop?” I myself need to keep working on this. John the Baptist follows the example of the Old Testament prophet covered in animal skins.

That just about covers it with this post.

[Greek] παύω (pauō), [Latin] cessare, [Latin] desinere, [Latin] coercere: to stop, to pause, to cease, to quit, to come to an end, to end; Lk.5:4, Lk.8:24, Lk.11:1, Acts 5:42, Acts 6:13, Acts 20:1,31, Acts 21:32, 1Cor.13:8, Eph.1:16, Col.1:9, Heb.10:2, 1Pet.3:10, 1Pet.4:1

Those times when we need Jesus to pause the storms in our lives

Background information:

Greek Hellenism:  This term means to end, to stop, to silence, to keep back, to give rest, to leave off, and to depose.

Sophocles’ Antigone 963: “To quell the god-inspired women.”

Homer’s Iliad 1.207: “Cease from strife.”

Sophocle’s Philoctetes 1424: “You shall be healed of your cruel sickness.”

Euripides: Medea 93: “She will not let go of her wrath.”

Homer’s Odyssey 20.274: “Now we have silenced them.”

Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 397: “Whom you are trying to oust.”

Euripides’ Orestes 571: “Have put an end to this custom.”

Homer’s Odyssey 5.492: “Free him from toilsome weariness.”

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 8.6.3: “Not remove from their positions.”

Old Testament: This term means to cease, to desist, to leave off, to remove, to complete, to console, to repent, to take a breath, to refresh, to be peaceful, to return, and to restore.

New Testament: This term means to cease, to subside, to finish, to stop, and to cause to cease. Jesus got into the boat with the disciples and told them to cross to the other side of the lake. When a storm came, the disciples became fearful and Jesus caused the storm to subside. After Jesus finished praying, the disciples asked Jesus how to pray. Jesus teaches them the Our Father prayer. The apostles, rejoicing that they were flogged in the name of Jesus, did not stop teaching and proclaiming the Messiah Jesus. Jesus provides a superior one time sacrifice. If the Old Testament sacrifices were sufficient, these sacrifices would have ceased to be offered. Ceasing of activities (actions) occur in other scriptural examples.

Scripture:
Otherwise, would not the sacrifices have ceased to be offered, since the worshipers, once cleansed, would no longer have had any consequences of sin?” Heb.10:2

Jesus offers a superior once and only sacrifice. On the other hand, the Old Testament sacrifices are continually needed to remove sins. It was impossible for these Old Testament sacrifices to cease.

“And all day long, both at the temple and in their homes, they did not stop teaching and proclaiming about the Messiah, Jesus.” Acts 5:42

The Apostles were rejoicing, having to suffer in Jesus’ name. The Apostles were unceasing in the teaching and proclaiming about Jesus.

“They came and woke Him saying, ‘Master, master, we are perishing!’ He awakened, rebuked the wind and the waves, and they subsided and there was a calm.” Lk.8:24

Jesus uses His divine powers to calm the storm in response to the fears of the disciples. In response, Jesus rebuked the disciples for their lack of faith.

Conclusion:

Pause, coerce, desist, cease, cessation, pausing

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to see the many uses (meanings) for ceasing. In some situations, it is simply a matter of stopping (ceasing) an action (activity). Sophocles illustrates subduing or suppressing a god-inspired woman. He also points out just being healed from an affliction. Homer references silencing someone. Sophocles references ousting someone from power. We all can identify with being free from some toilsome weariness.

In the Old Testament, this term, used extensively, has many meanings.

In the New Testament, this term, besides being used to simply cease, refers to important aspects of Jesus’ divine authority. This authority is illustrated with miracles, teaching and proclaiming, and Jesus’ sacrificial authority. Upon His suggestion, as the disciples’ boat moves across the lake, a storm later appears. Perhaps Jesus causes the storm in order to test the disciples’ faith. It looks like the disciples failed His test, by showing their lack of faith.

Ironically, Gamaliel, a Pharisee in the Sanhedrin, makes a wise and prophetic statement concerning actions. If these actions are of human origin, it will destroy itself. If these actions come from God, you will not be able to destroy these actions. The disciples were joyous for being persecuted in the name of the Lord. This only increased and encouraged their missionary activity. Jesus provides a far superior once and only sacrificing for the forgiveness of sins. This is in contrast to the Old Testament sacrifices which needed to be repeated again and again.

Current events: As we are continually facing the aftermath (consequences) of this pandemic, we are faced with issues such as the paused govt. assistance checks, school, sports, and employment prospects. The govt. checks have been paused because of political differences (squabbles). Many of us are now faced with whether attending school in person should be paused or whether should it be continued on-line. School openings have been delayed or paused. There continues the debate of whether sports events should continue. Some organizations have cancelled or paused games or seasons. This pandemic continues to create havoc, distress and uncertainties in pausing or delaying economic growth.

In a sense, we all are together in the same boat experiencing these stormy seas. We all need to call upon Jesus for His help so that these storms can subside.

[Greek] προσδοκάω (prosdokaō), [Latin] expectare, [Latin] sperare, [Latin] existimare: to expect, to watch for, to think ahead, to await, to anticipate, to look forward to; Mt.11:3, Mt.24:50, Lk.1:21, Lk.3:15, Lk.7:19-20, Lk.8:40, Lk.12:46, Acts 3:5, Acts 10:24, Acts 27:33, Acts 28:6, 2Pet.3:12-14

Peter in the House of Cornelius: painting by Barend Fabritius (1653). Cornelius is so impressed by his vision that he invites his relatives and close friends to meet Peter.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to look upon, to expect, to hope for, to expect something (or someone), to suppose something, to fear, and to prepare for the unexpected. Plato’s Cratylus 438e states “It seems that things may be learned without names. What other way is left by which you could expect to know them?” Polybius’ Histories 23.7.3 states “The Macedonians gave Demetrius a cordial reception, believing that they be relieved from all danger; for they had looked upon a war with Rome. Sophocles’ Philoctetes 784 states “I look for worse to come.” Antiphon’s On the Murder of Herodes 5.19 states “However, in spite of that disadvantage, I will try to prove my innocence; although it is hard to refute at a moment’s notice false charges careful formed, as one cannot prepare oneself against the unexpected.”

Old Testament: This term means to expect, to wait, to look for, to hope, to lie in wait, and to bind together (to be strong). For Your salvation I wait, O Lord (Gen.49:18). The travelers of Sheba hoped for them (Job 6:19). When I expected good, then evil came (Job 30:26). But those who wait for the Lord, they will inherit the land (Psa.37:9). Thus He looked for justice, but behold bloodshed (Isa.5:7). We hope for justice, but there is none (Isa.59:11). At that time they will call Jerusalem ‘The Throne of the Lord, and all the nation will be gathered to it (Jer.3:17).

New Testament: This term essentially means to wait or to expect. The parable of the faithful (unfaithful) servant illustrates the servant’s readiness for the return of the master. The people wait wondering why Zechariah remains in the temple. The centurion Cornelius, after seeing a vision, waits for Peter to come to his home. The people were wondering if John might be the Messiah. The crippled beggar, expecting something, was healed by Peter in the name of Jesus. Some noticed that Paul was waiting to take food. After having seen Paul being bitten by a snake, they were expecting Paul to die, but instead Paul was fine. 2 Peter references the the expectation for eschatological hope.

Scripture:

“Meanwhile the people were waiting for Zechariah and were amazed that he stayed so long in the sanctuary.” Lk.1:21

Zechariah doubted whether his wife could have a child. Zechariah was made mute because of his own doubts about this happening. Meanwhile, the people were wondering about Zechariah in the sanctuary.

“On the following day Peter entered Caesarea. Cornelius was expecting them and had called together his relatives and close friends.”

Upon receiving a vision, Cornelius calls for Peter to come to his residence.

“He paid attention to them, expecting to receive something from them.” Acts 3:5

The crippled beggar notices that Peter and John approaching him. The beggar was perhaps expecting some food scraps from them. Instead, the beggar was healed by Peter.

Conclusion:

Expect, expectation, expecting, prosper (to turn out well), exist, existence

It was interesting to discover that this term has many uses or meanings. Essentially, this  term pertains to expectations and unsurprising or difficult outcomes. As a result, hope, fear, or uncertainty may occur.

In the Old Testament, this term is also used extensively. The more nuanced examples include lying in wait and binding together (being strong).

In the New Testament, the parable of the faithful (unfaithful) servant points to one’s readiness to meeting Christ. Zechariah had to wait until his son’s naming to be able to speak again. Some of John’s disciples were waiting with doubt or uncertainty if the Messiah would follow the way of fiery judgement of John the Baptist. When they saw that Paul was unaffected by the snake bite, some thought that Paul was actually a god.

Current events: I can imagine many are wondering: when will this chaos (property destruction, violence, and looting, murders, etc.) in these cities end? It seems like that this will continue as long as these mayors (and local leaders) are unwilling (or are refusing) to stamp out this violence. This will continue as long as the police are “hand-cuffed” in their abilities to arrests these culprits. This will also continue as long as local prosecutors fail to bring charges against these criminals. Are you surprised that these criminal elements have become emboldened because of the local leaders’ weakness? If the citizens and business owners do not feel safe living in these cities, when do you expect that they will leave these cities? As of now, Gov. Cuomo and Mayor DeBlasio are begging the wealthy to remain in New York City. What do you expect would happen with gun purchases when crime is getting worse and the NRA is being attacked? Private citizens are now purchasing guns for the means of protecting themselves (because they have little or no confidence that the police will be able to help them).

The transgender movement is also creating chaos in women’s sports competitions. When did the LGBT movement expect to experience push-back in terms of equal opportunities in competition in girls and women’s sports organizations? Women and girls are now forced to compete with the the larger masculine muscle mass of transgender women (girls) in physical competitions. Lawsuits are now being undertaken to ensure this fairness.

To be honest, at first I really did not know what to expect in learning about this term. This term far exceeded my expectations.

[Greek] προπετής (propetēs), [Latin] temere agere, [Latin] proterere: acting fearful, falling forward, headstrong, rash, reckless, thoughtless; Acts 19:36, 2Tim.3:4

The angry mob with pitchforks and torches going after Frankenstein. This becomes a precursor to the modern day cancel culture mob.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to incline forward, to become prominent, to be eager to, to be headstrong, to be reckless, to be rash, to be out of control, and to be on the point of something. Xenophon’s Hellenica 2.3.15 states “But when Critias showed himself eager to put many to death, Theeramens opposed him, saying that it was not reasonable to put a man to death because he was honored by the commons.” Xenophon’s Hellenica 6.5.24 states “Therefore, taking into account all these things, they were by no mean eager to proceed to Lacedaemon.” Isocrates’ To Demonicus 1.15 states “Be not found of violent mirth, nor harbor presumption of speech, for the one is folly, the other is weakness.” Xenophon’s Hiero 7.2 states “Yet such mean as you, rush headlong into despotism that you may have honor.” Plato’s Philebus 45a states “Let us take care not to answer hastily and fall into error.”

Old Testament: This term means to be foolish, despising wisdom, quarrelsome, mocking, talking (opening the mouth), and licentious (opening the legs). For anger slays the foolish man, and jealousy kills the simple (Job 5:2). Fools despise wisdom and instruction (Pro.1:7). But the discipline of fools is folly (Pro.16:22). The foolish man either rages or laughs, and there is no rest (Pro.29:9). The one who opens wide his lips comes to ruin (Pro.13:3). You spread your legs to every passer-by to multiply your harlotry (Eze.16:25).

New Testament: This term means reckless, rash, and thoughtlessness. In Ephesus, the silversmiths were provoked by Paul’s words saying that the gods (shrines) made by hands are not gods at all. The town clerk, concerned by their riotous behavior, was fearful that the Roman authorities would hear of the silversmiths’ disruption of the peace. The town clerk pleaded with them to take  their grievances to the court. Paul warns others to reject and avoid recklessness and their consequences. In their foolishness, they will suffer and be unable to find the truth.

“Since these things are undeniable, you must calm yourselves and not do anything rash.” Acts 19:36

The Ephesus town clerk tried to calm down the silversmiths. The town clerk was very fearful of the Roman authorities hearing about this riotous behavior. The town clerk pleaded for the silversmiths to take their concerns to the courts.

Etymology: This term propetes consists of the preposition (pro-), meaning forwards. The Greek verb pipto means to fall. Essentially, this term means to fall forward, doing something rash. The related word rash is derived from the Latin verb rasicare, meaning to scrape. The related word timid is derived from the Latin verb timere, meaning to fear.

Conclusion:

Timid, agent, act, tread

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to see how this term conveys one’s inclination to do something. This often results in something reckless or rash like being a tyrant, going into war, or just rushing into something. Oftentimes, these results are foolish.

In the Old Testament, the foolish will mock asking for help, wisdom, or common sense. Opening the mouth may result in slander or foolish statements. Opening the legs may result in licentiousness.

In Ephesus, Paul’s statements about the silversmiths’ shrines provoke their riotous anger. The town clerk is pleading for them to calm down and settle their grievances in the courts. The town clerk is very fearful that the Roman authorities would hear of this disturbance of the peace. The Roman exacted harsh penalties for disruption of the peace. Paul warns about the consequences of rash and reckless actions.

In this toxic and angry cancel culture, we have the media waving their “rhetorical pitchforks and torches” in demonizing others (you can fill in the blank with the many examples). They now don’t even pretend to hide their political bias. Then we have rioters, looters, Antifa, and BLM who are actually making threats (extortion) and are burning down cities. Yet, it also interesting to note that underneath all these cancel culture efforts, there is an underlying insecurity (fear) in acknowledging or countering different thoughts, expressions, or political views. In their failures to respond to this, they essentially “scrape the bottom of the barrel” in terms of acceptable behavior. They then often resort to accusing, bullying and demonizing.

“The angry mob of villagers wield camera phones, the twenty-first century equivalent of pitchforks and flaming torches.” Erin Kelly

“The remarkable thing about God is that when you fear God, you fear nothing else, whereas if you do not fear God, you fear everything else.” Oswald Chambers

[Greek] ἑδραῖος (hedraios), [Latin] statuere, [Latin] firmus, [Latin] inmobiles: steadfast, firm, settled, sitting, support, moral fixidity, set in place; 1Cor.7:37, 1Cor.15:58, Col.1:23

Be firm and steadfast fully devoted to the Lord, knowing that in the Lord your labor is not in vain. (1Cor.15:18) Oftentimes, we may not see the fruits of the seeds of faith which we plant in others.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means sitting, seated, settled, steadfast, sedentary, and unmovable. Plato’s Republic 407b states “This excessive care for the body that goes beyond simple gymnastics is the greatest of all obstacles. For it is troublesome in household affairs, military service, and sedentary offices in the city. It puts difficulties in the way of instruction, thinking, or private meditation. Xenophon’s Constitution of the Lacedaimonians 1.3 states “The rest of the Greeks expect their girls to imitate the sedentary life that is typical of handcraftsmen to keep quiet and do wool-work. How then is it to be expected that women so brought up will bear fine children?”

New Testament: This term means standing firm, being firm, and firmly grounded (with conviction). Paul offers advice (and his opinion) about the state of life that God calls you to be in. Paul calls upon one to live a life free of anxieties. An unmarried woman (virgin), anxious about the things of the Lord, should remain in this state. One who remains firm in this vocation will do well. Paul urges adherence to Christ in faith. Paul offers his wisdom in saying that one’s efforts to do the work of the Lord will not be in vain. We oftentimes may not see these “fruits” of our actions.

Scripture:

“The one who stands firm in his resolve, however, who is not under compulsion but has power over his own will, and has made up his mind to keep his virgin, will be doing well.” 1Cor.7:37

Paul offers his advice for virgins to follow their state in life to serve the Lord. Paul says this also acknowledging that unmarried daughters were often betrothed to sons of other families. These betrothals were often seen as contractual arrangements between families.

“Therefore, my beloved brothers, be firm, steadfast, always fully devoted to the work of the Lord, know that in the Lord your labor is not in vain.” 1Cor.15:58

This scriptural insight offers great consolation and comfort regarding our efforts in serving the Lord. This insight is comforting for each of us who wonder if we are actually making a difference in others’ lives. (Many times that voluntary high school RE teacher asks himself/herself this question when trying to teach teenagers!) This gives us comfort in knowing that these efforts are not in vain after all.

Etymology: The Latin words for this term all convey a sense of durability and strength. The related Latin sedes (seat) comes from the verb sedere. The sedan was originally a covered chair on poles. The Greek hedra means seat. This gives rise to the Greek kathedra (cathedral), meaning chair or seat of authority. The cathedral is the seat of authority of a bishop. The parish church is the seat of authority of a priest.

Conclusion:

Statue, statute, firm, stable, stability, immobile, sedentary, sedan, cathedral

It was interesting to discover that the ancients also believed in the balance of gymnastics (care of the body) with education, music, and poetry (care of the mind). I think Plato provides timeless wisdom in saying that excessive physical training can be potentially harmful. It is also quite amusing to see that there were desk jobs in ancient Greece. It seems like that sedentary life can be applicable to various socio-economic classes.

Aside from family obligations and betrothal arrangements, Paul opines that singleness (single vocation) is the preferred state in serving the Lord. (I myself, having a lay single vocation, would agree with Paul). Those who remain firm in this will do well in life. Paul also addresses the timeless concerns of those who are involved in ministry: “Am I making a difference in my efforts to teach others the faith?”

I myself can readily identify with these feelings. For many years (1993-2012), I had taught high school RE classes to 9^th and 10^th graders. I often wondered if I was getting through to my students. This scripture passage provides reassurance for each of us who are involved in ministry. So our efforts are actually not in vain during those times when we wonder if we are actually planting seeds of faith in others. In fact, one of my past students had decided to enter St. Mary’s Seminary in Houston, Texas. Again, I cannot begin to even speculate if I had any part in this. I just don’t know. But God knows!

Current events: In this toxic climate of cancel culture, boycotts are occurring as a result of others being offended by certain values or associations with President Trump. After the president of Goya had given Trump some praise, then it had to follow that Goya had to be boycotted. A pizza restaurant in Long Island happened to have a Trump flag. Therefore, it was “necessary” for this establishment to be boycotted. However, this caused a backlash of support, resulting in a buycott of Goya products and pizzas. These supporters were steadfast in their support against these offended and triggered people. We must be steadfast and firm against this cancel culture.

So keep planting those seeds of faith. This is no time to sit down (being sedentary) and rest on our laurels!

[Greek] ἀμελέω (ameleō), [Latin] neglegere: to neglect, to be negligent, to be neglectful, to be careless, to pay no attention, to have no regard, to disregard, to not care; Mt.22:5, 1Tim.4:14, Heb.2:3, Heb.8:9, 2Pet. 1:12

Parable of the Royal Wedding Feast: painting by Frans Francken.  At the right, a guest, without a wedding garment, is bound.

Greek Hellenism:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to neglect, to have no care for, to lose sight of, to be careless, to overlook, to slight, to let someone suffer, and to be negligent. Hesiod’s Works and Days 400 states “And they do not heed you.” Thuycides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.40 states “Teach your other allies by a striking example that the penalty of rebellion is death. Let them once understand this and you will not have so often to neglect your enemies while you are fighting your own confederates.” Isocrates’ Evagorus 9.78 states “And do not imagine that I am reproaching you for indifference at present, because I often admonish you on the same subject.” Euripides’ Iphigenia in Aulis 1094 states “Where now does the face of modesty or virtue have any strength? Seeing that godlessness holds sway and virtue is neglected by men and thrust behind them.”

Old Testament: This term means to resist, to provoke, to rebel, and to be disobedient. Do not be rebellious toward him, for he will not pardon your transgression (Exo.23:21). It is the man of God, who disobeyed the command of the Lord (1Kgs.13:26). For the Lord saw the affliction of Israel, which was very bitter (2Kgs.14:26). My eye gazes on their provocation (Job 17:2). And I was not disobedient nor did I turn my back (Isa.50:5). But this people has a stubborn and rebellious heart (Jer.5:23).

New Testament: This term, used both in a willful and unintentional sense, means to ignore, to neglect, to be neglectful (not standing by something), and to be reminded. In the Parable of the Wedding Feast, some guests disrespectfully ignored the invitations to the wedding feast. The king invited other guests, yet one did not come with a wedding garment. Paul reminds Timothy not to neglect the gifts he has received which were conferred by the presbyters. One must not ignore the salvation announced through the Lord. The Israelites in the wilderness did not stand by the Lord’s covenant.

Scripture:

“Some ignored the invitation and went away, one to his farm, another to his business.” Mt.22:5

In addition to ignoring the wedding invitation, some guests mistreated and killed the king’s servants. The king invited other guests and one guest did not wear a wedding garment.

“It will not be like the covenant I made with their fathers the day I took them by the hand to lead them forth from the land of Egypt; for they did not stand by My covenant and I ignored them, says the Lord.” Heb.8:9

The Lord offers a new superior covenant. The Israelites did not honor their covenant with God. So God ignored them.

Receiving wedding invitations: This is the story of the Parable of the Wedding Feast, where the king prepares a celebration for his son and for those who will hear the invitation to come. This feast symbolizes what is ahead for those who have received the work of Christ. Those invited are given clothing to wear. This wedding garment refers to repentance, change of heart and mind, and a life of good works.

Who are these guests? The ordinary people would come early. The more distinguished guests would wait for when the king’s first servants announced that all was ready. The king would allow for no waste of time for the more noble guests.

How does the king respond to these first guests? The first guests were unwilling to come, rather than being unable to come. The first servants received refusals from these guests who would not come. The king graciously responds in sending out his servants a second time. The king spared no expense (oxen and fattened cattle) for this feast.

Who are these second servants? These servants represent the apostles and other disciples. These servants were paid no attention to, mistreated or killed.

What do the wedding clothes represent? The wedding clothes are the appropriate garments provided for by the king for the wedding. This pertains to the Old Testament custom of supplying the wedding guests with linen garments. (Jdgs.14:10-13 and Isa.61:10).

What does the lack of proper wedding garments represent? This shows a purposeful rejection of the king’s provisions for the guest. This is a greater insult than refusing to come to the wedding. This is an insult against the king. This is a refusal to wear God’s garment of righteous that He provides.

Etymology: This term contains the Greek prefix (a-) meaning without or not. The Greek verb melei means to think about or to care for. The Latin neglectus is the negative past participle of the Latin verb legere, meaning to choose or select.

Conclusion:

Neglect, neglectful, negligent

It was interesting to discover that this term has several nuanced meanings. Some examples even included the modern expressions of “not losing sight of”, “not unmindful of”, and “do not heed”. This term can range from indifference, willful neglectfulness, forgetfulness, and misunderstanding.

In the Old Testament, this term is used quite extensively. This term plays an important role in defining man’s relationship with God. This also involves the unintentional or willful neglect of traditions (protocols) involving marriage (wedding feasts).

In the New Testament, this term can also range from indifference, willful (or unintentional neglect), and negligence. Some guests intentionally refused to accept the king’s invitation to go to the wedding. God, like the king, spares no expense offering an extravagant banquet to all those who will come. God, like the king, then invites many to the wedding feast. However, one must wear the clothing of righteousness in order to be able to attend. Paul reminds Timothy of the gifts he has received from the presbyters.

Interestingly, in Matthew’s gospel, the Parable of the Wedding Feast leads to the situation where the Pharisees intend to trap Jesus about the obligation of paying taxes to Caesar. While acknowledging Jesus as a teacher, they intend to incriminate Him. They have a malicious intent toward Him.

Current events: The mainstream media also seems to utterly ignore or minimize the serious nature of the burning, riots, and looting of cities in the United States. They make light of how this damages and harms our nation. Instead, they use words such as “fairy tales”, “myths”, “mostly peaceful protests” to convey their own narrative that this is no big deal. The media and the left also neglect to acknowledge the abuses in the Russian collusion, FISA court, impending indictments, and recently released classified documents.

Again, by neglecting these issues, the media clearly show their negligence in journalistic integrity, contempt for people’s concerns, and political talking points. Like that unwanted guest, they have appropriately become objects of ridicule.

God has formally invited you to His wedding feast: a garment of righteousness is required.

[Greek] ἀντιλαμβάνω (antilambanō), [Latin] suscipere, [Latin] participare, [French] adopter: to help, to take in, to support, to take hold of in turn, to participate, to take upon oneself to, to partake, to come to the aid of, to take under the protection of; Lk.1:54, Acts 20:35, 1Tim.6:2

St. Ferdinand III, King of Spain: painting by Antonio Casanova y Estorach (1886).

Background information:

King Ferdinand III of Spain: He was born in 1198. In 1217, he become King of Castille. He succeeded to the crown of Leon. On Holy Thursday (Maundy Thursday), the kings of Spain would serve the poor and wash their feet in imitation of Christ. This practice continued at least into the 20th century. The highest aims of Ferdinand’s life was the propagation of the faith from the Saracen yoke. He re-established Catholic worship everywhere, built churches, founded monasteries, and endowed hospitals. He turned the great mosques into cathedrals, dedicating them to the Blessed Virgin. Ferdinand was buried in the great cathedral of Seville before the image of the Blessed Virgin. It is said that Ferdinand’s body remains in-corrupt. Many miracles took place at his tomb. Clement X canonized him in 1671.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to help, to support, to come to the aid of, to partake, to take in, to participate, and to take hold of in turn. Euripides’ Troades 464 states “Take hold of her! will you let her fall, you worthless slaves? lift up again, from where it lies, her withered body.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 2.3.6 states “I am perfectly clear, that if those powerful men taking matters vigorously in hand, I shall have as large a share of any good fortune that may come as I deserve. But if the bad do nothing and the good and the strong lose heart, I am afraid that I shall have a larger share that I wish of something other than good.”

Old Testament: This term means to help, to keep to, to enter into alliance with, to take up, to gird, to equip, to clothe, to protect, to sustain, to take hold of, to lift up, and to sustain. For you have girded me with strength for battle (2Sam.22:40). Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him by the hand (Gen.21:18). Now in case a countryman of  yours becomes poor and his means falter, then you are to sustain him (Lev.25:35). For Your name’s sake, You will lead me and guide me (Psa.31:3). Preserve my life from dread of the enemy (Psa.64:1). I awoke, for the Lord sustains me (Psa.3:5). Come home with me and refresh yourself, and I will give you a reward (1Kgs.13:7). H came to a certain place and spent the night there (Gen.28:11). And those who mourn are lifted to safety (Deu.2:36). He will deliver us out of your hand, O king (Dan.3:17). Your right hand upholds me (Psa.63:8).

New Testament: This term means to help, to devote oneself to, and to enjoy the benefits of helping others. In the Canticle of Mary, Mary states that God has helped His servant Israel who is in danger of falling or being overthrown. In a sense, God takes hold of the child Israel by His hand. God gives Israel His divine help. Acts 20:35 points out that we must keep in mind the words of Jesus in that we must help the weak and needy. It is more blessed in giving rather than receiving. The giver receives much greater joy (benefits) when he follows the commands of Jesus. Even Christian servants (slaves) must show their masters respect, whom are also deserving of respect. Likewise, Christian masters are called to show respect (not take advantage) of their servants (slaves). Both servant and master are workers are beloved.

Scripture:

“He has helped Israel His servant, remembering His mercy.” Lk.1:54

Israel is likened to a child whose “hand” is held by God. This child (Israel) is in danger of falling or being overthrown.

“In every way that I have shown you that by hard work of that sort we must help the weak, and keep in mind the words of the Lord Jesus who Himself said, ‘It is more blessed to give than to receive.” Acts 20:35

All of us are called to follow these words of Jesus. It is through giving that we each can receive this joy (benefits of helping others).

Etymology: The Greek verb katalambano (to apprehend) and the Greek verb antilambano (to help) are related to the Greek verb lambano (to take hold of). The Greek prefix (kata-) indicates intensity, violence, or suddenness. The Greek prefix (anti-) indicates over against, attending to or focusing of who (what) is being held. Essentially, antilambano means to take in, to help, and to assist. The Latin verb suscipere essentially means to take up. The Latin suspectus is the perfect passive participle of the Latin verb suspicere, meaning to look up or to mistrust. The Latin verb participare means to take a share in.

Conclusion:

Susceptible, suspect, suspicion, suspicious, participate, participation, adopt, adoption

This is a very interesting painting of a king (historical figure) in early history. This king conveys the essence of serving others.

In Greek Hellenism, Euripides helps to illustrate how taking hold of someone can mean helping that person. Xenophon also illustrates the notion of taking matters in hand as taking the initiative in something.

In the Old Testament, this term is used quite extensively in various uses and meanings.

In the New Testament, in the Canticle of Mary (Lk.1:54), the servant Israel is personified as a boy (Latin puerum) in the Latin Vulgate. Israel is illustrated as a little boy who takes God’s “hand”. It is with giving (helping others) that we can receive the benefits of joyfulness. In Tim.6:2, the Latin Vulgate uses the Latin verb participare to convey this participation in helping others. It is also surprising of the use of the Latin verb suscipere which is related to suspects and suspicion. How appropriate it is for the use of the French adoptor, with the taking in of a child into a family as an adopted son or daughter.

Coronavirus pandemic: One of the consequences of this pandemic has led to the loss of employment (jobs) of many who are now struggling in their efforts to provide for themselves (and their families). So we need to take in these folks into our thoughts and prayers. In response to this, food drives have also occurred throughout our nation. But I suspect that God, in His divine providence, will provide opportunities for those (who are capable and able to) to participate and enjoy in the benefits of helping the less fortunate. (That is just my sneaking suspicion).

[Greek] ἄμαχος (amachos), [Latin] non litigiosos, [Latin] percussio: peaceable, abstaining from fighting, not contentious, not a brawler, non-combatant; 1Tim.3:3, Tit.3:2

Remains of St. Titus Church in Gortys (municipality of Crete)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means with whom no one fights with, persuasive in words and thought, impregnable, irresistible, not having fought, and taking no part in battle (disinclined to fight). Herodotus’ The Histories 5.3 states “The Thracians are the biggest nation in the world. If they were under one rule, they would be invincible and the strongest nation on earth. However, there is no way or means to bring this about, they are weak.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 6.1.36 states “I had too poor an opinion of myself to suppose that I should have the strength of will to be thrown in contact with beauty and be indifferent to it.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 4.1.16 states “While the rest of theirs have not tasted of battle; and if we do not compel them to fight, they will remain unacquainted with our strength and with their own, and they go away because of their ignorance and cowardice.”

New Testament: This term means peaceable, not contentious, or not looking for a fight. 1Tim. 3 addresses the desirable qualities and qualifications of a bishop. The bishop is required to have moderation in habits and graciousness. Tit. 3 addresses the desirable qualities of a Christian. Christians are called to respectful and obedient to authorities. Christians are called to peaceful, respectful, and gracious towards others.

Scripture:

“Not a drunkard, not aggressive, but gentle, not contentious, not a lover of money.” 1Tim.3:3

This scripture addresses the desirable qualities of a bishop.

“They are to slander no one, to be peaceable, considerate, exercising all graciousness toward everyone.” Tit.3:2

This scripture address the desire qualities of the Christian.

Christian community in Crete: The Letter to Titus indicates that Titus, a Greek Gentile, as the person in charge of developing the church on the large Mediterranean island of Crete. Titus is charged with the task of organizing the church through the appointment of presbyters and bishops. This letter indicates the appropriate Christian values and attitudes. The community is to serve as model for evangelizing the social world in Crete. Good works are also to be evidence of their faith in God. The Letter to Titus was perhaps written in mid 60’s A.D.

Etymology: The Greek term amachos contains the prefix (a-) meaning without or not. Essentially, this term means not fighting or causing disturbance. A machination is a plot or scheme. An instigator is one who machinates (engages in plots or schemes). The Latin litigiosus means contentious or quarrelsome. The Latin verb litigare means to dispute or to quarrel. The Latin perscussio means a striking or a beating. The Latin repercussio means a striking back or a beating back.

Conclusion:

Machination, machinate, litigious, litigate, percussion, percussive, repercussion.

In the Greek Hellenism, it was very interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Herodotus makes reference to weakness as being unable to unite. Aeschylus refers to a king opposed to war. Xenophon makes refers to one not to having tasted battle. Xenophon makes reference to one unable to fight against her irresistible beauty (talk about a smooth line talking with the fairer sex). ♥♥♥♥

In the New Testament, this term essentially defines the desirable qualities of bishops and Christians. These examples serve to establish the foundation for Christian communities.

It was also interesting to see that the Latin meanings are presented in both a positive and negative sense. Machination is perceived in a negative sense. The Latin percussio and litigiosis also convey a negative sense.

I also could have talked about what Epimenides said about the Cretans. But I wanted to keep this post peaceable!

[Greek] ἅλυσις (halusis), [Old French] chaine, [Latin] catena, [Latin] quisquam poterat eum ligare,  [Latin] vinculum: chains, bonds, manacle, imprisonment, binding; Mk.5:3-4, Lk.8:29, Acts 12:6-7, Acts 21:33, Acts 28:20. Eph.6:20, 2Tim.1:16. Rev.20:1

The Release of St. Peter: painting by Bernardo Strozzi (1635)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means chain, woman’s ornament, bondage, and chain armor. Herodotus’ The Histories 9.74 states “Sophanes, the best Athenian in the battle, bore an iron anchor attached to the belt of his breast plate with a chain of bronze.” Euripides’ Orestes 982 states “Oh! To reach that rock which hangs suspended midway between the earth and heaven, which swings on chains of gold.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus states “When the boy was born Laius was overcome with terror when he remembered the oracle. So he bound the baby’s legs with chains. The fate of this boy, called Oedipus, because of his swollen feet, had already been determined and was to be quite different.

New Testament: This term means chains (binding) and imprisonment. Imprisonment essentially becomes a figurative extension of chains. A Gerasene demoniac, dwelling among the tombs, couldn’t be restrained even with a chain. Jesus removed these demons from the man. Peter was released from his chains in his prison cell. Paul’s attacker was placed in chains. Paul refers to himself as an ambassador in chains. Paul praises Onesiphorus who was helpful to him while he was in prison. The dragon and the fallen angels will locked in the abyss (netherworld) for a thousand years.

Scripture:

“The man had been dwelling among the tombs, and no one could restrain him any longer, even with a chain.” Mt.5:3

Even the demons recognized the authority of Jesus. Jesus sent these demons into a herd of swine.

“Suddenly the angel of the Lord stood by him and a light shone in the cell. He tapped Peter on the side and awakened him, saying, ‘Get up quickly.’ The chains fell from his wrists.” Acts 12:7

Peter escaped through God’s actions.

“May the Lord grant mercy to the family of Onesiphorus because he often gave me new heart and was not ashamed of my chains.” 2Tim.1:16

The chains metaphorically refer to Paul’s imprisonment. While others had abandoned Paul, Onesiphorus was helpful to him, serving as Paul’s messenger. Onesiphorus also served the community of Ephesus.

Concatenation: This is essentially the state of being linked together. The corresponding Latin verb is concatenare, meaning to link together. In programming, this is the operation of joining multiple character strings. As an accountant, I often use the Excel formula: “=concatenate(  )” to join cells.

Etymology: Ligation is the act of tying or binding. A ligature is something used in tying and binding. A liaison is a union or binding together. The Greek halusis is derived from the prefix (a-) meaning without and the Greek verb luo (lyo), meaning to loosen. The Greek noun lusis (lysis) means loosening, untying, or dissolving. Essentially, chains prevents one from being freed. An analysis is essentially a loosening or an untying of something. An analysis can dissolve or unravel a plot in a story. An analysis can also provide a dissolving or solution to a problem. The Latin vinculum (restraint like a chain) is related to the Latin verb vincere, meaning to conquer.

Conclusion:

Chains, ligation, ligature, analysis, invincible

Throughout history, chain mail has been used as military protection. It was interesting to discover the meaning of the name Oedipus (swollen foot). This young infant was abandoned with chains (shackles) on his feet. We know associate this physical condition with edema (the first part of Oedipus’ name).

In the New Testament, imprisonment is essentially an extension of chains and bondage. The territory of the Gerasenes is located on the eastern side of the Sea of Galilee. It was interesting to discover that the demons both recognized and feared the authority of Jesus. The Jews in Jerusalem sought to incriminate Paul in Rome. However, the Jews in Rome were more open to learning  about these Christians from Paul. Paul makes reference to this hope of Israel. Throughout Asia, Paul was abandoned by others. Onesiphorus stood by and supported Paul while he was in prison.

Recent violent protests and riots: There continues to be efforts to de-fund the police and to restrain, bind, and shackle their efforts in doing their jobs. These actions have further emboldened criminal activity. We are now seeing a disturbing trend of governors’ and mayors’ silence (acquiescence) or refusal to seek federal help in responding to this violence. This political unrest and destruction have been occurring for weeks. Because of their local lack of response, the federal authorities are now responding to these situations. It seems that these local leaders are more upset with this federal intervention than with this violence. They claim that this federal response is inflaming this situation. Instead of dealing with this violence, these local leaders are more concerned with initiating lawsuits against the federal authorities.

Why are these local authorities not able to tamp down this violence? Are they unable to? Or are they unwilling to? (Perhaps asking for federal help would give Trump a political advantage). Or is it because of wokeness? Even as Chicago is already facing a high incidence of murder and violence, the mayor says she doesn’t want the federal troops to “terrorize” her city. It seems like these local authorities are willingly self-restraining themselves in not responding to this violence.

“God’s love is bigger than our failures and stronger than any chains that bind us.” Jennifer Rothschild

[Greek] τυφλός (typhlos), [Latin] caecus, [German] blind: blind, not able to understand, short-sighted, opaque; 53 scriptural references

The Blind Leading the Blind: painting by Danish Renaissance painter Peter Bruegel (1568).

Background information:

The blind leading the blind:

1. This painting reflects Bruegel’s mastery of observation. This painting is based on Mt.15:14: the blind leading the blind.
2. Each figure has a different eye affliction. The hold their heads aloft to make better use of their other senses.
3. The first blind man falls into a pit. This leader of the group has fallen on his back into a ditch.
4. Because they are linked by their staffs, he seems to drag his companions down with him.
5. They pass along a path bordered by a river on one side and a village with a church on the other.
6. St. Anna’s Church, built around 1250, is depicted in the painting.

Greek Hellenism: This term means blind (unable to see), who walks away, blind to the future, intestines (caecum), blind alley (cul-de-sac), in the dark, inescapable, spiritual blindness, and choked with mud.

1. Man, wealth, power, ignorance, and pride all can be potential sources (causes) of blindness.
2. The blind man is often associated with comparisons and proverbial expressions.
3. Such proverbial expressions include ‘the blind leading the blind’ and ‘ignorance is likened to a blind man walking in the dark’.
4. Spiritual blindness is often juxtaposed with physical sight.
5. Physical blindness is often juxtaposed with intellectual understanding.
6. Gnosticism make references to those unable to receive gnosis as spiritually blind.

Old Testament: This term means blindness and to make blind (literally, figuratively, and metaphorically).

1. Blindness was a very severe handicap in Israel. The blind were specially protected by the laws of Israel.
2. It was implied that one, who misleads a blind mean, is to be cursed.
3. Spiritual blindness is not necessarily tied to physical blindness.
4. God sometimes uses blindness as a punishment for sin.
5. Old testament prophets make metaphorical and figurative references to blindness regarding judgment and salvation.
6. The curing of blindness is an important theme of eschatological hope. Blind watchers are without knowledge.
7. God Himself will be a guide on the way for those who seek to see.

New Testament: This term essentially means to be blind and not be able to understand. Examples include literal blindness, inability (or refusal) to believe, blindness by God’s providence, blindness through God’s punishment, Gentiles, and spiritual blindness. The scribes and Pharisees are seen as blind fools refusing (or unwilling) to believe. A blind man was healed so that the works of God might be visible to all. A Jewish false prophet was made blind by God. The Jews viewed the Gentiles as the blind (in the darkness). Those who lack the virtues (and gifts), given by God, are spiritually blind. For purposes of brevity, I will focus on spiritual blindness.

Scriptures on spiritual blindness:

Mt.15:14: “Let them alone; they are blind guides (of the blind). If a blind person leads a blind person, both will fall into a pit.” (Jesus was seeking to uproot the Pharisees’ tradition of washing one’s hands before eating. Jesus stated that what comes out of the person is what defiles. The Pharisees are breaking God’s commandments for the sake of their traditions. The Pharisees are blind guides.)

Mt.23:16: “Woe to you, blind guides, who say, ‘If one swears by the temple, it means nothing, but if one swears by the gold of the temple, one is obligated.” (The Pharisees have inverted importance of oaths, revealing themselves to be blind guides. The Pharisees hold less meaningful oaths (gold) to be more important. They hold more meaningful oaths (temple) to be less important).

Mt.23:24: “Blind guides, who strain out the gnat and swallow the camel.” (The Pharisees expend great efforts on minor things. The Pharisees also neglect what is important.)

Mt.23:26: “Blind Pharisee, cleanse first the inside of the cup, so that the outside also may be clean.” (The Pharisees are more concerned for outer appearances while inner purity is ignored.)

Jn.9:39: I came into this world for judgment, so that those who do not see might see, and those who do see might become blind.” (Christ came into the world to give sight to those who are spiritually blind. To spiritually see is to discern the truth. The truth may seek to soften the heart of those who believe. The truth may also seek to harden the hearts of those who are spiritually blind, becoming more prideful, conceitful, blind, and ignorant, and obstinate.)

Jn.9:41: Jesus said to the Pharisees, ‘If you were blind, you would have no sin; but now you are saying, ‘We see’, so your sin remains.” (If the Pharisees were truly blind, they would have GENUINE CONSCIOUSNESS of their blindness. They would not be guilty of sin. Instead, the Pharisees have WILLFUL IGNORANCE AND CONCEIT. Because of their obstinance and hardness of heart, their sin remains.)

Peter’s blindness: “God forbid, Lord! No such thing shall happen to you.”Mt.16:23  At first glance, Peter’s statement to Jesus sounds like a very reasonable statement. Peter is concerned about Jesus’ welfare. Jesus said to Peter, “Get behind Me, Satan!” Jesus stated that Peter was briefly possessed by Satan, who wanted to obstruct Jesus’ mission [in dying on the cross]. Peter was not aware of (or blind) to what he was actually saying to Jesus!

Cecum: The cecum is a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine. This term comes the Latin intestum caecum, meaning blind intestine. The related Greek term is typhlon (enteron). Typhlitis is the inflammation of the large intestine. In a sense, this is the ‘blind gut’ or ‘cul de sac’ (bottom of the bag). The cul de sac, frequently found in subdivisions, is also called a blind alley, dead end, and road with no exit.

Blindness: “Houston, we can’t see the problem!” Gender Ideology and LGBTQ ideology

Many of us often want to be empowered in our choices and decisions: “But this is how I feel!” Yet we cannot change objective truth in how the way God created us!

In puberty, one may naturally feel awkward or uncomfortable in one’s body. These changes typically disappear afterwards.

One may also experience gender dysphoria with one’s body. But gender reassignment surgery seeks to unnaturally alter and manipulate one’s body with surgery and drugs, chemicals, and hormones not intended for your original gender (body).

On a much higher philosophical and moral level, manipulating one’s gender is tantamount to being on God’s realm of creative capabilities and undermining God’s will for you. This is very dangerous!

If this serves Satan’s purposes to undermine God’s design for gender, he will gladly encourage you to change your own gender. Satan can stealthily influence us in vulnerabilities by subtlety, distraction, busyness, and even with ‘reasonableness’.

Many do not realize that they will be held accountable for their actions and choices before God. Many clergy will be held accountable for failing to act like priests.

Many clergy, blinded by their efforts to appeal to the world, are also blinded by the Church’s stance against this homosexual lifestyle. They will be held accountable.

Ultimately, Satan seeks to destroy and upend God’s creation and moral laws.

Satan can easily “push our buttons” by inserting into our minds seemingly reasonable ideas such as: “You can do whatever you want”, “You know better”, “You can refuse”, “You have the right to do that”, “You really don’t believe that”, “It’s OK to do that”, “You can look at that”, “Everybody else is doing that”, [or your own excuse] ,etc. (We do not need to be full blown possessed to be influenced by Satan!)

Conclusion:

Cecum, blind, blindness

In the Old Testament, it is important to note that blind, deaf, crippled, and the widowed were called to be cared for under the Law. Those who take advantage of these groups will be cursed. Spiritual blindness becomes an important theme in Old Testament scripture. Spiritual blindness is often contrasted with physical sight.

In the New Testament, there is a lot of physical healing going on. The scribes and Pharisees were often spiritually blind. God may use blindness to demonstrate His providence or His punishment. Since the Gentiles did not follow the Law, the Jews often viewed the Gentiles as blind or ignorant.

Then I am talking about intestines and cul de sacs. I didn’t see that coming! ☺☺☺

Update: In recent times, our society has been afflicted with a cultural blindness called woke cancel culture.

Many woke people naively look at the past, applying current moral values to the past. They fail to see (understand) that cultural attitudes necessarily change over time.

Many abortion supporters, only seeing that they have the legal right to have an abortion, are often blind to the moral consequences of killing the unborn. One wonders if they are also unaware or blind to the fact that they will have to answer to God.

We have some blind Modernist clergy, adapting to the culture, seeking to change doctrine, introducing heretical ideas, and restricting traditional practices.

The Modernists, fully aware of their ideology, continue to implement Modernist Church practices, contributing to further problems in the Church. It is as if the Modernists are managing the decline of Jesus’ Church. The Modernists have become blind guides to the Church as these problems continue.

The Modernists, in their outreach to the LGBTQ community, have intentionally or unintentionally become blinded to the Church’ teachings against homosexuality. The Vatican has developed the human tradition of seeking to de-stigmatize, ignore, and normalize the sinful nature of homosexuality.

How do Modernist respond to problems caused by Modernists policies (traditions) ever since Vatican II? By implementing more Modernist practices (“renewing” and “reforming” ==> resulting in more problems. [Rinse and repeat] It is the blind (Modernists) further leading the blind (the most poorly catechized laity in generations).

Pope Francis and his inner circle, in their hard-heartedness, are becoming more intractable in actually doubling down on the restrictions to the TLM. These Modernists are continuing to marginalize Catholics. This is not going to end well for the Modernists! Traditional Latin Masses are currently thriving (in places currently allowed). We are already seeing a GROWING number of conservative minded seminarians and younger priests in contrast to a DECLINING number of older Modernist priests who are retiring and dying out.  (PERHAPS GOD’S PROVIDENCE IS ALLOWING THIS TO HAPPEN!)

The Modernists are blindly seeking to further prop up an often lackluster or uninspiring Novus Order Mass by removing the TLM. The Modernists are neglecting a liturgical worship that has existed for most of the Church’s existence.

“The only thing worse than being blind is having sight but no vision.” Hellen Keller

[Greek] καταφρονέω (kataphroneō), [Latin] contemnere: to show contempt for, to think little of, to despise, to look down upon; Mt.6:24, Mt.18:10, Lk.16:13, Rom.2:4, 1Cor.11:22, 1Tim.4:12, 1Tim.6:2, Heb.12:2, 2Pet.2:10

Mammon: painting by George Frederic Watts (1885) Bowing down and serving at the altar of Mammon, god of riches. We have become like little pagans bowing down to the “gods” of wealth, money, fame, technology, and social media status.

Background information:

Mammon (painting by George Frederic Watts): He was a British painter associated with Symbolist movement. He said “I paint ideas, not things.” This picture shows a scene in which Mammon, the embodiment of greed, crushes the weak through his indifference to their plight. This reflected Watt’s belief that wealth was taking the place of religion in modern society, and the worship of riches was leading to social deterioration (decay). Watts wrote, “Material prosperity has become our real god, but we are surprised that the worship of the visible does not make us happy.”

Greek Hellenism: This term means to look down upon, to think slightly of, to despise, to think contemptuously, and to presume.

Isocrates’ Archidamus 6.108: “Let us therefore challenge one another to pay back to our fatherland the price of our nurture, and not suffer to be outraged or contemned.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 4.134: “Darius asked about the clamor among the enemy; he said to those whom he was accustomed to speak, ‘These men hold us in deep contempt.”

Euripides’ Bacchae 199: “Having been mortal, I do not scorn the gods.”

Xenophon’s On Hunting 1.18: “Therefore I charge the young not to despise hunting or any other schooling. For these are the means by which mean become good in war and in all things out of which come excellence in thought and word and deed.”

Plato’s Euthydemus 273d: “I saw they despised me for it, and they both laughed.”

Lysias’ Against Eratosthenes 12.78: “Twice over did he enslave you, despising what was present, and longing for what was absent, setting himself as instructor in most monstrous acts.”

Old Testament: This term means to act treacherously, to offend, to despise, to hold in contempt, to be vile, and to ridicule.

New Testament: This term means to despise (hate), to take lightly, to take advantage of, and to endure. Jesus points out that one cannot serve two masters (God and Mammon). He will either hate one or love the other. One must not hate the little ones who have angels on their sides. One, who abuses or desecrates church functions, ultimately shows contempt for the Church of God. Although Paul calls upon others to show respect for the youth, he also calls upon the youth not to provide reasons for others to despise them. Do not take lightly the blessings that God bestows on you. Slaves and masters are called to both respect each other. The false teachers show contempt for institutions. Christ endured the shame of the cross so as to receive the glory of redemption.

Scripture:

“No one can serve two masters. He will either hate one and love the other, or to be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon.” Mt.6:24

Loving/being devoted is contrasted with hating/despising. Jesus states that it is not possible to be devoted to both masters (God and wealth).

“Do you not have houses in which you can eat and drink? Or do you show contempt for the church of God and make those who have nothing feel ashamed? What can I say to you? Shall I praise you? In this matter I do not praise you.” 1Cor.11:22

Paul rebukes the Corinthians for the disorder and abuse of the church gatherings. The Church of God is not designed to be a place of feasting, riots, and taking advantage of the poor (needy). These actions show contempt for the Church of God.

“While keeping our eyes fixed on Jesus, the leader and perfecter of faith. For the sake of the joy that lay before Him, he endured the cross, despising its shame, and has take His set at the right hand of the throne of God.” Heb.12:2

Jesus had to endure the shame of the cross before receiving the glory of His Triumph.

“See that you do not despise one of these little ones, for I say to you that their angels in heaven always look upon the face of My Heavenly Father.” Mt.18:10

These little ones make reference to lost sheep. It is important that they not be allowed to stray. Efforts must be made to bring them back into the community. Angels before God are looking out for these little ones.

Conclusion:

Contemn, contempt, contemptible, condemn, condemned

This is a very interesting picture which depicts “paying homage” or “worship” at the ‘altar of wealth’. To be dependent on wealth is opposed to what Jesus says in being dependent on the Father. Both Matthew and Luke present Mammon as if it were a god. The Greek mammonas refers to a Syrian god of riches. Abundantia is the Roman goddess of riches. Plutus is the Greek god of riches.

Human nature shows that there are numerous examples of how some show contempt for others. Xenophon shows that the young people can and should be deserving of respect. However, their actions may sometimes be also deserving of contempt or shame. Isocrates points out that is it good to have respect, not contempt for one’s country. (Too many sheepish people today who are easily outraged, offended, or triggered by something they do not like!)

In the Old Testament, this term takes on several meanings. It is interesting to note that contempt is also associated with ridicule, foolishness, and a lack of sense.

For many years, the Church has been beset with the child sex scandal which has harmed countless generations of children. Contempt for the Church of God can come from within or from the outside. False teachers will quite often despise institutions. Jesus had to endure the shame of the cross so as to seek redemption for all.

Update: Teachers and educators have been indoctrinating students with gender/sex education and CRT. It is only recently that parents have been illustrating and protesting this indoctrination.

Young kids are now pressured by teachers, doctors, and even parents to consider gender change, puberty blockers, and sex reassignment surgery. Fortunately, parents are rising up in arms about this.

This current generation now calls Catholics, Christians, and Conservatives as extreme and hateful because of their pro-life beliefs. Taking this argument to its logical conclusion, one must state that God’s views are hateful.

This current generation now feels that the right to be offended should precede all other concerns.

Conservative speakers now are often not allowed to state their viewpoints because of the woke cancel mob.

Achievement and meritocracy are now being criticized for fear of hurting others’ feelings. Equity has now become more important than achievement.

High crime and murder rates now occur because of no cash bail, equity justice, and feckless prosecutors.

History and statues are being removed because of the simplistic and infantile woke attitudes (judging history by today’s standards).

In the name of equity justice, African Americans are now often discriminating against other cultures.

Churches and pro-life centers are being destroyed by abortion right activists.

If you accept the current woke narrative, if you don’t support or acknowledge transgenders’ causes and pronouns, then you are intolerant.

In England, “protesters” are being arrested for praying before abortion centers.

Church attendance along with church closing have occurred in the secular world.

[Greek] στάσις (stasis), [Latin] seditio, [Latin] dissensio, [Latin] status: standing up, strife, political unrest, riot, civil war, sedition, revolt, Mk.15:7, Lk.23:19,25, Acts 15:2, Acts 19:40, Acts 23:7, Acts 24:5, Heb.9:8

CHAZ (Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone) becomes a disaster (and failure) as a result of a woke Seattle mayor acquiescing to the political demands of occupiers.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means standing firm, taking a stand, rebellion, civil strife, political unrest, position, and state of affairs. Some of the more interesting meanings include paying the doctor’s fees, constipation, weighing, prickling of the ears, and a boxer’s position. Plato’s Republic 470b states “We have the two terms, war and faction. The two things I mean are the friendly and kindred on the one hand and foreign on the other. Now the term employed for the hostility of the friendly is faction.” Herodotus’ The Histories 9.21 states “We cannot alone withstand the Persian calvary, although we we have till now held our ground with patience and valor.” Polybius’ Histories 10.33.6 states “So much for those who fall into such errors from foolish vanity, childish parade, ignorance, or contempt.” Aeschines’ Against Ctesiphon 3.206 states “As in gymnastic contests, you see boxers contending with another for position, so do you for the city’s sake fight with him the whole day long for position as regard argument.”

Old Testament: This term means resting state, repose, stronghold, entrenchment, taking one’s stand, column, decree (statute), defending, striving, and to make a complaint. Let us worship at His footstool (Psa.132.7). And where is a place that may rest?(Isa.132.7). God is my strong fortress (2Sam.22:33). And He is a saving defense to His anointed (Psa.28:8). In my dream, behold, I was standing on the bank of the Nile (Gen.41:17). The Lord was going before them in a pillar of cloud (Exo.13:21). They have consulted together that the king should establish a statute (Dan.6:7). Let Baal contend against him (Jdg.6:32).

New Testament: This term means criminal activity, earnest discussion, quarreling, resistance, dissension, and a standing in place. Barrabbas, along with rebels, had committed murder in a rebellion. The new Christian followers, faced with the important matter of Gentiles and the Mosaic Law, debated and argued among themselves. It was determined that a council (Council of Jerusalem) was needed to respond to (and develop a doctrinal position concerning Gentiles’ responsibility to the Mosaic Law. The Pharisees and Sadducees argued among themselves regarding Paul’s actions. In Ephesus, the town clerk was very concerned that the Roman authorities would take notice of the silversmiths’ riotous actions. At Paul’s trial, Paul was accused of being an instigator of dissent among the Jews and a ringleader of the Christian sect of the Nazoreans.

Scripture:

“Because there arose not little dissension and debate by Paul and Barnabas with them, it was decided that Paul, Barnabas, and some of the others would go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and presbyters about this question.” Acts 15:2

The leaders of the Christians were faced with the issue of whether or not Gentiles must observe the Mosaic Law. It was decided a council in Jerusalem was needed to address these issues.

“For, as it is, we are in danger of being charged with rioting because of today’s conduct. There is no cause for it. We shall not be able to give a reason for this demonstration. With these words he dismissed the assembly.” Acts 19:40

The town clerk was concerned that the Roman authorities would hear word of the silversmiths’ rioting in Ephesus. The Roman authorities exacted harsh penalties for disturbing the peace.

“We found this man to be a pest; he creates dissension among Jews all over the world and is a ringleader of the sect of Nazoreans.” Acts 25:4

The high priest’s legal advocate accused Paul of being a disrupter of the Jews and a leader of the Christian sect.

Problems in Corinth:

What problems did Paul see in Corinth?  Paul saw schism, sedition, divided parties, open sexual immorality, doctrinal heresy, liturgical abuses, problems with the state of marriage, and Christians settling disputes in pagan courts.

What problems did Pope Clement see in Corinth? The congregation had disobeyed and deposed their elders (presbyters). Pope Clement stated that the Apostles had appointed the church leaders and directed them on how to perpetuate their ministry. Pope Clement also addressed sedition, dissent, and paganism.

What is the significance of Pope Clement’s  first letter to the Corinthians? His letter establishes the doctrine of apostolic correction (to Christian communities) and apostolic succession. Scholars say that this letter was composed around 70 AD. Scholars say that is letter was released to the Corinthians around 96 AD.

Until this time, apostolic succession had not yet been publicly or explicitly stated. Why? It was not necessary to explicitly state this practice (tradition). Apostolic succession was already part of oral Tradition. Even the New Testament was silent on this. Apostolic succession allowed for the orderly continuation of the Church.

Conclusion:
Standing, stand, statue, statute, dissension, dissent, sedition

It is interesting to note that standing up can apply to both sides of the political argument (authorities or protesters). These actions can in part determine the success (or failure) of a dispute. Plato makes an important distinction between external and internal conflict. A faction comes from within the political system. This term can be likened to a political position. I suppose one cannot be surprised a how a ‘standing still’ can lead to sluggishness and constipation.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on several meanings. These meanings can range from a stronghold, entrenchment, to a place of rest.

In the New Testament, the Jewish authorities and Roman authorities both had to contend with the Jewish insurrectionists and criminals. It was oftentimes a challenge to keep the peace. The Pharisees and Sadducees argued among themselves about their beliefs about the resurrection. Paul was accused of being an instigator of the the Jews and a leader of the Christian sect. In Ephesus, the town clerk was very fearful of the Roman authorities hearing of the silversmiths’ riotous actions. The Roman authorities exacted severe penalties for disrupting the peace.

The small group of Christians were confronted with the important matter concerning whether the Gentiles had to observe the Mosaic Law. There was heated and earnest discussion between them. It was determined that a council in Jerusalem was needed to address and to form a doctrinal statement about this matter. (As of yet, there was no formal Christian position regarding Gentiles’ obligation to the Mosaic Law). In the future, later church councils (Nicea, Trent, Vatican, etc.,) will be convened in order to provide clarification of doctrine and to respond to heresies.

Paul and later Pope Clement responded to the problems of dissension and sedition in Corinth. Pope Clement I, the fourth pope, reigned from 88-97 AD. In response to the removal of church leaders in Corinth, Pope Clement formally stated the doctrine of apostolic succession. His letter also developed the notion of apostolic correction to a church community.

In contrast to the serious issues in Corinth, the Synod on the Amazon was formed in response to the supposed need for priests in the Amazon. Rather being initiated by Amazonian Church leaders, this synod was started by the German cardinals and bishops, who had their own agenda (married priests and removing celibacy). These German Church efforts ultimately resulted in causing further dissension(division) in regards to the traditional Church teachings on the priesthood.

CHAZ (City Hill Autonomous Zone) in Seattle occurred as a result of the woke Seattle mayor acquiescing to the demands of occupiers. The police were removed so that war lords could lead this city block. This ‘experiment’ failed resulting in murder, property damage, crime, destruction, and lawsuits.

And now there are those who would rather use a modern moral and cultural litmus test to judge the past. Binary thinking: if the past doesn’t meet our current standards, then it must be cancelled, removed, or torn down. In their historical ignorance, they do not understand that men and woman in history were often ‘products’ of their contemporary culture, attitudes, and prejudices. For brevity’s sake, let’s discuss slavery and women suffrage. In the past there was a world wide entrenched cultural acceptance of slavery. Do we condemn the past because it took longer (than we wanted) to remove slavery over time? There was a world wide entrenched cultural acceptance of restricting the rights of women in history. Do we also condemn the past because it look longer (than we wanted) to give women equal rights? It took constitutional amendments to correct these ‘unenlightened cultural attitudes’ (how we would view it). History must be viewed by how cultural values have changed (evolved) over time rather than being viewed by binary thinking. This binary thinking would mean: “we must condemn history because it does not meet our current standards.” This binary thinking also creates division and confusion.

We as a country are now living in a time being confronted with dissension and factions who want to destroy our political system. There are also those who claim that we live in a systemic racist society (while cherry-picking actual history [1619 Project] or removing fathers from family support systems [BLM]https://blacklivesmatter.com/what-we-believe/ ). This also creates further division.

I think this term illustrates that division, strife, factions and sedition could occur in any time of history. There is no disputing that!

[Greek] ἐλευθερία (eleutheria), [Latin] libertas, [Latin] nolite iugare, [French] ne joindre: liberty, freedom, freedom from bondage, independence, absence of external restraint; Rom.8:21, 1Cor.10:29, 2Cor.3:17, Gal.2:4, Gal.5:1,13, Jas.1:25, Jas.2:12, 1Pet.2:16, 2Pet.2:19

The Declaration of Independence: painting by John Trumball (1819)

Background information:

Stoic concept of freedom:

1. Philosophical freedom concerns the nature of the individual to his surroundings.
2. In order to attain freedom, one must have knowledge of what one can and cannot control.
3. Stoic philosophy states that the path to happiness comes from accepting the moment as it presents itself.
4. This inward retreat of self-preservation to find liberation from one’s surrounding creates a false sense of freedom.
5. This attitude may lead to a bitterness of despising the things one cannot control.
6. This idea becomes the precursor to the current-day military slogan: “Embrace the suck.”

Stoic quotes from Epictetus:

“Don’t seek for everything to happen as you wish it would, but rather wish that everything happens as it actually will—then your life will flow well.”

“The chief task in life is simply this: to identify and separate matters so that I can say clearly to myself which are externals not under my control, and which have to do with the choices I actually control. Where then do I look for good and evil? Not to uncomfortable externals, but within myself to the choices that are my own.”

Old Testament: This term means liberty, freedom from slavery, freedom from burdens, and freedom from obligation. The Law, God’s claim on all men in written form, brings out the sin of existence.

New Testament: This term means freedom and liberty.

New Testament concept of freedom:

1. Even when one searches (or retreats) inward to control one’s fate, he is not really free.
2. Instead, one loses his true self with control of a deficient outside existence.
3. The only way to come to one’s full self is to surrender one’s will (and power) to an external force (outside this existence). This is God.
4. Man attains self-control by letting himself be controlled by God. God provides a true liberation (freedom) outside this existence.
5. True freedom is freedom from an existence which leads to sin and death. Freedom from sin allows one to live life to the fullest.
6. Jesus states that the truth will set you free. Christ came to free us from the law of sin and death.
7. Freedom to do whatever one wants (or pleases) is not true freedom (autonomy). Those who commit sin can become slaves to sin.
8. John and Paul are the only New Testament writers to extol freedom. Those freed from sin can then becomes slaves of righteousness.

Scripture:

Rom. 8:21: “That creation itself would be set free from slavery to corruption and share in the glorious freedom of the children of God.” (The glory that believers are destined to share with Christ far exceeds the sufferings of the present life. We share in both in the corruption brought about by sin the the future glory that will come.)

2Cor.3:17: “Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom.” (Paul alludes to Christ who provides freedom from the ministry of death (Mosaic law) which condemns. With Christ, this veil is removed.)

Gal.2:4: “But because of the false brothers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy on our freedom that we have in Christ.” (The false brothers were Jewish Christians who held that Gentile Christians must first become Jews through circumcision and observance of the Mosaic Law. Belief in Christ removes these yokes (restrictions.)

Gal.5:1: “For freedom Christ set us free; so stand firm and do not submit again to the yoke of slavery.” (Jesus frees us from the yoke of the slavery to sin.)

Gal.5:13: “For you were called for freedom, brothers. But do not use this freedom as an opportunity for the flesh; rather, serve one another through love.” (Paul states that we are called to serve through love, not selfishness.)

Jas. 1:25: ” But the one who peers into the perfect law of freedom and perseveres, and is not a hearer who forgets but is a doer who acts, such a one shall be blessed.” (A DOER of the Word is one who HEARS and ACTS in conformity to it. Conformity of life to the perfect law of true freedom brings happiness to one.)

1Pet.2:16: “Be free, yet without using freedom as a pretext for evil, but as slaves of God.” (True Christian freedom is the result of being servants of God.)

2Pet.2:19: “They promise freedom, though they themselves are slaves of corruption, for a person is a slave of whatever overcomes him.” (One may think or believe that one may have the desire or right to do whatever one wants. However, one may become enslaved or addicted to a sinful activity [behavior].)

Conclusion:

Liberate, liberation, liberty

I focused on the individual and his relationship to his environment. Stoicism is quite an interesting philosophy outside of Christian principles. Stoic philosophy offers a glimpse into the psychological aspect of freedom. The Stoic seeks to understand what he can and cannot control in the world. This essentially means embracing the good and the bad experiences. The Stoic ultimately cannot seek true freedom as he is ultimately influenced by his environment. This Stoic philosophy becomes the forerunner for the current expression “Embrace the suck!” (often found in a military context.)

Man faces his existence filled with sin and death. God (the Trinity) can provide an external freedom from this sinful existence. Man attains full life outside this sinful existence. Christ brings this spirit of life. Therefore, being sinful is like being enslaved by sin. This obviously harkens back to “Thy will be done”. Man attains self-control by letting himself be controlled by God. (This is quite a profoundly ironic and counter-intuitive statement!)

This modern-day notion of freedom (autonomy) can become a form of self-deception and self-rule. The great unfortunate irony is that this freedom (“I can do whatever I want…”) can lead many to being addicted to or being controlled by that sin (Ex. pornography, sex, abortion, drugs, [or pick your own vice], etc). Even in a non-sinful context, this could lead to an excess or overindulgence in other things (food, sweets, materialism, wealth, internet, gaming, and other technological devices, etc). Too much of something can potentially lead to unfortunate results.

To be honest, I never really deeply understood what the phrase “the truth will set you free” meant. Researching this term has helped to increase my very limited psychological understanding of human nature. What a mind blowing and liberating concept! (To be truly free, one must let God take control!!!) #MindBlown  #ReallyFree #GodIsInControl

Update: In this post-Christian world, this freedom also manifests itself through personal expression ( “I can do whatever I want”, sexual inclination, and gender identification). Pride has also become a form of personal expression of debauchery and rebellion against authority, tradition, societal laws and norms, and moral laws.

Pride month: Pride parades unfortunately often result in lewdness, grotesque behavior, and nudity. (And they are very “proud” of their behavior!)

Our nation necessarily continues to be a work in progress. Our nation, although founded by flawed individuals, was built upon by a noble promise as a beacon of freedom, justice, and liberty for all.

“America will never be destroyed from the outside. If we falter and lose our freedoms, it will because we destroyed ourselves.”  Abraham Lincoln

Happy July 4th! Please feel free to also reflect on what it means to be really free!

[Greek] σιγάω (sigaō), [Latin] tacere, [French] etre silencieux: to keep silent, to be silent, to silence, to hold, to keep secret, to keep quiet, to hold peace: Lk.9:36, Lk.18:39, Lk.20:26, Acts 12:17, Acts 15:12-13, 1Cor.14:28,30,34

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to be silent, to keep secret, secret, hidden, to be still, to hold one’s tongue, and to keep a secret. Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus 980 states “For I will not be silent, when you have gone so far in impious speech.” Aristophanes’ Birds 1684 states “All right, you two arrange the matter, make peace, since you wish it; I’ll hold my tongue.” Homer’s Odyssey 17.393 states “Be silent: do not, I bid thee, answer yonder man with many words for Antinous is wont ever in evil wise to provoke anger.” Euripides’ Alcestis 78 states “What means this stillness before the palace? Why is this house of Admentus wrapped in silence?” Euripides’ The Suppliants 298 states “No then, I will not hold my peace to blame myself afterwards for having now kept silence to my shame, nor I will forego my honorable proposal.”

Old Testament: This term means to hush, to be silent, to hold, to keep silent, to be speechless, to be dumb, and to devise (in a secret way). And he said ‘Keep silence.’ And all who attended him left him (Jdg.3:19). Let all the earth be silent before Him (Hab.2:20). Now David knew that Saul was plotting evil against him (1Sam.23:9). I will not keep silence concerning his limbs (Job 41:12). A heart devises wicked plans (Pro.6:18). Be still, for the day is holy; do not be grieved (Neh.8:11). They will put their hand over their mouths; their ears will become deaf (Mic.7:16).

New Testament: This term means to keep quiet, to be quiet, and to be hidden. On several occasions (instances), others were silenced or kept quiet willingly or unwillingly. In 1Cor.14 Paul lays out instructions when to be silent during times of receiving revelation. Upon His instructions, the disciples keep secret of what they saw of Jesus’ Transfiguration. The people were trying to silence (and prevent) the crippled beggar from seeking salvation from Jesus. The chief priests and scribes fell silent upon hearing Jesus’ words about honoring Caesar. At the end of Romans, a doxology presents Jesus Christ’s revelation being kept secret for long ages. This revelation was obscurely hidden through prophecy, types, covenant, and sacrifices in the Old Testament.

Scripture:

“After the voice had spoken, Jesus was found alone. They fell silent and did not at that time tell anyone what they had seen.” Lk.9:36

Jesus was seen transfigured with Moses and Elijah. Jesus instructed Peter, John, and James not to reveal what they had seen at this time.

“They were unable to trap Him by something He might say before the people, and so amazed were they at His reply that they fell silent.” Lk.20:26

The scribes and chief priests were attempting to trick Jesus about paying taxes to Caesar. They were hoping to find incriminating statements from Jesus questioning His loyalty to the Roman authorities or to His disciples.

“Now to Him who can strengthen you, according to my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery kept secret for long ages.” Rom.16:25

A doxology occurs at the end of Romans. A doxology is a short liturgical formula or hymn of praise. The mystery of Jesus Christ’s revelation has been hidden in the Old Testament.

Etymology: The Latin adjective tacitus, the past participle of the Latin verb tacere, means what is passed over in silence. This provides the modern word tacit. The Latin verb reticere, meaning to keep silent, provides the modern words reticent and reticence. Reticence means silence or a keeping silent. The Latin verb silere means to be quite or still.

Conclusion:

Tacit, silent, silence, reticence, reticent

It was interesting to discover that this term has a metaphorical meaning: to hold one’s tongue (in order to be quiet). Homer points out that silence is sometimes necessary in order to not provoke someone (or something). Another interesting metaphorical and nuanced example is being wrapped up (around) in silence. This notion implies secrecy, deception, or agreement. Euripides also points out that silence can refer to keeping something hidden or back. Such examples may refer to shame or blame.

In the Old Testament, holding one’s tongue or keeping the peace is common. Keeping dumb can imply deafness, speech and the tongue cut off, and God not answering one’s prayers. Devising means making plans in secret.

In the New Testament, this term means to keep quiet or being hidden. Paul establishes principles concerning when there is no interpreter of revelation. The disciples actually faithfully follow Jesus’ instructions in keeping His Transfiguration secret. The people are unable to stop the beggar for speaking out in his desire to receive salvation from Jesus. The chief priests and scribes were made speechless by Jesus’ response to their attempts to trick Him about paying homage to Caesar.

Plato’s words “Your silence gives consent” are quite prophetic and applicable to any time in history, concerning important pivotal events about morality, values, and human rights. Such issues may include genocides, military slaughters, the Jewish holocaust, and abortion. Such issues generally result in public condemnation and opposition to such evils. Silence, although not always, may give others the impression of complicity, consent (tacit agreement), or active participation in such evils. This can also apply to silence about defunding the police, riots, looting, property destruction, cancel culture, and voter fraud.

Perhaps the biggest lie in recent months is the notion that the 2020 presidential election was the “most secure” election in history. Many political leaders have been silent and have used political considerations (rather than the ballots) to select a new president of the United States.

Voter fraud concerns:

Arizona: Why is there a forensic audit occurring in Maricopa County?

New Hampshire: Why was 28% of the vote not counted?

Georgia: Why is Fulton County hiring criminal defense attorneys to fight against an election audit? Why are there growing calls for an forensic audit in Georgia?

Michigan: Why is there an election fraud lawsuit in Antrim County? Why did 10,000 dead people vote in the 2020 election?

Pennsylvania: Why is Pennsylvania considering to follow the example of the forensic audit in Arizona?

Nevada: Why are the citizens of Nevada clamoring for an forensic audit in Nevada?

I will now be silent and end with these final thoughts:

Qui tacet consentit (He who remains silent consents).

Next post: calling for silence.

[Greek] ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος (allotriepiskopos), [Latin] alienus appetitor: one who meddles into other things (others’ affairs), meddler, one who oversees other’s affairs, busybody, one who infringes on others, one who strives or longs for something; 1Pet.4:15

Background information:

A public “Lion’s Mouth” postbox for informers at the Doge’s Place in Venice. The description states “Secret denunciations against anyone who will conceal favors and services or will collude to hide the true revenue from them.” Roman secular law allowed for the public right of a delator (common informer) to place a deffere (referral) concerning corruption in a postbox. Rewards were given as an incentive to root out corruption. However, this process itself became corrupted, resulting in the practice of professional informants providing incriminating evidence against political enemies.

Greek Hellenism: Plato’s Phaedrus 229 states “It seems to me ridiculous, when I do not yet know that, to investigate irrelevant things. And so I dismiss these matters and accepting the customary belief about them, as I was saying just now, I investigate not these things, by myself.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 3.7.9 states “For so many are in such a hurry to pry into others’ business that they never turn aside to examine themselves. Don’t refuse to face this duty then: strive more earnestly to pay heed to yourself; and don’t neglect public affairs; if you have the power to improve them.

Delator: During Roman times, this person was essentially an informer who provided incriminating evidence against someone. In Latin, delatus is the past participle of deferre (meaning to bring down, to accuse, and to defer that person to court). When this system became openly corrupt, false accusations were often made by the delator in order to remove political opponents. These professional delators were often handsomely rewarded for their efforts. Interestingly, the term delator was also used by the Synod of Elvira (306 AD) to stigmatize those Christians who appeared as accusers against their brethren. The more modern sense of deferring (or putting of) provides the basis for the modern word ‘delay’.

Traditores: The Traditores refer to those bishops and Christians who willingly turned over their scriptures and betrayed their fellow Christians to the Roman authorities under the threat of persecution. The Latin transditio provides the basis for the words traitor, treason, tradition, and trade.

Lapsi: the Lapsi were apostates who renounced their faith under persecution by the Roman authorities. This term refers to those who have lapsed or fallen away from their faith, only to return to it later. The Decian Persecution (250 AD) required all Roman citizens to publicly sacrifice to traditional gods. Upon completion of this sacrifice, individuals (Christians) received a certificate of sacrifice (libellus). The Lapsi included traditiores, Sacrificati (who offered sacrifice), thurificati (those who burn incense), Libellatici, and Acta facientes (who made false statements against others).

New Testament: This term means busybody, meddler, informer, intriguer, and infringer on the rights of others. The author of 1 Pet. instructs his readers to bear cheerfully the sufferings that come as a Christian. There is no shame in this. In fact 1 Pet.3:14 states that it is a blessing if one should suffer because of righteousness. The author cautions that the one should not let their other actions create trouble, injury, injustice, or nuisance toward others. This term can reference eagerness for others’ possessions, unfaithful stewardship, meddling in others’ affairs, and denouncing others. This term describes the prying and self-important persons who give Christianity a bad name.

Scripture:

“But let no one among you be made to suffer as a murderer, a thief, an evildoer, or as an intriguer.” 1Pet.4:15

Christians are called to see suffering for righteousness as a blessing rather than as a shame. The writer of 1Pet. warns Christians not to let their other actions cause harm, shame, or incrimination.

Etymology: This term is a composite of two Greek words allo- (other) and episkopos (overseer). The Greek allo refers to something other or foreign. The Greek episkopos means bishop (overseer). The bishop would ordinarily oversee a region of dioceses, administered by priests. This term essentially means being a ‘bishop’ of others’ affairs. Interestingly, appetitor by itself means matter (affairs). However, alienus appetitor means trouble-maker.

Conclusion:

Appetite, tradition, treason, trade, lapse, libel

At first glance, I wasn’t too sure if I was able to use this term in my blog. It was good that I had the appetite to further investigate this term. Plato and Xenophon both offer timeless wisdom in not focusing on trivial matters concerning others. Xenophon also brings forth the notion of making a positive difference for others.

During the corrupt Roman Empire, it was very lucrative in being a professional delator offering incriminating against political foes. Traditores essentially handed over their scriptures to the authorities. The Lapsi also handed over their faith.

The writer of 1Pet. was essentially admonishing the Christian to bear their sufferings with a cheerful heart. There is no shame in this. Rather, this can be a blessing. The writer was warning the Christians about their other actions which could lead to shame or incrimination. This is not in keeping with being a good Christian. The writer is also warning one not be a meddler or be a ‘bishop’ in others’ affairs.

I am thankful that I was able to acquire an ‘appetite’ for etymology (word origins). I wouldn’t trade (hand over) this knowledge and insight for anything in my posts.

[Greek] σκοτίζομαι (skotizomai), [Latin] obscuere: to darken, to cover with darkness, to be deprived of light, to be unable to understand (a mind that is darkened); Mt.24:29, Mk.13:24, Lk.23:45, Rom.1:21, Rom.11:10, Eph.4:18

Thomas Jefferson talks about the evil institution of slavery in which his culture does not want to get rid of.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make dark, to be blinded, to fail to understand, and to be deceitful. Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 1326 states “You are are still steadfast in your care for me, and still have patience to tend to the blind man.” Euripides’ Alcestis 371 states “Already, now my sight is dimmed with darkness.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 1273 states “Long enough have you looked on those whom you ought never to have seen, having failed in the knowledge of those you have yearned to know.” Euripides’ Phoenissae 1214 states “There is so evil you are hiding, veiling it in darkness.” Plato’s Laws 864c states “The one concerns acts done on each occasion by violent and open mean, the other acts done privily under cover of darkness and deceit, or sometimes done in both these ways.”

Old Testament: This term means to become dark, to be hidden, to grow dim, to hide, to conceal, to obscure, and to confuse. The light in his tent is darkened (Job 18:6). May their eyes grow dim so they cannot see (Psa.69:23). Because of these things our eyes are dim (Lam.5:17). Give glory to the Lord your God before He brings darkness and before your feet stumble (Jer.13:16). Even the light is darkened by its clouds (Isa.5:30). The sun will be dark when it rises and the moon will not shed its light (Isa.13:10). He sent darkness and made it dark (Psa.69:23)

New Testament: This term means to darken (become dark) and to be unable to understand. The moon and the sun are eclipsed. The idolaters’ minds are darkened, turning away and becoming vain in their reasoning. The Jews’ eyes grow dim in refusing to accept the Christian teaching concerning the Messiah. They are incapable of discerning the truth. The Gentiles’ minds are darkened, alienated from God because of their ignorance, hardness of heart, callousness, and licentiousness.

Slavery: This quote succinctly describes the morally conflicted, nuanced, and ambivalent views that 18^th century Americans had towards slavery. Slavery is like an evil wolf that cannot be let go by its keeper. Thomas Jefferson recognizes that slavery is a moral blight, yet his culture still embraces this evil institution. Despite his moral flaws, Thomas Jefferson’s visionary and forward thinking later develops the notion that “all men are created equal” in the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson, as with many others of his culture, had moral shortcomings (his mind was darkened) in failing to accept the equality of people of color.  Therefore, it is naïve and simplistic to view the past from a strictly future perspective looking back. One must understand but also neither excuse (rationalize) the culture and cultural motivations at that time!

Etymology: This term essentially means to make dark. The Greek nouns skotos and scotia both mean dark. It is unclear (difficult to see ☺) if this term is directly related to Scotia and Nova Scotia. This term is also related to the Greek noun nephos, meaning cloud. Nephology is the study of clouds. The Latin word for cloud is nube. From this we get the word nebula, a gas cloud in outer space. From this we get the word nebulous, meaning unclear or vague. Interestingly, the Latin verb obscuere is closely related to Latin verb obnubere. This term conveys a darkened, clouded, or unclear perception.

Nuance: The word nuance comes from the Latin verb obnubere, meaning to veil. A nuance is a slight degree of difference in expression, feeling, perception, and opinion. This pertains to something non-distinct and not clearly defined. When something is not “black and white” (easy to define), it becomes nuanced (difficult to define). And in turn, nuanced (unclearly defined) opinions may result. Rather than seeing something in simple terms (black and white), one may see something in various ways (shades of gray).

Thomas Jefferson’s conflicting attitudes toward slavery:

What is perhaps the greatest irony about Thomas Jefferson?  He wrote that “all men are created equal”, yet personally had more than six hundred slaves over the course of his life. He made some legislated attempts against slavery, yet he also profited from it. Although he himself owned slaves, Thomas Jefferson also saw the evils of it.

What are some of Thomas Jefferson’s quotes about slavery? He called slavery a “moral depravity” and a “hideous blot.” He also wrote that maintaining slavery was like “holding a wolf by the ear, and we can neither hold, nor safely let him go.”

What was Thomas Jefferson’s public position toward slavery? He perceived that slavery was the greatest threat to the survival of the new American nation. He believed that the emancipation of slaves must be part of the democratic process with the consent of the majority. (Yet many wanted slavery to remain!) To allow only a few to be freed would be contrary to the principles of the American Revolution.

Why were Thomas Jefferson’s legislative efforts ultimately not successful? He was conflicted about his own personal views about slavery. His efforts to “improve” and “ameliorate” the more violent aspects of slavery had the unintended result of perpetuating it. There was an entrenched intercontinental (world wide) cultural acceptance of slavery. Slavery was widespread and profitable. Thomas Jefferson faced opposition on many levels.

What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreboding fear for a nation who was in part in favor of abolition and in part in favor of slavery? A civil war. Thomas Jefferson already could foretell a future Civil War.

Conclusion:

Obscure, nebulous, nuance

In addition to being stupid, it is also very naïve and simplistic to destroy statues when one has no understanding of history. They just want to cancel history about racism and slavery. They fail to see that the culture in the past was deeply entrenched in holding slaves. Even Thomas Jefferson himself was a morally flawed character in history. He saw forward the notion that “all men were created equal.” Yet Thomas Jefferson also faced opposition during this time in history.

Like the blind man, still some of us have our own “blind spot” (prejudice, racism, bigotry, other vices, etc.). We today do not live in a systemic racist society. However, unfortunately there remains some racist and bigoted people. Yet, many people paint a broad brush, saying otherwise. So we have those, who fail to understand history, destroy statues. Others, under the cover of a mask who claim to be anti-fascist, carry out violence and destroy property. Still others, in the cover of night, riot and loot.

In the Old Testament, it is interesting to see how darkening is connected with concealing, hiding, obscuring, and confusing.

In the New Testament, men’s minds, eyes, and hearts are darkened, falling away from God. They fall away by refusing to believe or by falling into sinful behavior.

It is quite interesting in how this term relates to darkness, cloudiness, and nuance. It is often quite difficult to see when your vision is clouded or darkened. Rather than seeing something clear or distinct, you may see something more nuanced or nebulous. One would always like to come to a clear conclusion. But the reality is that one may sometimes have to come to a nuanced conclusion.

Let’s be honest, Thomas Jefferson was a morally conflicted and flawed man in his time. He saw the evils of slavery (owning slaves). Yet he had the vision to claim that “all men are created equal”. We also must not forget that Thomas Jefferson faced huge obstacles in his efforts to abolish slavery.

Those, who destroy these statues, are the ones who have darkened their minds. They are in the dark in their childish understanding of history.

[Greek] ἀνόητος (anoētos), [Latin] insipiente, Latin] stultus, [Latin] insensate: without understanding, insensitive, foolish, unwise, senseless; Lk.24:25, Rom.1:14, Gal.3:1,3, 1Tim.6:9, Tit.3:3

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means unintelligible, irrational, intellectually and ethically lacking in understanding, and having no judgment. Sophocles’ Ajax 162 states “But foolish men cannot learn good precepts in these matters beforehand. It is men of this sort that subject you to tumult.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.87 states “No one is foolish as to choose war over peace. In peace sons bury their fathers, in war father bury their sons.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.3.9 states “Then you are to look on him hence as utterly hot-headed and restless, the men would do s somersault into a ring of knives.”

Old Testament: This term means foolish, one who despises wisdom, one who is licentious, one who is quarrelsome, and one who mocks when guilty. For anger slays the foolish man (Job 5:2). Fools despise wisdom and instruction (Psa.107:17). The wise of heart will receive commands, but a babbling fool will be ruined (Prov.1:7). When a wise man has a controversy with a foolish man, the foolish man either rages or laughs, and there is no rest (Pro.29:9). Keeping away from strife is an honor for a man, but any fool will quarrel (Pro. 20:3).

New Testament: This term means without understanding, foolish, senseless, uneducated, and ignorant. To the Greeks, foreigners (non-Greeks) were considered as simple, uneducated, and lacking developed thought. Jesus meets the two men on the road to Emmaus. Jesus criticizes them for not remembering and believing the prophets who said that the Messiah had to suffer. Paul was chastising the Galatians for being stupid and senseless. The Galatians, by following the way of the flesh, were in danger of losing their salvation. In 1Tim. 6:9 Paul warns that the desires for riches and other foolish (and harmful) desires could lead to ruin and destruction. Living in malice, envy, and hatefulness result in disobedience and hatred toward others. (This now brings to mind these foolish people who are now destroying statues). Our spiritual renewal should be reflected in our improved attitude toward civil authority and others.

Scripture:

“And He said to them, ‘Oh, how foolish you are! How slow of heart to believe all that the prophets spoke!’” Lk.24:25

On the road to Emmaus, Jesus criticizes the two had forgotten what the prophets had said about the Messiah who had to suffer.

“O stupid Galatians! Who has bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified.. Are you so stupid? After beginning with the Spirit, are you now ending with the flesh?” Gal.3:1,3

Paul was very concerned about the Galatians losing their salvation. They were acting in the flesh, rather in the Spirit.

“For we ourselves were once foolish, disobedient, deluded, slaves to various desires and pleasures, living in malice and envy, hateful ourselves and hating one another.” Tit.3:3

Hateful attitudes lead to disobedience and hatred for others. Christian attitudes call for respect for authority and respect for others.

Etymology: The Greek prefix a- means without. The Greek verb noeo means to perceive or understand. Essentially, this word coveys the sense of not having knowledge, being foolish, and senseless.

Insipid: Insipid means flavorless, dull, uninteresting, and tasteless. The disciple (follower of Christ) is likened to salt. An insipid disciple is an ineffective or lackluster believer. Insipid salt is tasteless, bland, and useless salt.

Insensate: Insensate means lifeless, senseless, stupid, and foolish.

Insensible: Insensible means insensitive, senseless, callous, and unmoved.

Stultify: Stultify means to cause or to make worthless, useless, weak, and futile.

Conclusion:

Insipid, insensate, insensible, insensitive, stultify

In light of all these statues currently being defaced and overturned, I wanted to find a term which clearly conveys their motives and actions. I was able to find the perfect term which describes their foolish and senseless behavior. These are restless and hot-headed people have taken upon themselves to destroy these statues without having the maturity to have a political debate in discussing concerns or grievances.

In the Old Testament, foolishness can take on a disobedient, impious, and evil sense in one’s relationship with God and others.

In the New Testament, there are several examples of foolishness, ignorance, and stupidity. It is interesting to note that the Greeks viewed anyone or anything being non-Greek as barbarians or barbaric. Jesus criticizes the two men on the road to Emmaus for not remembering (believing) what the prophets had said that the Messiah had to suffer. The Galatians were acting stupidly, on the brink of losing their salvation. Christian conduct calls for respect for authority and for others.

Statues of presidents (Thomas Jefferson), explorers (Christopher Columbus), and saints (St. Junipero Serra) are now being destroyed. These destroyers of statues, acting with ignorance, hate, and malice, are unable (or unwilling) to grasp or understand the nuanced complexities of the cultural issues of racism and slavery which had been in existence even before our nation’s founding in the 18^th century. These foolish people, are judging the past through a simplistic view of history: “Any historical mention of racism and slavery is bad. So we must remove or cancel any mention of it.” They naively think in simple “black and white” terms, whereas the reality of the past is far more complicated. Thomas Jefferson is such an example of a conflicted person pertaining to slavery. One must understand but also neither excuse (rationalize) the culture or cultural motivations of the past.

In a sense, these foolish people, are trying to place their simplistic and preconceived notions of the past on a pedestal. They continually fail to understand nuance (my next post) and are very much in the dark about understanding history.

[Greek] ἅλας (halas), [Latin] sal: salt, prudence, usefulness; Mt.5:13, Mk.9:50, Lk.14:34, Col.4:6

Background information:

Greek influences: This term means salt, briny, and sea. The Greek used salt as an important trading commodity throughout the Mediterrnean region. Salt’s importance is indicated by the expression “not worth one’s weight in salt”. In mythology Thalassa is the Greek goddess of the sea.

Roman influences: The trading of salt may have contributed to the origin and settlement of Rome. Soldiers received a salarirum [salary] (salt stipend) as part of their salary. Vegetables soaked in a briny salt solution (herba salata) was a very popular Roman dish. When salt eventually becomes useless, it is finally re-purposed as paving for roads. The Via Salarium, leading from Rome to the Adriatic coast, gets its salt form the salty marshes of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Salacia is the Roman goddess of the sea.

Old Testament: Salt, a symbol of endurance and value, has a religious significance in purifying, seasoning, and preserving. Salt was sprinkled on or mixed into sacrifices. The sacrificial ritual conveys the truths of the religious and moral world. Salt is linked with God, while corruption is associated with demons. Lasting covenants were made by eating bread with salt or salt alone. Being seasoned (salted) indicates worth, usefulness, character, and strength. Insipid salt becomes useless.

Can a thing insipid be eaten without salt? Is there flavor in the white of an egg? (Job 6:6). This fragrant powder, expertly prepared, is to be salted and so kept pure and sacred (Exo.30:35). Do not let the salt of the covenant of your God be lacking from your cereal offering (Lev.2:13). As for your birth, nor were you rubbed with salt, nor swathed in swaddling clothes (Eze.16:4). Do you know that the Lord, the God of Israel, has given the kingdom of Israel to David forever, to him and to his sons, by a covenant made in salt? (2Chr.13:5).

New Testament: Salt loses its cultic significance in the New Testament. The simile of salt conveys that the effective disciple is likened to seasoned salt. Salt indicates ones effectiveness, dedication, and moral character. Useless salt (losing flavor) is like a half-hearted disciple who becomes ineffective and worthless. Like a sacrifice, everyone will be seasoned and purified by fire (trials) in order to be more effective. One’s speech must be seasoned with salt (religious and moral character) in order to respond to each other. Insipid (bland) salt becomes useless and must be thrown out and trampled underfoot. Useless salt was ultimately used to pave roads.

Scripture:

“Everyone will be salted with fire. Salt is good, but if salt becomes insipid, with what will you restore its flavor? Keep salt in yourselves and you will have peace with one another.” Mk.9:49-50

Each one of us will be seasoned and purified by trials in one form or another. Salt also defines one religious and moral character, and effectiveness.

“Let your speech always be gracious, seasoned with salt, so that you know how you should respond to each one.” Col.4:6

Our words and speech must be salted with kindness and consideration.

Halogen: Halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, an astatine. This term means salt-producing. When a halogen reacts with metals, they from a wide range of salts.

Conclusion:

Salt, salty, halogen

The use of salt in trading was very important in the Greek and Roman cultures. Trade commodities were often based on salt. This provides the basis for the expression “worth one’s weight in salt.” We also can thank the Romans for giving us salad and salsa. When salt finally becomes useless, it is used to pave roads.

In the Old Testament, I really did not understand the importance of salt in sacrifices, convenents, and contracts. Essentially, salt allows for a more effective and seasoned sacrifice.

In the New Testament, It was also interesting to note that salt loses its flavor (meaning) in its theological importance. Instead, salt comes to define man in his effectiveness, actions, and character. Essentially, an insipid (bland) disciple is an ineffective disciple.

I hope this post was able to pave the way to further understanding about salt in scripture.

[Greek] ἀλαζονεία (alazoneia), [Latin] superbia: boastfulness, arrogance, self-confidence, braggadocio, boasting about one’s possessions; Jas.4:16, 1Jn.2:16

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means false pretension, imposture, boastfulness, and punishable by the gods. Theophrastus’ Characters 23.2 states “The boastful man is one who will stand in the bazaar talking to foreigners of the great sums which he has at sea; he will discourse the of the vastness of his money-lending business, and the extent of his personal gains and losses, will send of his boy to the bank where he keeps a drachma.” Isocrates’ Panathenaicus 12.20 states “Now I could not possibly convey to you how troubled and disturbed I was hearing that some accepted the statements as true. For I thought that it was well known that I was waging war against the false pretenders of wisdom.”

Old Testament: This term, related to several Hebrew terms, conveys the sense of separating from or not trusting in God. This term means proud, arrogant, haughty, pride, majestic wild beast, scoffing, scorning, talking arrogantly, mocking, and speaking in a foreign tongue. Others are viewed as ignorant or barbaric, being unable to understand the other foreign language (tongue). What did our pride avail us? What have wealth and its boastfulness afforded us (Wis.5:8). He who open wide his throat like the nether world and is insatiable as death (Hab.2:5). Arrogant is the name for the man of overbearing pride who acts with scornal effrontery (Pro.21:24). They did not know, of course, that Joseph understood what they said, since he spoke with them through and interpreter (Gen.42:23). Now, cease scoffing, lest your bonds be tightened (Isa.28:22). Yes, with stammering lips and in a strange language, he will speak to this people (Isa.28:11).

New Testament: This term means pretentious life, boasting, and arrogance. These qualities denote the worldly man only concerned about his life but not of the Father’s will. This attitude reflects a willful independence from God and others. Living in pride and arrogance prevents one from knowing what is right or wrong. On the other hand, submitting to God’s will enables one to know and do what is right. The uncertainty of this fleeting short life requires complete dependence on God.

Scripture:

“For all that is in the world, sensual lust, enticement for the eyes, and a pretentious life, is not from the Father, but is from the world.” 1Jn.2:16

Focus on these worldly attitudes causes separation from God.

“But know you are boasting in your arrogance. All such boasting is evil.” Jas.4:16

Boasting and arrogance undermines one’s dependence on God. Rather, man is more concerned about his affairs.

Conclusion:

Superb

Again, this is one of those terms that we all can easily identify with in any period of history. Theophrastes provides a wonderful example (among many) of what a boastful person is. Even the gods may exact retribution against the boastful person.

In the Old Testament culture, pride, boastfulness, and arrogance can potentially ruin one’s relationship with God. This notion greatly contrasts with the notion of having a child-like and trusting relationship with God. It was interesting to discover the more nuanced example of speaking in a foreign tongue. This lends to the idea of not understanding what was said.

In the New Testament culture, pride, boastfulness, and arrogance may lead to a willful separation from God and others. These worldly qualities are not of the Father. This prideful separation may often hinder one’s abilities to know and to do what is right. On the other hand, trusting in God will help one to make these decisions. The uncertainty of life requires dependence on God.

The Greek term barbaros is derived from ancient Greece. The Greeks used the term to describe those who did not speak and follow classical Greek customers. These foreigners were essentially barbarians (barbaric). Likewise, the Romans used this term to define their enemies (Germans, Celts, Gauls, etc). Therefore, these foreigners and enemies were all looked down upon as primitive, simple, savage, or not understanding.

Far from boasting, I continue to find myself humbled by the fact that I learn something new each time when I make a post.

[Greek] ἀκυρόω (akyroō), [Latin] irritare, [Latin] rescindere: to cancel, to revoke, to ‘irritate’ the laws (regulations), to invalidate, to disannul, to make void, to deprive of authority; Mt.15:6, Mk.7:13, Gal.3:17

Abraham and the Three Angels: painting by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout (1656). The angels prophesied that a son would be born to Abraham’s wife Sarah. God’s plans nullify Abraham’s and Sarah’s difficulties in having a child.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make invalid, to rob of effectiveness, to put out of action, to render inoperative, to frustrate, to cancel, to set a side, to reject, and to render powerless. Dinarchus’ Against Demosthenes 1.63 states “One of the descendants of Harmodius was imprisoned in pursuance of your order. After proposing this treatment of yourself, are you overriding the decision of your own accord?” Josephus’ Antiquities 20.183 states “The principal Syrians in Cesarea persuaded Burrhus, Nero’s tutor, by giving him a great sum of money to disannul that equality of the Jewish privileges of citizens which they enjoyed.”

New Testament: This term means to nullify, to annul, and to make void. The Pharisees and scribes ask Jesus why His disciples do not wash their hands when eating a meal. Jesus points out that they are more concerned with Jewish purification rituals rather than honoring one’s father and mother. Jesus points to prophecy (Isa.19:13) referring to those honoring with their lips but focusing on human doctrines. Paul points out that God’s covenant promises to Abraham and his descendant (Christ) cannot be annulled, reversed, or altered. The Law does not have the authority to void this past covenant. God’s promises are not fulfilled with the observance of the Law.

Scripture:

“You nullify the Word of God in favor of your tradition that you have handed on. And you do many such things.” Mk.7:13

The Pharisees and scribes are more concerned with Jewish purification rituals and disregard following the commandments (honoring one’s father and mother). Jesus points that Isaiah’s prophecy is fulfilled about those who are more concerned with human traditions.

“This is what I mean: the law, which came four hundred thirty years afterward, does not annul a covenant ratified by God, so as to cancel the promise.” Gal.3:17

God made a covenant promise to Abraham and his descendant (Christ), which supersedes the Law.

Conclusion:

Irritate, irritation, rescind

I think that this is one of those terms that we all can relate to in one form or another. We all have been in situations when we have done this intentionally or unintentionally. Sometimes, we act like hypocrites in such matters. The Roman Empire nullified the rights of the Jews in Rome. The Jews later had to flee Rome.

The Pharisees and scribes were more concerned about Jewish purification rituals than following the commandments. Jesus points out that scripture was fulfilled by those who promote human traditions. Paul points out that the Law does not nullify or invalidate God’s covenantal promises to Abraham and his descendant Christ.

I would have not expected that the Latin verb irritare would be one the Latin meanings of this term. It is interesting to note that the laws (regulations) become ‘irritated’ when they become nullified. Essentially, the Latin verb rescindere means to cut back or to remove.

It is also quite interesting to note that the Latin meaning for covenant is sacramentum. Likewise, the Greek word mysterion, meaning secret thing, also refers to the sacraments.  From the Catholic perspective, sacraments are essentially invisible aspects of grace made physically present.

Cancel culture: Unfortunately, our nation is being inundated by mob-like nullifiers, cancel culture (cultural cancellers), and a woke-child mob who are employing new human traditions. This phenomena has been occurring for several years now. The historical and present culture is essentially undergoing a purity test based on unrealistic standards. This sounds eerily similar to the Cultural Revolution in Communist China.

Either some are offended by something (or someone). Or others acquiesce to those who are being offended. There too many examples to illustrate. (Dis-inviting conservative speakers on campus, students needing safe spaces, cancelling movies and TV shows, defunding the police, removing opposing opinions in newspapers, removing white Europeans from history class, cancelling cultural events on campus, etc. (We can’t celebrate Cinco de Mayo because that would be cultural appropriation!)

What or who is next? Friends, Paw Patrol, Bugs Bunny and Roadrunner, George Washington, Rated-R movies

I think it is important to make the distinction between cancel culture and criminal activity (where people rightly get fired or prosecuted for their actions).

With persuasion, common sense, and God’s help, perhaps we can begin to cancel and nullify this madness. When does this end? That’s the real irritation!

Update: This madness is already beginning with Thomas Jefferson!  https://www.blabber.buzz/conservative-news/923930-beginning-of-the-end-nyc-council-wants-to-remove-jefferson-from-our-history?utm_source=c-am&utm_medium=c-am-email&utm_term=c-am-ATT&utm_content=1C_grlhsqBAUKwAkOj78iAmm7

[Greek] ἀκροατής (akroatēs), [Latin] auditor: a passive hearer, a passive listener; Rom.2:13, Jas.1:22,23,25

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means hearer, jury, persons who come to hear a public speaker, disciple, pupil, and reader. Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.38 states “The persons to blame are you who are foolish to institute these contests; who go to see an oration as you would see a sight, take your facts on hearsay, very slaves to the pleasure of the ear.” Demosthenes’ On The Crown 18.7 states “The law enjoins that every juryman receive with goodwill the pleas of the second speaker and forms no final conclusion upon the whole case until he has give a fair and impartial hearing to both sides”

Old Testament: This term mean whispering, charming, whisper (of a prayer), amulet, and incantation. For behold, I am sending serpents against you, adders for which there is no charm (Jer.8:17). If the serpent bites, before being charmed, there is no profit for the charmer (Ecc.10:11). The counselor and the expert artisan, and the skillful enchanter (Isa.3:3). They could only whisper a prayer, your chastening was upon them (Isa.26:16)

New Testament: This term means a passive hearer (listener). Those who hear the law, rather than observe it, will be not be justified in the sight of God. People need to act on what they hear (learn). James states that hearers of Word are ones that delude themselves. This person is one who looks at his own face in the mirror and forgets what he looks like. Only a doer can tap into this true freedom which brings true happiness.

Scripture:

“For it is not those who hear the law are just in the sight of God; rather, those who observe the law will be justified.” Rom.2:13

Observing involves not only hearing but also committing to what is said.

“But the one who peers into the perfect law of freedom and perseveres, and is not a hearer who forgets but a doer who acts, such a one shall be blessed in what he does.” Jas.1:25

The hearer does not respond after hearing. The doer responds and observes what is being said.

Etymology: This term is related to the base Greek verb akouo meaning to hear attentively. This is term is contrasted with the Greek hupakoe, meaning obedience. The Greek prefix hupo- means underneath. Hupakoe implies listening underneath with obedience and submission to what is heard (and said). This term implies hearing but not committing or observing to what is said.

New Testament concept of true freedom: Jesus states that the truth will set you free. God provides a true freedom from an existence which leads to sin and death. This freedom allows man to live his life to the fullest. The only possibility of coming to one’s full self is to surrender one’s will and power to an external force (God). Man provides a true liberation (freedom) by letting himself be controlled by God.

Autonomy: This modern human concept of freedom essentially means “I can do whatever I want”. This becomes a form of self-deception and self-rule. Even when one searches (or retreats) inward to control his own fate, he is not really free. One mistakenly thinks that he is control of his life. However, being in sin is making oneself blind to his own reality. The great unfortunate irony is that one can often become controlled by sin, becoming addicted like a slave to sin. Christ has come to free us from the law of sin and death. Those freed from sin can then become slaves of righteousness.

Conclusion:

Auditor, auditing

To be honest, I really had not fully understand the meaning of this term. As opposed to attentive hearing, this term means merely hearing or passively hearing. I think Demosthenes appropriately described the reluctantly chosen jury person, not wanting to be there in court. This jury person is either not paying attention or only merely hearing what is said in court.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on a more negative sense as a charm, whisper, or incantation.

In the New Testament, this person is passively hearing (listening) but not acting on what he has heard. Only by doing or observing what one has heard, does that person become justified before God. James again stresses the important notion that faith must be active with works (observation). Otherwise, faith without works is dead.

This is presented in stark contrast to attentively hearing and obeying. This form of hearing requires no further commitment.

It was really interesting to discover the great difference between true freedom and autonomy. Many come to the conclusion that autonomy will provide the freedom to do anything one wants. However, many do not realize that one may be controlled or enslaved by their sinful actions. It is a great irony or paradox that true freedom ultimately comes from allowing God to take control of one’s life.

We can be auditors (hearers) reading our syllabus of faith, or we can be doers and observers of the will of God!

[Greek] πειράω (peiraō), [Latin] temptare: to rob, to attempt, to make an attempt, to try, to test (someone or something), to put to the test, to strive, to make an effort; Acts 9:26, Acts 26:21, Heb.4:15

The Trial of the Apostle Paul: painting by Nikolai Bodarevsky (1875)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make a hostile attack against someone (or something), to test someone (or something), to attempt, to endeavor, to persuade, to make an attempt on a woman’s honor, to take a chance, to try, to make proof of, and to tempt a god.

Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 6.92:  To actively join its worse enemies in attacking the country.

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.82: To make an attempt on the city.

Plutarch’s Brutus 10:  To conspire against Caesar.

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.46: To test the knowledge of the oracle.

Homer’s Iliad 2.193:  To smite the sons of the Achaeans.

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.86:  To question the oracle whether to he should have seized the money.

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.86:  To tempt the god and to do the deed had the same effect.

Old Testament (religious and secular scriptural examples):

Man is tempted: This becomes the first instance where God makes demands, requiring man’s faith, fear, and confidence. Man, in his attempt to seek to be like God, rebels against God’s commandment, transgresses it, and becomes guilty. Man is subject to constant threat through trial, whether it be that God tests (proves) him or that the adversary (Satan) is at work. The best known scripture is Abraham being tested by God. Wisdom provides many references to testing.

Man tempts God: Man testing God becomes a recurrent theme in the Old Testament. To test or to tempt God is the failure to see His glory or His signs and wonders. To test God is to challenge Him. It is an expression of unbelief, doubt, and disobedience. If we love God and keep His commandments, we cannot test Him or question His power by an attitude of doubt and unbelief. Not to tempt God is to believe in Him, to trust Him, and not to doubt His power.

Take your son Isaac and go the land of Morah. There you shall offer up as a holocaust (Gen.22:2). Do not be afraid, for God has come to you only to test you and put His fear upon you, lest you sin (Exo.20:20). Thus will I test them, to see whether they follow my instructions aor not (Exo.16:4). Through these nations the Israelites were to be made to prove whether or not they would keep to the way of the Lord (Jdgs.2:22). But Ahaz answered, ‘I will not ask! I will not tempt the Lord!’(Isa.7:12). They tested God in their hearts, demanding the food they craved (Psa.77:17). Because He is found by those who test Him not, and He manifests Himself to those who do not disbelieve Him (Sol.1:2)

New Testament: This term means to attempt, to try, and to be tested. After his conversion experience, Paul finds himself in the position as an apostate by the Jews and as a suspect person by the Christian community in Jerusalem. When Paul arrived in Jerusalem, he tried to join the disciples, but they were suspicious about his intentions. Since Paul was a Roman citizen, he was brought before King Agrippa. Paul, in speaking to the king, relates that the Jews seized him in the temple and tried to kill him. Jesus is the High Priest who understands our weaknesses and has been tested in every way, yet with sin.

Scripture:

“When he arrived in Jerusalem, Paul tried to join the disciples, but they were all afraid of him, not believing that he was a disciple.” Acts 9:26

Since the disciples had known the former Pharisees Saul as a persecutor of Christians, the disciples were very wary of Paul’s intentions.

“That is why the Jews seized me when I was in the temple and tried to kill me.” Acts 26:21

The Jews felt that Paul had become an enemy in abandoning his Pharahistic ways. The Jews sought to avenge Paul.

“For we do not have a High Priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but one who has similarly been tested in every way, yet with out sin.” Heb.4:17

Jesus is a High priest superior to the Old Testament priests. Jesus, also tested, can sympathize with our struggles.

Etymology: It is interesting to note that the words pirate and piracy are derived from this term. Piracy is an act of robbery and criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers with the intent of stealing cargo. The Greek peirates and Latin pirata are ones who attacks ships. The rocky Mediterranean coasts, not suitable for agriculture or large populations, were populated with pirates. The Greek leistes, similar to the pirate, is the corresponding land-based criminal (bandit). This Greek term diamachomai consists of the dia- prefix which indicates intensity. The base verb machomai means to quarrel or to dispute.

Conclusion:

Pirate, piracy, tempt, temptation, tempted, attempt

This is quite an interesting term that is present and applicable in any period of history. At first, I had wondered if being a pirate had any connection to this term. In my ‘attempt’ to look into this, I was eventually proven correct.

It was perhaps not surprising that there are many uses and applications of this term. In any time in history, we know what a pirate, bandit, or criminal is. History has been replete with terrorists, revolutionaries, rioters, and looters. People had often questioned or tested the gods to ascertain whether to make an important decision (to attack a city, to make a journey, etc.). Likewise, tempting or questioning a god could bring serious consequences. Not surprisingly, this notion also continues in the Old Testament and New Testament cultures.

So pirates and piracy are associated with this term. One can also see that there is the land-based form of piracy. They also could be called rioters and looters.

In the Old Testament, man can be tempted or tested by God in order for God to understand his character, trust, and obedience. Satan may also test or tempt man (as part of God’s providence). The Wisdom books provide numerous examples of instructive testing.

Many of us at times often try, test, tempt, and question God. In a sense, we are the ones challenging Him. This perhaps show more of our lack of trust. (You can count me in this group!) Trusting is oftentimes not easy for me to do. This becomes an on-going challenging process.

Perhaps it was not surprising that the disciples would be cautious or fearful of associating with this former Pharisee Saul. This Pharisee developed an infamous reputation as a persecutor of Christians. Because of own his conversion experience, Paul also has created Jewish enemies. These Jews felt Paul had abandoned his Jewish ways. Jesus is the High Priest, also tested, who understands our weaknesses.

Unfortunately, these rioters and looters are taking advantage of these protesters’ efforts concerning George Floyd. Perhaps, in their anger, even some feel justified in destroying property and businesses. Nonetheless, these rioters and looters, like pirates, are hijacking the earnest protesters’ movement and cause. And in Seattle, there is CHAZ, an occupation zone in which the police were ordered to leave by city officials in order to “de-escalate tensions”. Some have even called this location a street festival or a block party. Good luck with that idea that everything is just fine!

I am finished with this post. I do not want to further try or test your patience.

[Greek] διαμάχομαι (diamachomai), [Latin] pugnare: to protest strongly, to struggle against, to argue heatedly, to strive, to fight fiercely, to contend sharply; Acts 23:9

Joshua’s Battle: painting by J.H. Schonfeld (1635) This term occurs 9 times in Joshua 10

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to fight, to contend, to exert oneself, and to contend with. Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.42 states “The good citizen out to triumph not by frightening his opponents but by beating them fairly in argument; a wise city will not deprive them of their due. In this way successful orators would be least tempted to sacrifice their convictions for popularity and unsuccessful speakers resort to the same popular arts in order to win over the multitude.” Plato’s Meno 86c states “This is a point for which I am determined to do battle, so far as I am able, both in word and deed.” Aristophanes’ Knights 339 states “No, by Poseidon, we will fight first to see who speaks first.”

Old Testament: This term means to fight, to do battle, to make war, and to eat (use as food). This term can be used literally, metaphorically, and figuratively. Proverbs warn about whom one associates with. Proverbs warns about intruding on an unwilling host. Hunger, fever, and pestilence can consume (devour) a person. In Num.14:9 people are viewed metaphorically as food, becoming the invaders’ prey and spoils.

“When you sit down to dine with a ruler, carefully consider who is before you.” Prov. 23:1

Be careful of the company you keep. Otherwise you may be corrupted or may been seen as corrupt.

“The path of the wicked do not enter, nor walk in the way of the evil…For they eat the bread of wickedness and drink the wine of violence.” Prov.4:14,17

Be careful with whom you associate with. You may also become involved, associated, or linked with these evil people.

“Do not take food with unwilling hosts, and do not desire their delicacies.” Prov.23:6

Be careful about intruding upon someone when not welcome.

“Come, eat of my food, and the drink the wine I mixed!” Prov.9:5

Partake and drink up wisdom.

“Emaciating hunger and consuming fever, and bitter pestilence.” Deut.32:24

Hunger, fever, and pestilence can consume (devour) the person.

“You need not be afraid of the people of the land, for they are but food for us!” Num.14:9

The invaded peoples often times become the spoils of the conquerors.

New Testament: This term means to protest strongly, to argue vigorously, and to contend sharply. Paul had previously recounted to the Jewish authorities of his conversion experience with Jesus on the road to Damascus. Paul was arrested and brought before the Sanhedrin. After Paul’s statement of defense, Paul was struck in the mouth. The Sanhedrin was made up of both Pharisees and Sadducees. Paul claims that he was on trial for hope in the resurrection of the dead. As a result, a dispute broke out between the Pharisees and Sadducees. The Pharisees believed in the resurrection, angels, and spirits. However, the Sadducees did not believe in these three ideas. Rather than discussing Paul’s fate, the Sanhedrin argued among themselves about these theological beliefs. The Pharisees focused more on these theological beliefs (talking points) rather than discussing Paul’s fate. Essentially, the Pharisees conflated (or glossed over) Paul’s claims so that they could win a theological argument against the Sadducees. Paul was eventually exonerated. The commander ordered that Paul be taken away to ensure his safety. Jesus encouraged Paul for bearing witness for Him in Jerusalem. Jesus also stated that Paul must bear witness for Him later in Rome (which will ultimately lead to his martyrdom in Rome). This episode was involved with arguments, violence, and a military presence.

Scripture:

“A great uproar occurred, and some scribes belonging to the Pharisees party and stood up and sharply argued, ‘We find nothing wrong with this man. Suppose a spirit or an angel has spoken to him?’” Acts 23:9

The Pharisees would rather win a theological argument (talking point) rather than discuss Paul’s claim and experiences.

Conflation: It is very interesting to note that there exists a theme (pattern) of conflation (or association) with this term in the Old Testament and New Testament. The Old Testament focuses on the consequences of associating with such evil activity. (One will be lumped into this category). The New Testament focuses on glossing over activity. Conflation involves the combining of separate ideas (or views) into a composite. As a result, sometimes these perceptions, sincerely held views, and assumptions may be conflated, resulting in mixed, ambiguous, or faulty views. Proverbs warns of associating with evil people and evil actions, lest one becomes wicked themselves. In Acts, the Pharisees, more concerned with winning spiritual arguments (talking points) against the Sadducees, gloss over Paul’s encounter with Jesus. The Pharisees conflate Paul’s experience with their own views of the resurrection.

Etymology: Conflation comes from the Latin verb conflare, meaning to blow or to fuse together. From the 1600’s conflation generally meant to bring something together from various sources. From 1885, this notion takes on an inadvertent (accidental) sense. Interestingly, conflation is very closely related to confusion. The Latin word confuse means to fuse, mix, or mingle things or ideas as to render them indistinguishable. Therefore, it could be difficult to distinguish those good people who associate with evil people. The Pharisees, no friends of Paul, perhaps may not have had confused Paul’s experience, but instead glossed over it in order to win a theological argument against the Sadducees.

Conclusion:

Machination, machete, machismo, pugnacious, pugilist, confuse, confusion, conflate, conflation

I think Thuycides had made some valid points about defeating one’s opponents with the use of eloquent words. Plato points out one can do battle with word and deed (for good or bad). Aristophanes hints at the notion of fighting for the right to speak.

It is quite interesting to note that conflating and confusing are very similar in their meaning and use. Conflation can be used intentionally and unintentionally, depending on the context and circumstances.

Proverbs warns against associating with evil actions or with evil persons. Otherwise, it may be difficult to resist such evil inclinations and maintain one’s good character. One may also be perceived as an evil person or as one associated with such a person.

The Old Testament provides many examples of battle and fighting. It was interesting to discover the more nuanced uses of this term such as being prey (spoils), eating the bread of wickedness and drinking the wine of violence, and being devoured and consumed by hunger, fever, and pestilence.

It is also interesting to discover that the Pharisees were more interested in winning theological arguments (talking points) rather than judging Paul. Essentially, the Pharisees conflated or glossed over Paul’s claims with their own views about the Resurrection. So Paul was set free.

There have been countless examples of how opposing sides (mainstream media vs conservative media, mainstream media vs. President Trump, red state vs. blue state etc.) are using political talking points to conflate and bolster their political narratives with the truth. These claims may be true or false, depending on the context and actual facts. Such examples include Impeachment, China/WHO, Russian collusion, election fraud, social medium forums (publisher/platform), racism (how much really exists?), policing (fund/defund), and now protesters/rioters(looters).

Protests and rioting/looters: I think that most of us are in agreement that George Floyd’s death was a  tragic injustice. Justice must be taken to address these wrongs. I also think that most of us agree that the sincere protesters have the right to protest. Now unfortunately, many on both sides of the political arena, in their statements and accusations, have willingly or inadvertently conflated the protesters with the rioters. Many times sincere protesters are being lumped in the same category as that of the rioters (looters). The rioters and looters have clearly eaten this bread of wickedness and have drunk this wine of violence. These narratives have unfortunately at times have biased reported, clouded, glossed over, or even ignored the focus on either the protesters or the rioters (looters). It is only when we can clearly separate them that we can adequately understand and make sense of this situation.

Whatever you think about and perceive of the issues our country faces, we must not gloss over the fact that there will continue to be these arguments, fights, and talking points. These are the battles we will have to constantly struggle with! (There is no conflating this).

[Greek] ἄκακος (akakos), [Latin] innocens: guileless, innocent, unsuspecting, simple, without fault, blameless, naïve; Rom.16:18, Heb.7:26

Christ Before the High Priest: painting by Gerard van Honthurst (1557)

Background information:

Christ Before the High Priest: This painting depicts the moment when Christ was brought before the Sanhedrin. This painting presents a series of contrasts between light and dark. The candle on the table provides the only source of visible light. The high priest cannot understand that the illuminated Jesus is the Light of the World. The high priest has the Law of Moses before him. Yet he cannot see that Jesus is the author (in which the quill pen leans toward Christ). The illuminated Christ stands in contrast to the dark shifty-eyed witnesses and soldiers. The accusatory high priest looks up at Jesus; while Jesus looks down at the high priest with pity (and sadness).

Greek Hellenism: This term means one who is upright, unknowing, simple, innocent, and unadulterated. Polybius’ Histories 3.98.5 states “To this man, who was of a guileless and gentle character, and quite dipossessed to trust him, Abilyx now introduced the subject of hostages.” Plato’s Timaeus 91d states “From men who are harmless but light-minded men—who are being students of the worlds above, suppose in their simplicity that the most solid points about such matters are obtained by sense of light.” Demosthenes’s Against Evergus and Mnesibulus 47.46 states “Theophemus, by bring this testimony to which no one else has disposed, and by pretending to be a man without guile, deceived the jurors.”

Old Testament: This term means simple, naïve, foolish, open-minded, wholesome, pure, upright, and undefiled. This person is one who can stand before God. God calls Job an upright and blameless man. This term frequently occurs in Proverbs, where the simple (unsullied by evil) have a greater wisdom in relationship to evil. Jeremiah call himself a trusting lamb to the slaughter. Philo, the Hellenistic Jewish philosopher, makes reference of innocents (children who have just come into life).

When the arrogant man is punished, the simple are the wiser (Pro.21:11). Yet I, like a trusting lamb to slaughter, had not realized that they were hatching plots against me (Jer.11:19). There was a man whose name was Job; and that man was blameless, upright, fearing God and turning away from evil (Job 1:1). Though I am guiltless, He will declare me guilty (Job 8:20). The testimony of the Lord is sure, make wise the simple (Psa.19:7). The naïve believes everything, but the sensible man considers his steps (Pro.14:15). The unfolding of Your words gives light; it gives understanding to the simple (Psa.119:130).

New Testament: This term means without fault, blameless, innocent, unsuspecting, and naïve. Paul warns others about those who do not serve the Lord Christ, using flattering speech in deceiving the hearts of innocent people. Paul was concerned that these Roman Christians would be influenced or corrupted by self-seeking teachers. Jesus is the High Priest, holy, innocent, undefiled, and separate from sinners. Jesus fulfills God’s promise in providing a priest of the order of Melchizedek.

Scripture:

“For such people do not serve our Lord Christ but their appetites, and by fair and flattering speech they deceive the hearts of the innocent.” Rom.16:18

Paul was concerned about the Roman Christians who would be influenced and corrupted by self seeking who cause divisions and contention.

“It was fitting that we should have such a high priest: holy, innocent, undefiled, separated from sinners, higher than the heavens.” Heb.7:26

Jesus the High Priest fulfills God’s oath regarding the priesthood of Melkizadek, making the Son of God the perfect priest.

Conclusion:

Innocent

Upon finishing this post, it dawned on me, “What image can I use to convey innocence or blamelessness?” I wasn’t naïve in thinking that this was going to be easy to figure out. Then I came across Gerard van Honthurst’s painting “Christ Before the High Priest”. This painting perfectly captures Jesus’ innocence.

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it seems very apparent that this term could be applicable in all situation or occasions (testifying, negotiating, and education).

In the Old Testament, this becomes an important term in this culture. God often looks favorably on the simple and upright person. It is interesting that this correlates with the notion that we should become childlike in our trust in God. It also seems that the simple persons can even show a certain kind of wisdom when encountering evil. God can also punish and correct the simple and naïve person. Philo calls young children as innocents.

Jesus is the promised High Priest who comes from the order of Melchizedek. Paul warns the Roman Christian about those self-seeking persons who seek to deceive and corrupt them.

I stand before you today claiming that I still have much to learn from the books of Hebrews and Romans. To say otherwise would be naïve on my part. It is simple as that!

[Greek] αἰσχρός (aischros), [Latin] turpis, [Latin] defames: shameful, improper, filthy, base, disgraceful, sordid; 1Cor.11:6, 1Cor.14:35, Eph.5:12, Tit.1:11

The women in Corinth expressed their reverence, respect, and humility by wearing their headdresses at liturgical assemblies. Now recently more and more women (young and old) are wearing veils (mantillas) at the Traditional Latin Mass. (Photo from the article “Proper Dress Code Attire for Mass” July 2017) https://tradcatfem.com/

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means dishonoring, causing shame, reproachful, ugly, ill-favored, shameful, and ill-suited (awkward). Sophocles’ Ajax 1160 states “Leave then! The worst disgrace for me is that I should listen to a fool’s empty chatter.”  Homer’s Iliad 3.38 states “He chided him with words of shame; ‘Evil Paris, most fair to look upon, thou art mad after women, thou beguiler, would thous hadst ne’er been born.” Sophocles’ Electra 621 states “But then the enmity I get from you and your behavior compels me with harsh necessity to do this: for reprehensible deeds are learned from reprehensible examples.” Plato’s Symposium 183d states “To do the thing basely is to gratify a wicked man in a wicked manner.”

New Testament: This term means shameful, improper, disgraceful, and sordid. In 1Cor.11:6, an often misunderstood scripture passage, Paul claims that if a woman does not have her head veiled, she may as well have her hair cut or her head shaved. Then she should wear a veil. Paul was referring to the deeper spiritual truth concerning a man’s and woman’s relationship with God. Because woman came from man (and was created for man), women are called to have a sign of authority (veil) on their heads. The veil represents woman’s equally dignified but subordinate (secondary) role in God’s order of creation. Likewise, man is the image and glory of God. But woman is the glory of man. That is why only women wear veils.

Paul also claims that it is improper for a woman to speak in the Church assembly. This role was customarily was assigned to the man. Paul also was addressing the accepted societal norms of the society at that time. Women are called to respect and adhere to such practices. The women were expected to seek instruction in the home or in association with their female peers. As Christians are called to be people of light, it is shameful to even mention things done by immoral and impure people. It was imperative to silence the sordid damage caused by deceivers, rebels, and idle talkers.

Womens’ headdresses (veils) at liturgical assemblies

“But I want you to know that Christ is the head of every man, and the husband is the head of his wife, and God the head of Christ.” 1Cor.11:3

What is the significance of this scripture? Although this scripture may be seen at first glance to be controversial or chauvinistic, Paul conveys a deeper truth about the hierarchical relationships between God and man (and woman). Man’s relationship with woman mirrors Jesus’ relationship with the Church. Man and woman each have separate but equally dignified roles.

What are these hierarchical relationships? Just as Christ assumes headship and subservient roles, man has a headship and a subservient role. As Christ is under the authority of God, man is under the authority of Christ. As man is under the authority of Christ, woman is under the authority of man. As God has headship over Christ, man has headship over woman.

How does the man (husband) exercise headship like Jesus? The man (husband) loves and sacrifices (gives up his life) for his wife. This relationship mirrors Jesus’ loving and giving up His life for His Church. (This is the husband’s sub-mission [task])).

How does the woman (wife) allow the man (husband) to exercise headship? The woman allows the husband to love her and gives himself up for her. (This is the wife’s sub-mission [task]). This relationship mirrors the Church’s passive relationship (receptivity) to Christ.

“Any man who prays or prophesies with his head covered bring shame upon his head.” 1Cor.11:4

What is the significance of this scripture? Paul states that God has defined and assigned uniquely masculine qualities to man and uniquely feminine qualities to woman. As man is the image and glory of God, his head should not be covered. To do otherwise contradicts man’s relationship with God and brings shame (disgrace) upon himself.

“But any woman who prays or prophesies with her head unveiled brings shame upon her head.” 1Cor.11:5

What does the veil represent? The veil is meant to be an external sign of humility before God. Women are representative of the Church (Bride of Christ). The veil is a visible reminder of the submission of the Church to the loving rule (headship) of Christ. The veil signifies purity and obedience.

What are some other practical reasons that a woman wears a veil? Respect for others (God, husbands, authorities, elders), respect for tradition (customs), reverence, modesty, and respect of sacred space.

Recent interest in the Traditional (Tridentine) Latin Mass:

There has been an increasing interest (receptivity) in the Latin Mass among the younger generations, including young women. These younger woman, along with older generations, are wearing veils. Like many others, these young woman are becoming increasingly attracted to this form of liturgical worship. Some of these reasons could be: more modest dress attire, reverence, silence, and the sense of the sacred. Perhaps, most important of all, the Eucharist, rather than the priest, becomes the focus of attention. This traditional Mass naturally lends itself to the increased occurrence of young women wearing veils. The priest, as with the congregation, also faces the Eucharist. The obvious question is: Why is this occurring among the younger generations? I suspect many are not getting anything (a deeper meaning) out of the modern Mass.

Conclusion:

Defame, defamatory, defamed, moral turpitude (depravity)

Throughout many periods in history, dishonor or shame was taken very seriously. In Homer’s Iliad, Paris was a shameful “lady’s man” who caused such trouble in stealing Menelaus’ wife. It was also interesting to discover that this term can mean ill-suited or awkward.

In the New Testament, it was imperative that Christians not only silence and but also not mention the terrible actions of immoral and impure people. Such actions had sometimes resulted in the ruin of families.

1Corinthians 11 often has been historically misunderstood. To be honest, until recently, I had never really considered this notion of women’s headdresses. Some have viewed this as men subjecting women or as a form of ‘thinly veiled patriarchy’. Rather, this is about showing respect for tradition and expressing one’s dignity! Paul was stating a deeper truth about the headship and subservience of man’s (and woman’s) relationships in God’s creation. Man and woman each have a ‘sub-mission’ in their respective roles in respecting God.

1Cor.11:7 states that “woman is the glory of man.” How many times have you heard a devoted husband say this about his wife: “How could I have been so lucky in finding someone like her! I really don’t deserve her. She has made me such a better person. I love her so much. I would do anything for her.” (In a sense, this is how a woman (wife) glorifies her husband. Her husband would be willing to lay down his life for his wife. (This is the love that Jesus has for His Church!)

Let’s be honest, the people in Corinth and all around lived in a patriarchal society. Times were vastly different back then. Now women have more rights and opportunities regarding speaking in our current times.

My Thoughts on the Traditional Mass: To be honest, I really did not know what to expect. I had to get dressed up. The silence was unsettling, since we were outside observers watching the liturgical service. There was no recurring and repeating back and forth vocal responses normally present in the modern Mass. There was a stark separation (barrier) between the congregation and the priest (and servers) in the sacred space. I felt myself in another world and time, listening to the beautiful Gregorian chants and priest’s Latin words. These chants sounded like prayers going up to heaven. The priest, along with us, was gazing at the Eucharist. I felt a great sense of awe and reverence as I knelt down receiving the Eucharist on the tongue.

As I cannot presume to speak for the veiled young woman who attends this Mass, I can only imagine that she may be experiencing that same awe and reverence. Her veiling indicates that she brings her dignity and modesty to the sacred space.

Many of us (including myself) were perhaps unaware of what Paul was saying all along about women’s headdresses. Perhaps this post (in a small way) may help to uncover this veil of misunderstanding.

[Greek] πρόσωπον (prosōpon), [Latin] facies, [Latin] persona, [Latin] apparere: mask, person, persona, face, aspect, appearance, countenance, presence, front; 78 scriptural references

Copper engraving of Doctor Schnabel (aka Dr. Beak), a plague doctor (with a beak-like mask) in the seventeenth century (circa 1656).

Background information:

Plague Doctor: A plague doctor was a medical physician who treated victims of the Bubonic plague. These physicians were hired by the towns where the plagues occurred. Some doctors wore beak-like masks filled with aromatic scents (which could be inhaled). The masks were designed to protect them from the putrid air (which was thought to be the source of the infection). The design of these clothes have been attributed to the chief physician of Louis XIII. In the years ahead, there will be other later plague doctors (epidemiologists) and frequent use of face masks.

Greek Hellenism:

Face: The face, almost always used in the plural, denotes the countenance, form, and appearance (front) of a person. The face can be used for men, gods, and armies. Hymn 10 to Aphrodite states “She give kindly gifts to men, smiles are ever on her lovely face, and lovely is the brightness that plays over it.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 6.3.35 states “I will gladly volunteer to hold for you the post immediately in front of the enemy’s phalanx.” Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 639 states “When a messenger’s countenance reports to people a dire distress of its army’s rout, he is packed with woes.” Plato’s Laws 854d states “Whosoever is caught robbing a temple, his curse shall be branded on his forehand and of his limbs.”

Mask: The mask is the role or part assigned to oneself in life (or on the stage). The mask worn by actors often resembles a human face. Epictetus’ Enchiridion 17 states “Remember that you are an actor in a drama of such sort the author chooses. For this is your business to act well the given part.” Polybius’ Histories 6.53 states “Whenever one of their illustrious men die, they place the likeness of the deceased in the most conspicuous place. This likeness consists of a mask made to represent with extraordinary fidelity both with shape and color.”

Person: The person takes on the sense of the man (or woman) in his (or her) position in society. For writers, a character takes on a true persona through direct sight and experience. Polybius’ Histories 12.27 states “Homer introduces Odysseus as one who wondered far and wide, and towns of many saw, and learnt their mind and suffered much in heart by land and sea.” Polybius’ Histories 5.107 states “Elated with their victory at Rhaphia, they refused any longer to receive orders from the king, but looked for a leader to represent them.” Polybius’ Histories 8.13 states “Phillip transfers his attention to the great name and splendid personality of a nation like Greece.”

Old Testament: This term, quite frequently found, refers to the face, the front (of an object), the side (of the face) turned to the fore, and encountering. The face can mean feature, appearance, matter, and essence of the whole person. The face becomes involved in respectful greetings, veneration, and audiences. The ‘front (side)’ refers to persons and inanimate objects. Semitic languages employ numerous prepositions to convey relationships, distance, location, and geography. Anthropomorphism conveys human qualities and characteristics to God. Seeing the ‘face of God’ takes on a metaphorical sense. God reveals Himself through the Word, not through physically seeing His face. In a cultic sense, to see God’s face means visiting the cultic site. The notion perhaps is originally derived from the non-Israelite cults housing idols in the temple. Therefore, to see the face of God means to be certain of His presence and grace.

New Testament: This term means face, person, surface, front (side), appearance, and presence. Not surprisingly, there are no direct mention of masks. However, there are indirect references to cloudy, veiled, or unclear sight (vision). Face is used in Hebrew idioms and expressions in conveying various actions. Appearances or features indicate the kind (sense) of a person. Referencing the front side (of a person), prepositions are frequently used to indicate intentions, actions, spatial orientation, direction, and geography. In the earthly realm, God’s countenance can only be perceived. However, God’s countenance will be visually seen in the heavenly realm. Person, used in the plural form, can also reference many people.

Selected examples of scripture: (Let’s face it, there is a lot of face time (many examples) going on in the scriptures. Since my primary focus is on masks, I will only select few examples of how such scriptural examples are used.)

Mt. 6:17:  Hypocrites neglect their appearances. (One’s physical  body) [In a sense, the hypocrites put on a mask of seeking attention.]

Mt. 11:10:  I am sending a messenger ahead of you. (Prepositional placing John the Baptist before Jesus).

Mt. 18:10:  Look upon the face of My heavenly Father. (Anthropomorphism: assigning human qualities to God)

Mt.26:39:  He fell prostrate in prayer. (Bowing His face in prayer)

Lk.9:51:  He determined to journey to Jerusalem. (Turning His face forward to his destination)

Lk.21:35:  Everyone who lives on the face of the earth. (The earth having human characteristics)

Hypocrites: The Greek hupocrites is made up of the preposition hupo- (under) and the verb krino (to judge). The hypocrite, one who pretends or acts under a persona (mask), pretends to be someone or something they are not. In the ancient Greek theater, actors wore large masks to mark which character they were playing. The Pharisees were hypocrites who neglected their appearances, seeking to be seen as fasting (Mt.6:16).

Conclusion:

Persona, person, appearance

You have to admit that the image of the plague doctor (Dr. Schnabel) is sort of creepy. Schnabel is the German word for beak. Yet, there seems to be a practical basis for this beak-like mask. It was thought that the putrid air was the cause of the infection.

Unlike the Old Testament and New Testament, mortals could see the faces of their gods. It is significant to note that ‘face’ was used in the plural form. Therefore, the ‘face’ of the enemy can be viewed as the whole enemy.

I think Epictetus provides us with wisdom in saying that each of us is an actor that plays his (or her) part in the drama of which the author chooses. It is interesting to note that many of the Greek plays were actually commentaries on the human condition. A likeness (mask) was often crated to memorialize the status of an illustrious person. Madame Tussauds’ Wax Museum suddenly comes to mind.

A character can take on a true persona from direct sight and experience. Homer provides an important window into the world of Greek epics.

In the Old Testament, many Hebrew idioms and expressions employ the term ‘face’ to convey intentions and actions. In some situations, God can take on human characteristics. The ‘face of God’ generally takes on a metaphorical sense of His presence. Man is not capable of actually physically seeing the ‘face of God.’

The New Testament continues the Old Testament understanding of this term. To be honest, I was not really surprised that there was no mention of masks in scripture. However, the hypocrite wears a mask of a sort when he acts or pretends. One also can say that we too are also like actors who play a part in the drama of our lives. In this case, God is the author who writes this script for each of us.

Coronavirus update: First of all, the mask will be forever identified with this pandemic for some time to come. Our fears, worries, and insecurities have also come to the fore ‘front’. This crisis has brought to light heroes, victims, hoarders, idiots (Co-vidiots), and rest of us (the more or less responsible persons [faces]). The heroes (doctors, nurses, and medical staff) continue on the ‘front-lines’ in this pandemic. The victims include not only the patients, but also all of us who have been displaced by the economic shutdown. The hoarders appeared because of their selfishness, greed, and panic. Well, we know who were the Co-vidiots during this crisis (no explanation needed)! Then there are the rest of us who are trying to do the best we can. A times we forget to social distance. Politicization of this crisis has unfortunately continued with conservative/liberal and red state/blue state arguments (and talking points). (If it is any consolation, I will be making my final comments about this pandemic in my next post).

In various ways, this pandemic crisis continues to ‘unmask’ our true character (good, bad, ugly, creepy, and somewhere in between).

[Greek] ἀνάμνησις (anamnēsis), [Latin] commemorationem, [Latin] recordare, [Latin] reminiscere, [French] memoire,
[French] souvenir: re-presentation, memorial, remembrance, reminiscence, recollection, a recalling, reminder; Lk.22:19, 1Cor.11:24-25, Heb.10:3

Memorial Day: On this day we remember, honor and mourn those fallen military heroes.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means remembrance, recollection (by word or act), reminiscence, calling to mind, and reminders to the gods. Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 1133 state “But I bring clear recollection to his ignorance.” Lysias’ Funeral Orations 2.39 states “What supplications, what reminders of sacrifices, were not sent up to Heaven!” Plato’s Phaedo 72e states “If it is true, Socrates, as you are fond of saying, that learning is nothing else than recollection, then this would be an additional argument that we must necessarily have learned in some previous time what me must remember.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 7.1.26 states “And what sort of a war would prove to be one may at least conjecture by having seen and be recalling to mind the events which have quite lately taken place.”

Old Testament: This term, related to both Hebrew verbs and nouns, means reminder, memorial offering, remembrance, to remember, to call to mind, and to keep in remembrance. This was part of the meat offering which was burned with frankincense on the altar. Recalling comes from the idea of pricking or piercing the memory. The king’s historian’s primary task was to record events which relate to the king. This day shall be a memorial feast for you, which all your generations shall celebrate with pilgrimage to the Lord, as a perpetual institution (Exo.12:14). Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy (Exo.20:8) Jehoshapat the son of Ahilud was the recorder (1Kgs.4:3). He is mindful that we are but dust (Psa.103:14). Now the crown will become a reminder in the temple (Zec.6:14). There is not remembrance of earlier things (Ecc.1:11).

Old Testament foreshadowing of the Eucharist: The book of Malachi is the final book in the Old Testament. The prophet Malachi lived about 400 years before Christ. The prophet Malachi speaks of a future time when God will be worshiped by Gentiles throughout the world in every place (and time zone). This sacrifice will be a perfect oblation, not marked by blemishes like those presently offered by the Old Testament priests in Jerusalem.

“From the rising of the sun to its setting, My name is great among the nations (Gentiles); incense offerings are made to My name and a pure offering; For My name is great among the nations, says the Lord of hosts” Mal. 1:11

The prophecy is fulfilled in the sacrifice of the Holy Mass. The Mass is constantly celebrated in each world’s time zones. Around the world it is conservatively estimated:

1). 4 to 5 Masses begin each second

2). 8000-9000 Masses occur each minute.

New Testament: This term means reminder or remembrance. With His disciples, Jesus institutes the Last Supper with the breaking of the bread and the drinking of the wine. He calls upon His disciples to do (repeat) these actions in memory of Him. Jesus identifies His Body and Blood with the bread and wine. In Corinth Paul had to address the abuse and neglect of the institution of the Lord’s Supper. Paul reminds the Corinthians that the breaking of the bread and the drinking of the cup must be repeatedly done in memory of Jesus. Those who do this unworthily will bring judgment (condemnation) upon themselves. Heb.10:3 points out the yearly reminder of the need to perform multiple Old Testament sacrifices for sins.

Scripture:

“The He took the bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them saying, ‘This is My Body, which will be given for you; do this in memory of Me.” Lk.22:19

Jesus institutes the Last Supper. Jesus instructs His disciples to repeat these actions (breaking the bread and drinking the cup) again and again.

“But in those sacrifices there is only a yearly remembrance of sin.” Heb.10:3

The Old Testament sacrifices did not have the spiritual effectiveness in forgiving sin. Therefore, constant repetition of such sacrifices are needed for the forgiveness of sins.

Catholic perspective on the Mass: The Mass is the re-presentation (remembrance) of the sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross. The Mass is celebrated again and again around the world. The people (congregation) presents the gifts of bread and wine to the priest at Mass. The priest, in the person of Christ, repeats Jesus’ words at the Last Supper. The priest, calling upon the Holy Spirit, consecrates the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ.

Etymology: Etymology can really help us to understand the true meaning (sense) of this term. Anamnesis essentially means recollection or remembrance of something. The Greek prefix ana- means again. Since the Greek prefix a- means not (or without), amnesis means forgetfulness. This is how we get the word amnesia. Therefore mnesis means memory. These scriptures make reference to actions (breaking [the bread] and drinking [the cup]) which are to be repeated again and again.

Conclusion:

Memory, memorial, commemorate, commemoration, souvenir, amnesia, mnesis, memoir, record, recording, reminisce, reminiscing, reminiscence

I think this is a good reminder to focus on the etymology of this term. The Greek prefix ana- essentially provides the basis for the sense of repeating. This is conveyed through recollection, remembrance, and recalling to mind.

I think Socrates helps to remind us that learning is a recollection of what we have remembered. It is interesting to note that this term was also a reminder to the gods of sacrifices offered.

This important term is used quite extensively in the Old Testament. The Hebrews repeatedly recalled and commemorated the Passover event. Malachi provides a prophecy of a pure sacrificial offering made among the nations. This foreshadows the Mass celebrated around in the world in all countries and time zones. These offerings will be made in His name.

In the New Testament, Jesus institutes the Last Supper for His disciples. He instructs them (and us) to repeatedly eat His Body and drink His Blood again and again. This becomes the Mass which is the re-presentation of Jesus’ one and only sacrifice at Calvary (which is re-presented over and over again).

Mnesis essentially means memory. A souvenir is something used as a reminder for a person, place, or event.

I hope this post can help remind each of us that this term refers to remembering and recalling again and again. Don’t forget!

[Greek] ἀνοικοδομέω (anoikodomeō), [Latin] aedificare, [Latin] reaedificare: to build again, to rebuild, to restore; Acts 15:16

Galen (130-210 AD) was a physician, surgeon, and philosopher during the time of the Roman Empire. Here is one of his ‘prescriptions’ for human happiness.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to build up, to erect, to wall up, to build again, and to rebuild. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.186 states “Near the middle of the city, the Queen built a bridge with the stones that had been dug, binding them together with iron and lead.” Lycurgus’ Against Leocrates 81 states “I will not rebuild a single one of the shrines which the barbarians have burn and razed, but allow them to remain for future generation as a memorial to the barbarians’ impiety.”  Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 1.89 states “The Athenian people, after the departure, of the barbarians, prepared to rebuild the city and their walls. For only isolated portions had been left standing.

Old Testament: This term means to build, to establish, to cause to continue, to establish a family, to wall up, to wall off, to build a wall, and to shut off. He has walled up my way so that I cannot pass (Job 19:8). He has blocked my ways with hewn stone (Lam.3:9). In that day I will raise up the fallen booth of David, and wall up its breaches (Amo.9:11). The Lord fashioned into woman a rib which He has taken from the man (Gen.2:22). Then Noah built an altar to the Lord (Gen.8:20). I will establish your see forever and build up your throne to all generation (Psa.89:4). The son which the builders rejected, has become the chief cornerstone (Psa.118:22). The wise woman builds her house (Pro.9:1).

Old Testament prophet Amos: Amos was a sheep-breeder in Judah, who delivered his oracles in the northern kingdom during the reign of Jeroboam II (786-746 BC). Amos, in the great cult center of Bethel, prophesied the overthrow of the sanctuary, the fall of the royal house, and the captivity of the people. The priest of Bethel ultimately expelled Amos. Amos boldly indicts kings, priest, and leaders. Amos is a prophet of divine judgment, concerned about the sovereignty of the Lord. Israel’s rebelliousness seems to have exhausted God’s divine patience, potentially leading to Israel’s destruction. However, Amos ends on a hopeful note stating that God will raise up (rebuild) the fallen house of David.

New Testament: This term means to build up again. At the Council of Jerusalem, James makes reference to the words of the Old Testament prophet Amos in a messianic sense. In Amos 9:11-12 the house (family) of David will be rebuilt. The Davidic kingdom had became the divided Northern and Southern Kingdoms. Amos offers the promise of the house (hut) of David being rebuilt. Jesus will be the shoot from which the house of David will be rebuilt.

Scripture:

“After this I shall return and rebuild the fallen hut of David; from its ruins I shall rebuild it and raise it up again.” Acts 15:16

Jesus, a shoot of David, will rebuild this house of David.

Etymology: The Greek prefix ana- means again. An oikos is the ancient Greek equivalent of a household, house or family. Essentially, this was the basic unit of society in most Greek city states. Oikos becomes the basis for the word economy. The Latin aedis can be a temple, shrine, room, building, or dwelling.

Conclusion:

Economy, economic, economize, edifice, edification, edifying

As for the etymology (word origin) of this term, this background information could perhaps be very ‘edifying’ in building up your knowledge about this term.

One can only imagine all the countless destruction (and rebuilding) that comes from wars and conflicts. Kings, queens, and other leaders have continually initiated great building infrastructure projects over time. One can also imagine such leaders imprisoning, walling up, and incarcerating enemies or prisoners.

This term is found quite frequently in the Old Testament. It is interesting to note that this term can be used metaphorically. In one sense, building a house (family) can mean having offspring and descendants. This is a common Eastern idiom. A woman is said ‘to be built’ means having children (or the capacity to have children). In one sense, ‘to wall someone around’ means to set one in safety.

In the New Testament, Jesus is the descendant who will build up (restore) the house of David.

Cornonavirus update: Each and every one of us want and need to get back to work. We need to get back to work to rebuild our economy (and our own livelihoods), our piece of mind, and our responsibilities in providing for others. But we also must be careful and deliberate. And so your prescription is ready (with unlimited refills). Take as directed.

[Greek] ἀναγκαῖος (anagkaios), [Latin] necessarior, [Latin] essentialis, [Latin] oportere: essential, necessary, close relatives, needful, indispensable; Acts 10:24, Acts 13:46, 1Cor.12:22, 2Cor.9:5, Php.2:25, Tit.3:14, Heb.8:3

The Doctor: painting by Sir Luke Fildes (1887). The doctor was essential in saving the child’s life

Background information:

The Doctor (painting by Sir Luke Fields): The artist depicts a Victorian doctor observing the critical stage in a child’s illness. The parents, in the background, look on with concern. This painting illustrates the ideal (essential) physician and the limitations of the medical profession. The artist draws upon his own personal tragedy of the death of his own son. The breaking light of dawn on the child’s face suggests the crisis is over and that recovery is possible.

Early thoughts on essential health: Hippocrates’ On Dietetics Book 1 states “Eating by itself will not keep a man well; he must also have physical exercise. Food and exercise, while possessing opposite properties, nevertheless mutually contribute to maintain health. It is necessary to determine the exact powers of various exercises and which of them contribute to the development of muscle and which to wear and tear”. Galen’s On Hygiene Book 1 states “To me it does not seem that all bodily movement is exercise, but only when it is vigorous. The same movement might be exercise for one and not another. This is what is commonly called exercise.”

Greek Hellenism: This term means necessities of life, compulsion, urgent, fateful chance, indispensable, urgent necessity, forcible, and appointed order of things. Sophocles’ Ajax 485 states “Ajax, my lord, the fortune that humans are compelled to endure is their greatest evil.” Euripides’ Orestes 230 states “There! His couch is welcome to the sick man, a painful possession, but a necessary one.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.1.6 states “But if consequences could not be foreseen, he sent them to the oracle to inquire whether the thing out to be done.” Euripides’ Andromache 671 states “Yet do you, on behalf of a foreigner, shout such things at your close kin?”

Antiphon of Rhammus: Also known as Antiphon the Sophist, he was a paid teacher of teacher of philosophy in ancient Greece. He was an essential (necessary) professional speech writer who wrote for those who felt incompetent in conducting their own case. He wrote speeches for both the prosecution and defense. Antiphon’s Third Tetralogy 4.1.2 states” When God was minded to create the human race and brought us to being, He gave us the earth and sea to sustain and serve us, in order that we might not die for want of the necessaries of life.”

New Testament: This term means necessary, indispensable, intimate (close friends), and necessities (urgent needs). Paul provides examples of situations where it was necessary to spread the Word of God, to explain, to provide encouragement, to remain, and to send messengers. As the chosen people of God, it was necessary for God to first give the Word to the Jews. However, since the Jews refused, God sent the Word to the Gentiles. At times, it was necessary that Paul remain to provide encouragement to the Philippians. It was necessary to send Epaphroditus to aid Paul while he was in prison. It was necessary for Paul to encourage others to receive the promised gift. Paul teaches that the weaker (smaller) parts are all the more necessary. In Philemon, Paul instructs others to devote themselves to good works to support urgent needs. It is of great necessity that a high priest is able to offer gifts and sacrifice.

Scripture:

“On the following day he entered Caesarea. Cornelius was expecting them and had called his relatives and close friends.” Acts10:24

Cornelius was so affected by the apparition that he invited his friends for his meeting with Peter.

“Both Paul and Barnabus spoke out boldly, and said, ‘It was necessary that the word of God be spoken to you first, but since you reject and condemn yourselves as unworthy of eternal life, we now turn to the Gentiles.” Acts 13:46

As God’s chosen people, God comes to the Jews first. The Jews refused to believe. God then goes to the Gentiles.

“Yet I remain in the flesh the flesh is more necessary for your benefit.” Php.1:24

Paul needs to remain in order to be in service for the Philippians.

The Basiliad: first Christian Hospital in Caesarea (379 AD): Basil, born around 330 AD, belonged to a family of wealth and prestige. Although raised in a Christian home, Basil decided to pursue a path of asceticism. Basil founded his monastery. This essential (necessary) monastery treated the sick and studied disease. Christians were uncomfortable with Greek medicine associated with the cult of Asclepius, a healing god symbolized by the snake. In contrast, Basil argued that medical science was a gift from God, not a pagan deception.

Conclusion:

Opportunity, opportune, necessary, essential

It was interesting to discover that this term also refers to close friends. Perhaps this was a way to distinguish important (necessary) friends from casual friends. It is also perhaps not surprising that being fit and fitness go hand in hand. Hippocrates and Galen both stress the importance of eating and exercise (fitness) as necessary for living.

The Greek playwrights constantly wrote about the essential qualities and motivations of the human condition. It is curious that Euripides would make such a statement that a couch was a necessary possession for a sick person. (It sounds so unnecessary to make such a statement!). It sounds like Antiphon was an essential (necessary) employee for the Greek judicial court system. It is clear that Antiphon was able to convey the sentiments of a person believing in God (or gods). Antiphon either must have had some great insight or he was just a very good speech writer.

In the New Testament, Paul makes frequent and necessary statements about what is essential (necessary). It was necessary for the Christians’ welfare.

St. Basil’s hospital becomes the precursor for treating the sickest of the sick (lepers), acute illness, and hospice care for needy travelers.

WARNING—–USELESS WORDS ALERT (Let’s just say unnecessary this time!)

Necessitousness: The state or condition being necessary or essential

Necessitarianism: There is exactly one way for the world to be

Neccessitation: Necessity as a law or force of nature

Necessaries: The basic requirements of life

Necessitied: In a state of want

Coronavirus pandemic: We honor and salute all those essential (necessary) workers who are on the front lines during this pandemic. These include doctors, nurses, and all those medical staff.  Let’s not forget about all those retail employees (exposing themselves to the public) who serve the people! However, at the end of the day, we all are essential (necessary) to those who depend upon us.

In my post I mentioned ‘necessary’ many times. But it was necessary!

[Greek] ἀτενίζω (atenizō), [Latin] intendere, [Latin] attendere, [Latin] intueor: to look intently, to fix one’s eyes to, to fasten one’s eyes, to look steadfastly, to focus (stretch) one’s attention to, to stare at, to gaze intently, to focus one’s intent on; Lk.4:20, Lk.22:56, Acts 1:10, Acts 3:4,12, Acts 6:15, Acts 7:55, Acts 10:4, Acts 11:6, Acts 13:9, Acts 14:9, Acts 23:11, 2Cor.3:7,13

The Brady Bunch zoomed before zooming became cool.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to look intently, to observe, to stare, and to gaze earnestly. The Greek playwrights (Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Aristophanes) ‘saw’ this term as a supposition, view, or legal opinion. Polybius’ Histories 6.11.12 states “For if we confine our observations to the power of the Consuls, we should be inclined to regard it as despots; if that of the Senate, as aristocratic; and if finally one looks at the power possessed by the people, it would seem a clear case of democracy. Josephus’ War of the Jews 5.12.1 states “Each victim expired with his eyes fixed on the temple. (The Jews died from the famine created by an invader’s army).

Old Testament: This term, found only twice in the apocryphal books, is used metaphorically. And I command that it be built completely, and that full effort be made to help the men who have returned from the captivity of Jedea, until the house of the Lord is finished (1Esd.6:28). He was not content with his uncounted licentious deeds, but even continued with such audacity that he framed evil reports in the various localities’ and many of his friends, intently observing the king’s purpose, themselves also followed his will (3Macc.2:26).

New Testament: This term essentially means to look intently. It is important to ‘zoom in’ and intuit their reasons (and motivations) for doing so.

Lk. 4:20: All in the synagogue were looking intently at Jesus. (They were amazed at His knowledge and gracious words).

Lk. 22:56: The maid looked intently at Peter, saying this man was with Him. (She saw Peter with the criminal Jesus).

Acts 1:10: The disciples were looking intently at the sky as He was lifted up. (The disciples are wondering ‘Jesus, why are you leaving us!”)

Acts 3:4,12: Why do you all look so intently at us as if we made him walk by our own power or piety? (Did they expect that Peter did this by himself?).

Acts 6:15: The Sanhedrin looked intently at Stephen and saw that his face was like the face of an angel. (They were astonished that Stephen looked like an angel).

Acts 7:55: Stephen looked up intently in the heavens. (Stephen saw the glory of God and Jesus standing at the right hand of the Father).

Acts 10:4: Cornelius looked intently at the angel. (Cornelius was seized with fear).

2Cor.3:7,13: Israelites could not look intently at the cessation that was fading. (The Israelites could not clearly see that God’s glory was going to fade. Their thoughts were rendered dull as if covered with a veil).

Intuit (verb): To know or to understand something because of what you feel or sense rather than because of evidence.

Zoom: A current widely used cloud platform for video and audio conferencing, chat, and webinars.

Etymology: In this Greek term atenizo, the a- preposition indicates intensity. The Greek base verb teino means to stretch or to extend. The Latin verb attendere refers to paying attention, attending to, and turning to. The Latin verb intendere refers to stretching out, to turning attention to, to focusing on, and to intending to.

Conclusion:

Intend, intention, attention, attend, intuition, intuitive, intuit

I think it is important to ‘pay attention’ to the original meaning (etymology) of this term which conveys an intense stretching (extending) of one’s attention to another.

In the Greek Hellenistic era, the Greek scholars, writers, and playwrights viewed this term in more nuanced ways (opinions, suppositions, and political views). You can imagine these scholars saying, “I see what you mean,” or “It is my opinion…”

In the New Testament, it was interesting to discover that all these scriptural examples were used in the same way: to look intently. Yet, one needs to further ‘look intently’ to understand the reasons why.

Update: coronavirus pandemic: Many of us have been thrust into this novel format of teleconferencing (Zooming) for the first time. Many companies have already been doing this and still other companies are just catching up. The reality is that this form of communication will continue for some time. One can say that Zooming actually extends this term to the next level and time zone!

An Ode To A Video-Conference Call

They’ll look at you intently,

In your video-conference call,

But don’t let them see too much,

When you’re Donald Ducking,

Wearing no pants at all!

[Greek] χωρίζω (chōrizō), [Latin] separare, [Latin] segregare, [Latin], exitus, [French] partir: to separate, to divide, to asunder, to place room between, to isolate from one to another; Mt.19:6, Mk.10:9, Acts 1:4, Acts 18:1-2, Rom.8:35,39, 1Cor.7:10-11,15, Phil. 1:15, Heb.7:26

A page from Vincent de Beauvais’ compendium (encyclopedia) of Medieval knowledge. The attendant at the gate, with this hands out, tells the leper and crippled person to leave the castle.

Background information:

Speculum Historiales (Mirror of History) Folio 373r: Vincent de Beauvais was a Dominican friar at Cistercian Royaumount Abbey, France. At the city’s main gate, the resident refuses to let in the leper and wounded man. The resident’s refusal, shown by his body posture (with his hands in front of him), prevents them from coming in. The leper plays an instrument, a custom of the time, to announce (and warn) others that he is a leper. The social rejection of disease contrasted sharply with the welcome of the Church. The increased body size of the leper indicates the social importance of the patient in the Christian worldview.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to separate, to divide, to exclude, to remove, to detach, to depart, to remain, to distinguish, and to banish. Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 94 states “I will tell you what I heard from the god. The god Phoebus clearly commands us to drive out this defilement which harbors in this land… By banishing the man Oedipus.” Isocrates’ Plataicus 14.49 states “But our greatest anguish of all is when one is separated from each other, not only citizens from citizens, but also wives from husbands, daughters from mothers, and every tie of kinship severed.” Plato’s Philebus 55e states “If arithmetic and the sciences of measurement and weighing were taken away from all the arts, what was let of any of them would be pretty worthless.”

Old Testament: This term means to isolate, to divide, to separate, to set apart, to depart, to withdraw, to remove, and to make a distinction. He shall remain unclean all the days during which he has infection; he is unclean. He shall live alone, his dwelling shall be outside the camp (Lev.13:46). Let him sit alone and be silent (Lam.3:28). And God separated the light from the darkness (Gen.1:4). I have set you apart from the people to be Mine (Lev.20:26). I have not departed from the command of His lips (Job 23:12). Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers (Gen.2:10).

New Testament: This term means to divorce (dissolve), to depart, to leave, to separate, and to be set apart. Paul speaks of marriage which creates one flesh between two persons. No human must separate this unity. This term also refers to moving (departing) in various situations. Paul speaks of the fears and struggles which separate us from the love of God (Christ). Paul also refers to the spiritual principalities or malevolent powers which may separate us from God’s love. Jesus is the High Priest, set apart from sinners, who can provide a more perfect sacrifice.

Scripture:

“There Paul met a Jew named Aquila, a native of Pontus, who had recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla because ordered all Jews to leave Rome.” Acts 18:2

The Emperor Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome in 49 AD.

“What will separate us from the love of Christ? Will anguish, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril or the sword?” Rom.8:35

Paul was pointing out the obstacles and insecurities that the Christians could be facing in their path.

“It was fitting that we should have such a high priest: holy, innocent, undefiled, separated from sinners, higher than the heavens.” Heb. 7:26

Jesus is the High Priest whom the human race requires. Jesus makes a superior once and for all sacrifice.

The Black Death: In the middle 14^th century, this plague swept across Europe. This plague spread rapidly from southern Europe to England, Germany, and Russia. This disease wiped out about a third of Europe’s population, forcing European officials to take extreme preventative measures. In some parts, declarations were made to take the diseased individuals out of the city and leave them in the fields, where they would either recover or die. But these steps had limited effectiveness or success. So more drastic actions were needed to be taken.

New isolation practices: Officials in the Venetian-controlled port city (now Dubrovnik, Croatia), passed a law establishing a trentino (30 day isolation period) for ships arriving from plague affected areas. No one was allowed to visit those ships under trentino. Violators would also be isolated. Other cities implemented these practices. Within a century, cities extended this isolation period from 30 to 40 days. This 40 day isolation period was called a quarantino (quarantine). This number increase may have been attributed to the significance of the number 40 in Christianity and scripture.

Conclusion:

Separate, separation, part, depart, exit, segregate, segregation

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the many uses of this term in various contexts. The sense of separating can be found in various ways. Euripides speaks of separating components in an educational discipline. Plato makes reference of separating (distinguishing) a person from others in discovering his true character. In Sophocles’ play Oedipus Tyrannus, the god claimed that Oedipus was the cause of the plague. Therefore, Oedipus must be banished.

In the Old Testament, the lepers must be isolated from all others. Only the priests can make the judgment to separate or to bring back these lepers.

In the New Testament, Paul states that marriage (the joining of two into one flesh) can not be separated by humans. Jesus is the High Priest who is set apart from all others. Jesus is the only one who can offer a more perfect sacrifice to take away the sins of others. Unlike the Old Testament priests, Jesus offers a one and only sacrifice.

Vincent of Beauvais’ Speculum Historiale provides a window into the historical world up to his time. The portrait of Vincent of Beauvais contains an actual convex mirror as a visual pun. One wonders if he saw objects closer than they appear! Or perhaps he may have had a wider view of the world.

For those of you wondering, there is no ‘link’ of this term [sorry for the sausage humor] to chorizo sausage.

Coronavirus pandemic: Like the 14^th century, it was necessary to stop the transport of passenger ships. Now today, this also includes airplanes in order to mitigate the spread of this virus. We have come a long way in separating ourselves from the cruel and barbaric practices of leaving and abandoning the infected in the fields outside the cities. Rather, we are isolating the elderly and infirm inside (in their homes and hospitals) as we are protecting them from exposure. As we all continue to move forward in our path to get back to work, we must continue to separate ourselves with social distancing.

Happy Mother’s Day to all moms with us and set apart from us!

[Greek] θύρα (thyra), [Latin] foris, [Old English] dor: door, entrance, gate portal; Mt.6:6, Mt. 24:33, Mt.25:10, Mt.27:60, Mt. 28:2, Mk.1:33, Mk.2:2, Mk.11:4, Mk.13:29, Mk.15:46, Mk.16:3, Lk.11:7, Lk.13:25, Jn.10:1,2,7,9, Jn.18:16, Jn.20:19:26, Act: 3:2, Act:5:19,23, Act 12:6,13, Act 14:27, Act 16:26,27, Act 21:30

The original door (thyra) of the Temple of Divus Romulus (built in the 4th century A.D in Rome)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means door, double doors, folding doors, outer gate, residence, window shutters, royal court, trap door, stone door, and sluice-gate, and soul entrance. This term can be used in a literal, figurative, and metaphorical sense. The figurative (metaphorical) sense provides a spatial image to denote time. In Greek literature this term is found in epiphanies, securing (and releasing) of doors, miracles of liberation, freeing of chains, and belief in prodigies. The plural form references two doors at the front entrance of a residence or temple building. The singular form references a folding door. A bolt (bar) was typically used to secure the door. The means to bolt (lock) or unbolt (unlock) was accomplished by the pulling of a leather cord which was inserted through a hole in the door. A loop, ring or hook was used to pull or release the cord. The bolt becomes an ancient precursor to the key.

Homer’s Odyssey 1.442 states “She then went forth from the chamber, drawing the door to by its silver handle, and driving the bolt home with the cord.” Homer’s Odyssey 1.255 states “Would that he might come now and take his stand at the outer gate of the house.” Xenophon’s Anabasis 6.5.23 states “Soldiers, remember how many battles you have won, with the help of the gods. Remember that we are at the doors of Greece.” Homer’s Odyssey 9.243 states “Then he lofted on high and set in place the great stone-door, a mighty rock, such a towering mass of rock he set in the doorway.” Plato’s Phaedrus 233e states “At private entertainments, you ought not to invite your friends, but beggars who need a meal, for they will love you and attend you and come to your doors.”

Door: The Latin word for door is foris. Interestingly, foris can also mean out of doors, outside, or abroad. In a sense, the door provides an entrance and (exit) to the outside.

Forest: This term derives from the early Latin forestis silva (outside woods). This is a region outside the main or central area of administration of a leading ruling authority. This region typically consists of woodland, scrub, agricultural land, and pastures. This phrase later becomes shortened into forest, still retaining a sense of separation and exclusion.

Foreign:This term pertains to places outside the boundaries of a country. This is a region out of doors or outside.

Forum: This is a marketplace, public place, or open space. The Roman Forum was an outside public area for commercial, religious, social, and political activities.

Thyroid: This is a oblong door shaped endocrine gland regulating the body’s metabolism.

Old Testament: This term can mean door, gate, entrance, something swinging, and window. In a figurative sense, the door speaks of both God and man opening doors. The man opens the door to God by repenting. God opens the door to man by giving him opportunities for intercession, repentance, and grace. This term has a missionary sense. God opens a door for an opportunity for the missionary. God opens a door of faith to those who come to believe.

Uriah slept at the entrance of the royal palace with the officers (2Sam.11:9). The Ammonites came out and drew up in battle formation at the entrance of the city gate (2Sam. 10:8). The revelation of your words sheds light, gives understanding to the simple (Psa. 119:130). Lot went out to meet them at the entrance (Gen.19:6). Go, my people, enter your chambers (Isa.26:20). All the cities were fortified with high walls and gates (Deut.3:5). Each door had two movable leaves (Ezek. 41:24). And who shut within doors the sea, when it burst forth from the womb (Job 38:8). This is nothing else but an abode of God, and that is the gateway to heaven (Gen.28:17).

New Testament: This term is also used in a literal and figurative sense. Literal examples include the house door, outer-door (leading into the courtyard), the door of a walled in area (field), temple gate, inner court gate, and tomb entrance. The figurative examples include the door of heaven which controls access to heaven and Jesus. Door miracles, occurring in Acts, make reference to earthquakes, liberation at night, falling off of chains, and the bursting open of doors. Jesus, the Good Shepherd, is the gate (door) to the sheep. This sheep imagery, coming from the Old Testament, points to Jesus as the Messianic mediator, the Way (and the truth and the light), and as the one who allows one to come to the Father.

Scripture:

“So Jesus said to them again, ‘Truly, truly, I say to you, I am the door of the sheep.’” Jn.10:7

Jesus is the Good Shepherd leading His sheep. When Jesus says, ‘Truly, truly…”, Jesus means to say something very important.

“Strive to enter through the narrow door, for many, I tell you, will seek to enter and will not be able.” Lk.13:24

The narrow door may offer a difficult. Not many will be able to enter

“But during the night the angel of the Lord opened the gates of the prison.” Acts 5:19

The God (through the angel) provided a door (opening) of freedom.

Conclusion:

Thyroid, door, forest, forum foreign, door

Perhaps it is not surprising that this term has been used literally, figuratively, and metaphorically throughout history. Doors have historically been associated with liberation and freedom. The door can provide an entrance (exit) into either safety or danger. It was interesting to discover the ancient precursor of locking and unlocking a door.

It was really interesting to discover the Latin meaning of door. The door is defined by the outside and its access to the outside. The forest is also defined by being outside. What is foreign is also outside.

It is significant to note that a door is used to illustrate the relationship between God and man. The door can provide access (or closure) to grace, salvation, and missionary work. Doors and gates provide an important role in providing access to temples and courts.

The miracle door stories in Acts contain themes of liberation from bondage. They emphasize that God can overcome these human obstacles. Besides being the Good Shepherd, Jesus is also considered the gate (door) to the sheep. This imagery illustrates that Jesus guides and becomes the Way man knows about the Father in heaven.

Update: coronavirus pandemic: We as a nation are slowly beginning to open our doors for business. This process will vary based on “your neck of the woods” (region). We all must be careful in how we get back to work as we are not “out of the woods” yet. To be honest, I can sympathize with both sides about concerns about going back to work.  Many cannot afford worrying about “not seeing the forest before the trees” (getting too involved with the details). They need to get back to work! On the other hand, many are not yet ready. From our doors we are entering into this foreign brave new world.

[Greek] ἀνοίγω (anoigō), [Latin] apertare, [Latin] dilatare: to open; 77 scripture references

[Greek] διανοίγω (dianoigō), [Latin] apertare, [Latin] cognoscere, [Latin] adapeire, [French] decouvrir: to make open (uncover), to explain; 7 scripture references

The aperture is the hole or opening (in the camera) through which light travels.

Background information

My opening thoughts: I just wanted to be open about this. Essentially, these two terms mean to open. (There is a lot of opening going on in scripture!) I do not want to be an idiot and list every way something (or someone) is opened. Rather, I wanted to focus on idioms using the term ‘open’. An idiom is a group of words established by usage having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words. I hope you are open to understanding these examples of idioms in the Old Testament and New Testament. I will provide the idiom, its meaning, and the scriptural reference. Idioms often can provide a picture (snapshot) of cultural values and thinking:

Old Testament:

To open the womb: To become the first born (Exo.13:2).

To open the hand: Being generous (Esther 1:7).

To open the ear: To inform or reveal (Job 33:16).

Open mouth wide: To sneer (Isa.57:4).

New Testament:

Open the mouth: Jesus teaches about the Beatitudes (Mt.5:2).

Door will be opened to you: Making possible some opportunity (Mt.7:7).

Eyes were opened: To cause someone to be able to see (Mt.9:30).

Open my mouth in parables: To convey truth through hidden words (Mt.13:35).

Open the door for us! Unable to enter the kingdom of heaven (Mt.25:11).

Open the mouth: be able to speak again (Lk.1:64).

Ready to open immediately when he comes and knocks: Being ready for the Lord (Lk.12:36).

To open the mouth: Peter will speak true doctrine (Acts 10:34).

Open the door of faith: Make it possible for the Gentiles to have faith (Acts 14:27).

To open their eyes: To remove their spiritual blindness (Acts 26:18).

Their throats are open graves: deceiving with their tongues (Rom.3:3).

Door opened for me wide and productive: making something possible (1Cor.16:9).

Our heart is open wide: Show generosity and affection (2Cor.6:11).

The male that opens the womb: the firstborn son (Lk.2:23).

Their eyes were open: they saw Jesus (Lk.24:31).

Opened the scriptures to us: were able to understand (Lk.24:32).

Opened her heart: became a believer (Acts 16:14)

Greek etymology (From idios to idiot): The Greek idios means private. The Greek idioma means something private (property or phrases, etc). The Greek idiotes means private person, “country bumpkin”, layman, or ignorant person. One doesn’t need to be a genius to figure out how we get to this modern definition of an idiot.

Conclusion:

Aperture, adapt, cover, dilate, dilation, recognize, cognizant

I was surprised by the many idioms using the term ‘open.’ I really think that these idioms further open up one’s understanding of these scriptures.

Update: coronavirus pandemic: Our nation is starting the process of opening up for business. We must remain open to being cautious and deliberate in our actions. It remains to be seen how many will be open to the possibility of now going back to work, restaurants, stores, and other venues. Each of us must keep an open mind during these unsettling times.

Idioms are for those who show high insight. Idiots are those who show low insight. (I think you get the picture).

It’s time to take my leave of you [From the 1200’s]

[Greek] αἰσθάνομαι (aisthanomai), [Latin] ignorare: to perceive, to be able to understand, to mentally grasp, to notice; Lk.9:45

Alcibiades Being Taught by Socrates: painting by Francois-Andre Vincent (1776)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to have a sensual perception, spiritual discernment, ethical decision, and an intellectual understanding. A person is summoned to a logical or logical decision. These situations can pertain to perceiving, to conceiving, to contemplating, to learning from someone, to coming to an agreement, to having possession of one’s faculties, and taking notice of.

Plato’s Gorgias 479c states “Polus, do you observe the consequences of our argument? Or if you like, shall we reckon them up together?” Aristophanes’ Wasps 176 states “Yes, but I have not swallowed the hook; I scented the trick.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 4.1.1. states “ Socrates was so useful in all circumstances in all ways, that any observer gifted with ordinary perception can see that nothing was more useful than companionship with Socrates.” Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 1.70 states “Beside, we consider that we have as good a right as any one to point out a neighbor’s faults, particularly when we contemplate the great contrast between two national characters, as far as we can see, yo have little perception.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 252 states “Be sure that I know nothing of what you ask!”

Old Testament: This term means to understand, to discern, to consider, to perceive, to fear, to make haste, to distinguish, and to be terrified. I would learn the words with which he would answer and understand what he would reply to me (Job 23:5). A single reprimand does more for a man of intelligence than a hundred lashes for a fool (Pro.17:10). You conceive dry grass, bring forth stubble (Isa.33:11). Choose wise and discerning and experienced mean from your tribes (Deu.1:13). At the sound of Your thunder they hurried away (Psa.104:7).

New Testament: This term, used only once, means to be able to understand or to mentally grasp something. Jesus wanted His disciples to pay attention to His second prediction of the Passion. The Son of Man is to be handed over to men. But the disciples did not understand. They were afraid to ask Jesus about this. The disciples had no inner understanding of the prophecy of the passion.

Scripture:

“But they did not understand this saying: its meaning was hidden from them so they should not understand it, and they were afraid to ask Him about this saying.” Lk.9:45

The disciples were clueless as to what Jesus was saying to them. They had no understanding of what Jesus said.

Aesthetic: This is a set of principles (philosophy) underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement. Painters, fashion designers, and artists often make use of this term.

Apprehension (apprehend): This essentially means grasping something with the senses of the mind. An apprentice is one who learns a craft or trade.

Conclusion:

Aesthetic, ignore, ignorance

It is interesting to note that the Latin equivalent verb uses the negative sense. This term conveys a reasoned and intellectual understanding of something. Xenophon sensed that Socrates was a great companion. Thucydides’ contrasting of new national characters reminds us on two political candidates running for office.

In the Old Testament, I was surprised by the many and nuanced meanings of this term. Such nuanced examples include making haste and being terrified.

In the New Testament, this term illustrates another example of the disciples’ cluelessness and ignorance. The disciples could not perceive what Jesus was talking about.

I hope that I was able to apprehend (seize) your attention about this term. Does this appeal to your aesthetic (word sense)?

[Greek] βραδύνω (bradynō), [Latin] tardare: to be slow, to be tardy, to delay, to hesitate, to be slack, to tarry, to retard; 1Tim.3:15, 2Pet.3:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make slow, to delay, to loiter, and to slack. Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus 1628 states “Oedipus, why do you delay our going? Too long you have been lingering.” Aeschylus’ Seven Against Thebes 623 states “He has the wisdom of an old man, but his body is at its prime; his eyes are quick, and he does not delay for his spear to seize what is left exposed by the shield.” Aeschylus’ Suppliant Women 730 states “Yet in the event that we should be slow in bringing aid, it would be better not to forget for a moment the means of help you have here at hand. Courage!” Sophocles’ Electra 1501 states “You bandy words, and our going is delayed. Move forward!”

Old Testament: This term means to loiter, to procrastinate, to remain (be behind), to hinder, to defer, to hesitate, to linger, and to be reluctant. And the young man deferred not to do the right thing (Gen.34:19). They shall not delay to offer the first of thy ripe fruits and of thy liquors (Exo.22:29). He tarried longer than the set time which he had appointed them (2Sam.20:5). For if we had not delayed, surely by now we could have returned twice (Gen.43:10). See, I am going to wait at the fords of the wilderness until word comes from you to inform me (2Sam.15:28). Those who linger long over wine, those who go to taste mixed wine (Pro.23:30).

New Testament: This term means to be delayed, to be late, and to delay. In 1Timothy, Paul writes to Timothy, intending to visit him in Ephesus. Paul sends this letter to Timothy beforehand to remind him of his important task to preserve sound Christian conduct in the Ephesian Church. Paul gives Timothy this great responsibility. In 2Peter the author is writing to the Christian faithful in the midst of false teachers who deny the second coming of Christ. These false teachers argue that the promised return of Christ has not been realized. The author provides encouragement that the delay of the Lord’s coming is not a failure to fulfill His Word but rather a sign of His patience. God is giving time for repentance for the final judgment.

Scripture:

“But if I should be delayed, you should know how to behave in the household of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and foundation of truth.” 1Tim.3:15

Paul was intended to visit Timothy in Ephesus. Peter sent this letter to Timothy beforehand. In the event that Paul is delayed, Paul points out Timothy’s responsibility to guide and lead the Church.

“The Lord does not delay His promise, as some regard ‘delay,’ but He is patient with you, not wishing that any should perish but that all should come to repentance.” 2Pet.3:9

The false teachers tried to justify their immorality by fomenting discouragement among the Christians who were waiting for the return of the Lord. The writer of 2Pet. seeks to encourage these Christians who are still waiting for the return of the Lord.

For all those times when God seems to be tardy in answering our prayers: A Prayer/Poem About Unanswered Prayers:

Waiting on the Lord

When prayers aren’t answered

Quickly or right away,

Just ask the Lord to reveal to you,

The reason for His delay.

If the answer for that request

Just seems to take too long

Just lift up your hands

And praise Him

With a glorious new song.

Just wait on the Lord

And try to be still

‘Cause your request may not be

In God’s will.

If that is the case

Just praise Him again

He won’t steer you wrong

‘Cause He’s your friend.

Maybe you’ll learn patience,

A little trust too.

Or maybe your motives

You’ll need to review.

Ask Him for an answer

The way He sees fit.

But don’t you lose hope

And don’t you quit.

The answer can revealed

In a miraculous way.

So be prepared to listen

To what He has to say.

The answer will bring Him

Honor and glory.

And then you’ll be able to tell

Your story.                                           

Minister to those

Who did lose hope.

Who were looking for answers

On how to cope.

 By unknown

Bradycardia: This a medical condition when the heart rate is too slow.

Conclusion:

Tardy, tarry, bradycardia, work

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include loitering and slacking. When one is bandying words by pointlessly and rudely arguing, one is actually delaying.

In the Old Testament, there are more nuanced meanings of this term. Essentially, all these meaning come from an aspect of delaying. Such examples include loitering, deferring, hesititating, and being reluctant.

Although Paul may be delayed, he gives Timothy the authority and responsibility for leading the Church. In 2Peter the Christians actually believed that they would see Jesus return in their lifetimes. The writer wrote this letter to provide encouragement for these Christians. The Lord is waiting in order to allow for all come to repentance.

Coronavirus update: I can imagine many of us are wondering: “God, why can’t you end this pandemic! Why aren’t you answering our prayers! Why is it taking so long to get back to work!” For many of us (including me), this situation can be very difficult to deal with.) However, we must never hesitate in our prayers.

Far from that ivory tower, my life also has also been been continually shaped and formed by seemingly unanswered prayers. Warning! (proceed slowly with caution ☺): shameless book plug! https://leoninepublishers.com/bookstore/single-with-god.html

“We must mark God’s providence leading us; and if providence tarries, tarry till providence comes.”  Charles Spurgeon

“March on. Do not tarry. To go forward is to move toward perfection. March on and fear not the thorns nor the sharp stones on life’s path.”  Kahil Gibran

[Greek] αἰδώς (aidōs), [Latin] verecundia, [modestia], [Latin] pudentia: sense of shame, modesty, shamefacedness, bashfulness, reverence, decency; Heb.12:28, 1Tim.2:9

Fresco of a high-society Pompein woman, richly dressed with gold-threaded hair and gold earrings. She holds a wax stylus. (55-79 AD)

Background information:

Classical Greek culture: The development of this term corresponds to that of Greek ethics in which man understands his existence in reference to society, institutions, and deity. It is respect for the law of hospitality, sanctity of the home and marriage, respect for elders, and bestowing honor. Although rarely found in Hellenism, this term takes on more prominence in Stoicism. Modesty is intrisically linked with the feeling of honor and shame. Aidos is the Greek goddess of shame, modesty, respect, and humility. Likewise, Pudicitia is the Roman goddess of shame, modesty, and humility.

Greek Hellenism: This term means reverence, respect for others, self-respect, shame, sense of honor, being bashful, being ashamed, scandal, and dignity. Hesiod’s Work and Days 197 states “Strength will be right, and reverence will cease to be, and the wicked will hurt the worthy man, speaking false words against him.” Euripides’ The Suppliants 911 states “For noble nurture carries reverence for it, and every man, when he has produced virtue, scorns the name of the villain.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 1.4.4 states “He then came to use fewer words, and his voice was more subdued, and he became bashful that he actually blushed when he went to his elders.” Heodotus’ The Histories 1.8 states “Gyges protested loudly, ‘What an unsound suggestion that I should see my mistress naked. When a woman’s clothes come off, she dispenses with her modesty too.”

Old Testament: Although there is no direct Hebrew equivalent, this term is found in the literature of Hellenistic Judaism. This term is more associated with fear of God. The related Greek verb aideomai (to be ashamed) is more prevalent. Scriptures about modesty (and being modest) are also found.

The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge (Pro.1:7). Those women who who had recently been arrayed for marriage abandoned the bridal chambers prepared for wedded union, neglecting proper modesty (3Macc.1:19). The old men was forced to march at a swift pace by the violence with which they were driven in such a shameful manner (3Maac.4:5). Be not a witness against your neighbor without just cause, thus committing folly with your lips (Pro.24:28). Onias, the former high priest, a good and virtuous priest, modest in appearance (2Macc.15:12).

New Testament: This term means modesty, decency, and reverence. The secondary sense of modesty later develops from the older sense of reverence. In 1 Timothy, Paul was responding to issues concerning women’s appropriate dress for a liturgical assembly. Evidently, there was an issue concerning some women elaborately dressed (expensive clothes, braided hairstyle, and gold ornaments. The writer of Hebrews mentions that we must have gratitude and must worship God in reverence.

Scripture:

“Similarly, too, women should adorn themselves with proper conduct, with modesty and self-control, not with braided hairstyles and gold ornaments, or pearls or expensive clothes.” 1Tim.2:9

Paul felt that he had to address a serious matter concerning appropriate attire for a liturgical celebration. Evidently, there was a serious concern for Paul to had to respond to.

“Therefore, we who are receiving the unshakable kingdom should have gratitude, with which we should offer worship pleasing to God in reverence and awe.” Heb.12:28

Impudence: This is marked by contemptuous or cocky behavior or disregard for others and lack of modesty

Conclusion:

Impudence, impudent, modest, modesty, reverent, reverence

It was interesting to discover that this term is ultimately tied to Greek ethics. One must show respect for others, institutions, and deity. There is a great focus of having a code of conduct in various walks of life. Even gods were tied to humility, shame, and modesty.

In the Old Testament, this term is closely associated with fear of the Lord. Modesty follows from reverence.

In the New Testament, this term takes on both the older sense of fear (reverence) and the newer sense of modesty. It is very interesting that Paul felt that he had to address the notion of appropriate dress attire for a liturgical celebration. Evidently, perhaps this situation turned into a crisis of about what women should wear. It should go without saying that modesty in dress attire should apply to all men and woman.

In 1Timothy 6:17 Paul instructed the affluent women to focus less on their own wealth and focus more on God.  Some women wore elaborate dress, hairstyle, and jewelry during liturgical celebrations. This perhaps can be seen as sexually provocative. But perhaps Paul wanted these affluent women to dress more modestly to show some solidarity with the poor women who attended liturgical celebrations. Perhaps, some affluent women chose to flaunt their socioeconomic status before others.

Impudence: quality of being contemptuous or cocky disregard for others

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–

Verecund: bashful or modest

Verecundity: the state of being bashful or modes

Pudency: modesty or shame

Pudicity: modesty or shame

Pudendum: a person’s external genitals (where one ought to feel shame)

With all modesty, I was really surprised in what I have learned about this term.

[Greek] ἐπιστρέφω (epistrephō), [Latin] revertere, [Latin] convertere, [Latin] redire, [French] tourner, [French] se changer, [French] renverser, [French] retourner: to revert, to turn, to turn around, to return, to convert, to turn about; 44 scriptural references

 The family remains in their home waiting out the storm. At Vatican II, Pope John XXIII naively thought it was a good idea to bring some “fresh air” into the Church. As a result, this “fresh air” has turned into a greater storm: a more politicized and worldly Church.

Background information:

Le Toit (Fatherly Roof): (painting by Louis Janmot [1854]:

1. The family is at home during a thunderstorm, shown by the flashes of lightning at the window.
2. Grandmother reads a psalm to calm the tense situation. The mother and another young woman sit and sew.
3. The father (a self-portrait of Louis Janmot) looks on with concern. An older woman sits in the shadows near the window.
4. (In some ways, each of us can perhaps identify with this family as we also sit in isolation in our homes during these crises.
5. Like the father, many parents are concerned about providing for their families’ spiritual growth (welfare).

Greek Hellenism: This term means to turn back, to turn about, to turn round, to put an enemy to flight, to put about, to recur, to pay attention to, to bring into action, to convert, to correct, to return, to go back and forth, to turn against, to wheel about, and to repent.

Herodotus’ Histories 2.103.2: “From there he turned around and went back home.”

Herodotus’ Histories: “Nor be still, but turn your back and withdraw from the foe.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 6.4.9: “It was already evident that there would be a battle. Some baggage carriers as such did not wish to fight (turn back) and had withdrawn.”

Sophocles’ Antigone 1111: “But since my judgment has taken this turn, I will be there to set her free.”

Xenophon’s On Hunting 10.15: “On seeing this, the bear will leave the man under it and turn savagely and furiously on its tormentor.”

Old Testament: This term denotes movements, turnings, and changes of place. This term is quite commonly defined by one’s relationship with God. This meaning includes to turn from, to turn away, to convert, to repay, to turn to someone, and to turn to evil.

New Testament: This term means to turn around (physically), to return, to change one’s beliefs and ways (conversion), to cause to change, to go astray, and to repeat. For purposes of brevity, physical turning will be excluded.

Scripture:

Mt.10:13: “If the house is worthy, let your peace come upon it; if not, let your peace return to you.” (This means that your peace shall not come upon it. You are not bestowing a gift to them. If people were willing to receive this, they would receive a benefit or blessing.)

Mt.13:15: “Gross is the heart of this people, they will hardly hear with their ears, they have closed their eyes, lest they see with their eyes and hear with their ears and understand with their heart and be converted.” (Jesus speaks to the people because the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven has not been granted to them. They look but do not see and hear but do not listen or understand. They have struggles in being converted.)

Lk.22:32: “But I [Jesus] have prayed that your own faith may not fail; and once you have turned back, you must strengthen your brothers.” (Jesus prays that Peter’s faith be strengthened, alluding to Peter’s role in leading his brothers and disciples. Jesus states that Satan seeks to sift (place trials and temptations before them) and to cause them to lose their faith.)

Acts 11:21: “The hand of the Lord was with them and a great number who believed turned to the Lord.” (Gentiles and those who fled because of the persecution of Stephen resided in Antioch. Some Jewish Christians were uncomfortable with the mixed community. The disconcerted Jewish community sent Barnabas to investigate. Barnabas was favorably impressed by what he observed in Antioch.)

Acts 14:15: “Men, why are you doing this? We are of the same nature as of you, human beings. We proclaim to you good news that you should turn from these idols to the living God.” (Upon healing a crippled man in Lystra, many saw Paul and Barnabas as gods. Paul pleads that they turn away from idols to the living God. Idols are vanities, falsities, foolishness, folly, sin, and wickedness.)

Acts 26:18: “I shall deliver you from this people and from the Gentiles, to open their eyes that may turn from darkness to light and from the power of Satan to God.”

1. Paul alludes to his own spiritual blindness as a rabid Pharasaic persecutor of Christians. Jesus opens Paul’s eyes and appoints him as an apostle for the Gentiles.
2. Darkness refers to ignorance, paganism, disobedience, and sin.
3. Lightness refers to the purity of the gospel.
4. Satan is the ruler of the world. The pagan world and the great mass of the people of this world are subject to the kingdom of Satan.

Gal.4:8-9: “You have become slaves to things that by nature are gods, but now that you have come to know God, how can you turn back again to the weak and destitute elemental powers?” (Paul makes reference to many who were enslaved to the elemental powers of the world. God sent His Son to ransom these people to be adopted sons (and daughters) of God. Paul asks why do you throw this freedom away in turning away from God.)

Jas.5:19-20: “My brothers, if anyone among you should stray from the truth and someone bring him back, he should know that whoever brings back a sinner from the error his way will save his soul from death and will cover a multitude of sins.” (When a Christian is instrumental in the conversion of a sinner, the result is forgiveness of sins and a reinstatement of the sinner to the life of grace.) 

[Greek] tropaion, [Latin] tropaeum ==>trophy: This term is derived from the Greek and Roman practice of setting up monuments to commemorate a victory (turning point) over a foe on the battle field. The significance of the monument is a permanent reminder of victory over the defeated enemies.

In spite of the difficulties and obstacles in the world we are now seeing some minor victories in this battle.

1. More people are becoming fed up with a politicized and worldly Church. They want to see a divine Church in the “business” of saving souls rather than an NGO in the business of social justice.
2. More people are seeking reverence and piety.
3. More young priests and seminarians are becoming traditional and conservative-minded.
4. More younger people are attracted to Tradition and the TLM. Young people are looking for something much deeper and substantial in their faith.
5. More Protestants are converting to Catholicism. Protestants are also looking for something much deeper.
6. More people are seeing the harmful consequences of Vatican II (from “bringing fresh air into the Church”).
7. More people are seeking a divine Church in the world rather than a worldly synodal Church moving with the world.
8. The Holy Spirit is now already leading a true reform of this worldly Church.

Conclusion:

Conversion, convert, reverse. trophy, return, reversal, redo, change, changing

Greek Hellenism: The more nuanced examples include chasing an enemy, paying attention, putting about (a boat), repenting, correcting, and going back and forwards.

Old Testament: Turning also plays an important role in having faith (turning to God) and in falling away (turning away from God). Conversion becomes an important recurring theme. Interestingly, there are situations where God permits some to have a hardened heart (Pharaoh).

New Testament: The earliest mention of the term Christian is found in Antioch.

Update: Pope Francis and his fellow Modernists (Synodalists) have been turning Jesus’ divine Church into a worldly synodal Church made in the image of man.

It is very unfortunate that the USCCB have turned their priorities to immigration and implicit illegal immigration efforts. 90% for immigration and 1% for pro-life and abortion causes.

Cardinal McElroy, a close advisor to Pope Francis, refuses to meet with President Trump but has met with President Biden. This is a perfect illustration of a cardinal engaging in politics.

The US government is longer turning off their financial support to the USCCB, Catholic Charities, Catholic Resource Services, and other NGO and charitable organizations. The American people will also turn away their peace, gifts and financial support to these groups. How the tide has turned for these groups!

The USCCB has turned too far (“jumping the shark”) in suing the US government. The USCCB are showing themselves as political groups focused on money.

Many clergy in the clergy have lost sight of Jesus’ Church’s primary mission is to save souls. Instead, the Church has become more worldly, more politicized, and more focused on social justice issues. These clergy often remain silent and cowardly in speaking out or in defending Church teachings.

Many clergy and laity often pay lip service to Church teachings against homosexuality and sin. The LGBTQ community continue to be “welcomed” and tolerated for their behavior and lifestyle.

Many faithful clergy (Bishop Strickland, Archbishop Vigano, Cardinal Mueller, Cardinal Sarah) continue to call on their fellow bishops to stand up for Church teachings. Unfortunately, the responses have been weak and tepid, for fear of being cancelled, deposed, ostracized, and laicized.

Many of us often forget or do not realize that the world is under the domain of Satan. Satan continues to put up obstacles and temptations to lead both clergy and laity astray from the Church. Satan seeks for one to lose faith and to undermine the Church.

Many of us have been drawn, captivated, and held captive (like a slave) by sin through various idols: wealth, fame, notoriety, stuff, technology, vices, and sin. Satan will use whatever it takes to draw people away from God and the Church.

For many people, SYNODALITY IS BECOMING LIKE AN IDOL, detracting from Jesus.

Pope Francis’ papacy has been filled with many examples of spiritual ignorance, spiritual blindness, and questionable (heretical) statements and documents.

Many are now pray for both Pope Francis’ health and SPIRITURAL CONVERSION. Are you surprised? Pope Francis, with such responsibility and authority, is all the more  accountable before God.

We are now seeing small victories along the way. The Holy Spirit is already beginning to inspire a new true reform of the Church against the problems (evils) of Modernism and Synodality.

Ever since Vatican II, we have seen the Church turn into a worldly and political institution with questionable financial transactions.

We need to reassess and course correct what Vatican II caused and turn the Church back to a divine institution in the “business” of saving souls”.

“Man can build a world without God. But this world will end by turning against Him.” St. John Paul II

“This is prayer, that you turn your mind and heart to God.” St. Teresa

“We do not want a Church that WILL MOVE WITH THE WORLD. We want a Church that WILL MOVE THE WORLD.” GK Chesterton  (he nailed it on Synodality!)

Next post: Ash Wednesday

[Greek] ἀετός (aetos), [Latin] aquila, [Latin] voltur: eagle, vulture; Rev.4:7, Rev.8:13, Rev.12:14, Mt.24:28, Lk.17:37

The eagle (aquila) was the standard of the Roman legion. The standard bearer (aquilifer) carries this standard.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means eagle, bird of omen, something out of reach, gable, as a standard, constellation, favorite of Zeus, and winged hound of Zeus. Homer’s Iliad 8.247 states “Forthwith, he sent an eagle, surest of omens among winged birds, holding in his talons a fawn.” Aristophanes’ Birds 987 states “And don’t spare him, were he an eagle from out of the clouds, were it Lampon himself or the great Diopithes.” Aristophanes’ Birds 1110 states “Besides, you shall be housed like gods, for we shall erect gables over your dwellings. If you had some public post and want to do a little pilfering, we will give you the sharp claws of a hawk.”

New Testament: This term means eagle or vulture. Revelations presents the eagle as a noble, strong, wise, and swift creature of divine help. The eagle cries out in a loud voice ‘Woe, woe, woe’, in providing a warning for the last three trumpet blasts. The woman, clothed with the sun, with the moon at her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars, is carried away by the wings of the great eagle to a place of safety. The vultures will gather around the corpses (bodies). This will be one of the signs of the coming of the Son of Man.

Scripture:

“But the woman was given two wings of the great eagle, so that she could fly to her place in the desert, where, far from the serpent, she was taken care of for a year, two years, and a half-year.” Rev.12:14

The eagle is the one of the noblest, wisest, and swiftest creatures of divine help.

“Wherever the corpse is, there the vultures will gather.” Mt.24:24

This is one of the signs of the coming of the Son of Man

Conclusion:

Eagle, vulture, aquiline,

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. One cannot get more nuanced than something out of reach. The gable of a house is the triangle shaped wall (of the house) between the intersecting roofs on a house. The eagle (gable) become the precursor to the eagle plaque placed on houses.

In the New Testament, the eagle becomes the regal creature of divine help. On the other hand, vultures are associated with death and corruption.

Aquiline (aqulinity): the qualities of a hooked or crooked nose looking like an eagle’s beak

Aquila: the constellation on the celestial equator, representing the bird that carries the Zeus’ thunderbolt.

WARNING—USELESS WORDS ALERT–

Aquilege (Aquilegia): plants with irregularly spurred flowers

Aquilinity: relating to the characteristics of an eagle or hooked (crooked) nose

Aquilated: adorned with eagles’ heads

Aquilifer: A soldier signifier bearing the eagle standard of a Roman legion

Aquilone: the fictional city in Conan the Barbarians’ world

I thought that post was just about an eagle. This term surpassed my expectations like an eagle out of the clouds!

[Greek] ἀδυνατέω (adynateō), [Latin] impossibilis: it is impossible; Mt.17:20, Lk.1:37

Annunciation: painting by  Fabrizio Boschi

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to lack strength, to be unable to do, to be impossible (things), and not to be able. Plato’s Republic 366d states “No one else is willingly just, but that is from a lack of manly spirit or from old age or some other weakness, that man dispraise justice, lacking the power to practice it.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.2.23 states “How then can it be impossible for one who was prudent to lose his prudence, for one who was capable of just action to become incapable?” Herodotus’ The Histories 9.60 states “But if, as may be, anything that has befallen you which makes it impossible for you to aid us, do us the service of sending us your archers.”

Old Testament: This term, related to several Hebrew terms, contains a variety of meanings. Such meanings include to constrain, to cut off, to fortify, to enclose to subdue, to bow down, to stumble, to falter, to make weak, to kill, and to put to death.

And now nothing which they purpose to do will be impossible for them (Gen.11:6). All these were cities fortified with high walls (Deu.3:5). For the impenetrable forest has come down (Zec.11:2). Alas, my daughter. You have brought me very low (Jdg.11:35). But all the rest of the people kneeled to drink water (Jdg.7:6). They stumble and perish before You (Job 4:4). And that no purpose of yours can be hindered (Job 42:4). And many among them shall stumble and fall (Isa.8:15). When one of your fellow countrymen is reduced to poverty and is unable to hold out beside you (Lev.25:35).

New Testament: This term means it is impossible. At the annunciation, Mary, through the Holy Spirit, becomes with child. This form of conception transcends the normal process of natural procreation. Mary acknowledges her acceptance and power of God that this would come to be. The disciples were unable to remove the demons (from the child) due to their lack of faith. Jesus likens faith to a small mustard seed which can grow into a large tree. A little faith, which can move mountains, can produce great fruits (results).

Scripture:

“He said to them, ‘Because of your little faith. Amen, I say to you, if you have faith the size of a mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move. Nothing will be impossible for you.” Mt.17:20

The disciple, lacking faith, could not remove the demon from the boy. Faith is like a mustard seed which can reap great results.

“For nothing will be impossible for God.” Lk.1:37

Mary shows complete faith and trust in the Lord. Mary is accepting of the Holy Spirit coming over her to bear a Son.

Conclusion:

Dynamic, dynamite, impossible, impossibility

Plato and Xenophon both speak of this term regarding the character of the person. Power becomes a cosmic principle. This cosmic principle is equated with deity.

I was surprised by the many meanings (uses) of this term in the Old Testament. The more nuanced examples include fortifying oneself (making others weaker), making one weak and faltering (unable to accomplish anything), and making one kneel (being unable). In Job 42:2 Job interestingly makes a statement somewhat similar to Mary’s statement. Both Job and Mary recognize that God can do all things. Job was a suffering person. Mary was a simple trusting person.

In the New Testament, it was impossible for the disciples to remove the demon from the boy. The disciples had no faith. Even a small amount of faith can reap great rewards. Mary was conceived in a seemingly impossible way, according to human standards. Mary’s complete faith and trust allows Mary to recognize that nothing is impossible for God. It is important to note the words “Amen, I say to you..” These words indicate that an important theological statement (declaration) of Jesus will immediately follow.

It is impossible to say to how important His words are!

Update: Good Friday 2020:Just before nearing death on the cross, Jesus saw His mother and the disciple. He said to His mother, ‘Woman, behold, your son.’ Then He said to the disciple, ‘Behold your  mother.’ (Jn.19:26-27).  For all of you who have lost loved ones during this pandemic, talk or pray to Mary. She knows what it’s like to lose a loved one. She more than ever understands your impossible situation!

[Greek] ἐπιδημέω (epidēmeō), [Latin] advena, [Latin] hospites: to be at home, to be a visitor, to make oneself at home, to reside in a foreign country, to be a stranger, to live as a foreigner, to sojourn; Acts 2:10, Acts 17:21

The Duke of Orleans Visiting the Sick at l’Hotel-Dieu During the Cholera Epidemic in 1832: painting by Alfred Johannot

Background information:

Hippocrates: He uses the Greek adjective epidemios, which means of the people and which circulates or propagates in a country. This later gives rise to the term epidemia. Rather than using the Greek nosos (disease), Hippocrates applies epidemios to diseases (syndromes) with reference to season, geography, and population. Hippocrates’ Epidemics Book 1 Chapter 3 states “It is a fact that the disease was propagating in the country.”

Greek Hellenism: This term means to be at home, to live at home, to come home, to be prevalent (disease), and to reside in a place. Interestingly, the Latin equivalents are nouns. The historical epidemic of Thebes becomes front and center in Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex. Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex 494 states “I shall go (to make war) to Oedipus, against his fame which spread in the country.” Sophocles essentially equates Oedipus’ fame spreading like a virus. Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 1.136 states “Admetus happened not to be indoors, but his wife instructed him to take their child in his arms and sit down by the hearth.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.8.1 states “Where do you come from, Eutheru? I came home when the war ended, Socrates, and am now living here.”

Old Testament: Disease and death has historically followed man’s loss of innocence and sinful activity out of the Garden of Eden. The Old Testament has shown Yahweh afflicting Egypt, the Phillistines, and Israel because of their sinful actions. We have the benefit of historical hindsight to understand these Old Testament afflictions. However, at this time we are living in the present moment of this pandemic. We currently do not have that benefit of hindsight. Therefore, it is not beyond the realm of possibility that this pandemic may be a result of God’s wrath against against our current world’s sinful actions (abortion among other sins). We may never now why God still permits the pandemic to continue in spite of our prayers and pleas to Him to end this. As with the pandemics of past history, both the evil and innocent have perished. “Whatever the Lord desires, He does in heaven and earth (Psa.13:6). Go, my people, enter your chambers, and close the doors behind you; hide yourselves for a brief moment, until the wrath has past (Isa.26:20).

New Testament: This term means to be a visitor or to live as a foreigner. At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit, as a rushing wind, came upon a group of people gathered together. These people, filled with the Holy Spirit, began to speak in different tongues. At this sound, each devout Jew from every nation was confused because he (she) heard them speaking in his (her) own language. Paul arrived in Athens and grew exasperated at the sight of the city full of idols. Paul engaged with the Athenians and appealed to their religiosity. Paul was able to engage in dialogue with the Athenians because Athens provided the setting allowing for the respectful transmission (exchange) of ideas between Greeks and foreigners residing there.

Scripture:

“Now all the Athenians as well as the foreigners residing there used their time for nothing else but telling or hearing something new.” Acts 17:2

Athens provided for a setting for the respectful exchange of ideas.

Conclusion:

Adventure, epidemic, epidemiologist, hospitality, hospital, endemic

It is very interesting to note that this term pertains to aspects or characteristics among people. This term means of the people or circulating among the people. (Quite an apt description for a virus). Hippocrates develops the study of diseases, becoming the precursor to epidemiology.

The Greek tragic poets, like Sophocles, often wrote plays about the human condition. Sophocles wrote some of his tragedies during the time of plagues (epidemics). It is quite interesting that he would equate Oedipus’ rapidly spreading fame (popularity) like a virus. This is a powerful commentary on current society. (Not surprisingly, the main stream media would most likely say the same thing about President Trump!)

An endemic disease (malaria in Africa) is a disease which is constantly present in a specific geographical region.

Update: Corona virus pandemic: It is quite to illuminating to realize that many of us are currently living out the meaning of this Greek verb epidemeo (to stay at home). Who knows why God is allowing this to continue? We just do not have all the information as of yet. It looks more and more like that this cause was man-made. God seems to have permitted (although not directly causing) this endemic disease to expand into a worldwide pandemic (for reasons only God knows why). In His infinite power, God could have stopped this disease then and now! But here we are with this pandemic. That is a very sobering thought. God can do whatever He pleases, even with chastisement! I think we all must heed the advice of Isaiah, God’s full time prophet (and part time epidemiologist): stay inside (social distance) until the wrath (pandemic) has passed. 

And yet perseverance, hope, faith, prayers, and trust must remain present (be endemic) in all of us.