[Greek] προσδέχομαι (prosdechomai), [Latin] expectare, [Latin] recipere, [Latin] excipere, [Latin] accipere, [French] adopter, [Latin] suscipere: to receive (favorably) to accept, to look for, to welcome, to wait, to anticipate; Mk.15:43, Lk.2:25,38, Lk.12:36, Lk.15;2, Lk.23:51, Acts 23:21, Acts 24:15, Rom.16:2, Php. 2:29, Heb.10:34, Heb.11:35, Jud 1:21

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to accept, to receive favorably, to admit, to await, to expect, and to undertake.

Polybius’ Histories 1.17.1: “The people approved and confirmed the terms made by Hiero.”

Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 1428: “Take him into the house as quickly as you can.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 1.59: “Cyrus would not receive him.”

Polybius’ Histories 2.12: “And it was then that the Corinthians first admitted Romans to take part in the Ismithian games.”

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 4.5.22: “We are expecting the enemy to come to either surrender or fight.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 7.42: “Under the circumstances the Lacedaemonians accepted the alliance with the Arcadians.”

Old Testament: This term means to wait, to hope, to expect, to take, to lay hold of, to bear, to carry, and to receive. This term occurs quite frequently in the Old Testament.

New Testament: This term means to await, to welcome (receive), to allow (believe), and to accept.

More notable scriptures:

Mk.15:43: “Joseph of Arimathea, a distinguished member of the council, who was himself awaiting the kingdom of God, came and courageously went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus.” (Joseph of Arimathea was a distinguished member of the Sanhedrin and also a secret disciple of Jesus.)

Lk.2:25: “Now there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon. This righteous and devout man was awaiting the consolation of Israel.” (Jesus represents the hopes and expectations of faithful and devout of Jews who were looking for the restoration of God’s rule in Israel.)

Lk.2:38: “And coming forward at that very time, the prophetess Anna gave thanks to God and spoke about the child Jesus to all who were awaiting the redemption of Israel.” (Jesus becomes the redemption of Israel.)

Lk.12:36: “Be like servants who await their master’s return from a wedding, ready to open immediately when he comes and knocks.” (Luke emphasizes for his readers the importance of being vigilant and faithful to the instruction of Jesus.)

Lk.15:2: “The Pharisees and scribes began to complain, saying, ‘This man (Jesus) welcomes sinners and eats with them.’” (Jesus welcomes sinners but does NOT welcome or ACCEPT sinful behavior (lived experiences.)

Heb.10:34: “You even joined in the sufferings of those in prison and joyfully accepted the confiscation of your property, knowing that you had a better and lasting possession.” (There was a time when the spirit of the community caused them to welcome and share their sufferings. This becomes a reminder that we must focus on spiritual treasures. Material treasures, stuff, and temporary things are fleeting.)

Etymology: The Latin verb suscipere means to look up, to suspect, to mistrust, and to distrust. The Latin verb excipere means to take out or and to except. The Latin verb accipere means to receive, to take, and to accept.

Conclusion:

Expect, expectation, receipt, receive, suspect, suspicion, except, accept

Update: Advent is a time for all us to anticipate His coming.

Next: AVE [HAVE] a Guadete Sunday!

[Greek] προσδοκάω (prosdokaō), [Latin] expectare, [Latin] non sperare, [Latin] cogitare: to watch, to expect to anticipate, to await, to look forward to the future; Mt.11:3, Mt.24:50, Lk.1:21, Lk.3:5, Lk.7:19-20, Lk.8:40, Lk.12:46, Acts 3:5, Acts 10:24, Acts 27:33, Acts 28:6, 2Pet.3:12-14

Salome visiting John the Baptist in prison: painting by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri. John the Baptist ask his followers if Jesus is the one to later come.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to look upon, to expect (in hope or fear), to suppose, and to hesitate. Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 930 states “Must we really look for one to gain mastery over Zeus?” Plato’s Laws 699b states “By sea too, they saw no hope of safety, with more than 100 warships bearing down against them.” Euripides’ Alcestis 1091 states “Do you suppose you are doing your dead wife any good that way?” Plato’s Statesman 275a states “Apparently, we expect do not expect a complete description of the statesman only when we have defined the manner of his rule over the state.”

Old Testament: This term means to gather, to wait, to hope, to expect, and to assemble. For Your salvation I wait, Lord (Gen.49:18). The travelers of Sheba hoped for them (Job 3:9). When I expected good, evil came (Job 30:26). At that time they will call Jerusalem ‘The Throne of the Lord’ and all the nations will assemble at it (Jer.3:17).

New Testament: This term means to wait, to look for, to expect, and to stay longer than expected. In prison, John the Baptist, perhaps with some doubts, asks if Jesus is the one to come. In the parable of the faithful or unfaithful servant, the master will come on an unexpected day and hour. The people were waiting for Zechariah who was made mute by the angel. The crowd waited for and welcomed Jesus. The beggar, expecting something from Peter and John, was healed in Jesus’ name. Cornelius, greatly affected by the apparition was expecting Peter at his door. They were expecting Paul to be injured by the snake.

Scripture:

“On the following day Peter entered Caesarea. Cornelius was expecting them and had called together his relatives and close friends.” Acts 10:24

Cornelius was so impressed by the apparition that he invited his relatives and friends to meet Peter.

“Are you the one who is to come, to should we look for another?” Mt.11:3

John sent his disciples to ask Jesus this question. John wasn’t sure if Jesus was to be the Messiah.

“Meanwhile the people were waiting for Zechariah and were amazed that he stayed so long in the sanctuary.” Lk.1:21

Zechariah was made mute by the angel for his lack of faith in Elizabeth becoming with child.

Conclusion:

Expect, expectation, prosper, despair, cogitation

In Greek Hellenism, this term takes on a wide range of meanings. Waiting can take on a sense of both fear or hope.

In the Old Testament, this term this pertains to expectation increasingly concentrated on God and His acts, hope in God, salvation, mercy, and resurrection.

In the New Testament, John the Baptist may have expressed some doubt as to if Jesus is to be come the Messiah. Mal.3:1 provides the Old Testament prophecy of John the Baptist being sent. The parable of the faithful and unfaithful servant is directed to the church leaders. The beggar did not expect to be healed by Peter. Cornelius was so affected by the apparition that he knelt before Jesus.

During this season of Advent, we are awaiting for Jesus to come.

The Latin verb sperare means to have hope. The Latin verb desperare means to to be hopeless.

WARNING – USELESS WORDS ALERT –

Sperate: Having hope or being hopeful.

I bet you did not expect to see this word!

[Greek] ἑτοιμάζω (hetoimazō), [Latin] parare, [Latin] praepare, [French] predisposer: to prepare, to make ready, to make arrangments, to furnish; 41 scriptural references

John the Baptist wears the simple garment (animal skins) of a prophet.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to prepare, to get ready, to make preparations, and to furnish. Polybius’ Histories 3.72.6 states “The Carthaginians got their horses ready and were arming themselves round the fires.” Homer’s Iliad 1.118 states “I would rather the people be safe than perish.” Xenophon’s Apology 8 states “I should have provided for dying in the throes of illness and old age.” Euripides’ Heracleidae 472 states “But if you know of any other suitable plan, put it at our disposal.”

Old Testament: This term has very many meanings: to form, to establish, to make firm, to appoint, to prepare, to support, to found, to build up, to put in place, to bring about, to be steadfast, to finish, to make plans, to devote oneself, to be steadfast, and to bring about.

New Testament: This term means to prepare, to make ready, and to send (furnish). I will prepare important (relevant) scriptural examples.

Mt.3:3: John the Baptist prepares the way of the Lord.

Mt.20:23: Those whose place at the table has been prepared by the Lord.

Mt.22:4: The king has prepared his banquet for his guests.

Lk.2:31: [Simeon]: My eyes have seen Your salvation which You prepared.

Lk.9:52: Jesus sent messengers ahead of Him.

Lk.12:20: The [earthly] things you have prepared, to whom will they belong?

Lk.12:47: The servant did not make preparations in accord with his will.

Jn.14:23: Whoever loves Me (and the Father), and We will make a dwelling place for him.

1Cor.2:9: What God has prepared for those who love Him.

Conclusion:

Preparation, prepare, disposed, disposal

Conclusion:

In Greek Hellenism, this term can take on a more nuanced sense of supplying or offering.

In the Old Testament, this term is extensively used.

In the New Testament, this term means to prepare, to make ready, and to furnish (send). John the Baptist essentially prepares the way of the Lord. The cup that Jesus offers is the sharing in the sufferings of Jesus. In the parable of the wedding feast, the wedding foreshadows final salvation in heaven. In the heavenly kingdom, those who sit on the right will be blessed. Those who set on the left (goats) will be departed and cursed.

Samaritans and Jews were bitterly opposed to one another. It is foolish to prepare (store) earthly wealth rather than heavenly treasures. The one faithful to God is who is prepared. Servants must be respected as each one of us is a servant. God’s wisdom is His salvation prepared for us.

I hope I was able to prepare an interesting and informative post.

[Greek] ἀποδέχομαι (apodechomai), [Latin] exipere, [Latin] suscipere, [French] adopter: to welcome, to accept, to receive, to receive; Lk.8:40, Acts 2:41, Acts 15:4, Acts 18:27, Acts 24:3, Acts 28:30

Jesus preaching: painting by James Tissot

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This, having several nuanced meanings, means to accept, to admit, to approve, to follow, to agree, to understand, to acknowledge, to sustain, and to hold out against. Herodotus’ The Histories 4.97 states “Coes was willing to listen to advice from one who wanted to give it.” Xenophon’s Memorabilia 4.1.1 states “Any observer gifted with ordinary perception can see nothing was more useful than companionship of Socrates.” Plato’s Phaedo 92a states “I was wonderfully convinced by it at the time and I still believe it more firmly than any other argument.”

New Testament: This term means to welcome, to accept, and to receive. The crowd welcomed Jesus as they begin to hear of His deeds. Those who accepted Peter’s message were later baptized. The council of Jerusalem welcomed Paul and Barnabus in order to settle the issue of circumcision. While in Rome, Paul received all those who came to him.

Scripture:

“When Jesus returned, the crowd welcomed Him, for they were all waiting for Him.” Lk.8:40

The people were hearing of Jesus’ deeds and actions.

“Those who accepted his message were baptized, and about three thousand persons were added that day.” Acts 2:41

The people were responding and accepting Peter’s message to repent and be baptized.

Conclusion:

Except, exception, receipt, susceptible, adopt

In Greek Hellenism, this term takes on several meanings, ranging from receiving, welcoming, following, holding against, and sustaining.

In the Maccabbean books, this term refers to having a high regard and acceptance for people and things.

In the New Testament, this term refers to a range of similar meanings. This scripture passage provides evidence that Paul was in Rome, later to be executed.

I hope you will accept, acknowledge and receive this post.

[Greek] ἀπαρνέομαι (aparneomai), [Latin] abnegare, [Latin] negare, [Latin] reprobare: to deny, to disown, to claim no knowledge; Mt.16:24, Mt.26:34-35, Mt.26:75, Mk.8:34, Mk.14:30-31, Mk.14:72, Lk.12:9, Lk.22:34,61

The Bidenadministration denies that there is an illegal immigration problem along the southern border. This illustrates its abnegation of securing the border.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to deny and to refuse. Euripides’ Hippolytus 1266 states “Bring him so that I may look him in the face, the man denies he violated my bed, and with my words and with the misfortunes sent by the god give the lie.” Antiphon’s First Tetralogy 23.4 states “It is when they deny a theft or conspire with their masters to keep silence that we believe them to tell the truth only under torture.” Plato’s Sophist 217c states “In that case, stranger, do not refuse us the first favor we have asked.”

Old Testament: This term means to spurn, to reject, to refuse, and to despise. Since you have rejected the word of the Lord, He has also rejected you from being king (1Sam.15:23). I waste away, I will not live forever (Job.7:16). He will eat curds and honey at the time He knows enough to refuse evil and choose good (Isa.7:15). He has broken the covenant, he has despised the cities (Isa.33:8).

New Testament: This term, meaning to deny, makes reference to denying oneself and denying Jesus. Whoever wishes to follow Jesus and deny himself will save his life. This involves disdaining oneself as the center of one’s world and taking up one’s cross (in potentially experiencing difficulties, persecution, or even martyrdom). Jesus already knows that Peter will deny Him three times. Peter later wept bitterly.

Scripture:

“Then Jesus said to His disciples, ‘Whoever wishes to come after Me must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow Me.” Mt.16:24

One who follows Christ will save his life. One must not put himself as the center of one’s existence. This may involve struggles and martyrdom.

“Then Peter remembered the word that Jesus had spoken: ‘Before the cock crows you will deny me three times.’ He went out and began to weep bitterly.” Mt.26:75

Jesus already knew that Peter would betray Him three times.

Etymology: The Latin verb abnegare consists of (ab-) away from and negare (to deny). Abnegation is a self denial or renunciation. A reprobate is one who is rejected (by God) or abandoned or unprincipled.

Conclusion:

Reprobate, abnegation, abnegate, negate, negation

This term can be applicable in any time period.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on an additional meaning of despising.

Jesus offers the counter-intuitive notion that one can save one’s life by denying oneself in following Jesus. This may involve struggles and difficulties. Jesus already knows that Peter will deny Him three times. When Jesus says, “Amen, I say to you,” Jesus will begin to make an important statement of truth or faith.

The Biden administration for several days had denied that a military attack targeted civilians in Afghanistan. The Biden administration still denies that there is a problem with illegal immigration into the United States.

[Greek] ἀπάντησις (apantēsis), [Latin] obvius, [Latin] ocurrere:  meeting, encounter, encountering; Mt.25:1,6, Acts 28:15, 1Thess.4:17

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to make reference to, escort, meeting in argument, and steadfastness. This is a technical term for an ancient custom whereby a public welcome was accorded by a city to important visitors. Polybius’ Histories 10.5.6 states “His boldness, as well as his previous popularity, secured him brilliant reception from the people.” Polybius’ Histories 5.43.3 states “Antiochus happened to be at Selucia, when Navarchus Diogenetus arrived, bring Laodice, an unmarried girl, destined to be the king’s wife.”

Old Testament: This term essentially means act of meeting or encounter. Such examples include affliction, poverty, misery, a calling out, a summoning, and appointing. God called the light day, and the darkness He called night (Gen.1:5). Then  people began to call upon the name of the Lord (Gen.4:26). And Abraham named that place the Lord Will Provide (Gen.22:14). God has seen my affliction and the labor of my hand, so He rendered judgment last night (Gen.16:11).

New Testament: This term means to come (out) to meet. The Parable of the Ten Virgins illustrates those who are ready and not ready to meet the bridegroom. The foolish virgins fell asleep and did not have oil for their lamps. The wise virgins were ready to be received by the bridegroom. The brothers came to visit Paul in Rome. In the hope for the Christians, the remaining Christians will be caught up together in the clouds to meet the Lord. This anticipates the rapture.

Scripture:

“Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. Thus we shall always be with the Lord.” 1Thess.4:17

This is the hope for the Christian, anticipating the rapture.

“Then the kingdom of heaven will like ten virgins who took their lamps and went out to meet the bridegroom.” Mt.25:1

The wise virgins were ready (vigilant) to meet the bridegroom and were received by the bridegroom. The foolish virgins fell asleep and were not prepared (having no oil for their lamps) and were not received.

Etymology: The Latin noun obvius consist of (ob-) in front and -viam (way). Something obvious presents itself, becomes readily open, and clearly evident. The Latin verb ocurrere means to meet, to run to meet, and to come to mind.

Conclusion:

Obvious, occur, occurrence

This term can be applicable in any time period when important officials meet the public. It is interesting that Polybius makes reference to an official presenting a bride.

The Old Testament provides numerous examples of this term. The literal examples include poverty, affliction, and misery. The more nuanced examples include calling out and summoning.

The New Testament illustrates the readiness (preparedness), and meeting (indicating a future rapture). The parable of the Ten Virgins waiting for the bridegroom represents whether or not one is prepared in meeting the Lord. One never knows the day nor hour when the Lord will come.

I am ready to end this post.

[Greek] τιμάω (timaō), [Latin] honorare, [Latin] adpretiare, [French] mythifier: to honor, to price, to fix the value, to show respect; Mt.15:4,6,9, Mt.19:19, Mt.27:9, Mk7:6,10, Mk.10:19, Lk.18:20, Jn.5:23, Jn.8:49, Jn.12:26, Acts 28:10, Eph.6:2, 1Tim.5:3, 1Pet.2:17

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to show honor, to be deemed worthy of honor, to reward, to appraise, to rate, and to value the price. Certain people are sometimes honored. Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.1.33 states “With joy they recall their deeds past. They lie not forgotten and dishonored, but live on remembered for all time.” Hesiod Theogony 414 states “She received honor also in starry heave and is honored exceedingly by the gods.” Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 3.40.7 states “And now pay them back in their turn, without yielding to present weakness or forgetting the peril that once hurry over you.”

Old Testament: This term means to honor, to glorify, to adorn, to exalt, to weigh, to appraise, and to be prized. Nor shall you show favor to a poor person in his dispute (Exo.23:3). Elders were not respected (Lam.5:12). I will make mortal man scarcer than pure gold (Isa.13:12). How precious also are Your thoughts for me (Psa.139.17). Honor you father and your mother (Exo.20:12). Within three more days Pharaoh will lift up your head from you (Gen.40:19). He weighed the hair of his head at two hundred shekels (2Sam.14:26).

New Testament: This term means to honor (show respect), to set a price on, and to assist. Jesus tells us to honor our fathers and mothers in their time of need. Many will honor Jesus with their lips with human traditions rather than with their hearts. By honoring His Father, Jesus justifies for what the Father does. The Father will honor those who will serve Jesus. Honor should be given to the community and human authority. All are called to honor and assist the widows. The value of Judas’ betrayal is 30 pieces of silver.

Scripture:

“For God said, ‘Honor your father and your mother.” Mt. 15:4

We are all called to honor our parents in their time of need.

“Then was fulfilled what had been said through Jeremiah the prophet, ‘And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the value of a a man with a price on his head, a price set by some of the Israealites.’” Mt.27:9

Judas’ price for his betrayal was thirty pieces of silver.

Whoever serves Me must follow Me, and where I am, there also will My servant be. The Father will honor whoever serves Me.” Jn.12:26

Jesus references that a grain of wheat which must die in order to bear fruit. Whoever loves his life will lose it. Whoever hates his life and follow Jesus will find eternal life.

Etymology: The Latin verb adpretiare consists of ad- (toward) and pretiare (to value). Likewise, the related Latin verb depretiare means to undervalue or lower the price of.

Conclusion:

Honor, appreciate, depreciate, myth

In Greek Hellenism, some persons are destined to be honored. That can be illustrated in being remembered, held in honor, and to receive honors. This term can be measured in some form of value.

In the New Testament, Judas’ betrayal is measured in 30 pieces of silver. It goes without saying that Jesus greatly encourages other to show honor to each other and to God. Honoring widows entails support for them.

It has really hit for me about honoring (assisting) my mother recently. I have had to help out my mother involving hospital visits, doctors’ appointments, and convalescence (recuperation).

Update: This post is dedicated to all the service men (past and present) who gave their lives in this Afghanistan war effort.

[Greek] αἰσχύνη (aischynē), [Latin] rubor, [Latin] confusio: shamefulness, what causes shame, disgrace, dishonesty; Lk.14:9, 2Cor.4:2, Php.3:19, Heb.12:2, Jud. 1:13, Rev.3:18

Scriptural passages are frequently highlighted in red as rubric

Background information:

Rubric: A rubric is a word or section of text traditionally written or printed in red ink for emphasis. The Latin rubor means red. Rubric orginates in Medievel illuminated manuscripts from the 13^th century or earlier. Red letters were used to highlight initial capitals of psalms, section headings, and names of religious significance. Rubric has since become a term used in modern education jargon.

Greek Hellenism: This term means shame, dishonor, insult, be ashamed of, and sense of honor. Sophocles’ Trachiniae 66 states “That since your father has been gone so long, it is disgraceful for you to not to seek him.” Sophocles’ Trachiniae 597 states “Please keep my secret! Even shameful deeds, when done in darkness, never bring disgrace.” Euripides’ The Suppliants 164 states “I am ashamed to throw myself upon the ground and clasp your knees.”

Old Testament: This term, meaning disgrace and shame, comes from the shame brought about by God’s divine judgment. Sources and causes of shame can come from nakedness, indecency, desire, coveting, scorn, and idols.

And the man and his wife were both naked, but they were not ashamed (Gen.2:25). They will be turned back and be utterly put to shame, who trust in idols (Isa.42:17). And they will be an abhorrence to all mankind (Isa.66:24). Your tongue devises destruction (Psa.52:2). And I will lift up your skirts over your face, and show the nations your nakedness (Nah.3:5). You shall make for them linen undergarments to cover their bare flesh (Exo.28:42).

New Testament: This term means embarrassment, shameful, shameless, and shame. In His teaching on humility, Jesus speaks about the parable of the invited guests and host. By first assuming the lowest position, one will avoid embarrassment by having to move to a lower status. Paul’s ministry renounced the hidden things of enemies who hide, deceive, and falsify the Word. The enemies of God (and the cross) show their glory as their shame. Jesus endured the shame of the cross before receiving the triumph of glory. The false teachers are like wild waves foaming their shameless deeds (indecent behavior).

Scripture:

“And the host who invited both of you may approach you and say, ‘Give your place to this man,’ and then you would proceed with embarrassment to take the lowest place.” Lk.14:9

This is Jesus’ teaching on humility. One must be willing to take to lower place first.

“While keeping our eyes fixed on Jesus, the leader and perfecter of faith. For the say of the joy that lay before Him, He endured the cross, despising its shame, and has taken His seat at the right of the throne of God.” Heb.12:2

Crucfixion was a gruesome form of execution for criminals and the Jews.

“Their end is destruction. Their god is their stomach; their glory is in their shame. Their minds are occupied with earthly kings. Php.3:19

Many conduct themselves as enemies of the cross.

Rubric, rubella, confusion

In Greek Hellenism, this term takes on a psychological meaning of shame, disgrace, and sense of honor (or lack thereof).

In the Old Testament, this term is primarily defined by the disgrace caused in one’s relationship of God. One become disgraced through God’s judgment.

Jesus’s teaching on humility allows us to potentially avoid the embarrassment of moving to a lower status. Crucifixion was an excruciating form of execution for slaves. Enemies and false teachers resort to deceit and hidden things. Their actions result in their shame.

Not surprisingly, redness (of embarrassment) is often associated with shame, dishonor, and folly. Such shameful actions are often confusing or filled with confusion.

Update: It has become a profound shame for the Afghan people for their government and army to completely surrender to the Taliban. Then we see the very shameful and confusing response of the Biden administration to this crisis in Afghanistan.

[Greek] ἐκλείπω (ekleipō), [Latin] deficere, [French] se detacher, [French] abandonner, [German] abfallen: to eclipse, to fail, to leave out, to cease, to die, to omit, to end; Lk.16:9, Lk.22:32, Lk.23:45, Heb.1:12

St. Augustine was speaking against scientists who lapse into pride without respect to God. This same criticism can be applicable to the Modernists who are remaking Jesus’ Church into a worldly synodal Church in the image of man.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to leave out, to pass over, to abandon, to fail, to eclipse, to die, to faint, to be lacking, to be left, to depart, end, and to postpone.

Aeschlyus’ Prometheus Bound 827: “The weary tale I shall leave out.”

Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 827: “I will describe the toils she has endured before she came here.”

Sophocles’ Philoctetes 911: “Leave me behind and sail away.”

Xenophon’s Anabasis 7.4.2 “The inhabitants abandoning their homes.”

Lysias’ Accusation of Calumny 8.16: “The pretexts you clearly invented about me have failed you.”

Plato’s Menexenus 234b: “For the vigor which once I had has gone from me.”

Old Testament: This term means to die, to fail, to leave off, to stop, and to eclipse (overshadow).

2Macc.10:13: He ended his life by taking poison

Psa.102:28: But you are the same, your years have no end

Jer.7:28: Faith has disappeared

Sir.17:31: Is anything brighter than the sun? Yet it can be eclipsed

Tob.14:11: But now my spirit is about to leave me

New Testament: This term means to fail, to end, and to cease.

Parable of the Dishonest Steward:

1. The dishonest steward wrote generous notes to ingratiate himself with the debtors.
2. Mammon (earthly treasures) fails because it does not last.
3. One must make prudent use of one’s earthly material wealth.
4. Making friends means showing kindness (mercy) using these goods for the poor and less fortunate.
5. While earthly goods are finite, heavenly spiritual treasures are longer lasting.
6. Through the charitable, prudent, and creative use of these earthly material goods, one can accumulate permanent spiritual treasures in heaven.
7. Faith is inadequate. Works (actions) are also required.
8. Eternal dwelling represent the heavenly abodes.

Scripture:

“I tell you, make friends for yourselves with dishonest wealth (mammon), so that when it fails, you will be welcomed into eternal dwellings.” Lk.16:9

One must make prudent use of money in helping others. This will in turn may produce heavenly spiritual treasures.

“But I have prayed that your own faith may not fail; and once you have turned back, you must strengthen your brothers.” Lk.22:32

Jesus hopes that Peter does not fail in role as leader of the apostles. Jesus warns that Satan will test and try the apostles’ faith. But the Holy Spirit will strengthen them.

Satan has demanded to sift all of you like wheat: Lk.12:31

1. Satan may tempt you will trials or temptations.
2. Satan will test your faith.
3. Satan will will try to confuse you (make your wheat [faith] look like chaff [sin and corruption]).
4. Satan will seek to lead you astray.

“Because of an eclipse of the sun. Then the veil of the temple was torn down the middle.” Lk.23:45

At the time of Jesus’s death, the sky darkened because of an eclipse of the sun. The prophecy of Amos 8:9 (The sun will set and the land will be covered in darkness). Jesus’ death and resurrection remove the barrier between man and God’s domain.

“You will roll them [existing heavens and earth] like a cloak, and like a garment they will be be changed. But you [Jesus] are the same, and your years will have no end.” Heb.1:12

This garment will be changed into a new heaven and earth. Jesus will not change.

Etymology: The Greek verb ekleipo essentially means to leave (-leipo) out (ek-). The Latin eclipsis is a darkness or a failing of appearing. The Latin verb deficere means to fail, to lack, and to end. The Latin defectus is the present participle of deficere. Essentially, a defect is some form of a failure.

Eclipse, deficient, deficit, defect

It was interesting to discover the many varied and nuanced meanings of this term which can be applicable in any time in history. In addition to astronomical bodies, eclipsing can now apply to people, ideas, and movements.

This term is quite extensively used in the Old Testament.

Modernists: those who also fall into shadow away from God’s light

1. They lapse into pride without respect for God laws. (They advocate “mercy above all else”, inclusion, toleration, and false compassion, rather than acknowledging sin.)
2. They cannot see themselves already in the shadow of eclipse. (If you oppose Pope Francis, then you are “divisive”.)
3. They ignore God and do not inquire as how they come to possess the intelligence to know Him. (It is as if Pope Francis perceives that he has a ‘divine calling’ to “reform” the Church. In his efforts to “reform” and “renew” the Church, he is actually tearing it down.)
4. They pridefully believe that Jesus’ Church must be remade into a worldly synodal Church in the image of man. (Worldly values, paganism, and sin enter into the Church).
5. They never seem to ask themselves how can they be sure that they have the answers. (Modernists believe that the Traditional Latin Mass “impoverishes” while the Novus Order Mass “nourishes” [as Novus Order Mass attendance declines and churches close, and Traditional Latin Mass attendance thrives]???)
6. Despite all their knowledge, they are still in the shadow of eclipse.” (Rather than reversing Vatican II’s disastrous pastoral, liturgical, and spiritual end results, Pope Francis and his inner circle are actually doubling down in creating more liturgical confusion and chaos).

Update: I hear talk that this solar eclipse will encounter seven U.S. cities named Nineveh. To be honest, I am more blown by how many cities named Nineveh ! There will be some people who will go down the biblical prophecy “rabbit hole” which may eclipse the significance of this solar event.  ☺☺☺

These scriptures illustrate the importance that works are needed in order to exercise one’s faith.

We do not need Marian prophesy to see the turmoil in the Church. We must not ignore ( leave out) the fact that there is already division in the Church.

Pope Francis and his inner circle: prideful minimizing (dismissing) of Jesus’ command to sin no more (Jn.8:11) ==> we should re-evaluate the sinfulness of homosexuality ==> “non-liturgical” blessings for “irregular couples” ==> blessing of sin 

It seems that the border crisis is eclipsing all other concerns in this upcoming election. There are many issues at play. I will just leave it at that.

Each and every one of us must be aware Satan is sneakily trying to confuse and sift us like wheat through trials, pride, disobedience, temptation, sin, busyness, dryness, and distractions.

“The devil is capable of confusing the most brilliant of minds.” St. Padre Pio

“Pride is the beginning of sin. And what is pride but the craving for undue exaltation.” St. Augustine (from City of God)

[Greek] τυφλόω (typhloō), [Latin] excaecare, [French] obscurer, [German] blind macken: to blind, to obscure, to dull (the intellect), to make not to understand; 2Cor.4:4, Jn. 12:40, 1Jn. 2:11

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to blind, to render ineffectual (unsuccessful), and to baffle. This term can be used in a literal, metaphorical, and proverbial sense. Euripides’ Hecuba 1035 states “O horror! I am blinded by the light of my eyes, ah me!” Plato’s Timaeus 47b states “He that is no philosopher when deprived of the sight thereof may utter vain lamentations.” Plato’s Phaedo 99e states “I thought of that danger, and I was afraid my soul would be blinded if I looked at things with my eyes and tried to grasp them with any of my senses.”

Old Testament: This term also can be used in a literal, figurative, and metaphorical sense. Cursed is the one who misleads a person who is blind on the road (Deu.27:18). I was eyes to those who were blind, and feet to those who could not walk (Job 29:15). The Lord opens the eyes of those who are blind (Psa.146:8). Then the eyes of those who are blind will be opened, and the ears of those who are deaf will be unstopped (Isa.35:5). Bring out the people who are blind, even though they have eyes, and those who are deaf, even though they have ears (Isa.43:8).

New Testament: This term means to blind, to not understand, and to be deprived of sight. Jesus performed many signs, yet many Jews did not believe. This fulfilled Isaiah’s prophecy Isa.6:9-10 that He blinded their eyes and hardened their hearts. Isaiah provides an historical perspective of the Jews’ unbelief. Paul states that the gospel is veiled for those unbelievers’ minds which are blinded. Whoever hates his brother walks in darkness and does not know where he is going.”

Scripture:

“He blinded their eyes and hardened their heart, so that they might not see with their eyes and understand with their heart and be converted, and I would lead them.” Jn.12:40

This scripture speaks to Isaiah’s prophecy of the Jews’ unbelief.

“In whose case the the god of the ages has blinded the minds of the unbelievers, so that they may not see the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God.” 2Cor.4:4

The gospel is veiled to those unbelievers who minds are blinded.

“Whoever hates his brother is in darkness; he walks in darkness and does not know where he is going because the darkness has blinded his eyes.” 1 Jn.2:11

The unbelievers and haters walk in darkness.

Etymology: The Latin verb exacaecare means to make blind, to obscure, and to dull. The cecum (blind intestine) is the pouch at the beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is also called the typhlon.

Conclusion:

Cecum, typhlon, obscurity, obscure, blind

In Greek Hellenism this term often makes metaphorical references to blind men, wealth, and ignorance, and paradoxes. Blindness can be literal or metaphorical.

In the Old Testament, walking in darkness becomes a common metaphorical example.

In the New Testament, God’s providence allows for some to be blinded to the gospel, referring to the Jews’ unbelief. The gospel becomes veiled to those whose minds are blinded. Those who walk in darkness are blinded and have no direction.

It is important to note that Satan can still be very effective without full possession. Satan can work in much more subtle ways by rendering our thoughts dull, distracting us, and keeping us busy, hindering us in our abilities in focusing on God.

In light of this post, stay in the light and have a bright day!

[Greek] στενοχωρέω (stenochōreō), [Latin] patere, [Latin] angustiare, [French] souffrir, [French] endurer: to make narrow, to compress, to restrain, to restrict, to distress; 2Cor.4:8, 2Cor.6:12

More and more govt. localities, businesses, and entertainment venues are now requiring proof of vaccinations. This is now becoming a modern variation of the iconic police state asking individuals for their papers. Government authorities and business are constraining individuals’ freedom under the guise of public health.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to confine, to squeeze, and to compress, to be anxious, and to be in difficulty. This term can pertain to stresses of inner or outer problems and difficulties. Hippocrates’ Praeceptiones 8 states “A physician does not violate etiquette if, being in difficulties over a patient, should urge the calling of others.” Euripides’ Medea 57 states “So great is the grief I feel that the desire stole over me to come out and speak my mistress’ troubles to the earth and sky.”

Old Testament: This term means to narrow, to confine, to press, to urge, to bind, to be in distress, to tie up, and to make narrow. And the one who hurries his footsteps errs (Jos. 17:15). It came about when she pressed him daily with her words and urged him, his soul was annoyed to death (Jdg.16:16). Be hostile to the Midianites and attack them (Num.25:17). I am very distressed, for the Phillistines are waging war against me (1Sam.28:15). As a shattering of my bones, my adversaries taunt me (Psa.31:11).

New Testament: This term means to be afflicted and to be constrained. Paul relates the paradox of his apostolic trials and difficulties. Despite the trials, there is always a sense of rescue and salvation. Paul, his heart open wide, has great acceptance and affection for the Corinthians. However, the Corinthians are not as accepting of Paul. The Corinthians’ hearts are constrained by prejudices, antipathy, passions, and mistaken misapprehensions. The cause of these troubles come form the Corinthians themselves.

Scripture:

“We are afflicted in every way, but not constrained; perplexed, but not driven to despair.” 2Cor.4:8

Paul relates the trials of his ministry, yet still remaining hopeful.

“You are not constrained by us; you are constrained by your own affections.” 2Cor.6:12

Paul has affection for the Corinthians. Yet the Corinthians’ hearts are constrained by passions, anger, and prejudices.

The state police requiring individuals to show their papers. (“We must see your papers.”)

Conclusion:

Passion, passionate, suffer, suffering, anguish, endure, enduring

This term essentially means to constrict or to make narrow. This meaning can extend to being narrow-minded and having difficulties.

The Old Testament introduces the notion of constricting or narrowing one’s heart in refusing to show compassion, empathy, or affection. Paul showed great affection for the Corinthians. However, the Corinthians’ hearts were constrained with bitterness, passions, and prejudices. Paul remains hopeful during the afflictions in his ministry.

I am not constrained in keeping this posting short.

‎‎[Greek] τρέχω (trechō), [Latin] currere: to run, to run a track race, to spread rapidly, to rush, to walk hastily, to rush into, to run well, having free run; Lk.15:20, Heb.12:1, Rev.9:9, Mt.28:9, Act.19:28, Rom.9:16, Gal.5:7, 2Thess.3:1

Runners’ sandals (trachodia) are essentially track shoes.

Background Information:

Secular Greek: This term takes on the sense of to run, to rush on, to run through, to hasten, to be moved, and to be turned. This term is most notably used for running connected with the Olympic games. This event always took on great importance as Olympiads were almost always named after the victor in the race. Other aspects of running involved running for one’s life, running a risk, and having quickness. The high regard for runners found expression in notoriety, fame, and prestige. The runner’s sandals were called trochadia. However, there existed varying schools of thought concerning the importance of races and athletics.

Philosophical views toward athletics: Solon, an Athenian statesman, minimized the value of the runner in emergencies.  Xenon, a Greek philosopher, objected to the uselessness of sport as compared to intellectual achievement. Plato warned against the one-sided preference for bodily exercise at the expense of the mind. Diogenes of Sinope, a Greek philosopher, ridiculed the need for running contests. Years later, important spiritual running metaphors take shape as one runs the Christian race, preaches the Gospel, and faces persecution and martyrdom.

Old Testament: This term is used primarily in various ways to express movement and quickness. The sons will ride the king’s chariots and horses (1 Sam.8:11). The chariots dash madly through the streets (Nah.2:5). Pharaoh had Joseph summoned before him quickly from the dungeon (Gen.41:14). I blew away what you brought home (Hag.1:9). They cooked the Passover meals on the fire and brought them quickly to all the common people (2 Chr.35:13). He ran to the herd and picked out a choice steer (Gen.18:7).

Prophets: Running becomes a special character or mark of the prophet. Running is connected with the spreading of the prophet’s mission and prophetic message. This is perhaps explained by the fact prophets of salvation should not lose any time with their good message. Elijah, touched by the hand of the Lord, girded up his clothing and ran before Ahab (1 Kgs.18:46). I did not send these prophets, yet they ran (Jer.23:21). Habbakkuk easily and clearly wrote down the vision upon the tablets (Hab.2:2). The Lord sends a command to earth; His Word runs swiftly (Psa.147:15).

New Testament: This term is used predominately in the sense of to run (implying speed), to give effort, to progress in one’s behavior, and to spread. The gospels provide several illustrations of running due to various human motivations. Such motivations include love, fear, anticipation, and concern. Paul presents himself as a Christian runner in his evangelical mission to spread the Gospel message. Paul further develops the Christian runner metaphor with its nuanced differences and similarities with the Hellenistic runner in the arena.

Scripture:

“So he got up and went back to his father. While he was still a long way off, his father caught sight of him, and was filled with compassion. He ran to his son, embraced him and kissed him.” Lk.15:20

Because of his unconditional love for his son, the father runs to welcome back son. This parable represents the Father’s love for each of us.

“Finally, brothers, pray for us, so that the Word of the Lord may speed forward and be glorified, as it did among you.” 2 Thess.3:1

This makes a reference to Psa. 147:15. The Word of the Lord “runs” in the sense of spreading among believers.

“You were running well; who hindered you from following the truth?” Gal. 5:7:

Paul was praising and encouraging the Galatians for being faithful to the Christian message. Paul warns the Galatians to not to stray from the truth.

“So it depends not upon a person’s will or exertion, but upon God, who shows mercy.” Rom. 9:16

There is not necessarily a direct relationship with man’s will and God’s will. One’s salvation is more dependent on God’s mercy.

Runner in the arena: This runner does not have any need for a supernatural commission. With a view only to his own success, he competes with the other athletes to win the prize. He strives to win a perishable prize. Exercising discipline, He runs to win. There is only one winner. He only depends on himself for his efforts and success.

One who runs the Christian race: This runner has a supernatural calling or commission. He lifts up his fellow competitors in times of difficulties in the race of the Christian life. He strives to win the imperishable prize of salvation. Exercising discipline, He runs to win. No competitor has to be defeated. He can rely on others’ support and God’s mercy to get him to the finish line of salvation.

Conclusion:

Track, current, currently

I have discovered that this term has a very interesting and rich back story. Everyone can identify with running and running to a destination. Whether one is a runner or athlete, we can identify with heading to the finish line. We compete and try our best to win the race.

I never would have thought that there would have been so much philosophical discussion concerning athletics. It was interesting to learn about these varying philosophical viewpoints about athletics. Perhaps, this is not really so surprising after all. Even today, in our society we still has these same important conversations about education and sports.

It was interesting to discover that there is actually a relationship between prophets and running. I had never really thought about it that way. Prophets are moving always moving forward in their mission. Paul ingeniously develops the notion of the Christian runner who runs the Christian race.

Many of us always enjoy the pageantry, competition, and glory of the Olympic games. We cheer for the runner who wins the race. Like in the past, we spectators praise and admire these athletes as they strive to win that race. In a sense, nothing has really changed since ancient times. We often see many athletes often “run” into fame and fortune.

[Greek] ἀπιστέω (apisteō), [Latin] credere, [French] non confier: to disbelieve, to be faithless, to be an unbeliever, to not to rely on; Mk.16:11,16, Lk.24:11,41, Acts 28:24, Rom.3:3, 2Tim.2:1, 1Pet.2:7

Christ’s appearance to Mary Magdalene after the Resurrection:(painting by Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov 1835). When Mary Magdalene told the other disciples that she had seen Jesus, they disbelieved her.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to be untrustworthy, to be distrustful, to be unsure, to hesitate to commit, to ignore, to not to believe, and to doubt. Sophocles’ Antigone 220 states “I assure you, that this is the wage of disobedience. Yet, by just the hope of it, money has many times corrupted men.” Plato’s Republic 450c states “For one we might doubt whether what is proposed is possible, and even conceding the possibility, one might be skeptical whether it is best.” Plato’s Protagoras 319b states “That I dis not suppose to be teachable; but when you say it is, I do not see how I am to believe it.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 1350 states “How can I ignore this man’s words, when he has advised me with good will?”

New Testament: This term means not believing (without faith), not believable, not convincing, and being unfaithful. Jesus states that whoever disbelieves and is not baptized will be condemned. The risen Jesus first appeared to Mary Magdalene. When she told the other disciples, they did not believe her. The risen Jesus appeared to the disciples, showing them His hands and feet, but they were incredulous with joy. When Paul testified in Rome, some were not convinced by his testimony. Paul states that his teaching on sinfulness does not depend on the Jews’ infidelity towards God. Even if we are unfaithful, Jesus remains faithful, for He can deny His true nature in bestowing mercy and forgiveness. Those without faith have become the builders who rejected the cornerstone.

Scripture:

“When they heard that He was alive and had been seen by her, they did not believe.” Mk.16:11

The risen had first appeared to Mary Magdalene. As she went to tell the other disciples, they did not believe her.

“Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved; whoever does not believe will be condemned.” Mk.16:16

Jesus commissioned the disciples to spread the gospel message. However, He rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart.

“While they were still incredulous for joy and were amazed, He asked them, ‘Have you anything here to eat?’” Lk.24:41

The risen Jesus appeared before the disciple. They were incredulous (having a difficult time understanding how this could be true).

Epistemology: The theory is the theory and study of knowledge

Conclusion:

Epistemology, credible, credit, confide, confer

In Greek Hellenism, this term has many meanings and uses. Some of the more nuanced meanings include ignoring, refusing to comply, being unsure, being suspicious, and hesitating. Sophocles offers timeless wisdom in saying that money often times corrupts man. Sometimes these meanings can be used in a positive sense.

In the New Testament, this term conveys different ways of not believing.

In light of the continuing revelations in Arizona, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin (and other states), the mainstream media, tech giants, and politician continue to not to believe in these findings in this “most secure election ever.”

Believe it or not, I am finished with this post.

[Greek] ἀπειλή (apeilē), [Latin] loquere, [Latin] minare, [French] parler, [French] chasser: threat, threatening, harm to others; Acts 4:17,29, Acts 9:1, Eph.6:9

Jesus’ encounter with Saul on the road to Damascus (painting by Bartolome Esteban Murillo in 1601). Jesus asks Saul why is he persecuting Him (and others).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means threat, boastful promise, and threatening conditions. Herodotus’ The Histories 6.32 states “Then the Persian generals were not false to the threats they had made against the Ionians when they encamped opposite against them.” Homer’s Iliad 13.219 states “The Shaker of Earth, that in all Pleuron and steep Calydon, was lord over the Aetolians, and was honored of the folk even as a god.” Homer’s Iliad 16.200 states “Myrmidons, let no man, I bid you, be forgetful of the threats wherewith the swift ship ye threatened the Trojans throughout all the time of my wrath.”

Old Testament: This term means terror, dread, idols, rebuking, crying out, indignation, anger, and rage. And not let the dread of Him terrify me (Job 9:34). And behold, terror and great darkness fell upon him (Gen.15:12). You have rebuked the nations, You have eliminated the wicked (Psa.9:5). One thousand will flee at the threat of one man; you will flee at the threat of five (Isa.30:17). Pour out Your indignation on them (Psa.69:24). Because of the insolence of their tongue, this will be their derision in the land of Egypt (Hos.7:16). A king’s wrath is like the roaring of a lion (Pro.19:12).

New Testament: This term means to warn (give a warning), to be warned, to make threats, and to bully. After Peter and John had healed a crippled man, they were brought before the Sanhedrin. Unable to punish them, the Sanhedrin ordered Peter and John not to speak to anyone in Jesus’ name. The Christian community asked the Lord to take note of the threats against them, asking the Lord to further speak His word in boldness. Saul, speaking murderous threats against the disciples, asked the high priest for permission to bring back other Christians to Jerusalem. Paul instructs masters not to bully their servants, knowing that they also have a Master in heaven.

Scripture:

“And now, Lord, take note of their threats, and enable your servants to speak your word with all boldness.” Acts 4:29

Peter, John, and the other Christians, aware of the threats against them, called upon God to speak His name with further boldness. Their opposition further energized the Christians.

“Now Saul, still breathing murderous threats against the disciples of the Lord, went to the high priest.” Acts 9:1

Saul zealously sought to persecute the Christians. This in turn leads to his encounter with Jesus and Saul’s conversion to Christianity.

“Masters, act in the same way toward them and stop bullying, knowing that both they and you have a Master in heaven and that with Him there is no partiality.” Eph.6:9

Paul calls upon masters to respect their servants (slaves). Paul wants masters to realize that they also serve a Master in heaven.

Etymology: The Latin verb loquere means to say, to speak, and to tell. A soliloquy is a speaking out loud one’s thoughts. The Latin verb minare means to drive, to push, to force, and to threaten. The French verb parler means to talk. The French verb chasser means to hunt.

Conclusion:

Soliloquy, eloquent, undermine, mine, parler, chase

Threats and boasts are recognizable in any time period in history.

In the Old Testament, this term also refers to idols, causes of terror, storming, and indignation.

In the New Testament, the Sanhedrin were essentially powerless in curtailing the efforts of Peter, John, and the other Christians. As a result, these warnings and threats further emboldened the Christians in speaking in Jesus’ name. Saul was essentially a ravenous persecutor and bully of Christians. This in term leads to his later conversion. Paul reminds masters that they must not bully. They also are servants to the Master in heaven.

Update: Examples of officials threatening others:

Youtube: Youtube bans (censors) Jovan Hutton Pulitzer’s video “Do you know who the signers of the Declaration of Independence were?”

Michigan: Election officials plan to implement “preventative maintenance” on all voting machines. Police plan to probe people who made election fraud claims.

Pennslyvania: Pennsylvania’s Dept of State tells counties not to allow outside access to voting machines. The governor threatens to threaten and usurp the legislature’s constitutional authority to examine elections. President Biden goes to Philadelphia to speak against “election fraud.”

Arizona: Maricopa County Board of Supervisors will replace all voting machines used in the forensic audit of ballots. The Secretary of State threatens to decertify voting machines.

Georgia: Dept. of Justice threatens to challenge Georgia’s voter legislation.

Spero post se loquatur! (I hope this post speaks for itself!)

Next post: disbelieving and not believing

[Greek] ὑπερβαίνω (hyperbainō), [Latin] supergrediere: to sin against, to transgress, to wrong, to overstep; 1Thess.4:6

Threshold of Paradise: painting by Victor Vasnetsov (1885).  Many entering into the threshold of heaven.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to step over, to transgress, to overflow, to exceed over, to break in, to overlook, to transcend, to leave unnoticed, to fall on something, to ignore, to be silent, and to exceed the truth. This term is used in a spatial, figurative, and metaphorical sense. Homer’s Odyssey 8.80 states “He passed over the threshold to enquire of the oracle.” Euripides’ Ion 220 states “Is it lawful to walk into the sanctuary?” Herodotus’ The Histories 2.13 states “If the river rose as most as thirteen feet, it watered all of Egypt below Memphis.” Sophocles’ Antigone 449 states “And even so you dared overstep the law.” Isaeus’ Pyrrhus states “Here’s another proof that they do not admit the adoption of Endius ever took place, ignoring the tenancy of the last heir.” Plato’s Cratylus 415b states “The word cowardice which we have not yet discussed. We passed it by, when we ought to have examined it after courage.”

Hyperbasis (Hyperbasia): This term, meaning overreaching or overstepping, is found in various cultures:

Plato: Attempts to step across the gulf between mortals and immortals.

Persians: Attempts to enlarge the empire or to provoke allies.

Sophocles: Humanistic attempts in failing to recognize the limits in life.

Hellenistic Jews: Refers to God’s passing over the Israelites’ houses in Egypt.

Old Testament: This term can be used in a spatial, figurative, and moral sense. This essentially means to cross over, to pass, surpass, and to overlook. Neither the priest of Dagon nor others tread on the threshold of Dagon (1Kgs.5:5). By the help of God I leap over a wall (2Kgs. 22:30). The wicked remove landmarks; they steal away herds (Job 24:2). Should he come near me, I see him not (Job 9:11). God remembers who does not persist in anger forever, but delights rather in clemency (Mic.7:18). You have fixed the limit which he cannot pass (Job 14:5).

New Testament: This term means to take advantage of, to transgress against, and to wrong someone. These actions pertain to ruthless defrauding, exploiting, disregarding, overreaching, or acting against one’s brother in business matters. God, who will avenge such activities, encourages one to seek forgiveness.

“Not to take advantage of or exploit a brother in this matter, for the Lord is an avenger in all these things, as we told you before and solemnly affirmed.” 1Thess.4:6

God warns against exploitation against others. God will remember such actions.

Etymology: The Greek verb hyperbaino essentially means to walk (-baino) over (hyper-). Basis is a bottom, step, foundation, or base that where one stands. The Latin verb supergrediere means to step over, exceed, or surpass. The Latin aggressum is the past participle of base verb aggrediere. This term is therefore related with aggressive and aggression.

Conclusion:

Basis, hyberbasis, aggression, aggressive

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to discover the many meanings of this term. Some of the more nuanced meanings include overstepping the law, being silent, leaving unnoticed, overlooking something, erring, and ignoring. Hyperbasis, recognized in various cultures, conceptionally means an over-reaching or overstepping.

In the Old Testament, hyperbasis is related to passing over. Stepping over (or crossing over) can be related to entry into sacred or sacrilegious grounds. In a theological sense, this term can refer to overlooking and forgiving.

In the New Testament, this term can refer to transgressing or taking advantage of. It is important to note that scripture mentions that God will remember (avenge) those who exploit.

Useless Word Alert —

Supergression: The process of going to far or doing more than what is required. (Sounds like the obsolete forerunner of the expression “jumping the shark”.)

Update: The Democrats, Progressives, Liberals, and the media continue to overreach and overstep by promoting:

Critical Race Theory: One cannot accomplish anything because you are being oppressed and because others do not realize that they are racist or privileged. (Parents are now really pushing back against this toxic indoctrination.)

Packing the courts: More and more of us are understanding that this is nothing more than a blatant power play to perpetuate Democratic and Progressive legislation.

Defunding the police: It is really incredible that people are still advocating these policies while crime continues to increase. (These advocates still have no basis (of reality) in understanding the consequences of undermining the police.)

Transgender sports: These transgender girls still have men’s muscles. (So much for having an equal playing field with woman and girl athletes.)

Redefining infrastructure: The Democrats and Progressives keep pushing the definition of infrastructure further to include their liberal agenda.

Voter reform legislation: It is not racist to insist on requiring voter ID when voting. It is not racist to insist that one votes in the correct district. It is not racist to insist that ballots are given to only authorized personnel (not political operatives) to prevent ballot harvesting. It is implicitly racist to insist that Blacks and Latinos must continue to have these provisions (because they are not capable otherwise?) Kamala, do you hear this?

More and more of us see that these Democrats and Progressives are continuing to jump the shark, missing the mark and beginning to sink in the court of public opinion.

Next post: Straying and deflecting

[Greek] δειλιάω (deiliaō), [Latin] formidare, [French] redouter: to be cowardly, to be fearful, to be timid; Jn.14:27

The blind Oedipus commending his children to the gods: painting by Beningne Gagneraux (1784). Oedipus willingly blinds himself to prevent himself from seeing what he has done.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means timidity, cowardice, vile, worthless, wretch, and miserable. Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 536 states “Come, tell me, in the name of the gods, was it courage or folly which you saw in me and which led you to plot this thing?” Homer’s Odyssey 20.351 states “Ah, wretched man, what evil is this to suffer?” Homer’s Iliad 1293 states “Achilles broke in and replied, ‘Surely I would be called cowardly and of no account, it I am to yield to you in every matter that you say.” Homer’s Odyssey 8.351 states “A sorry thing to be the same is the surely of a sorry knave.”

Old Testament: This term means to be terrified, to be in a hurry, to be dismayed, to be confounded to wander, to waver, to be in awe, to be startled, and to dread. Do not be afraid, or panic, or be terrified by them (Deu.20:3). At the sound of Your thunder, they fled in a hurry (Psa.48:5). Do not fear or be dismayed (Deu.1:21). They were shattered and put to shame (Isa.37:27). Our hearts melted and no courage remained in anyone any longer (Jos.2:11). Wander away from the midst of Babylon (Jer.50:8). And will stand in awe of the God of Israel (Isa.29:23). They are in great dread (Psa.14:5).

New Testament: This term, used only once, means being afraid. Jesus begins to speak about the Holy Spirt, the Advocate. Jesus offers the disciples the peace that the world cannot provide. Jesus calls upon them to not let their hearts be troubled or afraid.

Scripture:

“Peace I leave with you; My peace I give you. Not as the world gives do I give it you. Do not let your hearts be troubled or afraid.” Jn.14:27

Jesus offers peace which the world cannot provide.

Etymology: The Latin verb formidare originally means to cause fear and terrible. It is very surprising that this verb would describe a person fearful or afraid. This meaning has changed over time to the notion of something so great in strength or size as to discourage effort. The related French verb redouter means to fear. The French noun doute means fear, dread, a doubt. The Latin verb dubitare means to doubt, hesitate, and to waver in opinion.

Conclusion:

Formidable, doubt, dubious

At first glance, I was afraid or doubted that I was going to be able to make a post about this term. ☺

In Greek Hellenism, this term is used more widely, often in a negative sense. The Greek plays and dramas were often a commentary on the human condition, illustrating the faults of characters. Sophocles presents Oedipus Tyrannus as a tragic character who willingly blinds himself in order to prevent himself from seeing what he has done. (Sounds very cowardly.)

This term is also extensively used in the Old Testament. This term can express one being broken, dismayed, or shattered in one’s attitude. One’s heart can figuratively melt away in fear and dread. (I think many of us are already familiar with the notion of one’s heart ‘melting’ with compassion for others). One can be filled with awe in one’s relationship with God.

Many of us oftentimes have difficulties with our trials in life. It is often difficult for some of us (including me) to have trust during these difficult times. Jesus offers us peace which the world cannot provide. It is oftentimes during these struggles, that our relationship with God (and Jesus) becomes even stronger!

The Russian novelist and psychologist, touching upon political, social, and spiritual themes, is quoted for saying, ‘Only through suffering can we find ourselves.” Quite interesting!

Update: In contrast to ordinary courageous citizens, we have a weak president and cowardly vice president. We have a president who will not or refuse to sign or approve bipartisan legislation. He now seems to be equivocating on a bipartisan infrastructure bill. Our vice president who has shown cowardice, weakness, and lack of character. This vice president has been AWOL when it comes to the border crisis. Even when CNN and NBC criticize you, you have a problem. After much criticism, she just makes a photo-op at the El Paso, far from crisis epicenter on the border. This vice president looks very fearful and unprepared. You see this when she laughs.

Unfortunately, this is no laughing matter when our nation is at stake.

[Greek] θαρσέω (tharseō), [Latin] confidere, [Latin] habere fiduciam, [Latin] constans esto: to take courage, to be of good courage, to cheer up, to take heart; Mt. 9:2,22, Mt.14:27, Mk.6:50, Mk.10:49, Lk.8:48, Jn.16:33, Acts 23:11

Jesus Walks on Water: painting by Ivan Konstantinovich Aivozovsky (1888) The disciples cried out in fear thinking this was a ghost.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to be bold, to be confident, to be cheerful, and to be of good courage. This notion can include trusting in something (or someone) and being bold against something or (someone). The Greeks, often fearing death, sought courage in understanding understanding the nature of the soul (mortal or immortal?). The Greeks sought guidance from the gods concerning the mysteries which fascinated and terrified them. Herodotus’ The Histories 7.50 states “If you wanted to take everything equally into account on every occasion that happens, you would never do anything; it is better to do everything boldly and suffer half of what you dread than to fear all chances and so never suffer anything.” Plato’s Phaedo 88b states “Anyone who feels confident about death has a foolish confidence, unless he can show that the soul is immortal and imperishable.” Aeschylus’ Suppliant Woman 732 states “Courage! In good time, assuredly, and on the day ordained, he who dishonors the gods will suffer punishment.” Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus 491 states “If you should do this, I would be bold enough to come to your aid.”

Old Testament: This term becomes a summons to another in times of emergency, stress, and anxiety. This summons may come from both God or man. Such examples include promising, uttering, trusting, having confidence, being bold, being afraid, fearing, revering, and inspiring. He utters beautiful words (Gen.49:21). The declaration of him who hears the words of God (Num.24:4). And your ears to words of knowledge (Pro.23:12). He trusted in the Lord, the God of Israel (2Kgs.18:5). What is this confidence that you have? (2Kgs.18:19). But the righteous are bold as a lion (Pro.28:1). Do not fear, Abram, I am a shield to you (Gen.15:1). Every one of you shall revere his mother and his father (Lev.19:13). And they will be afraid of you (Deu.28:10).

New Testament: This term essentially means to have courage. The people brought a paralytic lying on a stretcher to Jesus. Moved by their friends’ faith, Jesus gave encouragement in healing the man. A woman, suffering from hemorrhages, touched Jesus’ cloak. She was healed because of her faith. Jesus, walking on water, appeared like a ghost to the disciples. Jesus told them to have courage as He conquered the winds. Jesus tells His disciples to have courage even when they will have trouble in the world. Jesus tells Paul to have courage so that he will bear witness for Christ in Rome.

Scripture:

“And there people brought to Him a paralytic lying on a stretcher. When Jesus saw their faith, He said to the paralytic, ‘Courage, child, your sins are forgiven.’” Mt.9:2

It is because of the friends’ faith that Jesus was able to heal the paralytic.

“At one Jesus spoke to them, ‘Take courage, it is I , do not be afraid.’” Mt.14:27

The disciples thought they saw a ghost when Jesus was walking on water.

“The following night the Lord stood by him and said, ‘Take courage. For just as you have borne witness to My cause in Jerusalem, you must also bear witness in Rome.” Acts 23:11

Christ encourages Paul for his eventual martyrdom in Rome.

Revelations: The Letter to Symyrna: This letter provides a succinct commentary about Christians undergoing persecution and difficulties. The angel encourages the Christians, materially poor but spiritually rich, to not to be afraid to go through suffering. The angel says to remain faithful until death, and you will be given the crown of life (Esto Constans Et Dabo Tibi Coronum).

Conclusion:

Confidence, confident, fiduciary, constant

It was interesting to discover that the Greeks also were fearful of life/death issues. The Greeks pondered about the state of the soul.

In the Old Testament, this term is used extensively. The more nuanced examples include being reverent, being trusting, and being afraid.

In the New Testament, this term essentially means to have courage. However, faith (on the part of others) is necessary for Jesus’ healings. Jesus tells the disciples to have courage even when they experience troubles. It is interesting to note that in Cor.9:25 Paul also makes mention about winning an imperishable crown. The Christian life is like running a race seeking to win that eternal prize of salvation.

Update:

In recent months there have been ordinary but courageous people (teachers, kids, and parents, etc,) who have been speaking out against critical race theory, transgender sports, and election fraud. These ordinary people have become heroes in their courage in speaking in the media, at school boards, and with local, state, and city officials.

Esto Constans! (Take courage!)

Next post: being afraid and being cowardly

[Greek] ἀπαλλοτριόω (apallotrioō), [Latin] alienare: to alienate, to estrange, to exclude, to be a foreigner; Eph.2:12, Eph.4:18, Col.1:21

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to estrange, to alienate, to separate, to alter, and to remove. Polybius’ Histories 1.79.6 states “Thus was Sardinia lost to the Carthaginians, an island of great extent, most thickly populated and most fertile.” Isocrates’ Letters 7.12 states “When Clearchus visited us, all who met him agreed at the time the most liked, kindly and humane. But when he gained power, he seemed to change in disposition so greatly. For these reasons I was estranged from him.” Hippocrates’ De Articulus 58 states “By carrying up a resting and injured limb upon a staff, the secured leg will gain strength. This cannot be separated from the knowledge of medicine.”

Old Testament: This term means to be a foreigner, to estrange, to be strange, to wander, to console, to scorn, to separate, to dedicate (consecrate), to scrutinize, to disregard, and to dispute. Being a stranger can refer to an alien, barbarian, Gentile, prostitute, Gentile nation, and idols. Moving and wandering can mean nodding, consoling (shaking the head in sympathy or anger), and fleeing. Separating can involve dedicating, devoting, and consecrating. Scrutinizing can involve recognizing, acknowledging, respecting, discerning, and regarding. On this altar you shall not offer any profane incense (Exo.30:9). Whoever prepares a perfume like this, or whoever puts any of this an unauthorized person, shall be cut off (Exo.30:33). They made Him jealous with strange gods (Deu.32:16). And I shall be a fugitive and vagabond in the earth (Gen.4:14). Let no the hand of the wicked remove (Psa.36:11). When men or women solemnly take the Nazirite vow to dedicate themselves to the Lord (Num.6:2). Joseph recognized his brothers, although they did not recognize him (Gen.42:8).

New Testament: This term means alienated. Gentiles, before the introduction of Christ, were alienated from the community of Israel and were strangers to the covenants without hope and God. Paul refers to the Gentiles, alienated from God, darkened in understanding. Paul makes reference to those alienated and hostile in mind because of evil deeds. Jesus’ death provides reconciliation and redemption for them.

Scripture:

“Were at that time without Christ, alienated from the community of Israel and strangers to the covenants of promise, without hope and without God in the world.” Eph.2:12

The Gentiles lack Israel’s messianic expectations. Christ transcends and removes these barriers between Jews and Gentiles.

“Darkened in understanding, alienated from the life of God because of their ignorance, because of their hardness of heart.” Eph.4:18

Paul contrasts the Gentiles’ old ways without God (old self) with the Gentiles with God (new self).

“And you who once were alienated and hostile in mind because of evil deeds.” Col.1:21

Jesus’ cross (death) provides redemption and reconciliation for these people.

Conclusion:

Alien, alienation, alienated

This term obviously can be applicable in any time in history. Being abandoned or lost becomes a more nuanced meaning of this term.

In the Old Testament, this term is used extensively, having a variety of meanings. What is considered foreign (strange) is often defined by one’s relationship with God. Such examples include Gentiles, Gentile nations, barbarians, pagan idols, prostitutes, and idols. Wandering can involve being a fugitive, moving to and fro (heads and fingers). These actions can illustrate scorn or compassion, depending on the context. (Image someone wagging their finger at you). Separating, also defined by one’s relationship with God, can mean turning away from God or consecrating oneself in service to God.

In the New Testament, a stranger is one who is alienated from God in darkness, ignorance, isolation, evil deeds, and lack of hope. I don’t think one can become more estranged than that!

[Greek] ἀπαλγέω (apalgeō), [Latin] desperare: to cease to feel pain, to be callous, to become apathetic, to lose feeling of shame, to be past feeling; Eph.4:19

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to put away sorrow for and to be despondent. Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War 2.61 states “Since the suffering that it entails is being felt by every one among you, your mind is too much depressed to persevere in your resolve. Polybius’ Histories 9.40.4 states “When the Acarnians heard of the intended invasion of Aetolians, in a tumult of despair and fury, they adopted a measure of almost frantic violence.”

New Testament: This term, used only once, means to lose feeling of shame. Paul makes reference to the Gentiles receiving Christ in their lives. The Gentiles, alienated from Christ, lived a life in darkness, ignorance, licentiousness, and callousness, and hardness of heart. Paul makes the distinction between the old self (without Christ) and the new self (with Christ). The old self is corrupted through deceitful desires. The new self puts on the God’s righteousness and truth.

Scripture:

“They have become callous and have handed themselves over to licentiousness for the practice of every kind of impurity to excess.”

The Gentiles, without Christ, have led a life of callousness, licentious, and ignorance.

Etymology: The related Greek verb algeo mean to feel pain. The related Greek algos means pain. The prefix ana- means without. An analgesic is something that remove pain. The related Latin verb desperare can mean to despair of, to give up hope, and to have no hope.

Conclusion,

Analgesic, desperation, desperate

To be honest, I was initially going to give up any hope of using this term for a post. However, I was able to find some more background information on this term. It is important to note that this term can apply to the human condition in any time in history. With human nature, there sometimes follow despair or hopelessness.

Paul makes a very important distinction about the Gentiles in how they have lived their lives before and after Christ. Previously, Gentiles have lived in licentiousness, callousness, darkness and ignorance, often under the guidance of pagan idols and gods. With Christ, Gentiles can seek righteousness and truth under God’s influence.

It was very interesting to discover which related Latin verb desperare was used. This only serves to highlight and illustrate the potentially hopeless and desperate life without Christ.

The callousness and lack of integrity of the mainstream media and social media, and tech giants continue to be on full display. The media is more concerned about pushing a certain narrative or of demonizing others, rather than stating the truth. The media does not care if their narratives are false. Such examples include: Hydroxychloroquine, voter fraud, Hunter’s laptop, the origin of Covid-19, Lafayette Square, Russian bounties, blue states, opening schools, border security, and critical race theory. It is very painful to watch where others are demonized or criticized for being right all along.

“The most difficult part of the training is training your mind. You build callused on your feet to endure the road. You build calluses on your mind to endure the pain. There is only one to do that. You have to get out there and run.”  David Goggins

[Greek] λοιδορέω (loidoreō), [Latin] maledicere: to abuse, to revile, to vilify, to slander, to insult; Jn.9:28, Acts 23:4, 1Cor.4:12,1Pet.2:23

Christ Healing the Blind Man: painting by Nicolas Colombel (1682)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to speak disparingly, to reproach, to abuse, to revile, and to insult. Demosthenes’Against Boeotus 2 40.48 states “But for all that I have too much respect for you to speak disparingly of her.” Aristophanes’ Frogs 857 states “Aeschylus, but gently test and be tested, its just not proper for poets to abuse each other like fishwives.” Aristophanes’ Ecclesiazusae 248 states “But if Cephalus belches forth insults against you, what answer will you give in the assembly?” Euripides’ Medea 873 states “I have talked with myself and reproached myself thus; foolish creature, why I am a raving and fighting those who plan things for the best.”

Old Testament: This term means to rebuke, to chide, to corrupt, to contempt, to make a case against, and to make a complaint. Rebukes may lead to calumny, mockery, an injury of reputation. The abuse which injures a reputation becomes in a sense a form of murder (killing) of a reputation. The place was called Massah and Meribah, because the Israelites quarreled there and tested the Lord (Exo.17:7). Why, then, do you not rebuke Jeremiah of Anathoth who poses as a prophet among you? (Jer.36:27). It is the lips of the liar that conceal hostility; but he who spreads accusations is a fool (Pro.10:18). Wrangling among the haughty ends in bloodshed, their cursing is painful to hear (Sir.27:15). Before flames burst forth an oven smokes; so does abuse come before bloodshed (Sir.22:24).

New Testament: This term, meaning to slander or to assault, becomes an unchristian trait for those guilty of this. Christians are called to look to Jesus as an example of one does not revile when He was reviled. The healed blind man, essentially rebuked by the Jewish leaders, recognizes that these abusive words are actually directed toward Jesus. Rebuking the high priest of God is a form of calumny. Had Paul recognized the high priest, he would have not rebuked the high priest.

Scripture:

“They ridiculed him and said, ‘You are that man’s disciple; we are the disciples of Moses.” Jn.9:28

The Jewish authorities rebuked the healed the formerly blind man. These authorities were actually directed their anger toward Jesus’ actions.

“The attendants said, ‘Would you revile the God’s high priest?” Acts 23:4

Paul would have abstained from rebuking the high priest had he recognized him. The high priest of God deserves respect.

“And we toil, working with our hands. When ridiculed, we bless, when persecuted, we endure.” 1Cor.4:12

Paul reminds the Christians to follow the example of Jesus who did revile when He was reviled. The Christian overcomes rebuke by blessing others.

Malediction: This at one time referred to the slanderer or the condition of being reviled or slandered. Now currently this has become a magical word or phrase uttered with the intention of bringing about evil, destruction, or curse.

Conclusion:

It was interesting to discover that this term can be applicable to human behavior in any time period in history. I did not expect to find Euripides’ example of one reproaching oneself. Fishwives, often the wives and daughters of fisherman, were notoriously loud and foul-mouthed, as noted in the expression “to swear like a fishwive.” One reason for their outspokenness is that their wares were highly perishable and must be sold quickly.

In the Old Testament, rebukes and calumny were of serious sociological and theological concerns. God rebukes and the prophets were rebuked.

In the New Testament, rebuking the high priest of God was a form of calumny. Paul teaches one must follow the example and conduct of Jesus, who did not rebuke while He was rebuked. The healed blind man was essentially rebuked for the actions of Jesus.

“The genius of architecture seems to have shed its maledictions over this land.”  Thomas Jefferson

[Greek] πίπτω (piptō), [Latin] cadere, [Latin] elidere, [Latin] concidere, [Latin] decider, [Latin] perire, [Latin] prostrare, [German] fallen, [French] ruiner: to fall, to fall prostrate, to kneel, to fall down; 92 scriptural references

St. Matthias: painting by Peter Paul Reubens (1611)

Background information:

The lot falling upon Matthias: After the fall of  Judas, it was necessary for a successor to be elected. It was not considered wrong or improper to make this decision by lots. Human reason had already determined that these candidates were of good character. This was a difficult time for the Church. Since Pentecost had not yet occurred, the Apostles had not yet received the full wisdom from the Holy Spirit. During this interim time, casting by lots was considered the most appropriate and unbiased method of voting, inspired by the Holy Spirit. Before Pentecost, it was necessary choose between candidates by the use of lots. However, after Pentecost, we do not have indication of this practice. The Church now can rely upon the judgment of the Pope and his bishops. May 14th is the feast day of St. Matthias.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to fall, to fall down, to perish, to fail, to fall under (be counted as), and to throw oneself. Euripides’ Hecuba 787 states “But hear my reason for throwing myself at your knees.” Herodotus’ Histories 8.16 states “Many were the Greeks ships and men that perished there.” Aeschylus’ Seven Against Thebes 794 states “The boasts of the powerful men have fallen to the ground.” Euripides’ Orestes 796 states “For how can you win a great cause by small efforts?” Sophocles’ Ajax 828 states “Send on my behalf some messenger with news of my downfall to Teucer.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 826 states “Come, friends, let us leave him in quietness, so that he may fall asleep.”

Old Testament: This term, used extensively, has many meanings. Such uses include falling, lying down, being allotted, dying, falling prostrate, neglecting, giving birth, attacking, ceasing, oppressing, ruining, being inferior, settling, losing confidence, and being infertile. Everything on which one of them falls when dead becomes unclean (Lev.11:32). The judge shall have him lie down (Deu.25:2). This is the territory that shall fall to you (Num.34:2). We conceived and writhed in pain (Isa.26:18). A curse shall enter your body and make your body swell (Num.5:22). I fall not short of you (Job.13:2). I lay prostrate before the Lord (Deu.9:18). To fell the poor and oppress, to slaughter those whose way is honest (Psa.37:14). Joseph flung himself on his father’s neck (Gen.46:29). A death dealing stone which strikes him and causes his death (Num.35:23).

New Testament: This term, used literally and figuratively, is also used extensively. The figurative sense conveys assigning to, becoming guilty, ceasing, sinning, and being defeated. The literal sense conveys falling, collapsing, overturning, and being slain.

More notable scriptural examples:

Mt.2:11: They prostrated themselves before Him.

Mt.7:25: The house did not collapse on rock.

Mt.15:14: Blind persons falling into a pit.

Mt.17:15: The lunatic son falls into fire (epileptic seizure).

Mt.24:49: The stars fall from the sky.

Lk.21:24: They will fall by the edge of the sword.

Jn.12:24: A grain of sand falls to the ground.

Acts 1:26: The lot fell upon Matthias.

Acts 15:16: Rebuild the fallen hut of David.

Acts 27:34: Not a hair will be lost.

Rom.11:11: Did the Jews stumble so as to fall?

1Cor.10:8: Twenty-three thousand fell within a single day.

1Cor.10:12: Whoever thinks he is standing secure should take care not to fall.

It is very significant to note that casting lots was necessary since the Apostles had not yet received the full inspiration from the Holy Spirit.

Etymology: The Latin verb cadere means to fall (down). The related verb accidere means to fall upon or to happen. An accident is such an occurrence that may happen. A cadence is the falling inflection of a voice. Decay is a falling in ruin. The related German verb is fallen. The Latin verb elidere means to strike out or to eject. This becomes the root word for elimination and eliminate. The Latin verb decidere means to resolve, to settle, or to cut off. This becomes the root word for the words decision and decide. Beginning from 1830, this term refers to making up one’s mind. The participle deciduous means deciduous (things that fall). The Latin verb perire means to perish or to waste away. From 1888 a perisher was one who destroys or likely to perish. The Latin verb prostrare means to strike down or throw down. The related French verb is ruiner.

Conclusion:

Prostrate, prostration, ruin, perish, decide, decision, deciduous, eliminate, elimination

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to discover the more varied and nuanced meanings of this term. This term can mean falling by the sword (dying). We are already familiar with the notion of falling down (prostrating oneself) before another person. The more nuanced meanings included failing, falling asleep, and having a downfall.

In the Old Testament, failing becomes more tied to one’s relationship with God. The more nuanced meanings include lying down, being allotted (land falls to someone), being inferior, neglecting, giving birth (the baby falls between one’s legs), oppressing (felling someone), being infertile (failing reproduction), and embracing someone (hands falling on someone’s neck). Some of these meanings continue in the New Testament.

I was also surprised how extensively this term is used in the New Testament. The parable of the two foundations (rock and sand) speaks to the importance of both hearing and acting upon the words of Jesus. The wise man is one who both hears and acts on the words of Jesus. The blind leading the blind essentially leads to falling down in failure. Jerusalem’s fall refers to its refusal to accept Jesus. Because of their transgression, salvation has come to the Gentiles.

Jesus makes reference to a grain of wheat falling to the ground. If it dies, it remains just a grain of wheat. But if it dies, it produces much fruit. One must lose (hate) his life in order to find eternal life. Otherwise, one who loves his life will lose his life. When Jesus says, “Amen, amen, I say to you”, Jesus begins to state something very important.

A very nuanced example pertains to a lot falling upon Matthias. The fallen hut of David pertains to the past difficulties of the family of David. Paul warns of falling (becoming disobedient or overconfident) in one’s relationship with God.

Update: Many of us are already seeing the great failures of this administration falling into our collective laps. We have yet to see to fallout of these actions.

I fall down on my knees and I beg your indulgence and patience for such a lengthy post.

[Greek] ἀντιβάλλω (antiballō), [Latin] conferere: to discuss, to throw back and forth, to argue about, to exchange (words), to debate; Lk.24:17

Supper at Emmaus: painting by Caravaggio (1602)

Background information:

Supper at Emmaus: The two disciples, walking with Jesus, failed to recognize Him. As Jesus took bread, blessed it, broke it and gave it to them, their eyes were opened. Caravaggio brilliantly captures the dramatic climax of the story, the moment when the disciples suddenly see who was with them all along. Their actions convey astonishment. One is about to leap out of his chair. The other throws out his arms in a gesture of disbelief. The stark lighting underlines the dramatic scene.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to throw against, to practice by striking against a sand bag (in a gymnasium), to put back a bone, to compare, to collate, and to match. Thucydides’ Histories of the Peloponnesian War 7.25 states “There was some skirmishing in the harbor about the palisades, which the Syracusans had fixed in the sea.” Polybius’ Histories 6.22.4 states “The spear of the Velites is sharpened to such an extent that it becomes bent the first time it strikes, and cannot be engaged by the enemy to hurl back.” Strabo’s Geography 13.1.54 states “The later philosophical school, from the time the books in question appeared, were better able to philosophize and forced to call their opponents’ statements as probabilities.”

Ancient Greek boxing: The Greek doctor Galen makes mention of the importance of the development of mental and physical abilities in playing ball games. One such gymnastic exercise uses a leather sack (corucos) hung from the ceiling. This sack was filled with sand, meal, or seeds. This sack swings so as to improve hand and eye coordination, and muscle development. This ‘ball’ becomes the precursor to the modern-day punching bag. These sand bags were also used in sword striking.

New Testament: This term means to discuss or exchange words. Two disciples, on the road to Emmaus, were conversing about what happened to Jesus. As they were conversing and debating, they were prevented from recognizing Jesus who had walked with Him. Jesus points out their foolishness and unbelief that the Messiah should suffer. Jesus, staying with them, took bread, said the blessing, broke it and gave it to them. With that, their eyes were opened and they recognized Him, but Jesus vanished from their sight. The two disciples returned to Jerusalem, telling all that the Lord truly has been raised.

Scripture:

“He asked them, ‘What are you discussing as you walk along?’ They stopped, looking downcast.” Lk.24:17

The discouraged disciples exchanged words about what had happened to Jesus. It was only after hearing Jesus’ words that their eyes were opened, believing that Jesus had truly risen.

Etymology: This term essentially means to throw (-ballo) back or against (anti-). Words or a ball can be thrown back and forth. The Latin verb conferere can mean to bring together, to compare, to consult, and to talk over. A conference is essentially a taking counsel. The Latin collatus is the past participle of conferere. A collation is the act of bringing together and comparing. A collation had many meanings over the centuries in theology and law. Collateral means accompanying, attendant, or side by side. Collateral damage has been used as a legal term by 1873. This later becomes a euphemism for unintentional killing of civilians. Collateral is also something of values given as security. Ballistic pertains to the construction and uses of thrown objects.

Conclusion:

Confer, conference, collateral, ballistic

It was very interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term (exchanging words, physical blows (punches), and comparing). Skirmishes are intensified actions between others. The Greek and Spartans introduced boxing into the Olympics. It was interesting that ancient Greek doctors noted the importance of the development of visual and physical development through ball games. Philosophizing becomes a more advanced form of exchanging reasoned positions.

The two disciples were despondent about what happened to Jesus. It was only after Jesus’ words and actions that opened their eyes. Now the disciples were exchanging words that Jesus had truly risen.

Current events: Politics is another form of exchange of political arguments. At times, the politicians and the issues may become ballistic.

Next post: turning points, excommunications, condemnations, killings, and trophies

[Greek] παροξύνω (paroxynō), [Latin] incitare, [Latin] irritare: to upset, to anger, to irritate, to distress; Acts 17:16, 1Cor.13:5

The Aeropagus is a prominent rock outcropping as seen from the Acropolis in Athens

Background information:

Aeropagus: This rocky outcrop, just northwest of the Acropolis, was the location of a court that tried cases of homicide, wounding, and religious matters. Areopagus, meaning “rocky hill of Ares”, gets its name as it is where Ares once stood trial. It is here where Paul gave his sermon to the Athenians. Paul was upset by the sight of the city full of idols. Paul was attempting to appeal to the religiosity of the Athenians. Paul makes note of an altar inscribed ‘To an Unknown God’. Paul points out that the Athenians unknowingly worship the Lord of heaven and earth.

Greek Hellenism: This term, originally meaning to sharpen, means to spur on, to stimulate, to provoke, to inspire, to inflame, to make eager, to hasten, and to exacerbate.

Isocrates’ To Phillip 5.3: “For they were spurning you on to war by seconding your covetousness.”

Polybius’ Histories 31.1: “The Rhodians saw that the Romans’ anger was not abating and sent Aristotle at the head of an embassy in Rome.”

Lysias’ On a Wound by Premonition 4.8: “With his passion inflamed by the woman, one is forced to defend oneself.”

Xenophon’s Memorabilia 3.5.3 states “Athenians are more ambitious and more high minded. These qualities are among the strongest incentives to heroism and patriotic self-service.”

Old Testament: This term, used extensively, means to anger, to approach, to taunt, to scorn, to drive away, to grieve, to be jealous, and to be contentious. Some of the more nuanced meanings include making sharp, making severe, and making a scratch. Sharpness can refer to iron, tools, and tongue (“cutting words”). Scratching (making a mark) can refer to marking foreheads and scratching doors (madness).

New Testament: This term means to upset, to anger, to irritate, and to distress. While Paul was waiting for them in Athens, he grew exasperated at the sight of the city full of idols. Athens set the stage for the conflict between Christian preaching and Hellenistic philosophy. Paul was appealing to the religiosity of the Athenians. Paul explains that love is patient, kind, not jealous, generous, and not quick tempered. Paul personifies what love is and what love is not.

Scripture:

“While Paul was waiting for them in Athens, he grew exasperated at the sight of the city full of idols.” Acts 17:16

In his attempt to describe God, Paul encounters many gods in Athens.

“Love is not rude, it does not seek its own interests, it is not quick tempered, it does not brood over injury.” 1Cor.13:5

Etymology: A paroxysm is a sudden attack, convulsion, and periodic worsening of a disease. The Latin verb aggravare means to burden down and to make heavy. The related Latin verb gravare means to  weigh down. The French verb entrainer means to pull and to drag. The French verb pousser means to push and to drive. The Latin verb incitare means to urge on and to impose.

Conclusion:

Paroxysm, irritate, irritation, incite, enact, act, action, push, excite, irritate, aggravate, aggravation

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to discover that this term can be used in both positive and negative ways. Positive examples included inspiring, incentivizing, encouraging, and enabling. Xenophon extolled the virtues of the Athenians. Medical conditions can be exacerbated (made worse).

The Athenians’ religiosity indicated to Paul the Athenians’ unknowing desire to find God’s divinity. Paul clearly points to the selfless nature of true love.

Update:

Many of us seemingly exasperated or even unaware that many of us have become like “little pagans” worshipping various gods and idols in this post-Christian secular world.

These idols could include fame, power, wealth, email, texting, technology, and career, etc.

There are so many of us who frequently bow down in “worshipping” our technological devices. As a result, many are suffering from “tech neck”, neck strain resulting from looking down at our smartphones.

Church attendance is declining as we our focusing on our attention on other gods and idols.

We have as a society have become so provocative as to declare our own liberties, rights, and powers. :redefining marriage, sex and gender, individual rights above all else (abortion), the right to be offended, the right to use violence for social justice reasons, the right to redefine history, etc.

President Biden missing documents scandal has become worsened with the discovery of more documents in several locations.

President Biden’s credibility has worsened because he has not taken responsibility for these actions. (“I have no regrets”.)

Critics and supporters alike have criticized President Biden because of this documents scandal.

Greek] ἐλεέω (eleeō), [Latin] miserere, [Latin] misericordia: to have compassion (pity), to show mercy, to feel sympathy for; 33 scriptural references

The Transfiguration: painting by Raphael (1520)

Background information:

The Transfiguration: This picture is divided into two parts: the upper part depicts the transfiguration of Christ, the lower right part depicts the boy healed from an evil spirit (epilepsy). Raphael intentionally links the transfigured Christ with the healed boy.  Jesus had taken pity on the boy and had healed him. Both Christ and the boy are risen up. In ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian times, epilepsy was thought as an unnatural, mysterious illness which is not of this world. Epilepsy was thought to be influenced by the moon. Epilepsy was believed to be caused by demons. This falling sickness was called morbus daemonicus (demonic disease) at that time. Hence, the boy was called a ‘lunatic’. In ancient times, epilepsy was just as common as it is today. Interestingly, the healed boy is the only person in the painting (bottom right) whose face is turned up at the transfigured Christ.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to have compassion, to show mercy, and to have pity. Mercy is the emotion evoked in response to an affliction which another person experiences. In Greek thought, mercy is an emotion rather than a moral relationship to others. Mercy entails partiality. Deities and judges can often become sources of mercy. Homer’s Odyssey 5.191 states “For I too have a mind that is righteous, and the heart in this breast is not of iron, but hath compassion.” Plato’s Laws 731b states “Every man ought to be at once passionate and gentle in the highest degree.” Aristophane’s Peace 400 states “Have mercy, mercy. Let yourself be touched by their words.” Antiphon’s Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 1.27 states “Involuntary accidents deserve such pity, not deliberately planned crimes and acts of wickedness.” Plato’s Apology 34c states “He besought the judge with many tears and brought his children to arouse compassion.”

Old Testament: This term means to have mercy, to move to pity, to show compassion, to plead for grace, to charm, to be generous, and to love. Mercy denotes a mutual relationship between man (with man), and between man (with God). These relationships can involve covenant faithfulness, obligation, love, and grace. Those who keep the covenant are called righteous, upright, and God-fearing. God keeps to His covenant promises despites man’s unfaithfulness. Through God’s will, man can often participate in His forgiveness and mercy. Perhaps, the pity and sympathy evoked between man is best described as love.

Have pity on me, Lord, for I am weak (Psa.6:3). Its dust moves them to pity (Psa.102:15). The soul of the wicked man desires evil; his neighbor finds no pity in his eyes (Pro.21:10). The just are generous in giving (Psa.37:21). We saw the anguish of his heart when he pleaded for us (Gen.42:21). I love you, Lord, my strength (Psa.18:2). The Lord gives light to the eyes of both (Pro.29:13). I who grant mercy to whom I will (Exo.33:19). I will have pity on her children (Hos.2:6).

New Testament: This term essentially means to show mercy to and to be generous.

More notable scriptural examples:

Mt.5:7: Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy. (From the Sermon on the Mount).

Mt.9:27: Son of David, have pity on us!

Mt.15:22: Jesus heals the tormented Canaanite woman.

Mt.17:7: Lord, have pity on my son, for he is a lunatic.

Mt.18:33: Should you not have had pity on your fellow servant, as I had pity on you?

Lk.16:24: The rich man cried out, Father Abraham, have pity on me.

Rom.9:15: I will show mercy to whom I will, I will take pity on whom I will.

Rom.11:30: The triumph of God’s mercy.

Rom.12:8: Since we have gifts that differ according to the grace given us, let us exercise them…if one contributes, in generosity.

1Tim.1:13: I was once a blasphemer and a persecutor and an arrogant man, but I have been mercifully treated because I acted out of ignorance in my unbelief.

Divine Mercy Sunday: When St. John Paul II canonized Sr. Faustina, he established Divine Mercy Sunday on the Sunday after Easter. The message is simply that God loves all of us. His mercy is greater than our sins. We can call upon Him with trust and receive His mercy.

Etymology: The Latin verb miserere means to have compassion (pity). The Latin noun misericordia, meaning mercy, consists of miseriae (misery) and cordis (heart). It is the nature of God’s mercy that His heart extends in our misery and redeems it. This is the answer to the mystery of human suffering as it relates to redemption. Mercy signifies that God draws our misery into His own infinitely loving heart. In a related note, the Greek kardiognostes (one who knows the heart), reference God. (Acts 1:24 and Acts 15:8)

Conclusion:

Misery, cardiac

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to discover that this term is more related to an emotion rather than a mutual relationship. It seems that there was a more deliberate effort to evoke the emotion when appealing to judges and gods.

In the Old Testament, this term becomes more integrated into man’s relationship with God. Oftentimes, man fails in this relationship. However, God remains faithful and bestows mercy to man.

Jesus’ fundamental message about mercy is stated in His Sermon on the Mount. Jesus’ title Son of David is a messianic title for the healing power of God. By healing the Canaanite woman, Jesus begins His mission to the Gentiles. The Parable of the Unforgiving Servant underlies Jesus’ message for mercy. The disciples, like the blind man, are still blind to the meaning of Jesus’ passion and suffering. The parable of the rich man and Lazarus illustrates the reversal of fortunes for these persons.

Mercy depends not upon man but rather upon God’s will. Likewise, God can also harden others’ hearts. God’s mercy will triumph over disobedience. Patrons and benefactors were frequently asked to assist (provide for) public service projects. Paul recounts God’s mercy towards his past life (sins) as an Pharasaic persecutor of Christians.

Essentially, God is by far the pre-eminent heart specialist.

Thoughts from St. Faustina:

[Greek] ἀποβάλλω (apoballō), [Latin] proiectare, [Latin] (amittere), [Latin] abicere, [French] lasser partir: to throw off, to throw away, to let go, to cast off, to throw aside; Mk.10:50, Heb.10:35

St. Augustine also reminds us not to throw away our confidence during trials in our lives.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to throw off (away), to cast away, to sell cheap, to degrade, to reject, to lose something, and to shed.

Aeschylus’ Agammemnon 166: “I have nothing to compare, save Zeus, if in truth I must cast aside this vain burden from my heart.”

Andocides’ On the Peace 3.29: “But later the king’s runaway slave, Amorges, induced us to discard the powerful support of his mater as worthless.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 3.53: “Power is a slippery thing; many want it; do not lose what is yours to others.”

Xenophon’s Economics 20.28: “When they have got as much as possible, they carry (throw) it over the sea.”

Lysias’ Against Theomnestus 10.9: “If anyone asserts that a man has thrown it away, he shall be liable to penalty.”

Old Testament: This term means to be foolish, to treat with contempt, to lose strength, and to become wilted.

New Testament: This term means to throw off (away) and to do away with. The blind Bartimaeus, sitting on the roadside, pleads for Jesus to have pity on him. Bartimaeus threw aside his cloak and came to Jesus. Jesus restored Bartimaeus’ sight. Bartimaeus’s faith saved him. The author of Hebrews encourages his readers to not throw away (lose) their confidence and hope during these trials. In their hope and perseverance, they can look forward to their great recompense (eternal glory). Not casting away confidence (boldness) is likened to holding fast to their faith.

Scripture:

“He threw aside his cloak, sprang up, and came to Jesus.” Mk.10:50

Bartimaeus was healed because of his faith. Cloaks were used for protection, for holding things, sleeping, and collecting money. Bartimaeus throws away his former life as a blind man.

“Therefore, do not throw away your confidence; it will have great recompense.” Heb. 10:35

Christians were encouraged not to lose faith and hope during trials and afflictions. Holding onto this hope will bring eternal glory.

Etymology: In the Latin language, the letter “I” is often interchanged with the letter “J”. A project is essentially something “thrown” forward. The Latin abjectus is the past participle of the Latin verb abicere. Abject means something humble, lowly, poor, thrown out, or rejected. Abject can also be used as a verb. Amissus is the passive participle of abicere. Amiss means not quite right, inappropriate, or out of place. Ballistic historically has pertained to thrown objects. Starting from 1981, this term now can mean becoming irrationally angry. The French lasser partir means let go.

Conclusion:

Amiss, abject, ballistic, project

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to discover the more varied and nuanced meanings of this term. Spending money can be a form of throwing it away. Rejecting or throwing away support takes on a political impact. A smart politician should not throw away his political influence. Merchants (businessman) have often thrown away their worthless (cheap) products in making business decisions.

In the New Testament, this term, used infrequently, conveys throwing away or doing away with. Bartimaeus essentially throws away his cloak, representing his life as a blind beggar. The writer of Hebrews encourages his readers not to throw away their confidence (hope) during struggles and difficulties. Their reward is eternal glory. Throwing away one’s confidence is likened to a fearful soldier throwing away his shield and running away from the battle.

I just wanted to throw out these thoughts in this post.

Update: More and more classified documents have been thrown (cast aside) at President Biden premises

Democrats, Liberals, and Progressives perceive RFK JR as a threat to President Biden. RFK Jr. must be cast side so he will not be able to debate Biden

The Vatican has cast aside the celebration of the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM). As a result, the Vatican is marginalizing faithful and traditional Catholics

The Vatican is continuing to cast aside traditional practices and dismissing Tradition.

Traditional Catholics (and Christians) are called not to throw their confidence in their disappointment and discouragement in light to Pope Francis’s papacy.

Many have thrown away their support and confidence with all the sacrilege, syncretism, heretical creep, and “accompanying” that result in scandals, confusion, and problems with Pope Francis’s papacy.

Democratic and Progressives social policies have essentially thrown away the success and prosperity of cities. (San Francisco, Philadelphia, El Paso, Chicago, etc.)

In a recent Republican hearing on censorship, the Democrats attempted to censor RFK  Jr. (Let that sink in!)

Pope Francis’ and his inner circle has deliberately thrown out doctrinal clarity and teachings in their efforts to rationalize their outreach to the LGBTQ community. Otherwise, the Vatican would have to state that homosexuality is a sinful and disordered state.

[Greek] ἐκλείπω (ekleipō), [Latin] deficere: to eclipse, to fail, to leave out, to cease, to die, to omit, to end; Lk.16:9, Lk.22:32, Lk.23:45, Heb.1:12

Parable of the Unjust Steward: painting by Marinus van Reymerswaele (1540). This parable challenges one to make friends by prudently (and productively) using wealth in helping others. By doing so, one can begin to accumulate lasting spiritual treasures in heaven.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to leave out, to pass over, to abandon, to fail, to eclipse, to die, to faint, to be lacking, to be left, to depart, end, and to postpone.

Aeschlyus’ Prometheus Bound 827: “The weary tale I shall leave out.”

Demosthenes’ Against Aristogiton 1: “He held the threat of impeachment over Damocles.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.169: “The Ionians who left their native lands.”

Thucydides’ Histories of the Peloponnesian War 2.74: “The Plataeans resolved not to desert the Athenians.”

Sophocles’ Philoctetes 911: “Leave me behind and sail away.”

Xenophon’s Anabasis 7.4.2 “The inhabitants abandoning their homes.”

Lysias’ Accusation of Calumny 8.16: “The pretexts you clearly invented about me have failed you.”

Thucydides’ Histories of the Peloponnesian War 2.28: “An eclipse of the sun.”

Antiphon’s Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 1.21: “I return to that place in history where it earlier left of.”

Plato’s Menexenus 234b: “For the vigor which once I had has gone from me.”

New Testament: This term means to fail, to end, and to cease. In the Parable of the Dishonest Steward, the steward’s dishonesty is illustrated by his squandering of his master’s property. The dishonest steward attempts to ingratiate himself with his master. The master commends the steward for prudently using these resources to write new notes for the master’s debtors. Knowing that Peter will later take a pre-eminent role, Jesus prays that Simon’s (Peter’s) faith will not fail. Unlike the heavens and earth, the Lord remains the same. At the time of Jesus’ death, darkness came over the world because of an eclipse of the sun.

Scripture:

“I tell you, make friends for yourselves with dishonest wealth (mammon), so that when it fails, you will be welcomed into eternal dwellings.” Lk.16:9

Mammon fails because it does not last. One must make prudent use of one’s earthly material wealth. Making friends means showing kindness (mercy) using these goods for the poor and less fortunate. These earthly goods are finite in contrast to the permanent heavenly spiritual treasures. Through the charitable use of these earthly material goods, one can accumulate permanent spiritual treasures in heaven. Eternal dwellings represent the heavenly abodes.

“But I have prayed that your own faith may not fail; and once you have turned back, you must strengthen your brothers.” Lk.22:32

Jesus already anticipates the later prominence that Simon (Peter) will play among the disciples. Peter will later become the leader of the disciples. However, Peter will shortly deny Jesus three times.

“Because of an eclipse of the sun. Then the veil of the temple was torn down the middle.” Lk.23:45

At the time of Jesus’s death, the sky darkened because of an eclipse of the sun. Jesus’ death and resurrection remove the barrier between man and God’s domain.

Etymology: The Greek verb ekleipo essentially means to leave (-leipo) out (ek-). The Latin eclipsis is a darkness or a failing of appearing. The Latin verb deficere means to fail, to lack, and to end. The Latin defectus is the present participle of deficere. Essentially, a defect is some form of a failure.

Eclipse, deficient, deficit, defect

It was interesting to discover the many varied and nuanced meanings of this term which can be applicable in any time in history. Holding the threat of impeachment over someone is quite recognizable. Assigning pretexts (perceptions) to others may either fail or be destructive. In addition to astronomical bodies, eclipsing can now apply to people, ideas, and movements.

This term is quite extensively used in the Old Testament. I did not want to eclipse the overall purpose of this post by showing the numerous scriptural examples.

In the New Testament, Lk. 16:9 sometimes creates confusion (for some) about why the master praises the prudent efforts of the dishonest steward. Jesus recognizes that temporary earthly material resources (mammon) can be used to accumulate long lasting spiritual treasures in heaven. This parable challenges others to make friends (using these resources) in helping the poor (less fortunate) with generosity. This also provides further scriptural evidence that faith alone is inadequate. Works are also required. Jesus already anticipates Peter’s pre-eminence among the disciples.

Update: We are already seeing that many politicians (both Republicans and Democrats) are just hoping that President Trump will go away. However, their desires already have been eclipsed by President Trump’s continued support of many Americans. As a result, several Republicans, who had voted to convict President Trump, have been censured by their respective  constituents.

Finally, I did not want to leave out the fact that Lk.23:44-45 explains why during Lent we have the Stations of the Cross and the Veneration of the Cross at 3:00pm.

[Greek] διασκορπίζω (diaskorpizō), [Latin] spargere, [French] disperser, [German] spritzen: to squander, to separate, to winnow, to scatter, to dissipate; Mt.25:24,26, Mt.26:31, Mk.14:27, Lk.1:51, Lk.15:13, Lk.16:1, Jn.11:52, Acts 5:37

The scorpion has become that iconic arachnid that scurries and scatters across the sand.

Background information:

Scorpion: This term is also related to the Greek skorpios, meaning penetrating. This term is also related to the Hebrew Akrabh (a-crab). Interestingly, the scorpion is related to the Greek nephos (prodigal). Prodigal means wasteful, lavish, and given to extravagance. Nepidae (water scorpion) consumes its offspring except for the one that has settled on its back. For in turn, the very one that has been saved will later consume the parent. Prodigals are those who riotously consume their parents’ property.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to scatter, to disperse, to squander and to divide. Democritus states “Fools squander what they have.” Sophocles’ Antigone 1284 states “Believe me, when a man has squandered his true joys, he’s good as dead, I tell you, a living corpse.” Polybius’ Histories 27.2 states “Thus it came about that the Boeotians were entirely disintegrated and split up into separate cities.” Plutarch Timoleon 4 states “For his horse was wounded and threw him among the enemy, and of his comrades, some scattered in panic flight, while the few remained and fought against great numbers and with great difficulty holding their ground.”

Old Testament: This term means to scatter, to sprinkle, to banish, to separate, to divide, to waver, to shake, and to disperse. Scattering, dispersing, and smiting pertain to God’s judgment against followers and enemies. In a profoundly paraxodical sense, God smites the Good shepherd as part of God’s providence. This foreshadows the scattering of disciples and other followers (sheep). These dispersed sheep (Gentiles) will later return to the fold in following Christ. The Lord will scatter you among the nations, and there shall remain but a handful of you among the nations (Deut.4:27). Who guided you through the vast desert with its serpents and scorpions (Deut.8:15). Flash forth lightning and scatter my foes (Psa.143:6). Strike the shepherd that the sheep may be dispersed (Zech.13:7). He will gather you from all the Gentiles among whom you have been scattered (Tob.13:5). The horsemen too were scattered over the plain (1Macc.10:83).

New Testament: This term means to scatter, to disperse, to abandon, and to squander. In the parable of the talents, the master scolds the lazy servant who buried his talent. This servant failed to be fruitful in using the gifts he has received. Jesus prophesies that the Good Shepherd will be stricken and the sheep will be dispersed. In her canticle, Mary claims that the Lord has dispersed the arrogant of mind and heart. In the parable of the prodigal son, the father welcomes back his younger son who squandered his inheritance. The high priest Caiaphas prophesied that Jesus was going to die for the nation and that the dispersed children of God will be gathered into one fold. Gamaliel offers sage wisdom about the durability of human inspired events and God inspired events.

Scripture:

“Then Jesus said to them, ‘This night all of you will have your faith in Me shaken, for it is written; I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be dispersed.’” Mt.26:31

Jesus makes this paradoxical statement at the Last Supper, just before His eventual arrest in the garden of Gethsemane. Jesus makes reference to Zech.13:7. Jesus states that God will smite the Good Shepherd and the sheep (disciples and followers) will disperse. This prophecy also foretells that a one third of the followers will come back to the fold.

“After a few days, the younger son collected all his belongings and set off to a distant country where he squandered his inheritance of a life of dissipation.” Lk.15:13

In the parable of the prodigal son, the father gave his younger son a share of his estate. The younger son returns to his father. The father, imaging the heavenly Father, later welcomes his son back after he had squandered his inheritance.

“After Theudas came Judas the Galilean at the time of the census. He also drew people after him, but he too perished and who were loyal to him scattered.” Acts 5:37

Gamaliel, a teacher of the law, unwittingly offers sage advice about the durability of movements (activities). If this endeavor is of human origin, it will destroy itself. If this endeavor comes from God, it will not be destroyed.

Conclusion:

Nepotism, spritze, disperse, dispersal, dissipate, dissipation, sparse, sprinkle, diaspora

The scorpion is often universally seen as that scary arachnid scattering and penetrating across the sand. It was interesting to discover the related Latin terms. It is evident that this term can be used in a literal, metaphorical, and psychological sense. Polybius illustrates scattering with destruction and struggles. Plutarch illustrates scattering in panic. Sophocles and Democritus illustrate squandering in losing important intangible qualities (joys, talents, good will, values, etc.)

In the Old Testament, this term conveys various meanings. The more interesting meanings include: to abandon, to reject, to leave behind, and to free. The term diaspora is also related to this term. In the Great Diaspora, a large number of Jews were dispersed beyond Israel. The Emperor Claudius also expelled the Jews from Rome. Old Testament prophecies about scattering sheep and foes and wisdom about squandering later appear in the New Testament.

In the New Testament, scattering and squandering are related in how one uses what one receives (talents and inheritance). Depending on the circumstances, one may receive punishment or forgiveness. It is important to note that Jesus mentions that God will strike the Good shepherd just before entering into the garden. Peter, strenuously objects yet will later deny Jesus three times. The infinite mercy of the Father is imaged in the father welcoming back his wasteful young son. So a prodigal son is a wasteful son consuming his parents’ resources. (I think many parents can relate!).

Sometimes even great wisdom can come from unexpected sources. Caiaphus prophesied that not only Jesus would die for the nation, but also that the dispersed children (sheep) would gather into the one fold. Gamaliel also shares wisdom about the durability of movements. If God is not of its origin, this movement may or will likely perish.

Update: The left, progressives, and liberals, and their media surrogates have squandered any semblance of goodwill or respect from the other side*. Many of us have been praying so that we can get our country back while hoping that these disastrous policies will perish, dissipate, and scatter.

“Good people don’t need laws for them to act responsibly and bad people will find a way around these laws.” * Plato

My next post is about taking. I hope you will take this up for consideration.

[Greek] ἐγκαταλείπω (egkataleipō), [Latin] derelinquere, [Latin] deserere, [French] abandonner, [French] separer, [Old English] forsacan: to leave behind, to desert, to let remain, to abandon, to forsake, to leave in the lurch; Mt.27:46, Mk.15:34, Rom.9:29, 2Cor.4:9, 2Tim.4:10,16, Heb.10:25, Heb.13:5

Christian Martyrs in the Colosseum: painting by Konstantin Flavitsky (1862). It is significant to note that Christianity flourished soon after the Christian martyrdom. Paul points out the paradox of the Christian ministry. Although Christians may face trails, they will receive rescue with salvation.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to leave behind, to leave in the lurch, to abandon, to forsake, and to omit.

Herodotus’ The Histories 8.59 states “Those left behind win no crown.”

Lycurgus’ Against Leocrates 1.2: “But if the man whom I am now bringing you to trial neither betrayed his country nor forsake his city and temples, I pray that he may be saved from danger by the gods and you, members of the jury.”

Plato’s Phaedo 91c : “If you think what I say is not true, oppose me with every argument you can muster, hoping I will not go away, like leaving my sting sticking into you.”

Thucydides The Peloponnesian War 3.51: “Leaving a garrison, he departed with his forces.”

Xenonophon’s Hellenica 5.4.13: The Lacedaemonians put to death the governor who had abandoned the Acropolis instead of waiting for the relief force.”

Old Testament: This term means to abandon, to reject, to desert, to leave behind, to neglect, and to release.

New Testament: This term means to forsake, to abandon (desert), and to leave behind. Jesus cries out on the cross in a psalm of lament, saying, “My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?” David foretells that Jesus’ soul would not be abandoned to the netherworld. Isaiah predicted that God in His mercy leaves us descendants, unlike those like Sodom and Gomorrah. Paul illustrates the paradox of the Christian ministry, persecuted but not abandoned, struck down but not destroyed. Paul implores his followers not to stay away from the assembly, as is the custom of some. Paul mentions there will be some who will desert him. Paul implores his followers to have faith, as the Lord will never abandon them.

Notable scriptures:

Acts 2:7: Because you will not abandon my soul in the netherworld

Rom.9:29: We would become like Sodom and Gomorrah if the Lord had not left us descendants

2Tim.4:10: Demas, enamored by the present world, deserted me [Paul]

Heb.10:25: Some have stayed away (forsaken) the Christian assembly

Heb.13:5: Be free from the love of money for I will never forsake or abandon you

Etymology: The Greek verb egkataleipo literally means to leave (-leipo) down (-kata) and out (eg-). The related Latin verbs derelinquere and relinquere mean to abandon, to leave behind, and to bequest. The Latin verb deserere means to leave, to depart, and to forsake. Derelict means left behind, forgotten, and neglected. Delinquent means one who fails in performing a duty (obligation). Relictus (relict), the past perfect participle of the Latin verb relinquere, means something left behind.

Conclusion:

Derelict, relinquish, delinquent, relic, desert, deserted, forsake, forsaken, abandon, separate

It was interesting to discover the related Latin verbs associated with this term. Leaving a garrison, leaving a knife in a wound, being betrayed, and being left behind in a race all can be readily understood in any time in history. Plato makes an amusing metaphorical reference of not going away (being persistent) to a bee leaving its stinger.

In the Old Testament, abandoning, forsaking, deserting and rejecting all are intertwined with one’s relationship with God. Likewise, freeing and releasing indicate the release from bondage, servitude, and sin.

In the New Testament, Jesus cries out a psalm of lament (Psa.22:2). In His Mercy God has left descendants. If God had not acted, the whole nation would have been cut off. It is very important to note that the paradox of the Christian ministry is still very applicable to today. It is interesting to note that Christianity often flourishes soon after when Christians are persecuted or martyred. Africa provides such an example. There still continues to be places worldwide where Christians are currently being persecuted and martyred.

Acts 2:27 and Rom.9:29 allude to God’s life giving presence and patience. Demas, attracted to the present world, abandons Paul and abandons his faith.

Update: President Biden, abandoning his “Catholic’ faith, leads in support of abortion policies.

Republicans and Conservatives, facing worldly opposition, are continually under pressure in continually supporting pro-life causes.

House Speaker McCarthy will continue to be under pressure about not abandoning the agreed upon House political agenda.

Germany continues to be under pressure for supplying tanks in not abandoning its support for Ukraine in their war against Russia.

Many in this post-Christian secular world are forsaking attending Church.

Leaders and government leaders often abandon supporting Christians who are under persecution. Yet, God will never abandon those who are persecuted and martyred.

Democrats and Progressives, seeing President Biden’s unfolding secured documents’ scandals, are continuing to abandon their support for him.

I hope that I was able to leave behind an interesting post about leaving behind.

[Greek] βαπτίζω (baptizō), [Latin] baptizare, [Latin] bibere calicem: to baptize, to wash, to dip, to purify, to cleanse; 86 scriptural references

The Baptism of Christ: painting by Joachim Patinir (1510). After some reluctance, John baptizes Christ. Christ’ relation with the Father is revealed through the descent of the dove.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to dip, to plunge, to drown, to sink, to disable, to flood, to drench, to be soaked (intoxicated), to be full in debt, and to get into deep water.

Polybius’ Histories 1.51: “In this way they were charging perpetually, and managed to sink a large number of ships.”

Plato’s Symposium 176b: “For I myself am one of those who such a soaking yesterday. As to what sort of condition does Agathon find himself for drinking.”

Plutarch’s Galba 21: “And it does not seem that he would have chosen Otto merely as their heir of his own private fortune, since he knew that he was unrestrained and extravagant and immersed in debts.”

Plato’s Euthydemus 277d: “I, perceiving the lad was going under, and wishing to give him some breathing-space lest he should shame us by losing heart.”

Old Testament: This term means to dip.

1. Jewish washings, including proselyte baptism, are linked with purification rites.
2. Since purity laws could not be relaxed in the case of an impure Gentile, proselyte baptism must have preceded Christian baptism.
3. These purification rituals defined one’s relationship with God.
4. The Jewish Hellenistic philosopher Josephus makes reference to crowds flooding into Jerusalem at the time of the siege.

John’s baptism: This baptism provides a Messianic awakening for Christians. This baptism is closely related to proselyte baptism, requiring a change in ethical attitude. This baptism provides the first expression of repentance.

More notable New Testament references to baptism:

JTB’s baptism (with water): Used for repentance, preparation and revolutionary purposes for a better baptism.

John baptizing Jesus: This allows for prophecy to be fulfilled: “Upon Him I have put my Spirit” (Isa.42:1). This show others that Jesus is in relationship with the Father.

Jesus makes disciples of nations through a trinitarian baptism (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit): Baptism provides the means into the community of the risen one.

Being baptized into Jesus’ death: Believers share the death of Jesus and escape from the grip of sin. This baptism is the crucifixion and death of Jesus for the salvation of all.

Baptizing in the name of Paul: Confused understanding (belief systems) regarding baptizing authority in Corinth.

Israelites baptized through Moses in the cloud and sea: The Israelites were being immersed (delivered) from the bondage of sin. The Israelites were guided by a cloud during the day and by a column of fire at night (Ex.13:21-21).

For in one Spirit we are baptized into one body: This pertains to the model of the Church (integrated into one body).

We who are baptized into Christ have clothes ourselves with Christ: This pertains to wearing righteousness as a garment (Job.29:14). This pertains to being clothed with garments of vengeance (Isa.59:17).

Conclusion:

Baptism, baptize, imbibe (to drink), chalice

In the Greek Hellenistic era, it was very interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term. Such examples include flooding in, being soaked (intoxicated), being soaked in debt, and being in deep water. Yet, we all can easily relate to these circumstances.

The Israelites during the wilderness entered into baptism of sorts through Moses. The Israelites passing through the Red Sea also provides a vivid imagery of a form of baptism.

In the New Testament, John is reluctant to baptize Jesus. However, Jesus is baptized by John so that prophecy may be fulfilled.

Jesus’ relationship with the Father is further revealed with the appearance of the dove. Baptism provides the entrance into a community of believers.

Jesus speaks of a real metaphorical baptism of Jesus’s crucifixion and death that believers can participate in.

In Corinth there evidently appears to be confusion about whose name a baptism is made in. The Israelites in the wilderness experience a baptism of an ethical conversion.

The notion of in one Spirit baptized into one body prefigures the Church. Being clothed in Christ harkens back to Old Testament imagery of being clothed in garments.

I hope this post can help you to soak up this information about baptism.

[Greek] ἐπιλανθάνομαι (epilanthanomai), [Latin] obliviscere: to forget, to neglect, to overlook; Mt.16:5, Mk.8:14, Lk.12:6, Php.3:13, Heb.6:10, Heb.13:2, Heb.13:16, Jas.1:24

Jacob Blessing Ephraim and Manasseh: painting by Antonio Maria Esquivel (1832). Manasseh means “God has made me forget entirely my troubles and my father’s house”.

Background information:

Hellenism: In Greek mythology Lethe was one of the five rivers of the underworld of Hades. Also known as the Ameles potamos (river of unmindfulness), Lethe literally means oblivion, forgetfulness, and concealment. According to legend, all those who drink from this river will experience forgetfulness. Martin Heidegger, a German philosopher best known for his contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, claims that the forgetting of epilanthanomai is not simply carelessness but an intensification or completion of the forgetfulness of lethe.

Old Testament: This term means to forget, to neglect, to ignore, to remove, to cease to care, and to be oblivious to. God has made me forget all my trouble (Gen.41:51). Be earnestly on your guard not to forget the things which your own eyes have seen, not let them slip away from your memory as long as you live (Deut.4:9). He has set a boundary for the darkness (Job 28:4). I am forgotten, out of mind like the dead (Psa.31:13). They think to make My people forget My name (Jer.23:27).

New Testament: This term means to forget, to neglect, to overlook, and to not be mindful of. When Jesus warned the disciples about the Pharisees’ and scribes’ leaven, the disciples thought this referred to actual bread. God always does not fail to take notice of our affairs. God does not forget what you have done for Him (in serving Him). Paul reminds us to be mindful of prisoners as in their imprisonment. God is pleased when you do not neglect to do good and share what you have. Anyone who is hearer but not a doer of the Word looks at his own face in the mirror and promptly forgets what he looks like.

Scripture:

“In coming to the other side of the sea, the disciples had forgotten to bring bread.” Mt.16:5

Jesus warned the disciples about the Pharisees’ and scribes’ leaven. The disciples thought that Jesus meant real bread.

“Are not five sparrows sold for two small coins? Yet not one of them has escaped the notice of God.” Lk.12:6

Even God counts the hairs on one’s head. God is always aware of our situation.

“He sees himself, then goes off and promptly forgets himself.” Jas.1:24

One who is a hearer but not a doer of the Word is like a man who looks in the mirror and promptly forgets himself.

Etymology: The Greek base verb lanthanomai means to lie hidden, to conceal, to remain concealed, and to escape notice. The Greek verb epilanthanomai refers to an intensification or active (or deliberative) sense of concealing or hiding.

Conclusion:

Oblivion, oblivious

It was interesting to discover that this term is connected to the notion of hiding and concealing. In Greek mythology the river Lethe provides a rich and colorful metaphor for forgetfulness and oblivion. One experiences forgetfulness by drinking from the river Lethe. This term conveys a more active or deliberate sense of hiding and concealing.

In the Old Testament, I must not neglect to mention that Manasseh was the first-born son of Joseph. Manasseh means “God has made me forget entirely my troubles and my father’s house.” It is also interesting that this term can mean to ignore, to cease to care, to be oblivious, and to remove.

In the New Testament, when Jesus was talking about the Pharisees’ and scribes’ leaven, the disciples thought He was referring to the bread they forgot to bring. God does not forget and will be pleased about what you have done to serve Him and to do good for others. Paul tells us to be mindful of those who are imprisoned. A hearer (but not a doer) of the Word will not be able to recognize himself. This notion provides support to the notion that works (actions) are needed to be a follower of Christ.

The Biden campaign and all its allies have exerted great political power and persuasion to legally win this election. I suppose time will tell whether or not the Rassmussen Nov. 29 poll conclusion (results) will be acknowledged, accepted, ignored, forgotten, or rejected.https://twitter.com/Rasmussen_Poll/status/1329741803025801217/photo/1 We all must not forget: Respect goes both ways. Respect can be lost. Respect is earned, not given. As of now, we have a very divided country.

I am not oblivious to the fact that many of us are quite worried and alarmed by what is politically happening to our country. (We have never prayed so much for our country!) Yet, it is also comforting to know that God has also not forgotten about our concerns and fears.

I almost forgot: hippopotamus literally means “river horse”

[Greek] ἀγνοέω (agnoeō), [Latin] ignorare, [Latin] ignorantes, [Latin] ignoramus, [Latin] ignotus: to not know, to ignore, to be ignorant, to pay no attention to, to be unaware, unknown; Mk.9:32, Lk.9:45, Acts 13:27, Rom.1:13, Rom.2:4, Rom.6:3, Rom.7:1, Rom.10:3, Rom.11:25, 1Cor.10:1, 1Cor.12;1, 1Cor.14:38, 2Cor.1:8, 2Cor.2:11, 2Cor.6:9, Gal.1:22, 1Thess.4:13, 1Tim.1:13, Heb.5:2, 2Pet.2:

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to be mistaken, to fail to know, to not recognize, to not know what to do, to do nothing, to fail to understand, unknown, to go wrong (make a false step), and to be ignorant.

Polybius’ Histories 38.95: “Being incapable of taking thought for the future.”

Homer’s Odyssey 24.218: “Will fail to know me.”

Plato’s Phaedrus 228A: “I have forgotten myself.”

Sophocles’ Trachinae 78: “I know nothing of them.”

Aeschylus’ Eumenides 134: “Do not ignore my misery.”

Homer’s Iliad 2.807: “Failed to know the vote of the goddess.”

Plato’s Symposium 216d: “He is utterly stupid and ignorant.”

Plato’s Euthyphro 4a: “Do not know where the right lives.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 4.156: “They were ignorant of the cause of their misfortune.”

Plato’s Phaedrus 277d: “Ignorance or right or wrong and good and bad is in truth inevitably a disgrace.”

Plato’s Gorgias 517c: “For during all the time that we have been debating, we have never ceases circling around to the same point and misunderstanding each other.”

Old Testament: This term means to be ignorant, to not know, unknown, to be wrong, to err through mistake, to trespass, and to be foolish. Not knowing can mean being mistaken, in error, ignorance of God, ignorance of oneself, and rejection of God. And those who hate the righteous will be condemned. This term often pertains to one’s relationship to God. And those who hate the righteous will be condemned (Psa.34:21). They are foolish; for they do not know the way of the Lord (Jer.5:4). For You have dealt faithfully, but we have acted wickedly (Neh.9:33). Before I was afflicted I went astray (Job 12:16). And you will stray from the words of knowledge (Pro.1:27)

New Testament: This term means not understanding (ignorant), not acknowledging (recognizing), unaware, and unknown. The disciples did not understand what Jesus meant when He said He will be handed over to men, will be killed, and will rise from the dead. The Jews failed to recognize that He would be condemned, fulfilling prophecy. Paul, appealing to the Athenians’ religiosity, mentioned that they worship an unknown God. Paul, previously known as the Pharasaic persecutor of Christians, is personally unknown by the Judean Christian churches. Paul frequently made efforts to make his congregation not be unaware of important issues.

Notable scriptures:

Mk.9:32: The disciples did not understand that the Son of Man  is to be handed over, to be killed, and will be risen

Acts 17:23: The Greeks unknowingly worshiped an Unknown God.

Acts 13:27: The inhabitants of Jerusalem fail to recognize Him.

2Cor.6:9: The Christians are treated as deceivers and yet are faithful.

Gal.1:22: Paul was personally unknown of the  Church of Judea.

1Tim.1:13: Paul, a former Pharasaic persecutor, acted of his ignorance in his unbelief.

2Pet.2:12: False teachers revile things that they do not understand.

Conclusion:

Ignorance, ignorance, ignore, agnostic, ignoramus, ignoble, ignomy

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to understand the varied and nuanced meanings of this term. These meanings could be applicable to any point in history in terms of human behavior. Polybius makes reference to being short-sighted about the future. Homer and Plato make reference to failing to understand each other. Plato makes reference to failing to understand what is right (or wrong). Plato points out that we often forget ourselves (and what we stand for). Herodotus makes reference to one being ignorant of the cause of their misfortunes. (This certainly can be applicable to our current times.)

In the Old Testament, this term is greatly defined by one’s relationship with God. This behavior can involve going astray, being guilty, trespassing, being foolish, and misunderstanding.

In the New Testament, this term conveys many aspects of misunderstanding, not acknowledging, and being unaware. The disciples, not understanding Jesus’ path or mission, were often clueless and afraid. False teachers revile things that they do not understand. The Athenians, although pagan, instinctively have the desire to find the source of creation. I wanted you to be aware that Paul quite frequently wanted to let his congregations not be unaware of important issues. (I couldn’t resist saying this!). The Corinthians were often unaware of the problems (abuses) with spiritual tongues and liturgy issues.

It now seems to be currently and politically expedient to criticize or disassociate oneself with President Trump (“I don’t know him anymore.”–sound familiar?). However, one should not fail to understand or underestimate the deep connection and affinity that President Trump has with the American people.

I did not want to ignore George Ruggle’s play Ignoramus. “Ignoramus”, a legal term, means “we are ignorant” or “we do not know.” I bet you did not know this!

It is also important that we do not forget or be unaware (ignorant) of what is happening right now in our country!

[Greek] χαρά (chara), [Latin] gaudium, [Latin] laetitia: joy, rejoicing, happiness, gladness; 59 scriptural references

Joy can still be found as we move forward in our struggles and uncertainty.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means joy, rejoicing, pleasure, delight, and joyous tidings. Sophocles’ Antigone 392 states “But since this joy that exceeds and oversteps my hopes can be compared in fullness to no other pleasure.” Euripides’ Phoenissae 170 states “He will come to this home, under truce, to fill your heart with joy.” Demosthenes’ On the Crown 1125 states “When the whole city was a scene of enthusiasm, rejoicing, and thanksgiving, did he take part in the worship and festival of the populace?” Euripides’ Alcestis 1125 states “Is this truly my wife, I see here, or does some delusive joy sent by a god steal my wits?”

Old Testament: This term means joy, rejoicing, praising, singing, shouting for joy, gladness, glee, cheerfulness, laughter and exultation. Joy is not just inward, but also an outward expression. Examples include secular joy, cultic joy, joy in the harvest, God’s joyfulness, thankfulness to God, and eschatological joy. The heart becomes the organ for expressing cheerfulness and joy. The rabbis emphasize the connection between generosity and cheerfulness: “He who gives alms, let him do so with a cheerful heart.” Do not rejoice, O Israel, with exultation like the nations (Hos.9:1). And tell of His works with joyful singing (Psa.107:22). Shout to God with the voice of joy (Psa.47:1). Sing, O heavens, and be joyful (Isa.49:13). He will fill your mouth with laughter (Job.8:21). Because you did not serve the Lord your God with joy and a glad heart (Num.10:10). For the Jews there was light and gladness and joy and honor (Est.8:16).

New Testament: This term means joy, gladness, rejoicing, happiness, and reason for gladness.

I hope you will enjoy looking at these notable scriptural examples:

Mt. 2:10: The magi were overjoyed at seeing the star.

Mt.13:20: Seed sown on rocky road: one whose joy does not last.

Mt.13:44: The kingdom of heaven (like a buried treasure): one will (out of joy) will sell everything to buy that field.

Lk.1:14: You will have joy and gladness and many will rejoice at His birth.

Lk.15:10: There will be more joy in heaven over when one sinner repents.

Jn.16:20: While the world rejoices, you will grieve, but your grief will become joy.

2Cor.7:4: I am overflowing with joy all the more because of all our afflictions.

Heb.10:34: You joyfully accepted the confiscation of your property, knowing that you had a better and lasting possession (salvation).

Jas.1:2: Consider it all a joy, my brothers, when you encounter various trials.

Conclusion:

Gaudete, charism, charisma, elate, elation, Leticia (and its other name variations)

I thought it was very timely that I make a post about this term joy. In Greek Hellenism, the gods were often a source of joy. This culture also even received glad tidings of joy.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on the sense of singing, praising, rejoicing, exulting, and laughing. It is important to note that the heart becomes the “seat of emotion.” A joyful heart leads to cheerfulness and generosity.

In the New Testament, there was a lot of joy to be experienced. Although it may sound counter-intuitive and seemingly impossible, joy can be attained even in the midst of struggling, difficulties, adversity, tragedy, and persecution. Grief may be temporary. But joy that comes can be long lasting. Oftentimes, those who have been persecuted for Jesus’ sake, become joyful and blessed.

The girl’s name Leticia means joy and happiness.

2020 has been a very difficult year for many of us (for many reasons). Yet we can still experience this joy even through struggles and loss from this past year.

I wish you glad tidings and a joyous new year!

[Greek] δόσις (dosis), [Latin] datum, [Latin] donum, [Old Norse] gift: gift, act of giving, thing given; Php.4:15, Jas.1:17

Did you bring your gift to Him? It’s His birthday after all!

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means gift, contribution, permission, giving, favor, wish, bequest, legacy, portion, dose, and fate.

Plato’s Euthypro 14c: “What do you say holiness is? Sacrificing is making gifts to the gods. Praying is asking for gifts from them (the gods).”

Homer’s Odyssey 14.58: “For from Zeus, we are all strangers and beggars, and a gift though small is welcome from such as we.”

Virgil’s Aenid 2.49: “Do not trust the horse, Trojans! Whatever it is, I fear the Danaans even if they are bearing gifts.”

Homer’s Iliad 10.213: “Great would his fame be under heaven among all men, and a goodly gift shall be his.”

Old Testament: This term means statute, ordinance, something prescribed, gift, offering, present, and reward.

New Testament: This term means gift and the act of giving.

Scripture:

Php.4:15: “You Philippians indeed know that the the beginning of the gospel, when I left Macedonia, not a single church share with me in an account of giving and receiving except you alone.” (The Philippians gave help to Paul. Philippia was the first place that Paul preached the gospel in Europe. Paul emphasized that the Philippians will receive God’s care.)

Jas.1:17: “All good giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of light, with whom there is no alteration or shadow caused by change.” (The Father never changes or diminishes in giving gifts. All good and every perfect gift comes from the Father. These gifts that come from the Father does not alter or change.)

Etymology: The Latin datum is the neuter past participle of the Latin verb dare, meaning to give. Data is essentially a thing given or granted. The Latin donum is a gerund (a verb form functioning as a noun). Interestingly, donum is also related to the Latin verb dare.

Paraclesus (1493-1541): “The dose makes it either a poison or remedy.”

1. Poison was placed on an arrow for hunting. Poison also has been used throughout history for killing and assassination purposes.
2. This later becomes involved with the administration and quantities of medication.
3. The German word for poison and present is gift. It is also interesting to note that the German mitgift (with gift) means dowry.
4. A dowry is an ancient family tradition. It was a practice by which the bridegroom offers to the father of the bride a satisfaction before he can receive.
5. This practice appears in Gen.34:12.

Conclusion:

Dose, dosage, data, donation, dowry

Greek Hellenism: Plato, a non-Christian, unknowingly touches upon the Christian notion of holiness in sacrificing or serving others. We also receive gifts from God in our prayer requests. Some gifts may be bad or deadly. Hence, we are all familiar with the expression, “Beware of Greeks bearing gifts.”

Old Testament: The Old Testament provides the basis that all gifts come from God. The Old Testament develops the notion that wealth and prosperity were signs of God’s blessing. This becomes the precursor for  the ‘wealth and prosperity’ gospel which many pastors and preachers advocate for.

New Testament:

1. Jesus initiates a new paradigm shift regarding wealth and prosperity.
2. Jesus calls one to be a humble servant to others.
3. Instead of accumulating earthly wealth and riches, Jesus calls us instead to accumulate spiritual treasures.
4. Although the Philippians provided money to Paul, Paul stresses that God will provide for others.
5. All good gifts come from the unchanging and perfect Father.

Now for a dose of good news: The Father brings His Son as a gift to us! This is His birthday. I hope you received many wonderful gifts (not just presents) this Christmas!

Did you also bring your gift for Him? Parum Pum Pum Pum!

[Greek] ποιμήν (poimēn), [Latin] pastor: shepherd, pastor, one who tends a flock, herdsman, shepherder; Mt. 9:36, Mt. 25:32, Mt.26:31, Mk.6:34, Mk.14:27, Lk.2:8,15,18,20, Jn.10:2,11-12,14,16, Eph.4:11, Heb.13:20, 1Pet.2:25

Adoration of the Shepherds: painting by Gerard van Honthorst (1622)

Background Information:

Ancient Orient/Greek Hellenism: This terms means ruler, king, shepherd, protector, herdsman, lord, master, chief, and captain.

1. The Sumerian king is described as a shepherd appointed by a deity.
2. The shepherd is a common epithet for a ruler in the Assyrian and Babylonian cultures.
3. The Egyptian Osiris is presented as a ruler with a staff (crook) in tending his flock in the netherworld.
4. Gods (deities) also bear the title of shepherd.

Plato’s Republic 1.343a: “You [Socrates] don’t know the difference between the shepherd and the sheep…Because you think the shepherds are considering the good of the sheep with anything else in view than the good of their master and themselves.”

Aeschylus’ Suppliant Women 767: “Even at anchorage, shepherds of ships do not feel immediately secure above all if they have arrived on a harborless coast. In a cautious pilot, night is likely to beget anxiety.”

Euripides’ Phoenissae 1140: “Now I was able to see each of them, as I carried the watch-word along to the leaders of our companies.”

Old Testament:

1. The dryness of the ground made it necessary for the shepherds and flocks to move about or stay for months at a time.
2. Herding of sheep required vigilance against robbers and wild beasts.
3. The image of Yahweh (as the Shepherd of Israel) comes from the rich vocabulary of the shepherd who guides his flock, who leads it to pasture, who protects his sheep, who carries his lambs, and whose sheep hear his voice.
4. It is interesting to note that there is no single Old Testament use of shepherd ever being used as a title for a ruling king.
5. David continues to be presented as a shepherd. Jesus will later come as a shepherd (and Messiah) who will shepherd His flock.

New Testament: Since this is the Christmas season, Jesus’s later role as a shepherd will be excluded for now.

1. Shepherds, having unfavorable reputations, were often looked down upon as second-class citizens.
2. The the priests and rabbis despised the shepherds. The shepherds provided the priests with unblemished lambs for sacrifices.
3. The shepherds were mostly identified with sinners, tax collectors, and outcasts. Shepherds could not be used as witnesses.
4. Interestingly, God is never called a shepherd. However, the comparison of God with a shepherd is restricted to Jesus’ parables.
5. This is in part due to a greater Christological emphasis on Jesus as a shepherd. 

Scripture:

Lk.2:8: “Now there were shepherds in that region living in the fields and keeping night watch over their flock.” (The shepherds were struck by fear from the appearance of an angel who proclaimed that a savior has been born who is Messiah and Lord. They would never forget this this experience. They shepherds would ask each other if they had seen this phenomenon.) 

Lk.2:12: “And this will be a sign for you: you (shepherds) will find an infant in swaddling clothes and lying in a manger.” (Shepherds would have already been familiar with seeing lambs in swaddling clothes. However, SEEING AN INFANT IN SWADDLING CLOTHES IS A VERY UNUSUAL CIRCUMSTANCE. The shepherds, not fully understanding this, would see this infant like a lamb.)

Lk.2:16: “So they (shepherds) went in haste and found Mary and Joseph, and the infant lying in the manger.” (The shepherds, being poor, could only offer their praise and adoration to the infant Jesus.)

Lk.2:17: “When they (shepherds) saw this, they made known the message that had been told them about this child.” (In their travels, the shepherds would no doubt have received many angry stares and puzzled faces from the people in the town of Bethlehem.)

Shepherds as congregational leaders:

1. Only once in the New Testament are shepherds stated as an office. This office refers to pastor, rather than shepherd.
2. Rather, pastors and teachers appear as a single group ministering to the congregations.
3. Congregational leaders are seen more metaphorically as shepherds. Likewise, the congregation is also seen metaphorically as the flock.
4. The pastor see his role as a shepherd in leading the congregation.
5. The pastor (shepherd) cares for the congregation, seeks the lost, combats heresy, and sets an example for the flock.

Conclusion:

Pastor, pasture, poimenics (study of pastoral theology)

Ancient history: The Assyrian, Babylonian, Sumerian, and Egyptian rulers were viewed as shepherds.

Greek Hellenism: The shepherd/sheep dynamic was sometimes viewed in the realm of “haves’ and “have-nots”. It was also interesting to learn that captains were seen as shepherds of ships.

Old Testament: The priests only tolerated the priests because the supplied the lambs for sacrifices. 

Luke’s gospel was written for the simple and downtrodden folks (like the shepherds).

Luke is the only gospel writer to use the title savior for Jesus. I suppose that the Jews would have not been happy to have a Messiah who was like a shepherd.

The Jews would rather have a Messiah who would be like a strong king. It then would follow that a pastor would be like a shepherd to his congregation (flock).

It was interesting to discover that the title ‘shepherd’ was infrequently used for a congregational leader. However, the roles of the pastor, priest, and shepherd are essentially the same.

Upon seeing the angel, the shepherds would no doubt ask each other: ‘Did you see I what I see?’ and ‘Did you hear what I hear?’ Wouldn’t that make a make a great Christmas song! Perhaps sung by Bing Crosby! ☺☺☺

Shepherds are already familiar with lambs in swaddling clothes. But when the shepherds see an infant in swaddling clothes, it is a freaking big deal to them! The shepherds adore the infant.

Refer to my previous post about swaddling https://resoundingthefaith.com/2016/12/%e2%80%8egreek-%cf%83%cf%80%ce%b1%cf%81%ce%b3%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%8c%cf%89-sparganoo-old-english-swaebian/ I can only imagine the many stares when the shepherds shouted to others ‘A child has been born!’ Merry Christmas!

[Greek] προσκυνέω (proskyneō), [Latin] adorare, [Latin] procidere: to worship, to prostrate oneself, to bow as an act of regard or allegiance; 65 scriptural references

Adoration of the Child: painting by Gerard van Honthorst (1620). The infant is so adorable! ☺

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to revere, to salute, to prostrate oneself, to kiss the ground, and to humble oneself. The Greeks adopted this Oriental word for their own adoration of their gods. There is evidence of the sense of prostrating (bowing down) and kissing the ground in thankfulness or adoration. This term can convey both an outward gesture and an inward attitude. This term is frequently found in the tragic plays. The deification of rulers finds itself in the emperor cults of Greek and Roman leaders.

Sophocles’ Philoctetes 656: “Behold the bow and revere it as a god.”

Sophocles’ Philoctetes 533: “We must salute this home, which is no home.”

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 5.3.18: “The eunuch came out and did him obeisance.”

Sophocles’ Philoctetes 776: “Humble yourself before the jealous gods.”

Aristophanes’ Knights 156: “Then worship the earth and the gods.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 7.136: “Fall down and bow to the king.”

Euripides’ Orestes 1507: “I prostrate myself, lord, and supplicate you in my foreign way.”

Homer’s Odyssey 4.522: “Agamemnon set his foot on his native land and kissed the ground.”

Old Testament: This term means to prostrate, to bend the knee, to kneel, to promise fidelity and submission (to the conqueror) , to serve, to pay homage and to kiss. You have subdued under me those who rose up against me (2Sam.2240). He arose from before the altar of the Lord, from kneeling on his knees (1Kgs.8:54). Do homage to the Son, that he not become angry (Psa.2:12). Thus he came to the king and prostrated himself on his face to the ground to the king (2Sam.14:33). He who makes a god a worships it (Isa.44:15). Exalt the Lord, our God; bow down before His footstool (Psa.99:5).

New Testament: This term means to worship, to prostrate oneself, to show respect, to fear, and to mock (false adoration). Worship is shown to the infant Jesus, the older Jesus, God, the Father, idols, and Satan. There exists a continuous theme of Jesus’ healings that are made possible by others’ faith in Him. Satan tempts Jesus to obey him. Stephen points out the Jews’ ancestors worshiping idols. The Samaritans worship what they do not understand. Cornelius, moved by the apparition, bows down in respect for Peter. The demons, acknowledging His authority, fear Him. Herod, falsely intending to honor the infant Jesus, plans to kill Him. The Roman soldiers mockingly show reverence to the crucified Jesus.

Scripture:

“And on entering the house the magi saw the child with Mary His mother. They prostrated themselves and did Him homage.” Mt.2:11

The Old Testament makes reference to the magi as kings. In Psa.72:10, the kings of Sheba an Seba ofter gifts. In Psa.68:30, the kings bring tribute. In Isa.60:6, all from Sheba come bearing gold and frankincense.

“And then a leper approached, did Him homage, and said, ‘Lord, if you wish, You can make me clean.’” Mt.8:2

The leper was healed because he had faith in Jesus. This becomes a recurring theme in scripture.

“Catching sight of Jesus from a distance, the demoniac ran up and prostrated himself before Him, crying out in a loud voice, ‘What have you to do with me? I adjure you by God, do not torment me!’”Mk.5:6

Even the demons fear the authority of Jesus.

Noteworthy Revelation scriptures:

Rev.3:9: Followers of Satan will be singled out/be prostrate at your feet.

Rev. 13:4: They also worshiped the beast (Roman empire).

Rev. 14:9: Anyone who worships the beast will drink the wine of God’s fury

Etymology: The Greek verb proskuneo literally means to kiss (-kuneo-) forward (pro-). The Latin verb procidere means to fall forward (collapse). A procedure is a fact or manner of proceeding. The related Latin verb cadere means to fall. The Latin verb genuflectere means to bend (-flectere) the knee (genu). Adorable mean worthy of worship. The later use of adorable means delightful or charming.

Conclusion:

Adoration, adore, proceed, procedure, kiss, genuflect

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to discover the more nuanced meanings of this term aside from worshiping. It seems that the word ‘adore’ was not commonly used in this time period. Humbling oneself, bowing down, submitting to authority, and kissing the ground are other aspects in expressing thankfulness and obeisance.

In the Old Testament, this term refers to paying homage, bending the knee, and showing fidelity and submission to the conqueror. Psa. 99:5 makes reference to bowing down before His footstool (humble at His feet). This could be likened to a conquering superior placing his foot on the captured enemy’s neck. Perhaps, this could be likened to the woman placing her foot on the serpent in Gen.3:15. Mary ultimately conquers Satan.

In the New Testament, this term is extensively used in conveying worshiping and prostrating oneself. Regarding the magi, the Old Testament makes references to being kings bearing gifts (Psa.72:10, Psa.68:30, and Isa.60:6). It is interesting to note that Matthew’s gospel, written to the Jews, presents kings. On the other hand, Luke’s gospel, written for the downtrodden, presents shepherds. Herod has ulterior motives in wanting to see the infant Jesus.

Jesus’ encounter with Satan tempting Him recalls Israel’s worship of false gods. That Jesus’ healings are made possible because of others’ faith in Him becomes a very important theme throughout the gospels. Yet many showed little faith. Moved by the apparition, Cornelius mistakenly prostrates himself before Peter. In the Parable of the Unforgiving Servant, a servant humbly seeks forgiveness but does not show the same forgiveness to another person. As a result, this servant later received stern recrimination. Likewise, the Father will do the same to us.

The Samaritans worship what they do not understand. (In our current culture, many of us seem to be “bowing down” before our technical gadgets. In fact, there is now a medical condition called “tech (text) neck”, associated with pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, and upper back. Thankfully, I am not that far gone!) It is also interesting to note that the Samaritans, known for helping others, were looked down upon by the Jews as “second-class” citizens. It is important to note that even the demons feared the authority of Jesus. The Roman soldiers mocked (showing fake adoration) to the crucified Christ.

Grapes of wrath: Reaping and treading of the grapes symbolize God’s fury on the ungodly. All enemies will be trodden as easily as grapes are crushed. To tread a person as in a winepress is to destroy or crush that person. The crushed grapes are likened to the image of the spilling of the blood.

On bended knee I humbly submit to you that a child has been born. Merry Christmas!

[Greek] ἄμωμος (amōmos), [Latin] inmaculati, [Latin] non habentam maculam: without blemish, unblemished, without blame, spotless, faultless, without fault; Eph.1:4, Eph.5:27, Col.1:22, Heb.9:14, 1Pet.1:19, Jud. 1:24, Rev.14:5

Adoration of the Mystic Lamb: painting by Hubert and Jan van Eyck (1430). This is part of the Ghent Altarpiece at St. Bevo Cathedral in Ghent, Belgium.

Background information:

Adoration of the Lamb: The martyrs are shown in the top left. The pagan writers and Jewish prophets are shown in the bottom left. A fountain (symbol of eternal like) is shown in the bottom center. Apostles are shown in the bottom right. Behind the Apostles are the Church authorities. Virgins are shown on the top right. The Lamb, whose blood is spilling in a chalice, stands on the altar. Angels adore the Lamb. The angels are carrying the symbols from the Passion (the cross, the spear, the spear that held the sponge, and the pillar of the flagellation). The dove, representing the Holy Spirit, is at the top center.

Greek Hellenism: This term means one who is without approach (physically and morally) , blameless, without blemish, perfect, and unimpaired. Herodotus’ The Histories 2.177 states “Solon the Athenian got this law from Egypt and established it among his people; may they always have it, for it is a perfect law.” Hesiod’s Theogony 259 states “And, Euarne, lovely of shape and without blemish of form.” Aeschlylus’ Persians 185 states “I dread that two women in beautiful clothes, one in Persian garb, the other in Dorian attire, appeared before my eyes; both far more striking in stature than are the women of our time, flawless in beauty, sisters of the same family.”

Old Testament: This term means without defect, blameless, perfect (physical and moral), right (genuine), and entire (full). This term refers to God’s blamelessness Himself and of things of God. This term also refers to the perfect qualities needed for spotless animal sacrifices and priest qualifications. “The lamb must be a year-old male and without blemish (Exo.12:5). Noah, a good man and blameless in that age (Gen.6:9). The Rock-how faultless and are His deed, how right all His ways (Deut. 32:4). God’s way is unerring, the promise of the Lord is fire-tried (2Sam.22:31). As and oblation to the Lord, he shall present the fat of the peace offering: the whole fatty tail (Lev.3:9). Now, therefore, fear the Lord and serve Him completely and sincerely (Jos.24:14). You shall count seven full weeks (Lev.23:15).

New Testament: This term means without blemish and blameless. Christians, having received numerous blessings from Christ, are called to be holy in being without blemish. Paul calls husbands and wives to be holy (without blemish) in relationship to each other, like Christ’s relationship with His Church. Paul reminds the Colossians that they have been reconciled by Jesus’ unblemished body. Jesus, the unblemished high priest, enters into the sanctuary of heaven. Jesus is the unblemished sacrificial lamb. Companions of the lamb, not deceiving nor denying Christ, are unblemished. The power of God is needed to keep you unblemished, in not falling or stumbling.

Scripture:

“As He chose us in Him, before the foundation of the world, to be holy and without blemish before Him.” Eph.1:4

Christians have received numerous benefits from Christ. With this comes the call for holiness as adopted sons and daughters of God.

“How much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal spirit offered Himself unblemished to God, cleanse our consciences from dead works to worship the living God.” Heb.9:14

Christ, the unblemished high priest, enters the true heavenly sanctuary. He remains there permanently.

“But with the precious Blood of Christ as of as spotless unblemished lamb.” 1Pet.1:19

Jesus becomes the perfect sacrificial Lamb.

Macula: A macula is a spot, blemish, or stain. The macula is the central area of the retina which gives us the ability to see ‘20/20’. Macular degeneration can result in blindness.

Conclusion:

Immaculate, macula

In Greek Hellenism, this term also conveys the notion of someone who is without approach (physically and morally). It is interesting to note that this term speaks of purity in character. There are references to physical beauty. Herodotus also makes reference to the perfection in a law.

In the Old Testament, this term starts with God’s absolute blameless and of things with God. This term also refers to the perfection of qualities needed for a priest and animal sacrifices needed for sacrifices.

In the New Testament, Jesus becomes the more perfect and unblemished (spotless) sacrificial Lamb. Christ is the unblemished High Priest able to enter the sanctuary of heaven. Christians, receiving blessings from Christ, are called to be holy and without blemish. Paul calls husbands and wives to be in a strong mutual love in relationship to each other. This marriage should be likened to the relationship between Christ and the Church.

We also must not forget immaculate Mary who is without reproach. Mary is the new Ark of the Covenant who provides an unblemished place for Jesus to be born. The Church is absolutely “spot on” (exactly right) in celebrating Mary.

This is plain to see!

[Greek] ἀφυστερέω (aphustereo), [Latin] facere fraudem, [Latin] privare fraudem, [Latin] patere fraudem: to rob, to defraud, to deprive of, to despoil, to keep back by fraud, to be late, to be lacking, to become destitute; Mk.10:19, 1Cor.6:7-8, 1Cor.7:5, 1Tim.6:5, Jas.5:4

Many have felt that they have been defrauded or robbed by these election results.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to rob, to defraud, to cheat, to be constrained, to be frustrated, to withdraw oneself, to evade, to fail to pay, and to fail (oneself or others).

Demosthenes’ Olynthiac 1: “He is deprived of this source of revenue.”

Demosthenes’ Against Timocrates 24.210: “They are impaired by your neglect.”

Andocides’ On the Mysteries 1.149: “You will not rob yourselves of such further services.”

Xenophon’s Anabasis 7.6.9: “While he defrauds us of our pay.”

Aristophanes’ Clouds 487: “But cheating is.”

Antiphon’s On the Murder of Herodes 5.78: “He is evading his obligations towards Athens.”

Aristophanes’ Clouds 1305: “Wishes to withhold the money that he borrowed.”

Demosthenes’ Against Midias 21.44: “A man who has lost his case fails to pay.”

Old Testament: This term means to withdraw, to restrain, to diminish, to take from, to keep back, to withhold, to deny, to oppress, to defraud, and to exploit. He does not withdraw His eyes from the righteous (Job 36:7). But none of your labor will be reduced (Exo.5:11). From the wicked their light is withheld (Job 38:15). Do not refuse me before I die (Pro. 30:7). You shall not oppress your neighbor, nor rob him (Lev.19:13). Whose ox have I taken, or whose donkey have I taken, or whom have I defrauded? (1Sam.12:3).

New Testament: This term means to defraud, to cheat, and to deprive (withhold). Jesus states that one of the necessary requirements for seeking eternal life is to not to defraud others. Upon hearing all these requirements, the rich man discouragingly walked away. Paul was upset that the Corinthian Christians, instead of settling their personal issues among themselves, were suing one another before pagan judges in Roman courts. These Christians were judging themselves by the world’s standards. Paul cautions husbands and wives not to deprive themselves from each other. James denounces those who exploit workers. These workers’ pleas are being heard by the Lord. False teachers can be discerned by depriving others of the truth.

Scripture:

“Now indeed then it is, in any case, a failure on your part that you have lawsuits against one another. Why not put up with injustice? Why not rather let yourselves be cheated?” 1Cor.6:7

The Christians in Corinth were using the pagan courts (with Roman judges) instead of settling their own personal matters in Christian ways.

“You know the commandments…you shall not defraud.” Mk.10:9

In speaking to the rich man, Jesus tells him what he must do in order to have eternal life. The rich man walked away.

“Do not deprive each other, except perhaps by mutual consent for a time, to be free for prayer, but then return to one another, so that Satan may not tempt you through your lack of self-control.” 1Cor.7:

Paul cautions husbands and wives not to deprive themselves (of their presence) from each other.

Etymology: The Latin verb facere means to make and to do. A fact is something that happened. Prima facie means at first glance (based on first impressions). The Latin verb privare means to deprive, to take away, and to rob. Privation is the state of being without something. Private is something set apart from what is public. The Latin verb patere means to be open, to exposed, and to be vulnerable. Patient means being capable of enduring something. The Greek verb hustereo means to come late, to come short, and to be left behind.

Conclusion:

Fraud, fact, face, deprive, deprivation, patient, patience, private, privation

The Greek Hellenistic era fully illustrates the meanings of this term, ranging from depriving, robbing, impairing, cheating, evading, and refusing. All of these meanings could be applicable at any time in history. We all can relate to these situations.

The Old Testament culture also provides many meanings for this term. Oppressing and exploiting seem to take on more significance.

The New Testament continues this term’s sense of being deprived and defrauded. In addition to Jesus’ call to be just (in not depriving others), He calls upon others to focus more on spiritual treasures which last longer. The Corinthian Christians were failing to settle their affairs with Christian values. Instead, they referred to the pagan court’s judicial authority. Paul was fearful that these Christians were being guided by the world’s standards. Paul cautions husbands and wives to be physically present to each other. False teachers, by their nature, deprive others of the truth.

Election aftermath: Many conservatives, Trump supporters, and Republicans, feeling deprived of due process and confidence in the integrity of the election, are now seeking judicial recourse in several battle ground states. Many have felt that this election was stolen from them. (#StopTheSteal) At first glance, simple recounting of votes would not suffice if there are questions about about the underlying vote tabulations. In other words, recounts become meaningless if this data (votes) are questionable. Therefore, further investigation is needed to determine the extent of electronic vote switching, tampering, and manipulation, and internet connections. Efforts are now being undertaken to analyze the election software. The hundreds of irregularities and fraud (and affidavits of eyewitnesses) of depriving, withholding, and cheating as of yet do not give the American public confidence in these election results. So this judicial process (going to court) will continue in the meantime.

In this post, I hope that I was able to provide you with a thorough understanding and background of this term. I did not want to deprive you of that!

[Greek] ἀποκαλύπτω (apokalyptō), [Latin] revelare: to reveal, to disclose, to manifest, to make fully known; 32 scriptural references

Fresco of the Seven Sorrows of Mary at Santa Stefano Rotondo in Rome. The thoughts of many hearts will be revealed, resulting in the ways that Mary’s heart will be pierced (Lk.2:35).

Background information:

Fresco of the Seven Sorrows of Mary: These seven sorrows are revealed: the prophecy of Simeon, the flight into Egypt, the loss of the child Jesus in the Temple, Mary’s meeting Jesus on the Via Dolorosa, Jesus’ crucifixion, the piercing of Jesus’ side and His descent from the Cross, and Jesus’ burial in the tomb.

Greek Hellenism: This term means to uncover, to reveal one’s view (mind), to disclose, to reveal, to draw aside the veil, and to mask. The Greek seeks through his reason to unveil God. Plutarch’s Alexander 55 states “For this reason also, when the conspiracy of Hermolaus and his associates against Alexander was discovered, it was thought that the accusation of his detractors had an air of probability.” Plato’s Gorgia 460a states “For heaven’s sake, as you proposed just now, draw aside the veil and tell us what really is the function of rhetoric.” Plato’s Protagoras 352a states “Come my good Protagoras, uncover some more of your thoughts.” Plutarch’s Crassus 6 states “Thus Crasss passed eight months in concealment; but as soon as he heard of Cinna’s death, he disclosed himself.”

Old Testament: In contrast to empty idols, God (Yahweh) is the living God, who only reveals Himself when He wills it. God reveals Himself through history (workings of God). Revelation is the action of God. God reveals Himself as holy and gracious. God reveals Himself as the creator and sustainer of the world. The Greek seeks to master his world by reason, while the righteous believer in the Old Testament world through faith receives revelation. There are many meanings and scripture references.

More notable New Testament examples:

Mt.10:26: The concealed and secret coming of the kingdom will be revealed.

Mt.11:25: Jesus’ preaching and deeds revealed to the childlike

Mt.11:27: Father’s revelation granted to those who are open to receive it.

Mt.16:17: The Father reveals to Peter that Jesus is the Messiah.

Lk.2:35: Mary will be sorrowfully affected as the Jews’ reaction to Jesus will be revealed.

Lk.17:30: When the day of the of the Son of Man is revealed, not everyone will be ready.

Jn.12:38: Isaiah’s prophecy provides an historical explanation for why many Jews will not believe in Jesus.

Rom.8:18: The glory that believers are revealed to share exceeds the suffering of the present age.

Gal.3:23: Before faith was revealed, we were all under the Law.

Conclusion:

Reveal, revelation, apocalypse, apocalyptic

It was interesting to discover that the Greeks used reason to understand their world (environment). This is in contrast to the Old Testament culture in which God chooses to reveal Himself through faith.

This term is used extensively in the Old Testament. Some of the more interesting (nuanced) meanings include to make naked, to repent (revealing one’s sins), to declare, to pour out (revealing one’s motivations), and to loosen.

In the New Testament, God’s revelation and power are revealed in many ways. God’s ways can be revealed by faith and by the childlike.

Election aftermath: Many people have stated, “There is no evidence of fraud.” However, in this process of legal litigation, the many instances of affidavits (claims) of voter irregularities and fraud are being revealed (discovered) in these lawsuits, examinations, and hearings. This will be further revealed as this judicial discovery process continues. This will be very revealing in the weeks ahead. What we find could be apocalyptic!

I found that this term was very revealing. I hope I was able to reveal this to you.

[Greek] συνέρχομαι (synerchomai), [Latin] convenire, [Latin] pravenire, [Latin] venerare, [Latin] exire, [Latin] concurre, [Latin] venire, [Latin] comitare, [Latin] discedere, [Latin] revertere: to come together, to go with, to have sexual intercourse, to cohabit, and to associate with; 30 scriptural

The Entombment of Christ: painting by Caravaggio (1603). The women had followed behind Joseph and venerated (come together to honor) Jesus in the rock-hewn tomb.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism:

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.152: “The Ionians and Aeolians came to Sparta.”

Euripides’ Bacchae 714: “Herdsmen and shepherds gathered.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 1.80: “Lydians fought the Persians.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 6.77: “All these things come together.”

Xenophon’s Memorabilia 2.2.4: “Lust provokes man to begat children.”

Sophocles’ Ajax 491: “I have come into your bed.”

Plato’s Symposium 192e: “That from being two you may be made one; the pair of you, being as one, may share a single life.”

Old Testament: This term means to gather, to receive, to walk, to embrace, to betroth, to appoint, to meet, to join, to encounter, and to come into combat. There are very many Old Testament scriptural passages.

New Testament: This term means to live together, to assemble, to resort, and to go together. There are many references of persons assembling together. Paul makes references to doctrinal abuses and problems with the Corinthians’ assemblies. Mary was betrothed to Joseph. Mary’s betrothal essentially begins Mary’s marriage commitment to Jesus. As a betrothed person, Mary was subject to potential adultery penalties (sanctions). Accompanying (going on a journey) also becomes an aspect of assembling together.

Scripture:

“Now this is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about. When His mother Mary was betrothed to Joseph, but before they lived together, she was found with child through the Holy Spirit.” Mt.1:18

Betrothal was considered the first part of the marriage process. Adultery claims could apply during the betrothal period.

“People saw them leaving and many came to know about it. They hastened there on foot from all the towns and arrived at the place before them.” Mk.6:33

Jesus was filled with pity and provided for their spiritual and physical needs.

“Therefore, it is necessary that one of the men who accompanied us the whole time the Lord Jesus came and went among us.” Acts 1:21

Since Judas had betrayed Jesus, it was necessary to select his replacement among the disciples. This replacement had to be one who had accompanied them with Jesus.

Etymology: The Latin verb praevenire means to come in front of,  to precede, to interrupt, and to prevent. The Latin verb convenire means to gather with, to meet, and to convene. The Latin verb venerare, meaning to come to honor, also means to venerate. The Latin verb exire, meaning to come out, also means to exist. The Latin verb concurre means to assemble together, to concur, and to coincide. The Latin verb venire means to come. The Latin verb comitare means to attend or to follow. The Latin discedere means to depart or to leave. The Latin verb revertere means to turn back.

Conclusion:

Convene, convention, prevent, prevention, venue, exist, existence, concur, concurrence, venerate, veneration, revert

This is an interesting term which conveys aspects of being or doing something together. Gathering, walking together, fighting, debating, co-habitating, and sexual intercourse are various forms of being together. It is quite interesting that Plato, being a non- Christian, coveys the notion that persons in a marital union, become one. This idea occurs long before the Christian notion of a marital union of one flesh.

The New Testament also illustrates assembling together in various ways. For purposes of brevity, I have focused on examples aside from assembling together. The betrothal is essentially the beginning process of the marriage relationship in the Jewish culture. Adultery claims can be made during the betrothal stage.

In Mk. 6:33 the people were flocking together to where Jesus departed, setting the stage for the feeding of the 5000. The number 5000 means everyone (1000) under the law (5 books). The Latin verb praevenire (to come to anticipate Jesus’ arrival) is used in this scripture passage prior to the feeding of 5000.

In Acts 1:21 it was necessary that the one who replaced Judas must have been one of those who accompanied them the whole time when Jesus was present among them. The Latin verb existere is used to define these candidates.

In Acts 5:16 many signs and wonders were done by the Apostles. The Latin verb concurre is used in this verb. Interestingly, the related French verb is coincider.

In Lk. 23:55 Joseph, along with other women, came to lay Jesus’ body in the tomb. The Latin verb venerare (coming to honor) is used. The related French verb is honorer.

Election aftermath: It is very curious that there are numerous examples (and affadavits) of election concerns, irregularities, or fraud during this election process. Therefore, the Trump campaign has proceeded to litigate these legal issues through the courts. Hopefully, these election irregularities and their causes (sources) can be tied together (explained) once and for all, so that the American people can have confidence in the integrity of our election.

I initially had some doubts about making this post, but it eventually all came together.

Here’s hoping that your family can come together for Thanksgiving. Happy Thanksgiving!

[Greek] ἀνθίστημι (anthistēmi), [Latin] contendere, [Latin] resistere: to cause to stand, to stand against, to oppose, to withstand, to set one’s self against, to hinder; Mt.5:39, Lk.21:15, Acts 6:10, Acts 13:8, Rom.9:19, Rom.13:2, Gal.2:11, Eph.6:13, 2Tim.3:8, 2Tim.4:15, Jas.4:7, 1Pet.5:9

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to set against, to turn against, and to turn out unfavorably. Thucydides’s History of the Peloponnesian War 1.54 states “The Corinthians did set up a trophy (monument) because in the battle having gotten more of the wreck and dead bodies than the enemy.” Plutarch’s Theseus 1 states “With such a warrior who will dare to fight? When shall I set against him?” Sophocles’ Tracking Satyrs 256 states “I won’t put up with your loud quarrelsome words.” Homer’s Iliad 16.305 states “They still sought to withstand him.” Plato’s Laws 834a states “We must establish a general tourney for infantry who shall compete with bows, targes, javelins, and stones.”

New Testament: This term means to resist (oppose), to offer no resistance, and to be unable to resist. Jesus instructs others to turn the other cheek when someone strikes you. Jesus offers the wisdom which no adversaries can resist. The persecutors could not withstand the wisdom of the inspired Stephen. Those opponents (Elymas, Alexander, and unbelievers) are powerless to resist God’s inspired words. Paul rightly rebukes Peter for failing to uphold proper Christian table fellowship. Those who resist God’s authority bring judgment upon themselves. One must put on the armor of God to resist evil. Resist the devil and he will flee from you.

Turning the other cheek:

What is a common misperception of turning the other cheek? This does not mean becoming a complete doormat in allowing one to be attacked by an aggressor. “Ok. You slapped me on my right cheek. Why don’t you also slap me on my left cheek.”

How did the Roman soldiers view the Jews? The Jews were considered as second-class citizens. Soldiers tended to be right-handed. When Romans struck an “inferior” person, they would give a back-handed slap on that person’s right cheek.

How did the Roman soldiers strike someone considered their equal? The soldier would punch that person’s left cheek with his fist.

What does turning the other cheek accomplish? The Jewish person forces his Roman attacker to treat him as an equal. Jesus wants the Jews to stand up and demand respect. This action is intended to activate the soldier’s conscience.

Scripture:

“But I say to you, offer no resistance to one who is evil. When someone strikes you on your right cheek, turn the other one to him as well.” Mt. 5:9

Jesus offers advice as how to confound your enemy. Romans traditionally looked upon Jews as inferiors. Therefore, Romans would strike the right cheek of the victim with the back of their hand. This illustrates the attitude of a superior person attacking an inferior person. On the other hand, striking the left check with one’s fist indicates a more equal relationship. Jesus’s turning the other cheek forces the attacker to view his enemy as an equal.

“Therefore, whoever resists authority opposes what God has appointed, and those who oppose it will bring judgment upon themselves” Rom.13:2

Paul speaks about God’s authority and Roman authority. Caesar is not entitled to obedience when it is involved with God’s domain.

“Therefore, put on the armor of God, that you may be able to resist on the evil day and, having done everything, to hold your ground.” Eph.6:13

The Christian must be ready for combat against human being and the spiritual powers.

Antihistamine: An antihistamine is a drug (substance) that counteracts or blocks the effects of a histamine which causes the symptoms of hay fever and other allergies.

Conclusion:

Antihistamine, resist, resistance, contend, contention

It was interesting to discover that this term can take on a range of meanings, from putting up with, fighting, competing, and setting up monuments. In military battles, the victors would build a trophaeum (monument) memorializing the turning point of a victory in war. The Greek verb tropaion means turning. From this we get the word trophy.

In the New Testament, this term essentially means resisting, opposing, and being hostile. Jesus tells others to turn their other cheek to minimize violence and to psychologically challenge the attitude of the offender. Christians putting on armor in the battle against evil is a recurring theme in the New Testament. God’s wisdom and words will be resistant to evil. Paul rightly rebukes Peter for being a hypocrite in observing proper Christian table fellowship.

[Greek] ἀνέχομαι (anechomai), [Latin] adferre, [Latin] sustinere, [Latin] subportare, [Latin] patere, [Latin] sufferere: to be patient with, to put up with (forbear), to bear, to endure, to persevere to tolerate; Mt.17:17, Mk.9:19, Lk.9:41, Acts 18:14, 1Cor.4:12, 2Cor.11:1,4,19-20, Eph.4:2, Col.3:13, 2Thess.1:4, 2Tim.4:3, Heb.13:22

The Trojan Horse: painting by Henri-Paul Motte (1874) “Beware of Greeks bringing Gifts”: One must be bear (endure) the consequences of receiving something from strangers.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to endure, to bear, and to abide. Plato’s Phaedo 109e states “If anyone should come to the top of the air or should get wings and fly up, he would see things in that upper world, if his nature were strong enough to bear the sight, he would recognize that this is the real heaven.” Sophocles Ajax 660 states “Ever since I took into my hand this gift from Hector, my greatest enemy, I have gotten no good from the Greeks. Yes, the men’s proverb is true: the gifts of enemies are not gifts and bring no good.” Homer’s Iliad 1.586 states “Be patient, my mother, and endure for all your grief, lest dear as you are to me, my eyes see you stricken.”

Old Testament: This term means to endure, to bear, to forbear (put up with), to restrain oneself, and to receive (accept) something or someone. God can either restrain Himself, showing mercy for men. Or God can restrain Himself, permitting men to reap the consequences of their sinful actions. These I cannot bear (Isa.1:13). When he could not longer bear his own stench (2Macc.9:12). For the emotions of the appetites are restrained (4Macc.1:35). What strength have I that I should endure (Job.6:11). Can you hold back, O Lord, after all this? (Isa.64:11). I have said nothing, holding myself in (Isa.42:14). O Lord, hold not back (Isa.63:15).

New Testament: This term means to endure, to accept (tolerate), and to forebear (be patient with). Jesus disappointingly puts up with the disciples’ lack of faith concerning healing the possessed boy. Pointing out the Corinthians’ hubris, Paul tells them to put with his ‘foolishness’. Paul cautions one must not put up with (tolerate) sinful behavior. Paul calls one to bear with one another with love and encouragement. Paul warns that there will be a time when people will not tolerate sound doctrine but will follow their own desires. Paul warns that Christians may endure struggles and persecutions.

Scripture:

“Jesus said in reply, ‘O faithless and perverse generation, how long will I be with you? How long will I endure you? Bring him here to Me’” Mt.17:17

Jesus is disappointed in the disciples’ lack of faith which couldn’t heal the possessed boy. Jesus becomes exasperated about this.

“Accordingly, we ourselves boast of you in the churches of God regarding your endurance and faith in all your persecutions and the affliction you endure.” 2Thess.1:4

Paul acknowledges and warns the Christians that they may experience struggles and persecutions.

“For the time will come when people will not tolerate sound doctrine, but following their own desires and insatiable curiosity, will accumulate teachers.” 2Tim.4:3

This becomes a very prophetic scripture foretelling those who would rather follow the current culture rather than scriptural mandates.

Etymology: The Greek anechomai, meaning to hold (-echo) up (ana-), is related to several Latin verbs. The Latin adferre means to bring to, to carry forth, and to offer. The Latin sustinere means to uphold, to tolerate, to put off, and to maintain. The Latin subportare means to support (to bear from underneath). The Latin patare means to be exposed, to be vulnerable, to endure, and to be patient. The Latin suffererre means to endure and to suffer.

Conclusion:

Offer, sustain, support, patient, suffer

At first glance, I wasn’t very sure if I was going to be able to make a post about this term. I had to put up with my lack of understanding and endure some research into this term. It was interesting to learn about the original sense of putting up with something for which we all take for granted. We all also can relate to enduring with some struggle or difficulty. Sophocles makes reference to the notion of accepting gifts from strangers (beware of Greeks bearing gifts).

The Old Testament develops the important theme of God putting up with (forbearing) man. God can restrain Himself in showing us mercy (by not punishing). Or God can also restrain Himself, permitting man to reap the consequences of his sinful actions.

In the New Testament, Jesus also shows a disappointing forbearance (putting up) with the disciples’ lack of faith. Paul asks others to put up with his foolishness. Paul also has to put up with the Corinthians’ hubris and arrogance. Paul also mentions that Christians may have to endure struggles or persecutions. 2Tim.4:3 provides a prophetic commentary on human behavior. Modifying or even denying sound doctrine in order to adapt to current times happens frequently in the current times. This could apply to the definitions of abortion, marriage, the priesthood, Jesus’ Body and Blood, etc.

Current events: In the aftermath of this election, our nation is more divided than ever. One side believes we have a new President-Elect. The other side believes that further legal action is needed in contested state elections to ascertain the next President. So now we will have to put up this legal challenges before we have consensus on this election.

Thanks for putting up with me in making this post.

[Greek] ἀναστρέφω (anastrephō), [Latin] revertere, [Latin] conversare, [Latin] tradere, [Latin] subvertere: to turn back, to overturn, to conduct one’s self, to abide, and to return; Mt.17:22, Jn.2:15, Acts 5:22, Acts 15:16, 2Cor.1:12, Eph.2:3, 1Tim.3:15, Heb.10:33, 1Pet.1:17, 2Pet.2:18

We all must seek the wisdom from Yoda (aka “Anastrophe Master”)

Background information:

Anastrophe: This is a figure of speech in which the normal word order of the subject, the verb, and the object is changed (turned). Famous examples of anastrophes:

“Do or do not. There is no try!”  Yoda

“The greatest teacher, failure is” Yoda

“Hello, darkness, my old friend, I’ve come to talk to you again.” Simon and Garfunkle

“Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are!” Jane Tyler 1806

“You stupid computer, why aren’t you working?” [insert your name] (Down this road, many times we have been!) ☺☺☺

Greek Hellenism: This term means to convert, to bring back to, to conduct oneself, to walk, to return, and to change. Euripides’ Hippolytus 1176 states “For a messenger had come saying that Hippolytus would no longer dwell in this land, being exiled by you.” Aristophanes’ Plutus 779 states “But I want to change everything. What a misfortune it is.” Sophocles’ Philoctetes 449 states “No, the gods take excellent care of their own kind. They find a strange joy in turning back from Hades all things criminal.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.80.5 states “As soon as the horses smelled and saw the camels, they turned to flight and all Croesus’ hope was lost.”

Old Testament: This term means to come back (return), to conduct oneself, to bring forth, to overturn, to change, to repeat, and to turn. This term is used to describe one’s religious and ethical “walk” in life. In literal terms, this means “the way of walking.” This term is not used in a spatial (locational) sense. One always walks with God on the earth. This is in keeping with the moral sense of piety. Essentially, this refers to how one conducts himself (walks in a straight path) in life before God.

But I will bring back Israel to her fold (Jer.50:19). You turned back his sharp sword (Psa.89:44). They would relapse and do worse than their fathers (Jdg.2:19). I will restore the fortunes of Jacob (Eze.39:25). Can I bring him back again? (2Kgs.12:23). When a man walks in integrity and justice, happy are his children after him (Pro.20:7). None who enter theron come back again (Pro.2:19). He told them to send him at once to the abode of the dead (2Macc.6:23). Why do these people rebel with obstinate resistance? (Jer.8:5).

New Testament: This term means to abide, to return, and to conduct oneself (behave). Jesus overturns the money-changers’ tables as they were desecrating the Temple. The disciples were gathering together in Galilee when Jesus is to be handed over. The court officers came back and reported that the Apostles escaped a locked and guarded prison. Prophecy states that Jesus will rebuild the fallen hut (house) of David. Paul states one must conduct oneself in conformity to Christ. A person can be like a slave to whatever overcomes or controls him.

Scripture:

“He made a whip out of cords and drove them all out of the temple area, with the sheep and oxen, and spilled the coins of the money-changers and overturned their tables.” Jn.2:15

Jesus acts in this way because they desecrated the Temple.

“But the court officers who went did not find them in the prison, so they came back and reported.” Acts 5:22

The court officers reported that there was no one in the unlocked and guarded cell.

“All of us once lived among them in the desires of our flesh, following the wishes of the flesh and the impulses, and we were by nature children of wrath, like the rest.” Eph.2:3

We can make the choice of walking in the carnal ways of the world. Or we can choose to walk in the way of the Lord.

Conclusion:

Revert, reversion, converse, conversation, subvert, subversion, trade, trader

This term has the basic sense of turning. However, this term has various meanings. In classical Greek, ‘to turn one’s self about’ refers to one’s conduct or behavior. It is interesting that this sense continues in other cultures later in history. This term can range from turning back, engaging, to abiding.

In the Old Testament, this term also has a wide range of meanings. It was very important for Jews (Hebrews) to “walk with God” in being faithful to Him.

In the New Testament, we are all familiar with Jesus overturning the money-changers’ tables in the Temple. Paul stresses that one must live one’s life rooted in Christ. Otherwise, one will walk the path of being enslaved by sin.

My post, I hope you liked!

Next post: For those whom God leads on a unique path

[Greek] ἀγωνίζομαι (agōnizomai), [Latin] contendere, [Latin] certere, [Latin] decertere, [Latin] sollicitus: to contend for a prize, to compete, to strive, to endeavor to accomplish something; Lk.13:24, Jn.18:36, 1Cor.9:25, Col.1:29, Col.4:12, 1Tim.6:12, 2Tim.4:7

Carlos Acutis’ tomb is opened for public veneration in Assisi Italy. His life provides us an example of what it means to contend for the prize of salvation.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to engage in a conflict (struggle), to insult, to contend for a prize, to fight for a cause, to contend in court, and to bring to issue. Herodotus’ The Histories 2.160 states “The Egyptians deliberated and then asked the Eleans. If their won cities took part in the contest (Olympic games), all Greeks from Elis must attend.” Euripides’ Heracliedae 992 states “When I had taken up a quarrel with Heracles and realized that this was the struggle I would be engaged in, I became the inventor of much grief.” Plato’s Lesser Hippias 369c states “I will prove to you by satisfactory argument based on many pieces of evidence.”

Greek Hero/Jewish Maccabeean Martyr: These metaphorical models both illustrate the Hellenistic heroic qualities of the exercising of virtue, discipline, and self-denial. The heroic struggle of the athlete takes place in the arena, while the heroic struggle of the pious Jew takes place in the moral life. The struggle for virtue also becomes equated with an athlete’s striving. Paul later equates the athlete’s striving to a faithful Christian. Some Christians and Jews will ultimately exercise their virtue even to martyrdom in the arena (and in the moral life).

Old Testament: This term means to struggle, to contest, to debate, and to uphold one’s faith (in times of persecution). They vindicated their nation, looking to God and enduring torture even to death (4Macc.17:10). Even to the death, fight for the truth, and the Lord your God will battle for you (Sir.4:28). Leaving the outcome to the Creator of the word, Judas exhorted his followers to fight nobly to death for the temple, the city, the country, and the government (2Macc.13:14).

New Testament: This term means to strive, to fight, to struggle, the exercise, and to compete. Jesus states that one must strive (with effort) to enter through the narrow door into the kingdom of heaven. Jesus points out that His followers will not be fighting against handing Him over to the Jews, since the kingdom of heaven is not here in this world. The Christian, like a disciplined athlete, seeks to win the imperishable crown of salvation in his race in life. Paul, as a disciple and slave to Christ, labors and struggles in his apostolic service for Christ. Epaphras, in his service to Paul, works in his service in evangelizing and praying for the Colossians. Paul, as he approaches the end of the life, testifies that he has finished the race in being faithful in serving Christ.

New Testament:

“Strive to enter through the narrow gate, for many, I tell you, will attempt to enter but will not be strong enough.” Lk.13:24

It will require effort to enter through this narrow gate. This door will not remain open indefinitely.

“Jesus answered, ‘My Kingdom does not belong to this world. If My kingdom did belong to this world, My attendants would be fighting to keep Me from being handed over to the Jews. But as it is, My kingdom is not here.’”Jn.18:36

Jesus’ kingdom is not here in this world.

“Every athlete exercises discipline I every way. They do it to win a perishable crown, but we an inperishable one.” 1Cor.9:25

The Christian is likened to an athlete who also must exercise discipline with exertion. This imperishable crown is salvation.

Striving for holiness: Carlos Acutis, who died of leukemia at the age of 15, will be the first Millennial to become beatified. From early on, his first love was for our Lord in the Eucharist. He began visiting Eucharistic miracles all over the world. He believed that if people knew that Jesus was truly present in the Eucharist, they would turn to God. In fact, today is the Beautification Mass for Carlos Acutis.

Quotes from Carlos Acutis:

“If we get in front of the sun, we get sun tans, but when we get in front of Jesus in the Eucharist, we become saints.”

“The Eucharist is my highway to heaven!”

Conclusion:

Contend, contention, solicit, certain, certainty, ascertain, agony, agonize

I think I knew for certain that this would be a very interesting term. This term consists of many meanings, ranging from fighting, contending, competing for a prize, insulting, and striving for holiness. Early on in history, striving for virtue was a deeply held Hellenistic value. Competing and contesting can involve games, fights, legal proceedings, and holiness.

In the Old Testament, this Hellenistic value applies to the pious Jews and Maccabeean martyrs. Although not exactly similar, the Maccabeean martyrs become a precursor to the Christian martyrs. The Jews died for their faith in the Law, while the Christians died for their faith in Christ. Although 1Macc and 2Macc are only considered canonical, 3Macc and 4Macc are still important in terms of the understanding the Maccabeeans.

In the New Testament, Jesus illustrates that effort and discipline are needed in order to enter the narrow gate into heaven. Jesus also makes an important distinction that His kingdom of heaven is not in this world. Paul likens the faithful Christian as a disciplined athlete who seeks to finish the race. It is important that the faithful Christian win the prize of salvation in his race in life. It is very interesting to note that the bones of the Christian martyrs are called trophies. These Christian martyrs ultimately won their prize of salvation. Paul states that he has completed and finished the race, being faithful to Christ. Paul will also be later martyred in Rome.

Carlos Acutis is a very inspiring example to the younger generation (and all others) who have to contend with difficulties (disease, adversity, peer pressure, etc.). He had a very enthusiastic interest in attending Mass. He often had to coax his parents to join him in going to Mass. In a sense, Carlos Acutis could potentially be considered the patron saint of bringing one’s parents to Mass. He stated that he offered up his suffering for the pope and the Church. A spokesman for Acutis’ beautification stated that his entire body was present but not incorrupt. Despite his difficulties, Carlos Acutis was able to contend for the prize of salvation.

Keep striving and contending on that narrow road. (Make sure you stretch and limber up. It could be a difficult race!)

[Greek] ἐκπλήσσω (ekplēssō), [Latin] admirare, [Latin] mirare, [Latin] stupere: to amaze, to astonish, to astound, to strike with panic, to frighten, to surprise; Mt.7:28, Mt.13:54, Mt.19:25, Mk.1:22, Mk.6:2, Mk.7:37, Mk.10:26, Mk.11:18, Lk.2:48, Lk.4:32, Lk.9:43, Acts 13:12

The Boy Jesus in the Temple: painting by Heinrich Hofmann (1881). Joseph and Mary were both astounded in finding Jesus in the Temple.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to strike out, to drive away, to expel, to amaze, to astound, to be struck, and to drive out one’s senses. Euripides’ Orestes 549 states “Old man, I am afraid to speak before you. Only let your years, which frightened me from speaking, set no barrier in the path of my work.” Euripides’ The Trojan Woman 183 states “I have come stricken with terror.” Aeschylus’ Persians 290 states “Long have I kept silent in my misery, struck with dismay at our disaster.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.116 states “Astonished at this, he sat awhile silent; but at last with difficulty he collected his wits.” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 1.4.27 states “Now a certain Median gentlemen, very noble, had for some considerable time had been struck with Cyrus’ beauty.”

Old Testament: This term means to be appalled, to be desolate, to be awestruck, to stupefy, to devastate, to grow numb, and to cause oneself ruin. I will lay waste your cities as well and make your sanctuaries deserted (Lev.26:31). Then we have laid waste even to Nophah (Num.21:30). Everyone who passes by it will be astonished (2Chr.7:21). The upright will be appalled at this (Job 17:8). You have laid wast all my company (Job 16:7). Why should you ruin yourself? (Ecc.7:16). Everyone who passes by Babylon will be horrified (Jer.50:13). And the land is destitute of what which filled it (Eze.32:15).

New Testament: This term means to be greatly astounded, to be amazed, and to be astonished.

Jesus preaching in Nazareth (Mt.13:54)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus teaching and performing mighty deeds.

Who were astonished (surprised): Local people astonished (taken offense) by Jesus’ ‘pretentiousness’.

Jesus says one must sell possessions and give to the poor (Mt.19:25)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus’ teachings contradict the Old Testament’s teachings that wealth and material goods are a sign of God’s favor.

Who were astonished (surprised): The rich young man and fellow Jews.

Sadducees asking Jesus about marriage in heaven (Mt.22:33)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus stating that marriage no longer exists in heaven.

Who were astonished (surprised): The Sadducees

Jesus heals the deaf man (Mk.7:37)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus heals because of the Gentiles’ faith (belief) in His power.

Who were astonished (surprised): The Gentiles were astonished but they also believed in His power.

Jesus enters into the temple and becomes angry (Mk.11:18)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus overturning the tables

Who were astonished (surprised): The crowd, scribes, and chief priests.

Joseph and Mary looking for Jesus (Lk.2:48)

Astonishing (surprising) event: Jesus in the temple

Who were astounded (surprised): Joseph and Mary

Second prediction of the Passion (Lk.9:43)

Astonishing (surprising) event: The Son of Man will be handed over to men.

Who were astonished (surprised): The disciples

Etymology: The Latin verb admirare means to wonder at, to regard with wonder, and to be astonished. Admiration is a wondering at something or someone. This sense later means high regard or esteem. The Latin verb stupefacere means to make stupid or senseless. This word comes form the Latin root verb stupere, meaning to be stunned. The Lat adjective stupidus means confounded, dull, and foolish. The Latin verb plangere means to strike. The Latin noun plaga means affliction, destruction, and blow. Apoplectic means disabled by a stroke, crippled, dumbstruck, and foolish. The Latin verb surprendere, means that something takes over. The prefix sur- means over and beyond. The verb prendere means to grasp or to seize. Essentially, a surprise is something unexpected. One is literally ‘overtaken’ by something you did not see coming.

Conclusion:

Admire, admiration, stupefy, stupid, surprise, surprising, plague, apoplectic

To be honest, I was really surprised by the extensive background of this term. I did not realize such an active sense of striking, driving, and astounding. One can be struck with fear, terror, beauty, and frightened out of one’s wits.

I was also struck by this term’s etymological depth. It is interesting to note that admiration, plagues, stupefying, and surprising are all related. Very surprising!

In the Old Testament, Isa.53:5 prophesies that the Messiah (Jesus) would receive stripes in being whipped. His suffering (whipping and crucifixion) leads to the redemption of humanity. In a sense the Messiah would be laid desolate through God’s providence.

The New Testament provides illustrative examples of how others are astounded or surprised. This is also indicative of the various peoples’ attitudes toward Jesus. Some were derisive, offended, suspicious, surprised, or confused toward Him. Many also were very unsettled by Jesus’ difficult teachings.

Perhaps the most surprising example is that I did not realize that having wealth and material goods was a highly held Old Testament value. Essentially, Jesus introduces a contradictory teaching that focuses more on spiritual wealth. Jesus states that it is easier for a camel to enter a needle’s eye than for a rich man getting into heaven. This becomes a very difficult teaching for the rich young man and others.

Jesus also states the provocative notion that listening and acting on the words of the Gospel are both needed for salvation. In other words, faith requires works (actions). Jesus also reminds us that faith (trust) is often first needed in order for miracles (healings) to occur. The Nazoreans were astounded because they had little faith in Jesus.

I can imagine that Joseph and Mary were apoplectic (stricken with fear) upon losing Jesus. They were astounded in seeing Jesus in the temple. The Sadducees, in their efforts to trick Jesus, were astounded upon learning that the marriage state no longer exists in heaven.

Current events: In a sense many of us have been struck with fear by this pandemic. Unfortunately, many have been struck down by this virus. I also think most of us were very surprised and dismayed by what happened in the first presidential debate. And then we were further surprised when President Trump was stricken by the coronavirus!

So I hope you are not surprised I made this post!

[Greek] ὑπερβάλλω (hyperballō), [Latin] superare, [Latin] excellens, [Latin] eminens, [Latin] supereminens: to “throw beyond, to go too far, to surpass, to go beyond, to exceed, to overshoot; 2Cor.3:10, 2Cor.9:14. Eph.1:19, Eph.2:7, Eph.3:19

“Jumping the Shark”: When you know when you have gone too far.

Background information:

Jumping the shark: This is a popular idiom used to describe a moment when someone (or something), that was once popular or accepted, makes a misguided attempt at generating publicity or doing something new. However, this effort only serves to highlight its irrelevance. This action may often lead to becoming a gimmick (or absurdity). The phrase originates from an episode of Happy Days when Fonzie jumps over a shark while on water-skis. This phrase finds its ways in a wide variety of situations and contexts when someone or something “has gone too far.”

Greek Hellenism: This term means to go beyond, to excel, to stand out, to surpass, to exceed reasonable bounds, to exceed (go past) the time, to outdo, to overcome, to conquer, and to outbid.

Homer’s Iliad 23.843: “Sent the cast past the mark of all.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 5.3.21: “Agesilaus had already gone beyond the time.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 7.3.6: “So far surpassed in boldness and villany.”

Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.275: “So far surpasses all mankind in savagery and malignity.”

Aeschlyus’ Persians 291: “This calamity is so great that is it not possible to say.”

Aristophanes’ Plutus 109: “Their wickedness knows no bounds.”

Demosthenes’ On the Chersones: “Stupid beyond measure.”

Thucydides’ Peloponessian War 2.35: “To suspect exaggeration if he hears anything above his own nature.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 2.124: “While the cities were being overtaken.”

Old Testament: This term means to go beyond, to surpass, to exceed, to be excessive, and to delay. Fear of the Lord surpasses all else. It possessor is beyond compare (Sir.25:11). He secured the priesthood for himself, outbidding Jason by three hundred talents of silver (2Macc.4:24). The craze for Hellenism and foreign customs reached such a pitch (2Macc.4:13). Enough has been said about the sacrificial meals and excessive cruelties (2Macc.7:42). Delay not your conversion to the Lord, put it not off from day to day (Sir.5:7). Are the consolations of God not enough for you? (Job 15:11).

New Testament: This term means to surpass and being immeasurable. The Mosaic covenant (ministry of death) is compared to the New Covenant (ministry of the Spirit). The glory of the New Covenant surpasses the fading glory of the Mosaic covenant. The surpassing grace of God upon us generates generosity (and service) to others and obedience to the gospel. This in turn further glorifies God, creating a further circular flowing of grace. God’s grace is abundant and immeasurable.

Scripture:

“Indeed, what was endowed with glory has come to have no glory, in this respect because of the glory that surpasses it.” 2Cor.3:10

Jesus’ New Covenant is contrasted the Mosaic covenant. The Mosaic covenant eventually loses its glory. The ministry of the Spirit (New Covenant) glory surpasses it.

“While in prayer on your behalf they long for you, because of the surpassing grace of God upon you.” 2Cor.9:14

The movement of grace overflowing from God is handed on to others. This in turn generates generosity (and service) to others and obedience to the gospel which glorifies God. This generates a further flowing circle of grace.

Etymology: The Greek verb hyperballo literally means means to throw (-ballo) beyond (hyper-). The Latin verb sumittere means to send (-mittere) under (sub-). This means to put under or to yield. Excellent is the adjective form of the Latin verb excellere, meaning to surpass. Eminent is the adjective form of the Latin verb eminere, meaning to stand out. The Latin noun hyberbole means a “throwing beyond” or an exaggeration.

Conclusion:

Hyperbole, super, excellent, excellence, pre-eminence, pre-eminent

This term really can be used in both a positive and negative sense. It is interesting to note that the notion of “throwing someone under the bus” can happen in any time of history. Homer points out that one can overshoot the mark. This can be perceived positively or negatively, depending on the context. A more nuanced example refers to being late or delayed (going past the allotted time). One can or could surpass oneself in various qualities (good or bad).

The Old Testament develops the notion of the all surpassing grace, power, and glory of God. This theme continues in the New Testament.

In the New Testament, Paul points out that the New Covenant’s glory surpasses the Mosaic covenant’s glory. The movement of God’s grace generates a circle of surpassing grace which is bestowed. God’s grace inspires followers and believers to further glorify God, who in turn bestows more grace.

Current events: In the political arena, unfortunately, one does not need to look far and wide to find examples where people make hyperboles, beyond stupid and reckless statements, over the top declarations, crass comments, and irresponsible statements. There are so many examples out there. It is often difficult to keep up!

Recent examples: Defunding the police, defaming reputations of judicial nominees, cancel culture, knee jerk historical cancel culture (without historical perspective), politicians and others accusing police of being murderers, blurring peaceful protests with rioting and looting, claiming that the United States is a systemic racist nation (How can this be possible after Americans had elected an African-American as President for two terms?). These are just a few of the many “over the top” examples.

Perhaps the most blatant example of “overshooting the mark” is defunding the police. These policies are naïve, non-sensical, irresponsible, and reckless. Along with the failure to prosecute criminals and easy access bail, these policies further embolden criminal activity. Then they wonder: “where are the police when we need them”?

They’ve “jumped the shark” and are now finding themselves in troubled waters. They’ve gone too far!

But we all must also try to catch that wave of God’s surpassing grace.

[Greek] ὑποβάλλω (hypoballō), [Latin] submittere: to “throw under”, to instigate, to bribe, to throw under (the bus), to be submitted to something, to introduce by collusion, to suborn, to put under, to hire for a dishonest purpose; Acts 6:11

Deceiving, suborning, and colluding are never good looks!

Background:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to throw under, to put down, to cast furtive glances, to subject, to submit, to spread rumors, and to torture. Xenophon’s Economics 18.5 states “The threshers, by continually turning the untrodden corn, and throwing it under the animal’s feet, they will keep it level on the floor.” Polybius’ Histories 1.82.2 states “While those who were made prisoners and brought to him he threw to the elephants to be trampled to death.” Euripides’ Heracles 1384 states “Yet, am I to strip myself of these weapons and put myself in the power of my foes?” Aeschines’ Against Ctesiphon 3.90 states “But having wronged Phillip and run away from thence, he made hast to throw himself down at the feet of the Thebians.” Sophocles’ Ajax 188 states “And if it is the great kings who slander you with their furtive stories.” Lysias’ Against Agoratus 13.25 states “They argued that if were brought up before the council, he would be put to the torture.” Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex 5 states “Did any bandit dare so bold a strike, unless the king was suborned from Thebes?”

New Testament: This term means to instigate, to bribe, to fraudulently persuade, and to spread rumors. Stephen, filled with grace and power from the Holy Spirit, worked great signs and wonders among the people. Opponents and others were provoked by Stephen’s wisdom and Spirit. This further instigated some in saying that Stephen spoke blasphemous words against Moses and God. As a result, Stephen was arrested and brought before the Sanhedrin. False witness were brought to testify against Stephen. They say that Stephen claims that Jesus will destroy this place and change customs. They saw that Stephen’s face was like that of an angel.

Scripture:

“Then they instigated some men to say, ‘We have heard him speaking blasphemous words against Moses and God.” Acts 6:11

Others, fearful of Stephen, attempted to discredit Stephen and his claims. They used false witnesses and testimony to discredit him.

Throw under the bus: This is an idiomatic phrase meaning to betray a friend (ally) for selfish reasons. It is typically used to describe a self-defensive disavowal (cutting off) of a previously friendly relationship when it becomes inconvenient, unpopular, or controversial. The earliest known usage was in June 1982 when Julian Critchley of the London Times wrote “President Galtieri had pushed her under the bus in which the gossips had said was the only means of her removal.” This phrase has been widely popularized ever since in various situations.

Suborn: This action means to procure unlawfully, to accomplish something for a wicked purpose, and to lure someone to commit a crime. The Latin verb subornare means to employ as a secret agent, to incite secretly, and to bribe. Essentially, this can mean to adorn someone underneath. The Greek verb hypoballo literally means to throw (-ballo) under (hypo-).

Collude: This action means to have a secret agreement for fraudulent or harmful purposes. Fraud or underhandedness is essential for collusion. The Latin colludere comes from the preposition com- meaning with and the verb ludere, meaning to play.

Conclusion:

Suborn, submit, submission

It is very interesting to note that “throwing someone under the bus” could easily apply or happen in any time of history. Likewise, peoples’ motivations are also consistent and similar at any time in history. A more mundane example is corn (thrown on the ground) being trampled by animals. Being literally trampled by an elephants is a gruesome form of execution. We all can identify with throwing ourselves “at the feet” of someone in our attempts to seek forgiveness or mercy. We all can also relate to the idea of being slandered or smeared by rumors, gossip, innuendo, or false information.

In the New Testament, the Jews were amazed and fearful of Stephen’s actions and words. No doubt that the Jews were provoked by Stephen’s inspired words. What may be inspired could also be perceived as blasphemous by the Jews. Ultimately, the Jews felt that they had no choice but to arrest and kill Stephen. I can imagine that the Jews were very unsettled in seeing Stephen’s angelic face.

Russian “collusion narrative”: A made up telephone call, unverified FISA warrant, withholding evidence in FISA court, Clinton purchase of an unverified Steele dossier (and sub-source), many cell phones “accidently” erased at the same time, throwing people’s reputation (Flynn, Page) under the bus, renegade US govt officials and FBI agents, entrapment, recorded conversations, failure to inform Trump political team, complicit media narrative spin, etc.

Update: FBI knowingly knew (since 2009) the Steele document sub-source to be an alleged Russian operative. (We have now learned who were the actual colluders.)

Supreme Court and judicial hearings: Using faith as an illegal and political litmus test (even when the dogma lives loudly within), ruining reputations, relying upon questionable witnesses, complicit media narrative spin, etc.

I submit to you that this is no game when one’s reputation is “thrown under the bus” and ruined. No one should have to be submitted to this!

My next post: When you go too far, “throw beyond”, surpass, and “jump the shark” (remember what Fonzie did on Happy Days?)

[Greek] ἀναπληρόω (anaplēroō), [Latin] supplere, [Latin] implere: to fill up, to complete, to fulfill, to make complete, to provide, to occupy; Mt.13:14, 1Cor.14:16, 1Cor.16:17, Gal.6:2, Php.2:30, 1Thess.2:16

This cup is filled by following the law of Christ in loving and serving others. (Gal.6:2)

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to fill up a void, to compensate, to replace someone, to pay in full, to restore, to complete, to supplement, and to satisfy. Plato’s Symposium 188d states “Thus Love, conceived as a single whole, exerts a wide and complete power; both here on earth and in heaven above, but any gaps which I may have left out it is your business, Aristophanes to fill.” Euripides’ Helen 907 states “Heaven is common to all mortals, and so is the earth, where people ought to fill up their homes without having another’s property or taking it away by force.” Plutarch’s Publicola 11 states “In the first place, he filled up the senate, which was reduced in numbers.” Plato’s Timaeus 17a states “Then the task of filling the place of the absent falls upon you and our friends here, does it not?”

Old Testament: This term means to fill, to accomplish, to fulfill, to come to an end, to be in covenant, and to make good. He took out one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh (Gen.2:21). I will give you a full span of life (Exo.23:26). The wickedness of the Amorites will not have reached its full measure until then (Gen.15:16). And the earth was filled with violence (Gen.6:11). Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth (Gen.9:1). He shall make full restitution (Exo.22:14). They made peace with David and served him (1Chr.19:19). For He pays a man according to his work (Job 34:11). I will render thank offerings to You (Psa.56:12).

New Testament: This term means to fulfill, to occupy, to make up for, and to fill up (complete). Jesus states Isaiah’s prophecy fulfilling the reason that Jesus speaks in parables. Parables are for those who hear (but do not understand) and who look (but never see). Paul calls the Galatians to fulfill the law of Christ in having love for one another. A Christian teacher must provide clear teaching for the common person (who holds the place of the uninstructed). Paul rejoices in the arrival of the household of Stephanas who makes up for the Galatians’ inability to meet him. Paul makes reference to the continuing Jewish opposition to Jesus. This opposition’s continuing sins will eventually be accountable to God’s wrath.

Scripure:

“Isaiah’s prophecy is fulfilled in them, which says: ‘You shall indeed hear but not understand; you shall indeed look but never see’”. Mt.13:14

Isaiah’ prophecy foretells Jesus’ need to state parables for the disciples’ inability to understand His message. The knowledge of the mysteries are given to some. Others require parables.

“Bear one another’s burdens, and so you will fulfill the law of Christ.” Gal.6:2

The law of Christ is to have love for others. To bear one another’s burdens means to serve one another.

Etymology: This term anapleroo consists of the preposition ana- and the verb pleroo. The ana- prefix indicates intensity, completeness, and “up to”. The verb pleroo means to fill, to accomplish, and to complete. The verb anapleroo indicates an intensive or completed sense of the verb pleroo. The Latin verb supplere essentially means to make up for. The Latin verb implere essentially means to make full. The Greek verb pleroo means to fill up the cup with coffee. The Greek verb anapleroo fills the coffee up to the brim.

Filled to the brim: This expression essentially means as full as possible or completely satisfied. Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra 3.13 states “He will fill thy wishes to the brimme.” W.S Gilbert’s comic opera states “Three little maids from school are we, filled to the brim with girlish glee.”

Conclusion

Supply, supplement, implement

In Greek Hellenism, Plato, not yet conceiving the complete understanding of God, states that love occupies a place in heaven and on earth. Filling up political institutions is necessary for ensuring effective governing. We all can identify with the need for filling in for someone.

In the Old Testament, this term makes reference to completing, fulfilling, and finishing. Finishing or completing is found in contracts and covenants. It is interesting to note that the number seven refers to perfection. To “seven oneself” means to swear an oath to another. The Hebrew shalam refers to a greeting of peace.

In the New Testament, this term continues this sense of fulfilling and completing. Old Testament prophecy is fulfilled or completed by future events (actions). We are called to fulfill Christ’s law of loving and serving others. Certain person make up for others in providing comfort and support to Paul. God will take into account all the sins that fill up against Jesus. It is no surprise that there are seven sacraments.

I think I was able to accomplish what I wanted to do in this post. I hope that I was I able to make good in defining this term. I am satisfied. (Now it’s time to have that cup of coffee!)

[Greek] ἀναπείθω (anapeithō), [Latin] persuadere: to persuade, to incite, to stir up, to induce; Acts 18:13

The Apostle Paul: painting by Rembrandt (1657). The Jews are incited by Paul’s teaching that Jesus is the Messiah in the synagogue.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to persuade, to convince, to move to do something, to seduce, to mislead, and to bribe. Xenophon’s Memorabilia 1.2.52 states “Thus by leading the young to think that he excelled in wisdom and in the ability to make others wise, he had such an effect on his companions that no one counted for anything in their estimation in comparison to him.” Herodotus’ The Histories 1.124 states “Son of Cambyses, persuade the Persians to rebel, and lead their armies against the Meded, then you have your wish whether I am to command the army against or some other man.” Aristophanes’ Peace 622 states “They hatched a thousand plots to pay you no more dues and gained over the chief citizens of Sparta.”

Mythology: The Greek goddess of persuasion is Peitho. The Roman goddess of persuasion is Suada.

Old Testament: This term means to lead astray, to delude, to seduce, and to deceive. If a man sins against his neighbor and is made to take an oath, he comes and takes an oath before Your altar in this house (1Kgs.8:31). You are exacting usury each from his brother (Neh.5:7). The enemy will not deceive him, nor the son of wickedness afflict him (Psa.89:22).

New Testament: This term means to persuade and to incite. In Corinth, Paul stayed with Aquila and Priscilla, who were fellow tent-makers. Every Sabbath Paul entered into discussions in the synagogue attempting to convince both Jews and Greeks. In his preaching Paul testified to the Jews that Jesus was the Messiah. Not surprisingly, this provoked the ire of the Jews. As a result, Paul left to focus his efforts on evangelizing the Gentiles. Paul moved elsewhere. In a vision, Jesus gives Paul further encouragement to continue his ministry. The Jews later rose up together against Paul and brought him to the Roman tribunal and claimed that Paul was inducing people to worship God contrary to the law. But the Roman tribunal ordered the Jews to take care of this Jewish doctrinal matter among themselves.

Scripture:

“This man is inducing people to worship God contrary to the Law.” Acts 18:13

The Jews rose up in anger against Paul for his teachings. The Jews attempted to point out Paul was preaching Christianity, a religion not recognized by the Roman state. However, the Roman tribunal did not accept this argument. The tribunal ordered the Jews to settle this doctrinal matter among themselves.

Etymology: In this Greek term anapeitho, the ana- prefix indicates intensity or an evil sense. Suasion, derived from the Latin verb suadere, means advocacy and support. In the Latin verb persuadere, the per- prefix also indicates intensity and the successful sense of persuasion.

Conclusion:

Persuade, persuasion, persuasive, suasion, suasive

To be honest, I was not exactly sure if I was going to be able to use this term for one of my posts. I knew that this term means to persuade. Essentially, I was persuaded to further investigate this term. Xenophon points out that a charismatic leader can often inspire and motivate others to follow him. Herodotus points out that persuasion is one component of military strategy.

In the Old Testament, this term takes on a more negative sense in deceiving, seducing, and leading astray.

In the New Testament, Paul was evidently very effective in evangelizing and converting the Jews. As a result, the Jews rose up hoping that the Roman authorities would help them put a stop to this. The Roman tribunal did not want to get involved with this Jewish doctrinal matter.

Donald Trump, a business man and outsider, was able to get elected President. Even as a non-political outsider, he has been effective in his accomplishments. Now the President has quite often been accused of inciting riots, division, and racism in this country. Now the President’s opponents (and critics) now accuse him for accomplishing this. (Yet what about the personal responsibility on the part of these criminals!)

As with any election, politics and faith come to the forefront. Fr. James Altman has certainly become a sensation in the matters of how should a faithful Catholic (and Christian) vote in this election. In a sense, he is “inciting” us into reflecting about how our faith must come into play when voting for a candidate. Fr. Altman makes a very compelling message in his Youtube video “You cannot be a Catholic and a Democrat”.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-7eoTN2vNM He has both provoked criticism and yet received an outpouring of support from many others.

I hope this post also provokes your thoughts in reflecting on this.

[Greek] ἀνακρίνω (anakrinō), [Latin] interrogare, [Latin] requirere, [Latin] scrutare, [Latin] cognoscere, [Latin] examinare, [Latin] iudicare: to examine, to investigate, to scrutinize, to ask, to study; Lk.23:14, Acts 4:9, Acts 12:19, Acts 17:11, Acts 24:8, 1Cor.2:14-15, 1Cor.4:3-4, 1Cor.9:3, 1Cor.10:25,27, 1Cor.14:24

Model of the Second Temple: Inscriptions (on the balistrude) warned the Greeks about entering the Temple. In their investigation of Paul, the Jews also accused Paul of desecrating the Temple (bringing Greeks in the Temple).

Background information:

Temple Balistrude Inscription: This is an inscription that hung along along the balistrude outside the Sanctuary of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. This inscription was a warning to pagan visitors (Gentiles and Greeks) not to proceed further under penalty of death. The Greek translation states “No stranger is to enter the balustrade round the temple and enclosure. Whoever is caught will be himself responsible for his ensuing death.”

Greek Hellenism: This term means to investigate, to interrogate, to inquire, to examine, to find a remedy, and to prove qualifications. Thucydides’ the Peloponnesian War 1.95 states “In the meantime the Lacedaemonians recalled Pausanias for an investigation of the reports which had reached them.” Antiphon’s First Tetralogy 2.19 states “And in reply to our questions stated that the only assailant whom he had recognized was the defendant.” Demosthenes’ Against Olympiodorus 48.31 states “The archon conducted the preliminary examination for all claimants, and when he concluded this he brought to case into court.”

Old Testament: This term means to search for and to investigate. Then you shall investigate and search out and inquire thoroughly (Deu.13:14). The weight of the bronze could not be ascertained (1Kgs.7:47). Behold this; we have investigated it, and so it is (Job 5:27). I listened to your reasonings, while you pondered what to say (Job 32:11). Would not God find this out? (Psa.44:21). Let us examine and probe our ways (Lam.3:40). I , the Lord search the heart (Jer.17:10).

New Testament: This term means to investigate, to examine, to search, to study, and to judge. Pilate examines the Jews’ accusations against Jesus and concluded that He was not guilty. The Sanhedrin examined Peter’s and John’s deeds (healing a cripple). Herod unsuccessfully carried a search to find the infant Jesus. The Jews in Beroea were open-minded in examining the scriptures. The Roman authorities examined the Jews’ accusations against Paul. Paul states that only the Lord can judge him. Spiritual persons, given knowledge of what pertains to God, are not subject to judgment. One will be appropriately judged if one willing eats meats sacrificed to idols.

Scripture:

“Pilate said to them, ‘You brought this man to me and accused Him of inciting the people to revolt. I have conducted my investigation in your presence and have not found this man guilty of the charges you have brought against Him.” Lk.23:14

The Jews claim that Jesus is inciting the people with His teachings. The Jews use this rationale (reason) to accuse Jesus of blasphemy. However, Pilate finds Jesus not guilty of these accusations.

“If you examine him you will be able to learn from him for yourself everything of which we are accusing him.” Acts 24:8

The Jews bring formal charges against Paul to the Roman governor. Paul is also being accused of creating dissension among the Jews, being a Nazorean ringleaders, and desecrating the temple.

“I am not conscious of anything against me, but I do not thereby stand acquitted; the one who judges me is the Lord.” 1Cor.4:4

Paul claims that only God can pass judgment on him. Ultimately, each of us will be ultimately judged by God.

Cognizance: A mark or measure by which something or someone is known by. Own Recognizance Release: A criminal suspect is granted release (no bail money is paid) and promises to later appear in court.

Conclusion:

Interrogate, interrogation, recognizance, cognizance, require, requirement, scrutiny, scrutinize, examination, judication, judge, exam

In Greek Hellenism, this term essentially pertains to examining, investigating, and inquiring. In these efforts, one’s qualification or character is often revealed.

Current events: Fr. James Altman, gave a brave and passionate sermon (Youtube) about the sanctity of life. Fr. Altman calls each of us to examine our fundamental beliefs in how we vote as faithful Catholics (and Christians). As a result, he is getting criticism from his superiors. Yet, he is getting support from many others.

The NFL needs to examine their values and principles in lining with BLM, who who actively engaging in mayhem (violence and looting) in various cities.

The President has been quite often accused of “inciting” violence in our nation (and cities). These critics seemed to have thrown out the notion of personal responsibility of those rioters and looters. Yes, the President may criticize others. But this does not give these opponents license to commit acts of violence. These local mayors need to examine their priorities in safeguarding the interests of local citizens and local businesses rather than blaming the President.

Mayors and other city leaders really need to examine the funding of the easy release (bail) for criminals out of jail. Prosecutors really need to examine their policies of not prosecuting or releasing criminals from jail.

Upon further examination, this term has taken on more relevance in recent times.

[Greek] ἀνακαλύπτω (anakalyptō), [Latin] revelare: to reveal, to unveil, to uncover; 2Cor.3:14,18

Moses Receives the Tablets of the Law: painting by Joao Zeferino da Costa (1868). Upon his return from Mt. Sinai, Moses later wears a veil to protect the Israelites from being blinded by God’s reflected glory on him.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to remove, to undo, to reveal, and to unveil. Objects, truth, character, and other aspects can often be revealed or uncovered. Polybius’ Histories 4.85.6 states “I claim that you should, in the present instance of these accusations of Apelles, summon those who heard my words; and openly produce the man that informed Apelles of them, and omit no means of ascertaining the truth.” Euripides’ Iphegenia in Aulis 1146 states “Well now listen; I will unfold my meaning and no longer employ dark riddles.” Xenophon’s Hellenica 5.4.6 states “And the agreement was that when they were seated, they should unveil themselves and strike at once.”

Old Testament: This term means to uncover, to reveal, to lay bare, to expose oneself, to take from, and to empty.

Jewish Hellenistic philosopher Philo: Virtue veils itself like Tamar at the cross-roads in order that curious wayfarers may see her virgin beauty when she unveils it.

“But there are times when virtue does not come forward to meet them, but veiling her face like Tamar, sits down in the public road, giving room to those who are traveling along the road to look upon her as a harlot. Those who are over curious may take off her veil and may behold the untouched, unpolluted, and most exquisite and truly virgin beauty of modesty and chastity.” On Mating with the Preliminary Studies 124

New Testament: This term means to uncover, to reveal, and to unveil. Paul makes reference to Moses returning from Mt. Sinai. Moses veiled his face to protect the Israelites from being blinded from seeing God’s reflected glory on him. The Israelites of Moses’ time are like the Israelites of Paul’s time. These Israelites, like wearing a veil, cannot clearly see the glory of the Lord. For these Israelites, the same veil remains when they read the Old Testament, of which Christ has taken away. Whenever a person turns to the Lord, the veil is removed. All who gaze with an unveiled face can be transformed by the Lord.

Scripture:

“Rather, their thoughts were rendered dull, for to this present day, the same veil remains unlifted when they read the old covenant, because through Christ it is taken away.” 2Cor.3:14

Paul refers to the Israelites (of his times) wearing this veil, unable to see the glory of the Lord. Christ takes away (supercedes) the Old Testament.

“All of us, gazing with unveiled face on the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from glory to glory, as from the Lord who is the Spirit.” 2Cor.3:18

Etymology: The Greek base verb kalypto means to cover, to hide, to veil, or to conceal. The Greek prefix ana- means against, back, or not. The Latin verb velare means to cover or to conceal. Therefore, the Latin verb revelare means the opposite of the Latin verb velare.

Conclusion:

Reveal, revealing

This term essentially means to reveal (uncover) or to find something. We all can relate to the many everyday situations where there is a need to reveal the truth (mysteries, court cases, disputes and arguments, etc.). If we are not being clear (speaking in riddles), then it is sometimes necessary to clearly state one’s meanings or intentions. Strategy and battle plans are essential for determining (unveiling) an opponent’s intentions.

In the Old Testament, this term is used extensively. The more nuanced meanings include exposing oneself, laying bare, emptying oneself, and taking from. Philo provides timeless wisdom about one’s virtue. Virtue must be protected, guarded, and cherished if it is to have any value or meaning.

In the New Testament, failing to see the Lord’s glory is like wearing a veil. Wearing a veil is like having a lack of understanding. It is with an unveiled face that one can see this glory.

Wisdom from Venerable Fulton Sheen:

“When a woman veils here body in modest clothing, she is not hiding herself from men. On the contrary, is she is revealing her dignity to them.”

Unfortunately, our culture generally seems to minimize (or not value) modesty, chastity, and virginity. However, there are still times where these values are still held in high esteem.

Wisdom from MLK:

“I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.” 

Yet our political climate continues to have identity politics where African-Americans are expected to vote in a certain away.

Very revealing character of some corporations:

NBA: more concerned with doing business with China rather than using their corporate influence (financial and social) to voice any concerns about human rights. Any criticism of China’s policies may lead to potential suspensions for NBA employees, managers, owners, or players who voice their concerns.

Disney: More willing to do business with China rather than using their corporate influence (financial and social) to voice any concerns about human rights.

NFL: highlighting and supporting the general BLM message, yet remaining silent on the Marxist BLM groups causing havoc (violence, damage, property destruction, rioting, looting) in our cities. (I guess they didn’t get the memo (manifesto). Do they know where these charitable contributions are going to? ) The NFL permits a public platform for a black national anthem. The national anthem is now being trashed. (You wonder why the fans are booing and TV ratings are falling).

Netflix: Airing and defending a show about sexual depictions of children

I can reveal more such companies, but you get the message.

These woke companies, perceiving to be aware of issues in society, need to wake up and take off their veils of wokeness!

[Greek] ἀναδίδωμι (anadidōmi), [Latin] tradere: to hand over, to give up, to yield, to deliver; Acts 23:33

This image can represent both oral tradition (handing over the faith to others) or Christians being forced to give up their faith (bibles).

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to give up, to hold up, to deliver, to send to a higher authority, to distribute, and to go back. Polybius’ Histories 29.10.7 states “For they at once sent ambassadors to Crete, to renew their friendly relations with the entire Cretan people.” Plutarch’s Aemilus Paulis 25 states “Suddenly and spontaneously the people on their own accord spread a report of a victory, and this story coursed through Rome. This rumor quickly melted away in the city, but when Domitian was setting out with the army for the war and was already on the march, messages and letters announcing the victory came to him.”

New Testament: This term means to deliver, to hand over, or to present. Paul was arrested and being escorted by the Roman soldiers to Caesarea. The Roman commander Claudius Lysias wrote a letter providing the circumstances of Paul’s arrest. The soldiers delivered this letter to the governor and presented Paul to him.

Tradition: This word tradition comes from the Latin verb tradere. During the New Testament culture, the scriptures were considered the Old Testament scriptures. Aside from oral tradition and Paul’s letters, the New Testament had not yet been determined or formulated. The gospel message (Christianity) was transmitted through oral stories (tradition). Essentially, these oral traditions were “handed over” (delivered) from one generation to the next.

Traditores: The Traditores refer to those bishops and Christians who willingly turned over their scriptures and betrayed their fellow Christians to the Roman authorities under the threat of persecution.

Lapsi: The Lapsi were apostates who renounced their faith under persecution by the Roman authorities. This term refers to those who have lapsed or fallen away from their faith, only to return to it later. The Decian Persecution (250 AD) required all Roman citizens to publically sacrifice to traditional gods. Upon completion of this sacrifice, individuals (Christians) received a certificate of sacrifice (libellus).

Conclusion:

Trade, traitor, tradition, treason, lapse, libel

In Greek Hellenism, this term conveys the sense of sending out, which can apply to all types of situations or contexts. We can identify when representatives are sent. When rumors are started, they are in a sense “sent out” which can be either ignored, promoted, or dismissed.

In the New Testament, this term really does not have much significance. It is just a letter that is sent out to the governer in Caesarea. No big deal. Paul’s letters to his congregation are much more important.

The early Christians essentially learned their faith by the oral tradition previously handed down. Traditores were essentially traitors to their faith. The Lapsi essentially lapsed in their faith.

As in times past, we all must be mindful that today there are Christians being persecuted or even being forced to give up their faith.

I think I am done here. Now it is time to deliver this post to my blogging site.

[Greek] παραλογίζομαι (paralogizomai), [Latin] decipere, [Latin] fallere: to miscalculate, to delude, to deceive, to reason falsely, to lead astray, to reckon wrong; Col.2:4, Jas.1:22

Another “mostly peaceful protest” in Kenosha, Wisconsin

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to defraud, to cheat, to reason falsely, and to mislead with a fallacy. Isocrates’ Ad Filios Jasonis 6.12 states “For they do not examine from all sides the real nature of the question, but in many ways deceive themselves.” Demosthenes’ Against Aphobus 1 41.30 states “And yet I have set forth to you clearly, all my charges, while my opponent evaded coming before those acquainted with the facts. “Aristotle’s Poetics 1460a states “Homer has taught the others the proper way of telling lies, that is, by using a fallacy. What is convincing though impossible should always be preferred to what is possible and unconvincing.”

Old Testament: This term means to change, to come against, to transgress, to cover, to delude, to be betray, to carry, and to throw. Yet your father has cheated me and changed my wages ten times (Gen.31:7). He shall not replace it or exchange it, a good for a bad (Lev.27:10). He built it, covered it and hung its door with its bolts (Neh.3:15). Why have you deceived me like this and let my enemy go (1Sam.19:17). But if to betray me to my adversaries, since there is not wrong in my hands, may the God of our fathers look on it and decide (1Chr.12:17).

New Testament: This term means to delude and to deceive. Paul is concerned that the Colossians are being influenced by false teachers who are emphasizing Christ’s relationship with the universe (cosmos). The false teachers stress angels, principalities and powers, astral powers, and cultic practices. These teachings detract from the person and work of Christ for salvation. James states that one must both be a hearer and a doer of the gospel message. Listening but not practicing the gospel message does not allow one to conform oneself to the gospel. This conformity of life to the gospel brings true freedom and happiness.

Scripture:

“I say this so that no one may deceive you by specious arguments.” Col.2:4

Paul has concerns about the false teachers who have been deceptive about Christ’s true nature. The Colossians must reject and adhere to the gospel teachings.

“Be doers of the Word and not hearers only, deluding yourselves.” Jas.1:22

One must both hear and follow (do) the Word in order to be conformed to the gospel message.

Paralogism: A piece of illogical or fallacious reasoning, especially one which appears superficially logical or which the reasoner believes to be logical. This is related to the Greek paralogos, meaning unreasonable.

Conclusion:

Deceive, deception, fall, paralogism

In contrast to my previous post (logizomai), this term paralogizomai conveys the sense of deceiving and miscalculating. We all can relate to being defrauded by a merchant (business person). Demosthenes points out that those who do not face the facts themselves mistakenly think they can persuade others. Homer points out that a false narrative can be laid out based on a fallacy. Isocrates points that some easily deceive themselves, being close-minded and being unable to see the problem from other sides.

In the Old Testament, this term conveys the sense of going against, covering, and throwing. Perhaps this develops the notion of casting doubt and covering up.

In the New Testament, Paul warns that the false teachers in Colossae are creating false narratives about Jesus’ true nature. James states one must be hearers and doers of the gospel. To do otherwise, you are deluding yourself.

Current events: So much time and effort went into the impeachment narrative. In fact, it is very curious that there was no mention at all of impeachment at the DNC. It is because impeachment failed to resonate with the American people (so close to the election). For a long time, the mainstream media, Democratic Party, and the left had been promoting the narrative that protests, rioting, and looting have been “mostly peaceful”. Now the American people are seeing that there seems to be no end in sight to this violence. This violence is moving into other cities. The mainstream media are deluding themselves in thinking that the President is inciting this violence. This violence is being caused by BLM, Antifa, and other left wing individuals. The Democratic Party, media and the left are deluding themselves in thinking that they can win over moderates when they see businesses being destroyed by these mobs. The left is deluding themselves in thinking that they can reason with these mobs. These local leaders (mayors and governors) are deluding themselves in thinking that these mobs will just stop by themselves.

I have no delusions that the American people will ultimately make their feelings known in this election!

[Greek] κοπιάω (kopiaō), [Latin] laborare, [Latin] fatigare, [German] anstrengen, [French] travailler: to work hard, to be weary, to toil, to tire, to be tired, to weary; 25 scriptures

Carrying a burden can also be likened to carrying a cross. Circumstances often may define us and our burdens.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to grow weary, to make a great exertion (mental or physical), to suffer, to strike, and to work (toil).

Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae 795: “If we fall asleep at friends’ homes from the fatigue of playing and sporting, each you (wives) come prowling around the bed to contemplate the features of this pest (husband).

Aristophanes’ Birds 735: “That you will be weary and cloyed with enjoyment.”

Euripides’ Phoenissae 852: “But first collect your strength and regain your breath, shaking off the fatigue from your journey.”

Euripides’ The Trojan Woman 794: “For you I strike upon my head and beat my breast, my only gift.”

The Wisdom of Ben Sira (Ecclesiasticus):

1. This book follows Wisdom in the Old Testament.
2. Sirach comes from the Greek form of the author’s name. Ben Sira, a Hellenistic scribe, sage, and allegorist, was a wise and experienced observer of life.
3. This book Liber Ecclesiasticus (Church Book) addressed wisdom tradition, the law, the priesthood, divine worship, the individual, and the family.
4. This book, written in the early 2^nd century B.C., provided maxims in integrating faith and family issues in various subject matters.
5. The Wisdom of Ben Sira has been recognized by the Catholic Church as inspired and canonized.
6. The notion of taking a yoke upon one’s neck and seeking rest comes from Sir.51:23-30.

Sir.51:23: “Come aside to me, you untutored, and take up lodging in the house of instruction.”

What is this house of instruction? This is essentially a metaphor for Ben Sira’s teaching.

Who are those who come this house (school) of instruction? The naïve, untutored, and foolish people come here.

Sir.51:24: “How long will you deprive yourself of wisdom’s food, and how long endure such bitter thirst?”

What are these students seeking? Wisdom (praise of the Lord).

Sir.51:25: “I open my mouth and speak of her: gain wisdom for yourselves at no cost.”

Why is wisdom personified as female? Finding wisdom was like finding a wife. Like a wife, wisdom provides wealth, blessings, and righteousness. It is also interesting to note that the Hebrew term for wisdom is a feminine noun.

Sir.51:26: “Take her yoke upon your neck; that your mind may receive her teaching. For she is close to those who seek her, and the one who is in earnest finds her.”

What is a yoke? A yoke is a harness used by oxen and other animals to ease the work of hauling a load. A yoke also means a designation of servitude and carrying a burden of a task or mission.

Sir.51:27: “See for yourselves! I have labored only a little, but have found much.”

What does “acquire a little instruction and you will win silver and gold though her” mean? With a little hard work, one may attain great blessings.

New Testament: This term means to work (labor), to grow weary, and to be discouraged.

Scripture:

Mt.6:28: “Why are you anxious about clothes? Learn from the way the wild flowers grow. They do not work or spin.” (Jesus does not deny the reality of human needs. But we must not become slaves to these worries. But in reality, this is often easier said than done.)

Jn.4:38: “I have sent you to reap what you have not worked for; others have done the work, and you are sharing the fruits of their work.” (The sower is Christ. The reapers are those who will share in the benefits of the sower. These reapers are called to finish the work that had begun.)

Gal.4:11: “[Paul]: I am afraid on your account that perhaps I have labored for you in vain.”

When you do not know God (Gal.4:8-11):

1. The heathen (pagan) gods are devils. Focusing on these gods becomes a form of idolatry.
2. Paul states that the Galatians are in a state of gross and galling servitude (slavery) to the gods.
3. These chains of idolatry are found throughout the world.
4. This slavery is a burdensome yoke. This is in contrast to the freedom of the gospel.
5. The Galatians, once free, are turning back to these idols.
6. Paul questions whether the Galatians accepted Christianity in the first place.

Eph.4:28: “The thief must no longer steal, but rather labor, doing honest work with his own hands, so that he may have something to share with one in need.”

1. Paul states that one must put away falsehood and speak the truth.
2. Be angry and do not sin. One must not hold onto anger.
3. Do not leave room for the devil. One must not be subject to the influences of the devil.
4. This thievery pertains to seeking gain for oneself, idleness, selfishness, dishonesty, vice, and lying.
5. Instead, one must make efforts to support and comfort others.)

1Tim.4:10: “For this we toil and struggle, because we have set our hope on the living God, who is the savior of all, especially of those who believe.” (Christians [and others], laboring in the work of God [or in life in general], may have to experience PERSERVERANCE, TOIL, SUFFERING, PERSECUTION, AND MARTYRDOM. The Christian is likened to an disciplined athlete who must be ready and prepared to run the Christian race of life.)

1Tim. 5:17: “Presbyters who preside well deserve double honor, especially those who toil in preaching and teaching. For the scripture says, ‘You shall not muzzle and ox when it is threshing, and a worker deserves his pay’.” (The presbyters have the responsibility for preaching and teaching. Presbyters must be praised for their faithful efforts. Presbyters must be supported when they are falsely accused of wrongdoing (or sinful behavior). Early presbyters were both rightfully and unrightfully accused of sinful behavior. Sinful presbyters must also be held to account for their behavior. Like oxen [who eat grain], presbyters must be allowed to toil in preaching and teaching.)

Mt.11:28: “Come to me, all you who labor and are burdened, and I will give you rest.” (Jesus tells us to take His yoke and learn from Him, for He is meek and humble of heart. You will find rest for yourselves. Jesus’ yoke is easy and His burden is light.)

[Greek] κόπος (kopos):work, trouble, toil, difficulties, labor, 19 scriptures

1Cor.15:58: “Therefore, by beloved brothers, be firm, steadfast, always fully devoted to the work of the Lord, knowing that in the Lord your labor is not in vain.” (Paul reminds us to be steadfast, even when encountering temptations, dangers, enemies, and false teachers. Followers of Christ must not strive for wages, but for eternal life.)

1Cor.3:8: “The one who plants and the one who waters are equal, each will receive wages in proportion to his labor.” 

Roles of God’s ministers:

1. We are God’s workers. The Church is God’s field and building,
2. Each one must be careful how he builds upon the Church’s foundation.
3. The work of each efforts to build upon this foundation will come to light.
4. Each one’s work will be revealed with fire, testing the quality of each one’s work.
5. If the work stands and remains, that person will receive a wage (reward).
6. But if someone’s work is burned up, that one will suffer loss. This person will be saved but only as through fire.

Etymology:

1. The Latin verb deficere consists of the preposition (de-), meaning not, and the verb facere, meaning to make.
2. The Latin deficere can mean to withdraw, to fail, to fall short, to let down, to be weary, and to faint.
3. The Latin defectus (defect) is the past participle of deficere.
4. Essentially, this inability to produce, make, or work can make one weary, ineffective, or deficient.

Conclusion:

Labor, labored, fatigue, fatigued, cope, laboratories, deficient, deficit

Greek Hellenism: this term pertains to making a physical or mental exertion, suffering from a medical condition, being ‘wearied’ by enjoyment, (which is a puzzling notion). Perhaps being cloyed means more like sickened from eating too much candy.

Old Testament: toil in the present time is contrasted to the hope of salvation. Sirach offers a yoke of wisdom for the ignorant (untutored). With a little instruction, they gain wisdom.

Jesus draws upon Old Testament Wisdom imagery in talking about a yoke. Jesus offers a light yoke in providing refreshment to those who are weary. In contrast, the scribes and Pharisees impose heavy burdens on others.

Update: The families of these living and deceased hostages and families of victims from shootings are now carrying a GREAT BURDEN. We all need to extend our thoughts and prayers to them.

Being anxious: Jesus offers us great advice about worrying. But let’s be real. It is quite often “easier said than done” in following this advice. Many of us (including me!) need to work on our trust in God.

Sirach provides a great perspective and foundation in understanding of a yoke, instruction, and wisdom.

The human traditions coming out of Vatican II (and Synodality) have been very detrimental to the faith: repressing the TLM, creating the NOM, removing altar rails, commonplace “extra-ordinary” eucharistic ministers, and receiving the Eucharist in the hand ===> decreased belief in the Real Presence.

In response to the Minneapolis shooting, too many clergy are predictably focusing on “gun violence” but not on the underlying issues of mental illness, evil, and the consequences of body transitioning.

Unfortunately, there are too many clergy who predictably focus on inclusion (lived experiences) but not on Church teaching teachings against homosexuality. This is synodality becoming an IDOL! This is also a failure in calling out sin.

The Vatican’s and Synodality’s poor catechesis (instruction) ==> many Catholics leaving the Church.

The German synodal Church is “renewing” and “reforming” itself into decline and heresy.

Modernism and Synodalism: ==> subjective and lived experiential religious experiences, aversion to Tradition, doctrinal confusion and ambiguity.

Practical atheism: ==> paying lip service to God and Church teachings against homosexuality, and de-stigmatizing and normalizing homosexuality.

Vatican II’s efforts to “bring in fresh air into the Church” so that the “Church can get with the times”: ==> a spiritual and pastoral disaster for the Church.

The “smoke of Satan” entering the Church: ==> doctrinal and moral confusion and ambiguity, loss of vocations, lack of belief in the Real Presence, decreased Church attendance, tolerance and inclusion toward sin, error and heresy, LGBTQ “outreach (lax attitudes), and “pushing the doctrinal envelope” toward heresy.

Vatican II and Synodality’s efforts to MAKE A BETTER WORLD and to SEEK FAVOR WITH THE WORLD: ==> becoming more entrenched in politics, immigration, illegal immigration, social justice, environmental causes, and worldliness.

Poor efforts to build the Church: MODERNISM/SYNODALISM, DOCTRINAL AND MORAL AMBIGUITY, decreased belief in the Real Presence, SPARSE MASS ATTENDANCE (Novus Order Mass), loss of vocations, scandal, TOLERANCE TO SINFUL BEHAVIOR. ==> harsh judgment by God

Good efforts to build the Church: TRADITION, DOCTRINAL AND MORAL CLARITY, A GROWING CHURCH (Traditional Latin Mass), CLEARLY STATING CHURCH TEACHINGS ==> job well done

It is very important to remember that God will NOT WASTE our pains, sufferings, and burdens.

“For whenever anyone who bears the pain of unjust suffering because of the consciousness of God, that is a grace.” 1Pet.2:19

“This labor of our is BRIEF, but the reward is eternal.” St. Claire of Assisi

“The test of sincerity of one’s prayer is the willingness to labor on its behalf.” St. John Chrysostom

“Let us trust in Him who has placed this burden upon us. What we ourselves cannot bear let us bear with the help of Christ. For He is all-powerful, and He tells us: ‘My yoke is easy, and my burden light.”

He who labors as he prays lifts his heart to God with his hands.” Benedict of Nursia

10 Reasons to Believe in a God Who Allows Suffering (Burdens)

1. Suffering comes with the freedom to choose.
2. Pain can warn us of danger.
3. Suffering reveals what is in our hearts—

It has a way of revealing what is in our own hearts. Capacities for love, mercy, anger and pride can lie dormant until awakened by circumstances. Strength and weakness of heart is found not when everything is going our way by when suffering and trials test our character. The human heart is revealed and developed by enduring the pressure and heat of time and circumstance. Strength of character is shown not when all is well with our world but in the presence of human pain and suffering.

4. Suffering takes us to the edge of eternity—

If death is the end of everything, then a life filled with suffering isn’t fair. But if the end of this life brings us to the threshold of eternity, the most fortunate people in the universe are those who discover, through suffering, that this life is not all we have to live for. Those who find themselves and their eternal God through suffering have not wasted their pain. They have let their poverty, grief, and hunger drive them to the Lord of eternity. They are the ones who will discover to their own never-ending joy when Jesus said, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

5. Pain looses our grip on this life—

In time, our work and our opinions are sought less and less. Our bodies become increasingly worse for the wear. Problems loom larger and larger while options narrow. Each new pain makes this world less inviting and the next life more appealing. In its own way, pain paves the way for a graceful departure.

6. Suffering gives us an opportunity to trust God.
7. God suffers with us in our suffering.
8. God’s comfort is greater than our suffering.
9. In times of crisis, we find one another—

Natural disasters and times of crises have a way of bring us together. Suddenly we remember our own mortality and that people are more important than things. Each time we discover God’s comfort in our own suffering, our capacity to help others is increased.

10. God can turn suffering around for our good.

 I hope this post works out for you. Hope you had a Happy Labor Day!

[Greek] λογίζομαι (logizomai), [Latin] cogitare, [Latin] reputare, [Latin] deputare, [Latin] existimare, [Latin] arbitrare, [Latin] acceptare: to reckon, to take into account, to regard, to suppose, to count, to have books balanced, to reason, to conclude, to calculate, to compute, to set one’s account, to make a calculation of something; 48 scriptural references

In ancient Greece, the wax tablet was used for children’s education and accounting (calculating) for business financial transactions.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to keep score, to reason, to reckon, to calculate, to charge someone on account, to audit, to take into account (consider), to regard, to recognize, and to count on.

Aristophanes’ Frogs 1263: “Keep score.”

Euripides’ Orestes 555: “So I reasoned that.”

Demosthenes’ Against Aphobus 2 28.12: “He reckoned up so heavy an outlay.”

Aristophanes’ Clouds 20: “Calculate the interest.”

Demosthenes’ On the Crown 18.113: “Charge it to the public account.

Aristotle’s Athenian Constitution 54.2: “Audit the returns of officials.”

Demosthenes’ On the Peace 5.24: “Suggest the following consideration.”

Xenophon’s Hellenica 6.4.6 “Calculated that if they did not fight.”

Sophocles’ Trachiniae 944: “Counts on the morrow or the days.”

Euripides’ Iphigenia in Aulis: “Count on ordering all their life.”

Old Testament: In addition to reckoning and crediting, this term provides the sense of considering in varied and nuanced ways. This term takes on a more personal, emotional, and subjective character in value judgments and accusations. This term is also used in the religious sphere in imputing righteousness and judgment. The Lord credited Abraham as an act of righteousness (Gen.15:6). No reckoning was asked of them regarding the funds provided to them (2Kgs. 22:7). Judah thought she was a harlot (Gen. 38:15). Here is a people that lives apart and does not think reckon itself among the nation (Num.23:9). Saul intended to have David fall into the hands of the Phillistines (1 Sam. 18:25). The human heart plans the way, but the Lord directs the steps (Prov.16:9).

New Testament: This term is used quite frequently (around 40 times) in the New Testament. This term is used with the sense of to reason about, to keep a mental record, to hold a view, and to charge to an account. Paul mentions that our spiritual perspective and understanding will mature over time. God, by not counting our trespasses us, allows for forgiveness. As Abraham believed God, Abraham was credited with righteousness. Paul, as a tent maker (businessman), makes reference to accounting terminology (something credited equals something earned).

Scripture:

“The danger grows, not only that our business will be discredited, but also that the temple of the great goddess Artemis will be of no account, and that she whom the whole province of Asia worship will be stripped of her magnificence.” Acts 19:27

If this danger continues, the silversmiths’ profession and Artemis’ influence will decline.

“A worker’s wage is credited not as a gift, but as something due.” Rom.4:4

Paul, as a tentmaker, understood the importance of making a living.

“Not that of ourselves we are qualified to take credit for anything as coming from us; rather, our qualification comes from God.” 2Cor.3:5

Ultimately, our talents and abilities come from God.

Etymology: A deputy is one who has been assigned and considered for to carry out something. A reputation is something that has repeatedly been reckoned or counted on. Cogitation is a thought (idea) that has been considered or reflected on. Arbitration is the ability of making a choice, decision, or judgment. Imputation is making a charge. Esteem is an accounting or value of something. An estimation is the value of something that one considers.

Conclusion:

Deputy, deputize, reputation, cogitation, exist, imputation, accept, esteem, estimate, logic, logical

This term takes on many varied meanings in any period in history. Reasoning and reckoning can apply in almost any context or situation. Reckoning and accounting are important in business transactions. Wax tablets were used in children’s instruction and accounting for business transactions. Even in ancient Greece, people charged transactions on a public account. Calculating can involve assessing strategies and risk in various contexts.

In the Old Testament, this term is used in varied and nuanced meanings. Reckoning plays an important role with righteousness and justification.

In the New Testament, there is so much that can be discussed about reckoning with righteousness and justification. I reckon that now is not the time nor place to extensively consider this topic. We all can relate that God does not count our trespasses against us. God provides us with reconciliation. We also can identify with ‘of no account’ meaning no value. Lastly, as much as we try to take credit for our abilities and capabilities, we have to credit God for these gifts.

Current events: The riots, looting, property damage, and killings are still unfortunately continuing. This in part is driven by a calculated effort by the mainstream media, the Democratic Party (and the left) to minimize, cover, and spin the violent incidents. There also seems to be a concerted effort by prosecutors of not charging criminals or dismissing charges. Funds are being provided to immediately release these individuals from jail. This “mostly peaceful” narrative continues to be promoted. And we cannot forget this one: “fiery but mostly peaceful”. There also continues the coordinated narrative that President Trump is inciting violence. So it seems that personal responsibility for the riotous actions do not matter or count for anything. Therefore, then it must be Trump’s fault. The DNC curiously made no mention of this violence (or impeachment) at their convention. However, the RNC rightly brought up these violent incidents.

Now the tide is turning against this narrative. The media, Democrat Party, and the left have miscalculated (my next post). Now Biden is coming out of his basement. These political narratives (calculations) did not take into account the American people being fed up and worried about this violence continuing. They are seeing what is happening.

Because of these calculations, It could be that the Democratic Party, media, and the left may face their day (time) of reckoning this November!

[Greek] ἀνάγνωσις (anagnōsis), [Latin] lectionem, [French] lecture: recognition, reading, knowing again, public reading; Acts 13:15, 2Cor.13:15, 1Tim.4:13

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means recognition, reading, and persuasion. Herodotus’ The Histories 1.116 states “While the boy spoke, it seemed to Astyages that he recognized him; the character of his face was like his own, he thought, and his manner of answering was freer than customary.” Aristotle’s Poetics 1462a states “Moreover, tragedy fulfills its function even without acting just as much as epic, and its quality can be gauged by reading aloud. In tragedy, this vividness can be felt whether it is read or acted.”

Old Testament: This term means convocation, reading, a calling together, and assembly. On the first day you shall have a holy assembly (Exo.12:16). These are the appointed time of the Lord, hoy convocation which you shall proclaim at the times appointed for them (Lev.23:4). They read from the law of God, translating to give the sense so that they understood the reading (Neh.8:8). New moon and Sabbath, the calling of assemblies I cannot endure iniquity and the solemn assembly (Isa.1:13).

New Testament: This term pertains to reading or public reading of the Old Testament. This refers to both reading and the event of such reading. The Old Testament consists of both the law and of the prophets. 2Cor. 3:14 makes reference to the veil Moses wore upon his return from Mt. Sinai to the people. As a result of his encounter with God, Moses’ face shines brightly, causing Moses to wear a veil (barrier) to protect them from being blinded by God’s glory. Paul likens Paul’s contemporaries and Jewish Christians to the Israelites. Like wearing a veil, the disciples fail to see (understand) God’s glory. They fail to see (understand) that the Old Testament is taken away (rendered ineffective) through Christ.

Scripture:

“Rather, their thought were rendered dull, for to this present day the same veil remains unlifted when they read the old covenant, because through Christ it is taken away.” 2 Cor.3:14

Moses wore the veil to protect the Israelites from being blinded by God’s glory. Like wearing a veil, the disciples and Christians are unable to fully see (understand) God’s glory.

Early Christianity:

“And on the day called Sunday, all who live in the cities or in the country gather together in one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read.” Justin Martyr’s First Apology 67.3

This suggests that Justin had already understood that these memoirs are what the Christians at time knew as the gospels. Justin also quite frequently references the gospels. These gospels were communicated through oral tradition. Justin refers to these writings as being read in the churches along with writings of the prophets (Old Testament).

Why does Michelangelo’s statue of Moses have ears? The Hebrew verb karan means to make radiant. As Moses came down from Mount Sinai, his skin (face) had become radiant when he spoke to the Lord. Interestingly, the related Hebrew noun keren means horn or projection. When applied to God, keren means ray of light. This ray of light would have started from a fixed point moving downward (and outward) like a ▲.  This triangular figure not surprisingly also becomes a horn. In medieval Christian Europe, this scripture passage would have been translated as “Moses horned with radiance”. Therefore, Michelangelo placed unusual horns on Moses.

Conclusion:

Lecture, lecturing

In Greek Hellenism, this term conveys recognition of one’s character. The ancient Greek tragedies were often commentaries (in artistic form) illustrating the human condition. Aristotle points out that acting or reading the part brings out these human qualities.

In the Old Testament, this term pertains to something called out or read in an assembly. This can refer to both spiritual assemblies and non-spiritual assemblies.

This Old Testament understanding continues in the New Testament culture. The veil was used to protect the Israelites from being blinded by God’s radiance on Moses. Paul then likens this veil to a barrier preventing the disciples from seeing (understanding) God’s glory. They fail to see that Jesus surpasses and renders ineffective the Law.

In the New Testament culture, the scriptures, in existence at this time, was the Old Testament. The gospel message was conveyed through the oral traditions. The gospels (as when know them) were not yet fully written or established. It would be centuries later when the formal New Testament canon would be established.

At first glance, why would Michaelangelo put horns on the statue of Moses? I hope this background information helps to carve out the explanation.

And I will soon make this post available for public reading on Facebook and Twitter.

[Greek] ἀναβλέπω (anablepō), [Latin] videre, [Latin] intinuere, [Latin] ascpicere, [Latin] respicere, [Latin] venire, [Latin] recipere, [Latin] suspicere: to look up, to recover sight, to gain sight; 26 scriptural references

 Anablepus (“seeing again/more”): a large fish, having clearer vision, can see both under and above the surface of the water. Catholics and Protestants are rediscovering and discovering the deep history, depth, richness, and beauty of Catholicism.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to behold, to look up, to look with confidence, to look with disdain, to revive, and to restore one’s sight.

Aristophanes’ Plutus 117: “I have good hope with the god’s help to deliver you from that blindness, in fact to restore your sight.”

Plato’s Republic 515c: “When one was freed from his fetters and compelled to stand up suddenly and turn his head around and lift his eyes to the light, what do you suppose would be his answer if someone had told him that what he had before was all all a cheat and illusion?”

Euripides’ The Suppliants 322: “Do you see how fiercely your country looks on its revilers when they mock her for want of counsel?”

Old Testament: This term means to enlighten, to give light, to look upon, to regard, to pay attention, to lift up, to bear, to face, to turn to, and to appear.

New Testament: This term means to look up and to restore (gain) sight.

Scripture:

Mt.11:5: “The blind regain their sight, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the poor have the good news proclaimed to them.” (The time of salvation is marked by these deeds. John the Baptist is encouraged to not to disbelieve just because his expectations have not been met.)

Mt.14:19: “And He ordered the crowds to sit down on the grass. Taking the five loaves and the two fish, and looking up to heaven, He said the blessing, broke the loaves, and gave them to the disciples, who in turn gave them to the crowds.” (Jesus looks up to heaven in giving thanks for these offerings. The taking [blessing, breaking, and giving to the disciples] corresponds to the actions of Jesus over the bread at the Last Supper.) 

Mt.20:34 “Moved with pity, Jesus touched their eyes. Immediately they received their sight, and followed Him.” (Jesus restores the sight of the two blind men. The cure of the blind men seeks to open the eyes of His disciples who have also been blind to the meaning of Jesus’ passion and  the necessity of sharing Jesus’ suffering.)

Mk.10:51: “Jesus said to the blind man, ‘What do you want me to do for you?’ The blind man said, ‘Master, I want to see.'” (Jesus restored his sight. Jesus stated that his faith had saved him. The man followed Jesus.)

Acts 9:17: “Ananias laid his hands on Saul and said, ‘Saul, my brother, the Lord has sent me, Jesus who appeared to you on the way by which you came, that you might regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit.” (Saul, formerly an apostate, begins his path in become an apostle for Christ.)

Jn.9:18: “Now the Jews did not believe that he had been born blind and gained his sight until they summoned the parents of the one who gained his sight.” (The Jews vainly hoped to disprove Jesus’ miracle of the healing the man born blind. They could not bear to think that Jesus could do this. They could not come to terms that this person was actually born blind.)

Seeing Jesus at Eucharistic adoration: you can pray, pray the Rosary, be quiet (attentive), or just read scripture

I am pretty sure that both Catholics and Protestants would prefer looking up in churches like this!

Conclusion:

Receive, receipt, intuit, intuition, visual, aspect, suspect, suspicion, respect

New Testament significance of numbers:

1. 1000: represents everyone
2. 4000: everyone in all four directions
3. 5000: all the Jews (everyone under the Law (5 books)

Update: We have seen that the USCCB has devoted an excessively high percentage (90%) of their resources to immigration and a very low percentage (1%) to pro-life causes. This represents a skewed and inverted priority on immigration. Hopefully, they will focus more on pro-life, abortion, catechesis, the Eucharist, and the salvation of souls.

“The equal toleration of all religions…is the same as atheism.” Pope Leo XIII  (This mindset is typical of Modernists’ and Synodalists’ toleration of other religions. And you wonder why Pope Francis got into trouble for making such problematic and heretical statements.)

Many of us are now seeing the insidious entangled financial relationships between the USCCB, Catholic Charities, the Vatican, and USAID.

Many of us are now seeing financial resources were sent for questionable purposes: illegal immigration, child trafficking, promoting atheism, condoms, birth control, and LGBTQ values.

Many of us are now seeing that the financial spigot of money is being turned off for many charitable organizations, NGOs, and other government programs.

We are now seeing a Holy Spirit-inspired organic movement toward Tradition and reverence. This is being experienced by both Catholics, Protestants, and secular people.

Many Protestants, seeking to finding something deeper in their faith, are discovering the history, depth, and beauty of Catholicism. As a result, many Protestants are converting to Catholicism.

More Protestants are seeing that the Catholic Mass is a public worship (liturgy) focusing on Christ and NOT on the pastor and NOT about entertainment.

Protestant pastors and laymen, having varying attitudes toward Catholicism, have interestingly become some of the most ardent Catholic supporters and Catholic apologists. The former Calvinistic pastor Scott Hahn, among others, comes to mind.

Both Catholics and Protestants are looking up in seeing the beautiful architecture and liturgical worship spaces in the Catholic churches. They all look up in wonder.

Many Catholics and Protestants are now seeing and hearing about Catholicism with new eyes and ears. They are seeing past their presumptions, prejudices, stereotypes of Catholicism and Catholics. The scales are being removed from their eyes. They are seeing and hearing more clearly about the fullness of Truth.

We are now seeing on YouTube an “explosion” of videos of Protestant (pastors and laity) conversion stories!

What a fish! I did not see that coming! This is not a fish story. This is a real fish, see for yourself.

We are now seeing competing interpretations St. Augustine’s Odo Amoris (the ordering of love [concern for others]).

[Greek] ἀμφιάζω (amphiazō), [Latin] vestire, [French] areer: to clothe, to adorn; Mt.6:30, Mt.11:8, Lk.7:25, Lk.12:28

John the Baptist wears the simple garments (animal skins) of a prophet.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, meaning to clothe, can be used literally and metaphorically. Homer’s Odyssey 10.542 states “Round about me then she cast a cloak and tunic as raiment, and the nymph clothed herself in a long white robe, finely woven and beautiful.” Plato’s Republic 457a states “The women of the guardians must strip, since they will be clothed with virtue as a garment, and must take their part with the men and the other duties of civic guardianship.” Homer’s Iliad 20.150 states “There Poseidon and the other gods sate them down and clothed their shoulders round about with a cloud that might not be rent.”

Old Testament: This term means to cover, to do things secretly, to clothe, and to put on. Literal examples include loin skins, garments, fine linen, robes, sackcloths, dust, worm, and chain mail (armor). Metaphorical examples include salvation, shame, righteousness, glory, dishonor, and majesty. Psa.65:13 makes reference to pastures clothed with flocks.

New Testament: This term means to clothe, to dress, or to adorn. Jesus brings up the subject of having dependence (trust) in God. Jesus addresses those disciples (and us) having little faith in God. If God can clothe the grass of the field, how much more so will God provide for us. Jesus also speaks of John the Baptist as a simple messenger who is preparing the way for Him. Jesus defines His relationship to John the Baptist. Rather than wearing fine clothing, John wears sackcloth and animal skins.

Scripture:

“If God so clothes the grass of the field, which grows today and is thrown into the oven tomorrow, will He not much more provide for you, O you of little faith.” Mt. 6:30

Jesus was address those disciples who had little faith and trust. He points out God will provide for us who are more important than the grass.

“Then what did you go out to see? Someone dressed in fine clothing? Those who wear fine clothing are in royal places.” Mt.11:18

John the Baptist becomes the one who prepares the way for Jesus. John wears the simple clothing of a prophet.

Etymology: The archaic word raiment comes from the French verb areer. An array can include equipment, furnishings, or clothing. An investiture is a ceremony of putting on the clothing in insignia of office. To invest is to borrow or cover one’s contribution into something. To divest is to strip of one’s clothes or investment.

Conclusion:

Vest, investiture, vestment, array, arrangement

It was interesting to discover that this term is related to that archaic word raiment (clothing). The metaphoric uses refer to being clothed in righteousness and with clouds.

In the Old Testament, this term is used extensively. I was surprised by the many metaphorical uses of this term. The Israelites covertly or undercover worshiped idols.

In the New Testament, the disciples, like many of us, often have little faith (trust). To be honest, you also can count me in during those times when we go through struggles and difficulties. It is often like: “God, you’re killing me here. When will these struggles stop?” I myself need to keep working on this. John the Baptist follows the example of the Old Testament prophet covered in animal skins.

That just about covers it with this post.

[Greek] παύω (pauō), [Latin] cessare, [Latin] desinere, [Latin] coercere: to stop, to pause, to cease, to quit, to come to an end, to end; Lk.5:4, Lk.8:24, Lk.11:1, Acts 5:42, Acts 6:13, Acts 20:1,31, Acts 21:32, 1Cor.13:8, Eph.1:16, Col.1:9, Heb.10:2, 1Pet.3:10, 1Pet.4:1

Those times when we need Jesus to pause the storms in our lives

Background information:

Greek Hellenism:  This term means to end, to stop, to silence, to keep back, to give rest, to leave off, and to depose.

Sophocles’ Antigone 963: “To quell the god-inspired women.”

Homer’s Iliad 1.207: “Cease from strife.”

Sophocle’s Philoctetes 1424: “You shall be healed of your cruel sickness.”

Euripides: Medea 93: “She will not let go of her wrath.”

Homer’s Odyssey 20.274: “Now we have silenced them.”

Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus 397: “Whom you are trying to oust.”

Euripides’ Orestes 571: “Have put an end to this custom.”

Homer’s Odyssey 5.492: “Free him from toilsome weariness.”

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 8.6.3: “Not remove from their positions.”

Old Testament: This term means to cease, to desist, to leave off, to remove, to complete, to console, to repent, to take a breath, to refresh, to be peaceful, to return, and to restore.

New Testament: This term means to cease, to subside, to finish, to stop, and to cause to cease. Jesus got into the boat with the disciples and told them to cross to the other side of the lake. When a storm came, the disciples became fearful and Jesus caused the storm to subside. After Jesus finished praying, the disciples asked Jesus how to pray. Jesus teaches them the Our Father prayer. The apostles, rejoicing that they were flogged in the name of Jesus, did not stop teaching and proclaiming the Messiah Jesus. Jesus provides a superior one time sacrifice. If the Old Testament sacrifices were sufficient, these sacrifices would have ceased to be offered. Ceasing of activities (actions) occur in other scriptural examples.

Scripture:
Otherwise, would not the sacrifices have ceased to be offered, since the worshipers, once cleansed, would no longer have had any consequences of sin?” Heb.10:2

Jesus offers a superior once and only sacrifice. On the other hand, the Old Testament sacrifices are continually needed to remove sins. It was impossible for these Old Testament sacrifices to cease.

“And all day long, both at the temple and in their homes, they did not stop teaching and proclaiming about the Messiah, Jesus.” Acts 5:42

The Apostles were rejoicing, having to suffer in Jesus’ name. The Apostles were unceasing in the teaching and proclaiming about Jesus.

“They came and woke Him saying, ‘Master, master, we are perishing!’ He awakened, rebuked the wind and the waves, and they subsided and there was a calm.” Lk.8:24

Jesus uses His divine powers to calm the storm in response to the fears of the disciples. In response, Jesus rebuked the disciples for their lack of faith.

Conclusion:

Pause, coerce, desist, cease, cessation, pausing

In Greek Hellenism, it was interesting to see the many uses (meanings) for ceasing. In some situations, it is simply a matter of stopping (ceasing) an action (activity). Sophocles illustrates subduing or suppressing a god-inspired woman. He also points out just being healed from an affliction. Homer references silencing someone. Sophocles references ousting someone from power. We all can identify with being free from some toilsome weariness.

In the Old Testament, this term, used extensively, has many meanings.

In the New Testament, this term, besides being used to simply cease, refers to important aspects of Jesus’ divine authority. This authority is illustrated with miracles, teaching and proclaiming, and Jesus’ sacrificial authority. Upon His suggestion, as the disciples’ boat moves across the lake, a storm later appears. Perhaps Jesus causes the storm in order to test the disciples’ faith. It looks like the disciples failed His test, by showing their lack of faith.

Ironically, Gamaliel, a Pharisee in the Sanhedrin, makes a wise and prophetic statement concerning actions. If these actions are of human origin, it will destroy itself. If these actions come from God, you will not be able to destroy these actions. The disciples were joyous for being persecuted in the name of the Lord. This only increased and encouraged their missionary activity. Jesus provides a far superior once and only sacrificing for the forgiveness of sins. This is in contrast to the Old Testament sacrifices which needed to be repeated again and again.

Current events: As we are continually facing the aftermath (consequences) of this pandemic, we are faced with issues such as the paused govt. assistance checks, school, sports, and employment prospects. The govt. checks have been paused because of political differences (squabbles). Many of us are now faced with whether attending school in person should be paused or whether should it be continued on-line. School openings have been delayed or paused. There continues the debate of whether sports events should continue. Some organizations have cancelled or paused games or seasons. This pandemic continues to create havoc, distress and uncertainties in pausing or delaying economic growth.

In a sense, we all are together in the same boat experiencing these stormy seas. We all need to call upon Jesus for His help so that these storms can subside.

[Greek] προσδοκάω (prosdokaō), [Latin] expectare, [Latin] sperare, [Latin] existimare: to expect, to watch for, to think ahead, to await, to anticipate, to look forward to; Mt.11:3, Mt.24:50, Lk.1:21, Lk.3:15, Lk.7:19-20, Lk.8:40, Lk.12:46, Acts 3:5, Acts 10:24, Acts 27:33, Acts 28:6, 2Pet.3:12-14

Peter in the House of Cornelius: painting by Barend Fabritius (1653). Cornelius is so impressed by his vision that he invites his relatives and close friends to meet Peter.

Background information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to look upon, to expect, to hope for, to expect something (or someone), to suppose something, to fear, and to prepare for the unexpected. Plato’s Cratylus 438e states “It seems that things may be learned without names. What other way is left by which you could expect to know them?” Polybius’ Histories 23.7.3 states “The Macedonians gave Demetrius a cordial reception, believing that they be relieved from all danger; for they had looked upon a war with Rome. Sophocles’ Philoctetes 784 states “I look for worse to come.” Antiphon’s On the Murder of Herodes 5.19 states “However, in spite of that disadvantage, I will try to prove my innocence; although it is hard to refute at a moment’s notice false charges careful formed, as one cannot prepare oneself against the unexpected.”

Old Testament: This term means to expect, to wait, to look for, to hope, to lie in wait, and to bind together (to be strong). For Your salvation I wait, O Lord (Gen.49:18). The travelers of Sheba hoped for them (Job 6:19). When I expected good, then evil came (Job 30:26). But those who wait for the Lord, they will inherit the land (Psa.37:9). Thus He looked for justice, but behold bloodshed (Isa.5:7). We hope for justice, but there is none (Isa.59:11). At that time they will call Jerusalem ‘The Throne of the Lord, and all the nation will be gathered to it (Jer.3:17).

New Testament: This term essentially means to wait or to expect. The parable of the faithful (unfaithful) servant illustrates the servant’s readiness for the return of the master. The people wait wondering why Zechariah remains in the temple. The centurion Cornelius, after seeing a vision, waits for Peter to come to his home. The people were wondering if John might be the Messiah. The crippled beggar, expecting something, was healed by Peter in the name of Jesus. Some noticed that Paul was waiting to take food. After having seen Paul being bitten by a snake, they were expecting Paul to die, but instead Paul was fine. 2 Peter references the the expectation for eschatological hope.

Scripture:

“Meanwhile the people were waiting for Zechariah and were amazed that he stayed so long in the sanctuary.” Lk.1:21

Zechariah doubted whether his wife could have a child. Zechariah was made mute because of his own doubts about this happening. Meanwhile, the people were wondering about Zechariah in the sanctuary.

“On the following day Peter entered Caesarea. Cornelius was expecting them and had called together his relatives and close friends.”

Upon receiving a vision, Cornelius calls for Peter to come to his residence.

“He paid attention to them, expecting to receive something from them.” Acts 3:5

The crippled beggar notices that Peter and John approaching him. The beggar was perhaps expecting some food scraps from them. Instead, the beggar was healed by Peter.

Conclusion:

Expect, expectation, expecting, prosper (to turn out well), exist, existence

It was interesting to discover that this term has many uses or meanings. Essentially, this  term pertains to expectations and unsurprising or difficult outcomes. As a result, hope, fear, or uncertainty may occur.

In the Old Testament, this term is also used extensively. The more nuanced examples include lying in wait and binding together (being strong).

In the New Testament, the parable of the faithful (unfaithful) servant points to one’s readiness to meeting Christ. Zechariah had to wait until his son’s naming to be able to speak again. Some of John’s disciples were waiting with doubt or uncertainty if the Messiah would follow the way of fiery judgement of John the Baptist. When they saw that Paul was unaffected by the snake bite, some thought that Paul was actually a god.

Current events: I can imagine many are wondering: when will this chaos (property destruction, violence, and looting, murders, etc.) in these cities end? It seems like that this will continue as long as these mayors (and local leaders) are unwilling (or are refusing) to stamp out this violence. This will continue as long as the police are “hand-cuffed” in their abilities to arrests these culprits. This will also continue as long as local prosecutors fail to bring charges against these criminals. Are you surprised that these criminal elements have become emboldened because of the local leaders’ weakness? If the citizens and business owners do not feel safe living in these cities, when do you expect that they will leave these cities? As of now, Gov. Cuomo and Mayor DeBlasio are begging the wealthy to remain in New York City. What do you expect would happen with gun purchases when crime is getting worse and the NRA is being attacked? Private citizens are now purchasing guns for the means of protecting themselves (because they have little or no confidence that the police will be able to help them).

The transgender movement is also creating chaos in women’s sports competitions. When did the LGBT movement expect to experience push-back in terms of equal opportunities in competition in girls and women’s sports organizations? Women and girls are now forced to compete with the the larger masculine muscle mass of transgender women (girls) in physical competitions. Lawsuits are now being undertaken to ensure this fairness.

To be honest, at first I really did not know what to expect in learning about this term. This term far exceeded my expectations.