[Greek] ἐντροπή (entropē), [Latin] reverentiam: shame, respect, ashamed, a turning inward, confusion, a turning in upon oneself (recoiling from what is unseemly), embarrassment; 1 Cor6:5, 1 Cor 15:34,

Background Information:

Old Testament: Interestingly, this term entrope refers to a turning in when one experiences shame or embarrassment. This turning in emphasizes the confusion or disorderliness that follows the shame experience. David confesses to God his shame and revulsion at his sin (Psa.35:26). The people have disgrace before them, their faces covered with shame (Psa.44:15). David, filled with shame and dishonor, before God is broken-hearted and sick (Psa.69:19-20). An old man, experiencing contempt and scorn, asks God to bring this to a shameful end (Psa.71:13).

New Testament: In both illustrations in scripture, Paul uses shaming in a constructive way. The Christians in Corinth appear to be corrupted by the immoral values and practices in Corinth. The Christians cannot find it among themselves to settle their own disputes. Paul again criticizes the Christians for failing to live a faithful and disciplined life. Not surprisingly, confusion and disorder occur.

“I say this to shame you. Can it be that there is not one among you wise enough to be able settle a case between brothers?” 1 Cor.6:5

The Christians in Corinth, are not able to settle their disputes with Christian principals and morals. Instead, these Christians are settling their cases before pagan courts. Paul is intentionally shaming the Christians in order for them to see the error of their ways.

“Become sober as you ought and stop sinning. For some have no knowledge of God; I say this to your shame.” 1 Cor.15:34

Paul again needs to correct the Corinthians for their sinning and lack of knowledge. Instead of living a life of pleasure, the Corinthians must exercise moral discipline and faith.

2^nd Law of Thermodynamics:  This law states that entropy is the measure of disorder of a system. There is a natural tendency of any isolated system to move to a more disordered state. This explains why ice melts into water.

Conclusion:

Entropy, reverence

I would have never thought that shame and entropy would be related. At first glance, there does not seem to be a relationship. It was interesting to discover that the original Greek language used the idea of turning inward to describe shame and embarrassment. In the Psalms, shame and confusion go hand in hand. It is from this idea of turning that we can understand the idea of matter turning from order to disorder.

So the Greeks had it right after all. We all have been down this road. We get very unsettled (disturbed or unsettled) when we cringe in situations. When we do something stupid or embarrassing, we just want to “turn in” and hide. Then we need to pick up the pieces.

[Greek] διατρίβω (diatribō), [Latin] conferentes, [French] rester: to rub hard, to rub away, to spend time, to stay, to continue, to tarry, to remain, to abide, to pass time, to wear away, to make a path, to rub off of; Jn.3:22, Act.12:19, Act.14:3, Act. 14:28, Act.15:35, Act.16:12, Act.20:6, Act. 25:6, Act. 25:14

Paul uses a diatribe, a Greco-Roman rhetorical device, to engage in dialogue with fictitious Jewish opponents.

Background Information:

Classical Greek culture: This term refers to a diatribe, a rhetorical method of teaching and exhortation, in ancient Greek philosophical schools. This was a Socratic method used when a teacher uses questions and answers to lead the student from error to truth. This rhetorical style was used by traveling philosophers who brought philosophy to the masses. Cynic and Stoic philosophers utilized the diatribe as a form of preaching. Diatribe uses amplification, personification, maxims, brief sayings, comparisons, historical examples, irony, sarcasm, and paradox. Originally, this rhetorical form did not take on a negative sense. This rhetorical method involved extensive reflection (spending time), discourse, and dialog with someone. Essentially, one “wears away” the subject matter until the matter is completely examined. This involves spending time and influencing (“rubbing others”) in such a discussion. Depending on the circumstances and the individuals, such discussions could create the potential for friction.

New Testament: Paul often taught his various congregations in a manner reminiscent of a philosophical school teacher. Paul often uses rhetorical questions, dialogue techniques, argumentation, hypothetical objections, and false conclusions. In a sense, Paul spending (rubbing) time with and instructing (influencing) Timothy and Barnabus in an apprentice relationship, are aspects of a diatribe. Paul actually employs the Hellenistic rhetorical device of diatribe in his letters. In the 1^st Letter to the Corinthians, Paul undermines the Corinthians’ indifferent views on sexual morality. In the Letter to the Romans, Paul uses a fictitious Jewish opponent to demonstrate the importance of justification.

Scripture:

“After this, Jesus and His disciples went into the region of Judea, where He spent some time with them baptizing.” Jn.3:22

The disciples are spending time with or abiding in Jesus’ presence. In a sense, Jesus is setting an example (rubbing them in the best possible way) for the disciples.

“So Paul and Barnabus stayed for a considerable period in Iconium, speaking out boldly for the Lord, who confirmed the Word about His grace by granting signs and wonders to occur through their hands.” Acts 14:3

Pau and Barnabus remained for a while in Iconium.  They both converted Jews and Greeks and angered disbelieving Jews.

Conclusion:

Diatribe, conference, rest

It was quite interesting to see how this term changed over time to a negative sense. The early Classical use of diatribe was primarily used for spending time, reflecting, and as a rhetorical method. This was used quite frequently by philosophers. It was many years later that a diatribe becomes a forceful or bitter attack against someone or something. Everyone has heard of the expression “rubbing someone the wrong way.” Supposedly, this origin comes from petting a cat. Cats like to be petted from head to tail. Petting the cat from to tail to head annoys or angers the cat.

I think this idea goes much deeper than that. Perhaps, this goes back to its historical meaning, when someone encounters one another. When someone influences another person, that person’s ideas/values “rub off’ on that person. I can imagine that this could occur in both a positive (Jesus) and a negative sense (arguments). In a very bad situation, this “rubbing” can result in irritation, friction, and frayed nerves. Hence, “rubbing someone the wrong way” happens when you irritate that person.

[Greek] χορηγέω (chorēgeō), [Latin] praestare, [Latin] adiministrare, [French] surpasser: to lead a chorus (group of performers), to lead a play, to be a choreographer, to defray the cost of a chorus, to supply, to minister, to be a dance leader, to provide for, to supply things, to subsidize, to be a patron; 2Cor.9:10, 1Pet.4:11

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates erected (by and for himself) for the festival victory of his production in 335 B.C.

Background Information:

Patron (choregos): In the tradition of the ancient Greek theater, the choregos, a wealthy Athenian citizen, assumed the role of financing (subsidizing) the preparation of the chorus and play. The patron was appointed by the government authority. It was an honor to be selected to support the theater. The patron paid for costumes, rehearsals, chorus expenses, training, salaries, board and lodging, scenery, and props. Prizes were awarded for drama at the Athenian festival competitions.   Awards were jointly given to the playwright and the patron. Such victories carried prestige for the patron. The winner was expected to display his trophy in a place of honor. Monuments were built in honor of the victorious patrons

Notable patrons: Themistocles was the patron for Phoenissae by Phrynichus. Pericles was the patron for The Persians by Aeschyus. Plato and Dionysius II were the patrons for a boys’ chorus. Lysicrates was the wealthy patron of musical performances in the Theater of Dionysus.

New Testament: In the New Testament this term primarily has the sense of to share, to provide for, and to supply. These gifts and the capacity to give these gifts all come from God whom will provide in abundance. Paul challenges others to follow the example of God’s generosity in supplying and providing for others. Peter states this generosity of giving gifts and serving comes through from the power of God. The desired purpose of these gifts is to illustrate the glory of God.

Scripture:

“The one who supplies seed to the sower and bread for food will supply and multiply your seed and increase the harvest of your righteousness.” 2 Cor.9:10

God’s abundance cannot not be outdone. Paul is calling his followers to make available what is necessary to help or supply the needs of others. Paul calls others to follow the example of God’s generosity.

“Whoever preaches, let it be with the words of God; whoever serves, let it be with the strength that God supplies, so that in all things God may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom belong glory and dominion forever and ever.” 1Pet.4:11

Christians are called to be stewards of these gifts received from God. The sharing of these gifts is to illustrate the glory of God.

Conclusion:

Choreography, choreographer, present, restore, surpass, administer

It was quite interesting to discover the motivations for these wealthy Greek patrons in supporting the arts. Perhaps, it was the prestige in being recognized by the government. Perhaps, it was partly due in pleasing certain gods. Whatever the motivation, vanity and prestige were very much important considerations. Even to the point of building a monument to oneself.

Like many people, I suppose I had always known that God, the greatest patron of all, is the source (and giver) of all these gifts. To be honest, I hadn’t really thought much about it. This posting helped to remind me that we all are the recipients of these gifts. Paul and Peter were writing to ordinary people, not wealthy people. This is a good reminder for me that we all have time and treasures to support the drama (events) that unfolds in our lives.

First of all, kudos to all those foundations and philanthropists who contribute their resources for the community, ministry and disaster relief. Even today, there is nothing wrong in receiving accolades and recognition. This is seen as foundations, businesses, and schools are often named after a philanthropist or patron. But just don’t build a monument to yourselves!

[Greek] πατέω (pateō), [Latin] calcare: to make a path, to tread on, to be trampled under, to tread under foot, trample, to step on, to conquer, to treat dispairingly, to walk; Lk.10:19, Lk.21:24, Rev.14:20, Rev.19:15, Rev.11:2

Jesus give His disciples the power to overcome the powers of Satan

Background Information:

Septuagint/Old Testament: In classical Greek, this term means to walk, to tread, to treat disparagingly, and to maltreat. This term does not denote purposeful movement, but treading of the feet on something. Treading on a winepress indicates the early agricultural activity in cultivation of the vine. Corn and grain are trodden by oxen. Wheat is threshed. This term, used in a negative sense, denotes God judgments in history. This judgment is depicted under the image of the winepress. Treading a land means to take possession of this land. Treading and trampling is the characteristic attitude of the arrogant and ungodly conqueror.

Wine press: In the book of Isaiah 63:1-6 a majestic figure, from Edom, wears crimson red garments. This figure represents the Lord. He treads the wine press in anger. God shows His wrath. The wine press is a symbol of a bloody judgment. The Lord’s garments become red from the judgment battle. The crushed grapes represents the spilled blood. The scripture passage provides the background for the notion of “the grapes of wrath” (wrath of God).

New Testament: This term, as used in the Old Testament, is only found in Luke and Revelations. In Lk.10:19 Jesus grants to His Apostles the power to tread on (overcome) every power of Satan. This makes reference to Psa. 91:13 in which someone, in the shelter of the Most High, was given the power to tread upon the asp and the viper. Lk.21:24 prophecies that Jerusalem will be trampled underfoot by the Gentiles. This foreshadows the Gentiles “conquering and subduing” the Jewish opposition against this growing Christian movement. It will be through the Gentiles that Christianity will flourish and spread to the ends of the earth. In Rev.14:20 the winepress will be trodden in God’s anger. This revisits the Old Testament image of the winepress as a symbol for the judgment of divine wrath.

Scripture:

“Behold, I have given you the power to tread upon serpents and scorpions and upon the full force of the enemy and nothing will harm you.” Lk.10:9

Jesus grants to His disciples the power to overcome every power of Satan

“They will fall by the edge of the sword and be taken as captives to all the Gentiles; and Jerusalem will be trampled underfoot by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.” Lk.21:24

The house of Israel is to be scattered. The Gentiles will be permitted to have full power over Israel and over all nations of the world. This time begins with the apostleship of Paul, the apostle to the Gentiles.

“The angel threw his sickle into the great wine press of God’s fury. The wine press was trodden outside the city and blood poured out of the wine press to the height of a horse’s bridle for two hundred miles.” Rev.14:19-20

This is a stark warning to the enemies of God. This continues the Old Testament imagery of God’s wrath. All enemies of God, however powerful, will be trodden as easily as grapes are crushed. To tread a person as in a winepress is to destroy or crush that person. The crushed grapes make us think of the image of the spilling of blood.

Conclusion:

Path, calcium

To tread is to make a path. This path may involve trampling, overpowering, conquering, owning, and cultivating. I think most of us already can associate treading upon with agriculture and farming. And most of us already know that a winepress is used to tread or stomp grapes in order to make wine. But I really never connected the dots in how treading a winepress can lead to God’s wrath. I never would have thought to put these two ideas together.

It was quite interesting to discover that there were many nuanced uses of this term in the Old Testament. I was not aware of these non-literal uses. Treading upon someone sounds like what an oppressor or tyrant might do. I would have never thought that this term would be used in a positive sense in Lk.21:24. Perhaps this provides an apt image in how the Gentiles had overcome the Jewish opposition to this growing Christian movement. This is how the Gentiles made their path to all the ends of the earth.

So now you know how we get the “Grapes of Wrath”! So, John Steinbeck borrowed this line for his famous book.

[Greek] ὄγκος (ogkos), [Latin] impedimenta: hindrance, bulk, baggage, impediment, encumbrance, heaviness, challenge, swelling, tumor, volume, loftiness; Heb.12:1

The Roman army bringing a supply/baggage wagon (impedimenta) for support for extended campaigns

Background Information:

Roman army: During the Roman Empire, the Roman armies often went out on various military campaigns. Supply wagons or trains were needed to carry supplies, provisions, food, equipment, and weapons. Large amounts of provisions and supplies were needed to support an extended campaign. These baggage vehicles were called impedimenta. In the event of taking on casualties in battle, the wounded soldiers were also placed in and cared for in these vehicles. These vehicles, travelling at the end of the Roman regiment, often slowed down or impeded the progress of the soldiers.

New Testament: This Greek term is only found in Hebrews 12:1-2. These scripture passages sets the scene of those running a race before a great cloud of witnesses (saints). Essentially, this race is a metaphor for the Christian way of life. These Christians are being encouraged to finish the race, by focusing on Jesus. In order to finish the race, it may be necessary to get rid of any burden, hindrance, or sin in this journey.

Scripture:

“Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us rid ourselves of every burden and sin and clings to us and persevere in running the race that lies before us.” Heb. 12:1

This brings to mind an athletic contest (running race) before the many spectators. Christians are called to reflect on what they need to do remove any impediments, hindrances, “baggage”, and sins that will slow them down in their race to live the Christian way of life.

Oncology: In the Greek language, the “g” sound produces a nasal “n” sound. In other words, the Greek ogkos is pronounced “onkos”. Oncology is the study and treatment of cancerous and non-cancerous tumors. Tumors can sometimes become an abnormal swelling or mass of tissue.

Conclusion:

Oncology, oncologist, impediment, impede

I had an interesting experience learning about the meaning of this term. First of all, I was already aware of this scriptural passage about the Christian removing any burdens to finish this race. Recently, I attended a vocations workshop at St. Mary’s Seminary in Houston, Texas. In his homily, our local Cardinal mentioned that the Latin impedimenta means baggage (which slows or hinders, or prevents our response to Jesus). Ok. That sounds interesting.

I really did not think much about it. Then I later discovered that ogkos would refer to that burden in Heb.12:1. I think it is quite interesting how ogkos becomes linked with burdens, slowing us down. Perhaps, these could be situations where God causes us slow down to re-evaluate our situation (there is something wrong). To be honest, one doesn’t need to have a sickness to be in this situation! This could apply to any of us. Not surprisingly, medical issues, such as cancer, can become an overwhelming burden.

Many of us are still willing choose to carry our  own “baggage” (bad habits, vices, etc.) in life. Also, many of us, because of circumstances, often are forced to carry other burdens and challenges in life, making this a difficult journey.  Yet, when we reach our final destination (heaven), we can leave all this baggage behind.

[Greek] λείπω (leipō), [Latin] deficiente, [Latin] indigere, [German] fehlen: to lack, to need, to leave behind, to fall away, to be destitute, to be left behind, to fail, to leave, to be inferior, to be wanting, to be in need, to be forsaken; Tit.1:5, Tit.3:13, Jas.1:4,5, Jas.2:15, Lk.18:22

Solar Eclipse: the sun falls away behind the moon

Background Information:

New Testament: This term is used primarily in the sense of lacking, wanting and being left behind. However, these examples involve both literal and more nuanced contexts. In one example, one is left physically behind in a location. Paul leaves Titus behind in order appoint presbyters in every town. Other examples make mention of those who lack food and clothing. One who is lacking in nothing is self-sufficient. One who lacks in wisdom asks God for this gift. One who lacks for nothing focuses less on material possessions. One is instructed by Jesus to sell what he has and give it to the poor.

Scripture:

“For this reason I left you (Titus) in Crete so that you might set right what remains to be done and appoint presbyters in every town, as I directed you.” Tit.1:5

Paul leaves Titus behind in Crete for purposes of ministry. Being left behind is not a punishment, but continues this unfinished work in Crete.

“And let perseverance be perfect, so that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing. But if any of you lacks wisdom, he should ask God gives to all generously and ungrudgingly, and he will be given it.” Jas. 1:4-5

Hopefully, this testing of faith will lead to a more perfect perseverance. Like a cleansing fire, this perseverance will “burn” off impurities and obstacles in your walk of faith.

“When Jesus heard this He said to him, ‘There is still one thing left for you: sell all that you have and distribute it to the poor, and you will have a treasure in heaven. Then come follow me.’” Lk.18:22

Jesus call us to be mindful of the poor who lack food and clothing. Jesus also calls us to remove our attachment to material possessions. By following Him one may hope to find lasting spiritual treasures.

Ellipsis: This … is a common literary device used to intentionally omit a word, series of words, or sentences. Such words, being unnecessary or obvious, are left out or left behind. Removal of these words do not alter its intended meaning. An ellipsis is illustrated by a series of three dots in place of these missing words. An ellipse can be used to indicate an intentional pause, hesitation, an unfinished thought or ending in silence. An ellipsis is often used in texting.

Conclusion:

Eclipse, ecliptic, ellipsis, ellipse, fail, deficient, indigent

Apologies to all those of you who already know this. But for those of you who are still really “in the dark” about what exactly an eclipse is, a solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves in between the earth and the sun. The sun is obscured by the moon. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is between the sun and the moon. The sun is obscured by the earth. An eclipse is essentially a falling away or waning. A  person, who overshadows or diminishes (minimizes) someone else’s accomplishments, often may eclipse that person.

An ellipse, a geometry term, is a curve in a plane. An ecliptic is the apparent path of the sun on the celestial sphere. So…I was surprised by the nuanced uses of this term in scripture. I would have never figured that this could be mean being destitute or being in need.

Update: As you know, we just recently experienced a solar eclipse.  We stood in wonder of God’s handiwork in the heavens! At least for a short period of time, our nation came together. This event briefly overshadowed the current issues and events that our nation is dealing with.

[Greek] ἀνάξιος (anaxios), [Latin] minimis : (adjective) failing to follow an axiom (principle), unworthy, unfit, not competent, unreasonable, inappropriate, unqualified; 1 Cor. 6:2

[Greek] ἀναξίως (anaxiōs): (adverb) failing to follow an axiom (principle), unworthily, improperly; 1 Cor.11:27,29

Paul has concerns that the Corinthians have been eating and drinking unworthily and unknowingly

Background Information:

New Testament: These two Greek terms are very closely related. The first term is an adjective, while the second term is its related adverb. This Greek adverb is identified by an accent mark over the letter “o”. The Christians at Corinth are suing one another before pagan judges in Roman courts. Paul has concerns as to why these Christians cannot settle disputes among themselves. The Corinthians are also eating and drinking the sacred mean unworthily. To do otherwise brings judgment upon themselves. This is a matter about properly eating the Bread and drinking the Blood.

Scripture:

“Therefore, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord unworthily will have to answer for the Body and Blood of the Lord…For anyone who eats and drink without discerning the Body eats and drinks judgment on himself.” 1 Cor.11:27-29

The Corinthians have been eating and drinking improperly. This is a sacred meal. The only proper way to celebrate the Eucharist is to follow Jesus’ command to reproduce this action in the proper spirit. In addition one must have some understanding of this meal. To do otherwise is to eat and drink improperly.

“Do you not know that the holy one will judge the world? If the world is to be judged by, are you unqualified for the lowest law courts?” 1Cor.6:2

Paul has some concerns about why the Corinthians cannot settle these disputes within themselves.

Conclusion:

Axiom, axiomatic, minimal

Sometimes axioms can be factually true, but are pointless. Here is a early classical Greek axiom: “When an equal amount is taken from equals, an equal amount results.”  Duh!

An axiom is essentially a statement, proposition, or accepted truth. This self-evident truth shouldn’t need further proof. But in more serious matters, one does not partake of the eating the Bread and drinking the cup without respect and reverence, and without understanding.

This also applies to today. Therefore, non-Catholics, out of respect, do not partake of the Eucharist at Mass. To do otherwise would be acting unworthily. Non-Catholics are welcome to receive a blessing from the Eucharistic minister. This can also apply to Catholics. Even Catholics are instructed to be mindful of worthily receiving the Eucharist. Then it goes without saying that Catholics must show the same respect (even not partake) for non-Catholics when important doctrinal beliefs (and practices) may differ.

So perhaps Jesus says it best of all: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” (The Golden Rule)

‎

[Greek] λευκαίνω (leukainō), [Latin] albus: to make white, to whiten, to bleach; Mk.9:3, Rev.7:14

The Ancient One (God) on His throne, with snow bright clothing and hair white as wool (Dan.7:9)

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: This term primarily has the sense of having to whiten. Various nuanced expressions indicating “to make white” are found in literature and poetry. Such examples are “they beat the water white with the oars” and “the time which makes hair white”. Greek writers make reference to leuce, a disease characterized with shining patches on the skin and hair turned milky white. White plays a prominent role in being a color pleasing and suitable to the gods. White is the color of helpful gods and goddesses. Often sacrificial animals had to be in white, which indicates their purity. In addition, white is the color of joy, shining, fortune, and victory. Likewise, black was the color of mourning, misfortune, and defeat.

Hebrew/Jewish culture: White plays an important color used in ceramics, murals, frescoes, linens, and clothing. White is predominately used for priestly garments. White is the basic cultic color in general. White represented vitality, life, light, holiness, and joy. The Old Testament scriptures provide several examples of the sense of to whiten. His clothing was snow bright, and the hair on His head as white as wool (Dan.7:9). Brighter than snow were her princes, whiter than milk (Lam.4:7). Suddenly, a horseman appeared clothed in white garments (2 Macc.11:8). The stutterers will speak fluently and clearly ( Isa.32:4). Many shall be refined, purified, and tested (Dan.12:10).

New Testament: White is presented as the heavenly color in an eschatological and apocalyptic context. This makes sense in that Jesus is presented in the Transfiguration with dazzling white clothes. Interestingly, Jesus did not wear white cloths like the priests and Levites. From the few references to Jesus’ clothing, Jesus did not wear royal clothing. Most likely, Jesus wore ordinary colored garments like the common folk. In Revelations white clothes do not point to angels, but to membership of the heavenly world. White denotes radiance of the heavenly being.

Scripture:

“And His clothes became dazzling white, such as no fuller on earth could bleach them.” Mk.9:3

This is Jesus’ Transfiguration. White is the color of the heavenly realm.

“He said to me, ‘These are the ones who survived the time of great distress; they have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.’” Rev. 7:14

The great distress represents the persecution of the Romans. White also represents purity and victory.

Conclusion:

Leukemia, leukocytes, albino

I think pretty much it is a given that we would associate gods or goddesses with white vestments. So that is not a surprise. It was interesting to discover such flowery or poetic imagery indicating to make something white. I guess this sounds much more interesting than saying “my hair is getting white.” On the other hand, at least you now know how to say this in a flowery and verbose manner!  (You will be a hit at your next party).

It would make sense that Jesus would wear clothing that would identify with the common person. I never really thought about it before, but white wool is considered a bright color. Then you have such white lambs being sacrificed. This certainly becomes a shining (bright) allusion pointing to Jesus!

How this term is related to albino, I didn’t see that coming (not even with a bright light)!  To be honest, I am not personally familiar with one who has this disease. Leukemia is associated with an elevated number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood stream, which fight against diseases and infections. This Greek term leukaino just happened to be next post in my queue of Greek terminology to look at.

[Greek] κρύπτω (kryptō), [Latin] absconditus, [Latin] non revelare, [Latin] occultus: to hide, to conceal, to keep secret, to keep things hidden; Mt.13:44, Lk.13:21, Col.3:3, Mt.11:25, Heb.11:23, Mt.25:18, Mt.5:14, Mt.10:26, Lk.12:2, Mk.4:22, Lk.8:17, Jn.19:38, Jn.3:2, Jn.7:4, 2 Cor.4:2, Eph.5:12

The Finding of Moses: a painting by Nicolas Poissin (1638)

Background Information:

Secular culture: In secular culture this term is primarily used in the sense of to conceal, to hide, to deceive, to overlook, and to pretend. In poetry, mention is made of a helmet concealing protectively. Concealment is often used for selfish reasons to prevent others from using the object (to keep it for oneself). Hiding can involve hiding treasure or hiding things of which one is ashamed. Overlooking can mean pardoning faults or grievances. The keeping of entrusted secrets becomes part of the Delphic rules of life. Pretending (dissembling) involves hiding one’s true feelings and intentions.

Greek Hellenism: The gods (deities) are hidden. Even the worldly Homeric man and common man are aware of this. The presence of the gods evoke ominous meanings. To see a god at an unfortunate time means destruction. The gods do not have absolute control over man, but their reality is upheld for purposes of oaths. Man have greater access to the gods. On the other hand, Gnosticism provides knowledge, information, and access to a select few.

Old Testament: In the Old Testament, this term takes on the sense of to hide, to cover and to bury. Rahab was ordered to hide two men (Joshua 2:4). The infant Moses is hidden in the reeds in the Nile River (Ex.2:3). God ponders hiding His intentions from Abraham (Gen.17:17). One ponders covering a misdeed (Prov.17:9). Several passages involve burying someone or digging a pit.

God and hiddenness: God, because of His nature, remains hidden from man. Man would otherwise die from seeing God. Sinful man often hides from God, who sees all. Nothing is hidden from God. The righteous man does not hide from God. Man discloses everything, follows, and serves Him. Although hidden, God still provides protection, guidance, and wisdom. God restores man’s broken relationship with Him. He reveals Himself through the Messiah.

New Testament: This term means being hidden, hiding, being buried, being ignored, being misunderstood, and escaping. The disciples’ deeds (actions) can only be seen if they are not hidden. He will announce what has laid hidden. The kingdom of heaven is like a valuable treasure that is buried in the ground. Jesus’ third prediction of the Passion remained hidden (was not understood) to the disciples. The master scolded the servant for squandering the talent by burying it. Jesus’ words for peace remained hidden (were ignored), resulting in Jerusalem experiencing devastation. Jesus escaped and hid from being hit with stones. Joseph of Arimathea, secretly a disciple of Jesus, hid from the authorities. All actions, both good and bad, cannot be hidden. The infant Moses was hidden by his parents for three months.

Scripture:

“The kingdom of heaven is like a treasure buried in a field, which a person finds and hides again, and out of joy goes and sells all that he has and buys that field.” Mt.13:44

The kingdom of heaven is initially hidden waiting to be discovered. In the form of a simile, the kingdom is shown to be like a hidden treasure. In order for the disciples to understand, Jesus presents the image of heaven in the simplest terms.

“Similarly, good works are also public; and even those that are not cannot remain hidden.” 1Tim.5:25

All actions are public

“So out of fear I went off and buried your talent in the ground. Here it is back.” Mt.25:25

The master scolded the servant for not productively using or investing in his talent.

Conclusion:

Cryptic, cryptic, encryption, decryption, crypt, abscond, occult

First of all, I was glad that I was able to “uncover” this word krypto, hidden with rich meanings and themes. I really did not consider that this term would have many nuanced uses and meanings. Aside from literal hiding and burying, this term also deals with man’s motivations and desires.

Not surprisingly, I discovered a constant theme of hiddenness involving gods, deities, and even God. It was fascinating to see how the hiddenness of God helps define His relationship with His people. This hiddenness really sheds some light on how the gospel message was presented in the form of parables. The gospel message was hidden to many people because of lack of understanding or lack of interest in hearing it.

In Palestine, it was often a customary practice to bury valuable and priceless items in the ground. I try to keep this valuable information hidden.

[Greek] ‎μυωπάζω (muōpazō), [Latin] myops, [Latin] improvidus: to fail to understand, to be myopic, to be short-sighted, cannot see far off, to see only what is near, to shut the eyes; 2Pet.1:9

When we see only what we want to see and when we cannot clearly see ahead.

Background Information:

2Peter: This book was written for the purposes of encouraging the Christians in the provinces of Asia Minor. These Christians were threatened by false teachers, false doctrines, and Gnosticism. The author exhorted the Christians to remain faithful to the true teachings of the Church. In his greeting, the author prayed that these Christians receive an abundance of knowledge of Jesus and God. It is through this knowledge that one can obtain a share in the divine nature. Seeking knowledge was a highly sought Hellenistic value.

Scripture:

“Anyone who lacks them is blind and shortsighted, forgetful of the cleansing of past sins.” 2Pet.1:9

The writer encouraged the Christians to supplement their faith with virtue, knowledge, self-control, endurance, devotion, and love. This passage deals with spiritual blindness. This person does not understand that he needed to be cleansed from his sins. He does not pay attention or does not want to see it. He sees only what he wants to see.

Etymology: The Latin adjective myops means short-sightedness (near-sightedness). The Latin adjective improvidus means sudden, unsuspecting, and unprepared. Improvidus consists of (im-) not and (-providere) to provide, to foresee, to look after, and to be cautious. Improvident means lacking foresight and not looking ahead.

Short-sighted quotes:

“The eyes are useless when the mind is blind.” Unknown

“The only thing worse than being blind is having sight but no vision.” Helen Keller

“Materialistic perception of life makes us spiritually shortsighted.” Horace Walpole

“Society today is being fragmented by a way of thinking [relativism] that is inherently short-sighted because it disregard the full horizon of truth- the truth about God and about us.” Pope Benedict XVI

“It seems that not being religious is a form of risk-taking, consistent with other patterns of short-sighted behavior.” Rodney Stark

“I am very short-sighted, and if I don’t like a situation, I take my glasses off.” Jenny Eclair

Conclusion:

Myopia, myopic, provide, providential, provision, improvident

It was interesting to discover that this term originally meant to fail to understand. This helped me to “see” that there is such a thing as spiritual blindness. Depending on the circumstances, this spiritual blindness can be intentional or unintentional.

This spiritual blindness may result because we cannot see the big picture of our situation. Perhaps our path ahead is very blurry. Perhaps we only see what we want to see. Now today some of us experience this as nearsightedness. Prescription glasses can easily solve this problem. If it was only that simple for getting a prescription for spiritual blindness….

We now live in secular post-Christian society where many are not faithful to the teachings of the Church.

Update: Pope Benedict XVI rightfully points out that our society is often influenced by the dictatorship of relativism where each person advocates (only sees) his own truth.

In seeing one’s own truth, this allows or enables one to decide for himself (herself) what gender/sex to identify as (aside from objective reality).

Many people still are unaware or cannot come to terms with seeing that the devil seeks to undermine God’s design for creation and procreation. As a result, we are now experiencing the breakdown of traditional marriage, abortion, gay marriage, homosexuality, and gender ideology and confusion.

Many people, only concerned about the right to do these actions (only seeing what is near), often cannot clearly see ahead the moral consequences of such actions. Each one of us will ultimately be judged by God for our sinful actions. [Abortion, gay marriage, euthanasia, etc.]

A woke Bud Light marketing executive, inserting transgenderism with its beer product, could not see that this would offend many of Bud Light’s customers. Bud Light has never recovered from this epic fail.

Miller Lite, seeking to create some new good sh#t, at least had the sense to remove its ads before greater damage was done to its brand.

Target, selling a questionable swimsuit line, has a ‘proverbial target’ on its back from customers. Customers are already to starting to boycott.

California Governor Gavin Newsom signed off on a blacks’ reparations petition but failed to see the expensive cost of such an undertaking.

Black reparations supporters are naive in thinking such a costly proposal will be ever be approved by Governor Newsom.

Many Democrats and Progressive are short-sighted in thinking that the southern US border is secure.

The NAACP issues travel advisories in Florida but ignores blacks’ safety concerns in democratically controlled US cities. The NAACP fails to see that this is a such a political gimmick.

The current woke culture continues to view history from a naive and short-sided  perspective. Instead of having a more nuanced understanding that cultural values naturally evolve over time, the woke culture looks at history from a childish perspective.

Gender ideology (transgenderism) advocates are deluding themselves in disregarding the objective reality that God created only two sexes: male and female.

Church leaders advocating the ending of the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM) are short-sighted in thinking that this will stop Catholics’ desire for traditional worship and practices.

Many Church leaders are short-sighted in not only seeing the disastrous spiritual “fruits” of Vatican II but also in continuing these modernist practices. On the other hand, many Catholics are seeking a restoration and return to traditional practices.

The Los Angeles Dodgers organization, inviting the ‘Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence’, evidently cannot see, refuse to see, or don’t even care that they are mocking Catholicism.

Next post: a post to remember (Memorial Day)

June 1: those who mock us

[Greek] κλίνη (klinē): bed, couch, reclining couch, table, stretcher, cot, sofa, banqueting couch; Mt.9:2, Mt.9:6, Mk.4:21, Mk.7:4, Mk.7:30, Lk.5:18, Lk.8:16, Lk.17:34, Rev.2:22

An upholstered kline (reclining couch) belonging to an affluent Roman household

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: This term is derived from the Greek word klino, meaning to lean or recline. The Greeks followed the Eastern tradition of lying down to eat. This piece of furniture, made of wood or bronze, could be used for both eating and sleeping. This reclining chair had a headboard that could be used as a backrest while sitting. Often elegantly upholstered, these klines were placed around the walls. Small tables were placed next to them to hold the food and drinks.

Old Testament: In the Old Testament, this term is primarily used as a bed. Several passages in Ezekiel and 1 Samuel describe a bed for resting at night. Several passages in Genesis make mention of a bed of sickness (death bed). Jacob is seen on his death bed in the book of Genesis. This term is often used in reference to inclining or bowing down to God. This is often depicted by one praying to God or God directing one to His will.

New Testament: This term is used in the sense of a stretcher, bed, mat, and death bed. This is expressed in the story of the paralytic, in a stretcher, lowered down through the roof to see Jesus. Scriptures also make mention of a lamp being placed under a bed. A death bed is mentioned in book of Revelations. Beggars have been known to lay and sleep on a mat.

Scripture:

“And there people brought to Him a paralytic lying on a stretcher. When Jesus saw their faith, he said to the paralytic, ‘Courage, child, your sins are forgiven.’” Mt. 9:2

It is their faith that saves and heals the paralytic. This also speaks to the motivation of the paralytic’ friends.

“He said to them, ‘Is a lamp brought in to be placed under a bushel basket or under a bed, and not be placed on a lampstand?’” Mk.4:21

The lamp could represent the Word of God. This light allows people to see clearly the way of life pleasing to God. This light cannot be hidden.

“So I will cast her on a sickbed and plunge those who commit adultery with her into intense suffering unless they repent of her works.” Rev.2:22

The sickbed is the place where one dies.

Conclusion:

Recline, recliner, incline, inclination

It is interesting to note how this these modern day words developed from the physical actions of leaning, inclining, bending, and reclining. One, who is inclined to listen to God, is “bending” himself towards Him.

The [Greek] klinikos and [Latin] clinicus refer to the medical practice of the sick bed. These involve the clinical activities which happen at the bed side. In a sense, the doctors and nurses lean toward their patients in order to understand their condition.

[Greek] τράπεζα (trapeza), [Latin] mensa: table, dining table, bank, food, stool, meal, money counter, eating table, food on the table, mat, meat, privileges granted, what is provided on the table; Lk.16:21, Jn.2:15, Act.16:34, Lk.19:23, 1Cor.10:21, Act.6:2, Lk.22:21, Mk.14:18

In the Temple Jesus overturns the tables of the money-changers, bankers, and sellers.

Background Information:

The Dining Table

Early Historical Development: The early notion of the table began with a cloth (leather) mat or wooden plate, which was used to place foods on. The Bedouins in the Near East continue this practice. The form of the table was determined by bodily posture for eating. The Greco-Roman culture developed the custom of reclining on a couch next to a low table. This is depicted in Greek banquet and Roman feasts, where tables are placed in a horse-shoe layout. Servants would serve from the inside area. In palaces and well-to do circles, stools and benches at regular tables would be present.

Palestine: The Palestinian culture borrowed from the Greco-Roman custom. In typical Passover meal settings, it was assumed that the usual posture at ordinary meals was sitting or crouching. Reclining at table was a continuing Hebrew theme of hospitality. This practice typically consisted of supporting oneself on the left arm and using the utensils with the right hand. In Jesus’ world, the common practice was sitting or crouching, except at feasts and banquets. A specific seating arrangement illustrated the seating positions of the master of the house and his guest of honor.

The Moneychangers’ Table

Greco-Roman culture: This was a public location (venue) where various transactions were made. Often near a temple, these places provided for the exchange of money for offerings (sacrifices) to the gods. In addition, other money exchanges and commerce transactions took place. This developed the early sense of a bank. Salesmen, putting their coins on table, became known as money-changers or bankers.

The Table of the Show-Bread

Cultic space: These tables in the Temple were used for cultic purposes. In the Greco-Roman culture, these were offering tables near the idols in the pagan temples. On these tables were placed gifts offered to the deity. In the Old Testament, this was the table for the show-bread. In Hebrew this show-bread literally means “the bread of the face.” The show-bread signified the presence of God. In contrast, the bread of the Last Supper signifies the presence of Jesus.

Scripture:

“And as they reclined at table and were eating, Jesus said, ‘Amen, I say to you, one of you will betray me, on who is eating with me.’” Mk.14:18

This passage refers to table fellowship. Jesus is with His disciples, His inner circle of friends. This betrayal comes from within this inner circle.

“So the Twelve called together the community of the disciple and said, ‘It is not right for us to neglect the Word of God to serve at table.’’ Act.6:2

The Christian community was growing. The Apostles created an additional ministerial position of deacon to handle the finances and serve the poor. This allowed the Apostles to focus on preaching.

“You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and also the cup of demons. You cannot partake of the table of the Lord and of the table of demons.” 1Cor.10:21

This passage speaks to this communion, a sacrificial meal which binds to the Lord of the altar. This communion is incompatible to other meals or offerings to other gods. One cannot alternate between the two meals.

“Why did you not put my money in a bank? Then on my return, I would have collected it with interest.” Lk.19:23

This is a place where money is kept or managed or where credit was established. These venues were run by bankers or moneychangers.

Early Christianity: Early Christian worship was a feast embracing Word and sacrament. Primitive worship took place in private homes and gathering around tables. Once the sacramental meal was distinguished from the general meal, a table was specifically used for the consecration.  This consecration table was later called an altar. From the later 3^rd century on, this Eucharistic table was honored as the holy place.

Trapeze: The art of trapeze performance was developed by Jules Leotard, a French acrobat and aerialist. He invented the flying trapeze. This stretchy, tight fitting garment was made famous by him. It was in the 1920’s and 1930’s that this fabric influenced the style of bathing suits.

Conclusion:

Trapeze, trapezoid, trapezius (muscle), mesa

A trapezoid, meaning “table-like”, has two parallel sides. A trapeza comes from “tetras” (four) + “peza” (foot). The trapezius muscle is kite-shaped muscle which stabilizes the shoulder blade and extends the head at the neck. The trapeze, connected to the ceiling (top), forms a trapezoid shape. The trapeze bar is always parallel to the ceiling.

[Greek] ‎τραχηλίζω (trachēlizō), [Latin] apertus: to take by the throat, laid bare, to seize the throat (trachea), to expose the neck, to bend the neck, to grip the neck; Heb. 4:13

Background Information:

Pankration: Pankration literally means all of power, from pan- (all) and kratos (strength). This was an ancient mixed martial arts sports, combing wrestling moves and boxing. This sport, introduced in the Greek Olympics in 648 B.C., involved kicking, holds, locks, and chokes. The only things not acceptable were biting, gouging out the opponent’s eyes and attacking the groin. The contest wouldn’t finish until the loser submitted or was knocked out. Pankration was the favorite sport of spectators.

Scripture:

“No creature is concealed from Him, but everything is naked and exposed to the eyes of Him to whom we must render an account.” Heb. 4:13

The scripture passage presents a figurative meaning of having one’s neck exposed to all and laid bare on the altar. As we will be easily exposed by God, we will have to face His judgment.

“I will seize fate by the throat. It shall certainly not bend and crush me completely” Beethoven (1801)

Beethoven: Beethoven was becoming deaf. He saw his deafness as a challenge to fight and overcome. Beethoven’s greatest gift (sense) was hearing. What a cruel irony in not being able to hear the music you compose!

Conclusion:

Trachea, aperture

The ultimate referee God, who sees all our pinfalls, losses, tap outs, submissions, intentional disqualifications, and low blows in life, will make the best decision for each of us.

When I think about the sport Pankration, professional wrestling immediately comes to mind. I see that big bad guy ready to give his opponent a choke slam in the ring. It could be the Undertaker, the Big Show, or even Kane! Or MMA sports may come to mind for others. Just like those many years ago, we see how the fans get riled up, cheering for the good guy (face) or yell at the bad guy (heel). At least they are clothed!

I am a big Beethoven fan. I cannot even imagine the anguish and vulnerability he must have faced in his career. Yet he continued to fight his opponent (deafness).

[Greek] νικάω (nikaō), [Latin] vincere, [Latin] victoria: to conquer, to have the attitude of to just “do it”, to prevail, to overcome, to overpower, to get the victory, to subdue, to gain victory, to come off victorious; Mt.12:29, Mk.3:27, Lk.11:22, Jn.16:33, Rom.3:4, 1Jn.2:13, 1Jn.5:4, Rev.2:7, Rev.3:5, Rev.5:5, Rev.6:2, Rev.17:14, Rev.21:7, Rom.12:21

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term can denote victory or superiority in the physical, legal, and metaphorical sense. This can refer to mortal conflict or peaceful competition. This prevailing notion is demonstrated by an action, by the overthrow of an opposing force, and by a success which is plain to see by all eyes. However, another school of thought states that victory can be achieved without a direct public manifestation of such occurrence. This sense of victory pertains to one’s character and countenance. This could be considered as a hidden victory.

The gods: It has often been claimed that mortals by themselves cannot achieve victory. A god alone conquers, is unconquered and unconquerable. Only divine power by the gods can bring this about. Through history mortals (man) have called upon the gods to seek favor, fortune, and victory. The Greek goddess Nike is shown as a victor on monuments. Nike, most often depicted as having wings, is the goddess of victory (in war and peaceful competition). The Greeks, who worshipped Nike, believed she could grant them the human strength and speed needed to be victorious in any task they undertook. The related Roman goddess was named Victoria

Old Testament: The uses of this term in the Old Testament are found in various and nuanced ways. This term is found in the sense of successes in battles, victories, receiving strength, and upholding moral conduct. A success in the battle with weapons is depicted in 2 Sam.2:26. A success in the battle with words is depicted in 2 Macc.3:5. Scriptural references are made to Isaiah’s victory and the prophets’ victories. Upholding moral conduct is characterized by standing innocent before judgment and striving in good conduct (Psa. 50:4, Prov.6:25). In Hab.3:19 God is the One who gives strength. God’s victory is the only answer one can give to the question of the meaning of evil.

New Testament: Victories in the games are often used as a metaphor for the victories in life. Victories and defeats may be temporary or provisional in life. But Christ has the ultimate victory, when He overcomes evil. Yet, the enemies of Jesus are deluded or fail to recognize the victory of Jesus. Ultimately, evil is overcome with goodness. This promised victory, through His Blood, eschatologically brings forth the new earth and new heaven.

Scripture:

“How can anyone enter a strong man’s house and steal his property, unless he first ties up the strong man? Then he can plunder his house.” Mt. 12:29

This is the parable of the vanquished strong man. The strong man is Satan, whom Jesus has tied up and whose house He is plundering. This refers to the Jewish expectation that Satan would be chained up in the last days (Rev.20:2).

“I have told you this so that you might have peace in me. In the world you will have trouble, but take courage, I have conquered the world.” Jn.16:33

Jesus attains the ultimate victory or evil.

“Do not be conquered by evil but conquer evil with good.” Rom. 12:21

God has justified the believers. It will be God who will administer justice. Showing good to your enemies will confound them.

Conclusion:

Nike, victory, invincible

I really had never really considered sports as an important metaphor for struggles, competition, and victories in life. As in life, endurance is needed for the victories and losses that will come ahead.

It is not surprising that the Christian life can be comparable to sports. It has been said that the Christian life is a race faced with obstacles and opponents. Christians must prepare and equip themselves to reach the finish line. Those Christians, who have been martyred, won the ultimate victory in being faithful to Christ. Interestingly, these Christian martyrs’ bones have been called trophies. Not only that, but they also may have obtained some great spiritual endorsements (perhaps sainthood) for a that winning performance in life. So one does not necessarily have to fly high (like a certain basketball player) to achieve that victory.

‎[Greek] ἰδιώτης (idiōtēs), [Latin] idiota: private individual, layman, simpleton, rustic, bumpkin, outsider, alien, outsider, unskilled person, simple person, commoner; Act.4:13, 2Cor.11:6, 1Cor.14:16, 1Cor. 14:23-24

Ancient Greek farmers (idiotai)  living a simple life

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: This term means a private individual, laymen, unlearned person, outsider and alien. Interestingly, this meaning never takes on the sense of ignorance or stupidity. Instead, only a subtle stigma is attached to this person. Participation in the local community and government was viewed as a highly favored value for the individual. Those, who shunned participation in the community and who kept to themselves, were deemed unfit for office. These people were viewed as not having the “brains” to carry out this function.

Old Testament: This term has the sense of private citizen, layman, and common man. Upon considering being King Saul’s son-in-law, David mentioned he was a poor and insignificant man (1 Sam.18:23). As Moses was the meekest man on earth, God chose to speak to him. God speaks plainly and not in riddles to Moses (Num.12:8).

New Testament: This term takes on the general sense of being uneducated or lacking something. The disciples are seen as simple and uneducated followers. Paul acknowledges that he does not have the skills of eloquent speaking. Reference is made to those who do not have the gifts of tongues and the gifts of interpreting tongues.

Scripture:

“Observing the boldness of Pete and John and perceiving them to be uneducated, ordinary men, they were amazed, and they recognized them as the companions of Jesus.” Act.4:13

The Sanhedrin, recognized that Peter, a simple fisherman, performed this act.  This was why they were amazed.

“Otherwise, if you pronounce a blessing with the Spirit, how shall one who holds the place of the uninstructed say the “Amen” to your thanksgiving, since he does not know what you are saying?” 1 Cor.14:16

These uninstructed people are the uninitiated inquirers or catechumen. They lacked this knowledge.

“Even if I am untrained in speaking, I am not so in knowledge; in every way we have made this plain to you in all things.” 2 Cor.11:6

Paul acknowledges that he is deficient in rhetorical abilities. However, God has revealed the truth to Paul.

Conclusion:

Idiot, idiocy

It was interesting to discover that this term did not originally have the meaning of a fool or imbecile. This person was essentially a simple private laymen. The Roman-Greco value of participation in community affairs/government had defined this private person in a negative way.

Interestingly, this Greco-Roman belief system really was not a hindrance to the growth of Christianity. In fact, Jesus welcomed and identified with the simple person/layman. The disciples are such examples. It was then over time, that this term took on its very negative sense.

[Greek] ἱλαρός (hilaros): cheerful, merry, hilarious, joyfully ready, joyous, gracious, eager to give, willing, good humored; 2Cor. 9:7

King Solomon bestows favor on Sheba and his other subjects

Background Information:

Classical Greek: This term, meaning glad, merry, or cheerful, can be used for daylight, songs, messages, and persons. The later usage takes on the sense of benevolence, related to deities and gods, who bestowed good fortune on man. It is unclear whether or not if there was a clear connection between cheerfulness and benevolence. At this time in history, this term has nothing to do with being hilarious.

Old Testament:  In the Septuagint the Hebrew understanding of the related verb hilaruno means to cause to shine. Therefore, one who is “radiant” with cheerfulness and kindness is more open to help and serve others. Interestingly, this term hilaros is never considered as an attribute of God. Instead, God is more likely shown bestowing or giving favor to others. In addition, kings are portrayed bestowing favor, being kindly bestowed, and being gracious. The rabbis emphasize the connection between generosity and cheerfulness: “He who gives alms, let him do so with a cheerful heart.”

New Testament:  As with Judaism and the Gentile world, in Christianity cheerfulness is tied to the inner freedom of generosity. This Christian value is highly valued by Jesus. Paul makes reference to Prv. 22:9 which states that the kind person will be blessed, for he gives to the poor. Reception of this gift of God makes us cheerful.  With this comes the motivation to share this gift in service to others, as we are all are stewards of these gifts and graces.

Scripture:

“Each must do as already determined, without sadness or compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver.” 2Cor.9:7

Cheerfulness allows for greater expression for generosity.

Conclusion

Hilarious, hilarity

I was surprised that our current understanding of what means hilarious is not reflected or even conceived in scripture or in secular Greek culture. Perhaps the sociological notion was far too removed to be even be considered in ancient society. It was only until the early 19^th century that the term hilaros takes on the sense of being funny or hysterical.

[Greek] διχοτομέω (dichotomeō), [Latin] dividere: to cut into two, to cut asunder, to cut into pieces, to bisect, to cut up by scourging, to punish severely, to separate, to cut in half, to dismember; Mt. 24:51, Lk.12:46, Heb.11:37, Lk.19:27

Background information:

Old Testament: This was an ancient form of punishment of cutting asunder with the sword or saw. This refers to cutting, dividing, or cleaving into two parts. This term is found only in a literal sense of cutting people, oxen, and animals. At this time in history, there was only a literal sense of this term.

New Testament: This literal sense of this term continues in the New Testament culture. However, a figurative meaning develops in the sense of punishing severely. Instead of a literal cutting in two, separation and punishment occur. This is associated with a place of judgment of which there is no turning back. Wailing and grinding teeth comes. This is hell (separation from God).

Wailing and grinding teeth: This is a final judgment for sinners, lasting for eternity. Those who do not belong to Christ will suffer a terrible fate. Hell will be a “place” of anguish, remorse, pain, wailing, and grinding teeth. Those who reject God will not have a second chance. This separation from God becomes their hell.

Hell becomes the separation and punishment from God

New Testament: This term means to cut into separate parts (cut asunder). If the unfaithful servant choses to beat his fellow servants and eat and drink with drunkard, he will be severely punished. The master will come at an unexpected day and hour to punish this servant.

Scripture:

“Now as for those enemies of mine who did not want me as their king, bring them here and slay them before me.” Lk.19:27

The king uses his authority to kill his enemies.

“And will punish him severely and assign him a place with the hypocrites, where there will be wailing and grinding of death.” Mt.24:51

Literally, this can mean cutting someone in two. This also can take on the meaning of separating (banishing). Wailing and grinding of teeth depicts the final judgment in hell.

Modern examples of dichotomy: Math (logic): incompatible or opposing principles, Astronomy: phases of the moon,  Biology: division and branches of organisms, Politics: opposing political beliefs

Conclusion:

Dichotomy, divide

This term originally took on a literal meaning of cutting into two. It was only later that the New Testament culture develops the figurative meaning of separation and punishment, associated with hell. Essentially, hell is separation from God. Over time, more meanings of dichotomy developed.

“God does not put you in hell. You put yourself there because your hearts become so hardened, so stubborn and inclined to seek your comfort.” Mother Angelica

“Hell is a terrible way to find out that there is a hell.”  Mother Angelica

[Greek] διαλογίζομαι (dialogizomai), [Latin] cogitare, [Latin] disputare: to consider, to deliberate, to discuss, to reckon, to reason, to resolve in one’s mind, to ponder, to dispute, to hold a discussion, to engage in dialogue, Mk.2:6, Mk.2:8, Lk.1:29, Lk.3:15, Lk.5:21-22, Lk.132:17, Mk.8:16Classical rhetoric originated in ancient Greece 6th B.C.  The Romans further develop this speaking method.

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term is mostly found in the secular sense of to balance (reckon) accounts, to consider, and to engage (debate) in a discussion. In ancient Greece, a legal proceeding was initiated to determine which parties were responsible for the pilfering and assumption of funds from a bank account. Considering or pondering takes on considerable importance in philosophical circles and schools. Formal discussions and investigations in various subjects were developed under the authority of an administrator. These meetings took on the form of conventions and judicial hearings.

Old Testament: This term is primarily found in the sense of to ponder and to consider in the Old Testament. Reckoning takes on the same meaning of considering. The object of such considering (pondering) involve various matters and topics. Such subjects include the nature of God, one’s troubled nature, the days of old, and the dead. There is sparse explicit mention of formal discussion and investigations. Perhaps, the existing Jewish (Hebrew) leadership structures assumed these roles.

New Testament: This term is found both with the sense of to consider (ponder) and to discuss with. It is interesting to note Luke and Mark were considered Hellenistic evangelists. Luke and Mark would have been familiar with the literary devices indicating the sense of conversing or discussing, rather than pondering. In reference to individuals (like Mary), Mark and Luke would not need to add the specific qualifiers such as “in her heart.” These qualifiers would have been redundant. On the other hand, Matthew makes references to considering (pondering).

Scripture:

“But Mary was greatly troubled at what was said and pondered what sort of greeting this might be.” Lk.1:29

Mary was trying to sort out by herself what the angel meant. Mary need to reason out this situation.

“Then the scribes and Pharisees began to ask themselves, ‘Who is this who speaks blasphemies? Who but God alone can forgive sins?'” Lk.5:21

Luke presents the scribes and Pharisees reflecting and discussing among themselves about Jesus’ claim to forgive sins

“Jesus knew their hearts and said to them in reply, ‘What are you thinking in your hearts?’” Lk.5:22

Luke presents the Pharisees pondering Jesus’ claim to forgive sins. The Pharisees considered this to be blasphemous. Luke adds “in your hearts” to indicate that the Pharisees were silently reflecting on this.

“They concluded among themselves that it was because they had no bread.” Mk.8:16

The disciples had only one loaf of bread with them in the boat. The disciples did not understand that Jesus was talking about the Pharisees’ actions, not real bread. The disciple were discussing among themselves about real bread. The disciples did not realize that Jesus is the Bread of Life.

Conclusion:

Dialogue, dialog, cogitate, dispute

I can immediately associate pondering with philosophers.  However, I would have never associated this term with legal proceedings. The Old Testament begins to take on the traditional sense of pondering and considering. It was interesting to discover that Luke and Mark were considered Hellenistic evangelists, who conveyed both internal dialogue (pondering) and discussion. Luke and Mark employ literary devices to indicate when a group of people are discussing and/or pondering. In other words, the phrase “in their hearts” indicates pondering. When this involves an individual (like Mary), the words “in her heart” are unnecessary.

When I think of the word dialogue, I immediately think of spoken words. I guess pondering can be considered as a form of unspoken words “said” by oneself. With that being said, I have a better understanding of the expression “in their hearts”. One can only imagine what Mary was pondering after what the angel had said to her. I “reckon” that she must have had a lot to think about!

[Greek] χαρακτήρ (charaktēr), [Latin] character: exact representation, engraving, impression, impress, mark, brand, reproduction, stamp, image; Heb.1:2-3

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture:

Representations/copies: Images were impressed upon coins, wood, stone, brass, and other surfaces. Having the emperor’s image on coins was a widely held practice of bestowing honor to the emperor. This also served to raise currency for infrastructure projects and to provide commemorative coins for the populace. An impress of something is a sign of what it is significant or important. Hence the copy of a book still attains significant value.

Moral typology: This term becomes identified with the qualities, traits, and persona of an individual. Greek playwrights Euripides and Menander developed characters, defined by a specific trait, such as arrogance. In addition, stock characters, historically having dull and flat qualities, have been often subject to ridicule and parody. Sometimes, an ambiguous characters appear, being unable to be clearly understood.

Greek truism: ‘Why is there no mark engrave on men’s bodies by which we could know the true one from the false one.’ Euripides (431 B.C). Appearances can be deceiving. This mark serves to define that person.

Distinctiveness: An important official placing hiss seal or stamp can illustrate his authority and influence. A medical doctor leaving his “mark” on a prescription illustrates this medical authority. This distinctiveness applies to language, rhetoric, and philosophy. Their style defines the kind of poet, orator, or philosopher that person could be. As a result, several philosophical schools of thought had developed over time.

Judaism: Interestingly, this term occurs only two times in the Old Testament and once in 4 Macc. Lev.13:28 refers to the scars that result from burning of the skin. 2 Macc.4:10-11 refers to being initiated (marked) into the Greek way of life. 4 Macc.15:4 refers to the likeness between parents and children. Man was created after the image of God.

New Testament: God’s glory has impressed itself on Jesus as the One exalted by God. Jesus is the reflection and image of God. Jesus impresses His glory on the cosmos, especially in relation to man. His humiliation and exultation become the cause of eternal salvation. This image of God brings about His saving work.

Scripture:

“In these last days, He spoke to us through a Son, whom He made heir of all things and through whom He created the universe, who is the refulgence of His glory, the very imprint of His being, and who sustains all things by His mighty Word. When He had accomplished purification from sins, He took His seat at the right hand of the Majesty on high.” Heb.1:2-3

God’s revelation of His saving purpose is achieved through His Son, whose role is redeemer and mediator of creation. He is made heir of all things through His death and exultation to glory. Yet He existed before He appeared as man. Through Him, God created the universe.

This line comes from Menander’s play Thais

Conclusion:

Character, characterize, characterization

It was interesting to discover that this term originally meant a representation or copy of something. Over time character embodied the moral nature of a person (persona) on the stage and in real life. Most of us had already known this, but it is fascinating to see how this idea developed. So making (leaving) one’s mark means making your presence and character known to others.

It is remarkable that the ancient Greek dramatist Menander  (343 -291 B.C) had an influence on Paul. Paul cites from Menander’s play of the line, “Bad company corrupts good character.” This is referenced in 1 Corinthians.

“Do not be led astray: ‘Bad company corrupts good morals.’” 1 Cor. 15:33

[Greek] ‎στρατεύομαι (strateuomai), [Latin] interrogare, [Latin] militaris: to serve in a military campaign, to wage war, to engage in war, to fight, to be a soldier, to make war, to undertake a campaign, to go to war, to engage in spiritual warfare, to execute apostolate enemies; 2 Cor. 10:3, 1 Tim. 1:18, Jas. 4:1, 1 Pet. 2:11, Lk. 3:14, 1 Cor.9:7, 2 Tim.2:4

The Battle of Mycale (79 B.C): the Greeks attack the Persians’ encampment

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term takes on a sense of undertaking a campaign or doing military service. Used primarily in a military sense, this term refers to an army or group of soldiers. Rarely used for an individual soldier, this means to undertake a campaign, to do military service, to become a military officer, and to spread out camp. Historically, the army was composed of either citizen soldiers or professional solders. Since the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C.), long service professional soldiers were found to be superior to citizen soldiers. From these professional soldiers came career soldiers, soldiers of fortune, and mercenaries. Later, the Roman army developed the reputation of such efficiency and ruthless qualities. In its non-military use, it makes reference to higher beings (gods), who undertake missions to intervene for man.

Old Testament: The Old Testament is filled with frequent examples of wars, conflicts, and struggles. However, this term is only found three times. The horde of all nations who make war against Mount Zion (Isa. 29:7).  makes reference to the horde of all the nations making war against Zion. He told his son-in-law to fortify himself for the journey (Judg.19:8). Everyone twenty-five years old shall perform the required service in the meeting tent (Num.8:24). The father, whenever he went on campaigns, would name his successor (2 Macc.9:23). The just Providence of our ancestors may take vengeance on the accursed tyrant (4 Macc.9:24). Interestingly, a significant number of this term’s related nouns (army, soldier, etc. ) are found the Books of Maccabees.

New Testament: The Christian communities of the New Testament period were often subject to abuse or persecution from the Roman military. Jesus foretold and encouraged a readiness to prepare for such persecution. Although there was constant tension between the Roman Empire and Christians, both understood the importance of obedience to authority. While the Christians were obedient to the authority of Jesus, the Roman soldiers understood the importance of following orders from superior officers. Paul recognizes a Christian may need the discipline of a good soldier to endure the struggles and to carry out the mission of the gospel. James points out the individual may experience an internal struggle (battle) within oneself as one faces temptation and the enticements to sin.

Scripture:

“To satisfy the one who recruited him, a soldier does not become entangled in the business affairs of life.” 2Tim.2:4

The Christian life can be filled with obstacles and struggles. Christians sometimes must act like soldiers engaged in active service for Christ.

“Where do the wars and where do the conflicts among you come from? Is it not from your passions that make war within your members? Jas.4:1

Christians may often finding themselves with their own internal struggles (battles) against temptation to sin.

“Soldiers also asked Him, ‘And what is it that what we should do?’ He told them, ‘Do not practice extortion, do not falsely accuse anyone, and be satisfied with your wages.’” Lk.3:14

Since the beginning of the Christian movement, there has historically been tension between the Roman soldiers and the Christians. Soldiers have been known to take advantage of the Christians.

Conclusion:

Strategy, strategize, strategic, interrogate, interrogation, military

To be honest, I was just expecting to find the traditional military sense of this term throughout history. I was also surprised that this military sense is rarely found in the Old Testament. When one has empires to defend and uphold, it is not surprising that there would be a need for an army. I did not expect to see the various nuanced meanings of this term in both the Old Testament and New Testament. In life outside the army, there is always the need for making preparations, protecting oneself, and encountering obstacles. Sometimes I think the same can said for spreading the gospel message.

[Greek] πρόγνωσις (prognōsis), [Latin] praescentia: foreknowledge, prophecy, prognostication, foretelling, perceiving beforehand, knowing beforehand; Act.2:23, 1Pet.1:2

The Oracle at Delphi: a place to seek guidance and knowledge for healing

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: The classical sense of prognosis means knowing, perceiving, and learning beforehand. Subject matter included matters of war, politics and healing. Apollo was an oracular god, the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Medicine and healing  were associated with Apollo. Greek physicians would often seek the help (advance knowledge) and guidance of Apollo in making a medical prognosis. Ordinarily the ancient physician, lacking pathological and diagnostic tools, would rely just upon the available physical evidence concerning the patient.

Old Testament: The idea of prognosis, for the most part, is not highly stressed in the Old Testament. This is generally found with the prophets, whom impart God’s knowledge and truth. Prognosis is exemplified in the prophets’ efforts to warn and reform the behavior of others. In the book of Wisdom, Wisdom hastens to make herself known to those who desire her (Wis.6:13). Wisdom knows the things of old and infers the things to come (Wis.8:8). The book of Wisdom foretells the destruction of the firstborn. When they determined to put to death the infants of the holy ones, that night was known beforehand to our ancestors (Wis.18:5-6). The book of Judith makes reference to the predetermined knowledge and prophetic foreknowledge of God. Judith says to God, ‘All your ways are in readiness, and your judgment is made with foreknowledge (Jud.9:6)

New Testament: In the New Testament, prognosis essentially means advance knowledge. This consists of having knowledge beforehand and the content of this foreknowledge. Jesus was known before the foundation of the world, but He is later revealed. God foreknew His people since He conforms them in His image. Often, God’s judgments and decrees were made in the eternity past with the aid of His foreknowledge. This prophecy of the Word can be used of His believers. The sense of knowing previously comes from a Hellenistic tradition in medicine.

Scripture:

“This man, delivered up by the set plan and foreknowledge of God, you killed, using lawless men to crucify Him.” Act.2:23

God, outside of time, knew and permitted this happen as part of His Providence. God allow His Son to be crucified in order to take upon the sins of the world.

“He was known before the foundation of the world but revealed in the final time for you, who through Him believe in God who raised Him from the dead and gave Him glory, so that your faith and hope are in God.” 1Pet. 1:20-21

God had known beforehand that He would bring His Son for our redemption.

First Apology by Justin Martyr (148-155 A.D)

“We are convinced of the truth of all that He taught us, because whatever He foretold would happen is actually happening. This is the work of God: He tells of a thing before it happens, afterwards showing that it happens as it was foretold.”

Justin Martyr, recently converted to Christianity, used his philosophical skills to evangelize his fellow pagan philosophers in the temple grounds. These pagan philosophers encouraged Justin Martyr to be able to present his arguments for Christianity. God is viewed as the One who simply knows beforehand.

Conclusion:

Prognosis, prognostication, prescient

Justin Martyr, as a philosopher, would have already been versed in the idea of the foreknowledge of God. I would say that modern doctors today would cringe at the methods the ancient Greek doctors used in making prognoses. Seeking the help of an oracle to make a prognosis is not a very sound scientific method. I suppose these ancient Greek doctors tried their best, despite their lack of diagnostic tools. The Hippocratic Oath is a moral code for ethical conduct and practice in medicine. Its principles are to treat the sick to the best of one’s abilities, to preserve patient privacy, and to teach the secrets of medicine to the next generation. Interestingly, the earliest known oath states, “I swear by Apollo, the Healer…”

I do not think one has to be given special insight to realize that God is all-knowing. This is the very definition of God!  It also make sense for the prophets to be involved in this knowledge. Otherwise, they wouldn’t be prophets.

[Greek] ἀνταγωνίζομαι (antagōnizomai), [Latin] contendere, [Latin] certare, [Latin] sollicitus, [French] disputer: to strive against, to struggle against, to resist, to fight against, to stand firm, to be a competitor in a contest, to struggle with; Heb.12:4

Background Information:

Competition/contest metaphor: At the beginning of Hebrews chapter 12, the writer sets the stage of running a race that lies before us. The runners are challenged and encouraged to finish the race (Christian life) by keeping their eyes on Jesus. Later, the writer provides the image of a “face to face combat” (struggle) against sin. This image is likened to a wrestling match or gladiatorial contest. The Christians are exhorted to strive against sin.

New Testament: This may take on an internal, external, or supernatural nature. Internal sin may involve the inclination and enticement to sin. External sin may involve persecution from others against Christians. Supernatural sin involves being tempted by demonic forces of the spiritual realm. The writer encourages the Christians to stand firm and resist sin, even to the point of shedding blood.

Scripture:

“In your struggle against sin you have not yet resisted to the point of shedding blood.” Heb. 12:4

The writer of Hebrews encourages his readers to see their trials as discipline and to keep their eyes focused on Christ. These struggles against sin may take on various forms. These may become ongoing “face to face” struggles.

Conclusion:

Antagonism, antagonize, contend, contention, dispute, certain, solicit

The writer of Hebrews presents a clear and realistic image of the Christian life, which can be a competition/contest filled with obstacles and adversaries. These Hebrew Christians can find solace and support by looking at Jesus’ example. Therefore, meaning can be found with these struggles. Contemporary readers, familiar with sports/athletic metaphors, can identify with these contests. Like good athletes, Christians must train themselves (strengthen their faith) and prepare themselves as they face their opponents.

[Greek] ‎ἀναλογίζομαι (analogizomai), [Latin] recogitare: to consider, to ponder, to reflect, to deliberate, to think over, to reckon up, to consider by way of comparison, to reflect upon; Heb.12:3

Background Information:

Classical Greece: This term is commonly used in classical Greek culture, appealing to the philosophical and intellectual schools of thought. This idea expresses the careful estimation of one object to another. Having an analytical and mathematical context, this term can mean corresponding to a right relationship, proportion, or conclusion. Plato and his fellow contemporary philosopher Xenophon would have quite frequently used this terminology. Interestingly, this term does not appear in the  Septuagint (Old Testament).

New Testament: This term occurs only once in the book of Hebrews. In contrast to the secular meaning, this term actually refers to a person. That person is Jesus. However, the Christians are the ones who ponder and reflect on what Jesus has done for them. This helps to provide the Christians consolation and perspective when they themselves grow weary and lose heart. By reflecting on Jesus’ sufferings, Christians can find the courage to continue the struggle.

Scripture:

“Consider how He endured such opposition from sinners, in order that you may not grow weary and lose heart.” Heb. 12:3

The Christian life is to be inspired by Jesus. The Christians should find comfort and draw strength from Jesus’ example.

Conclusion:

Analogy, recognize, recognition

I can understand how this term would appeal to philosophers and mathematicians in the Greek sciences. I can imagine seeing a philosopher, pondering in response to about what one of his proteges has just said to him. But, I wouldn’t have “considered” that this term would involve reflecting on what Jesus has done for us. This most likely would have been an emotional reflection, not an analytical decision. Perhaps, this becomes a form of prayer. Yet, this term now predominately means making comparisons.

[Greek] συμπαθέω (sympatheō), [Latin] conpati: to suffer with, have a fellow feeling, to sympathize, to bear with,  to commiserate, to have sympathy for, to be touched with, to share in suffering

Jesus, the High Priest, is the one who perfectly atones for our sins

Background Information:

Old Testament: Interestingly, this term is not found in the Septuagint. However, 4 Macc., although not considered canonical, contains Hebrew theology and Greek philosophy. This book was written for the Hellenized Jews. 4 Macc. speaks of brotherly affection and God having sympathy for His people. When sympathy and brotherly affection had been established, the brothers were more sympathetic to each other (4 Macc.13:23). The Law, established by God, provided that the people do not eat defiling foods. It is in the nature of things that the Creator has shown sympathy to His people. In other words, God knows what is best for His people.

New Testament: Suffering is widely discussed in the New Testament. However, this term is only found twice in the book of Hebrews. The predominate sense of this term is to convey understanding, sympathetic participation, and concern for the welfare of others. Essentially, Jesus manifests a “fellow feeling” for us. This provides the motivation for the Son to take on flesh and our sins on the Cross. This term is also used to provide support for those who have endured abuse, hardship, and affliction.  Jesus tells them not lose their confidence in what God has promised them.

Scripture:

“For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but one who has been similarly been tested in every way, yet without sin.” Heb. 4:15

This gives the reason and motivation for Christ to take on flesh and sin. He is the only one who is righteous and obedient to make atonement for our sins. This speaks to His authority as High Priest.

“You even joined in the sufferings of those in prison and joyfully accepted the confiscation of your property, knowing that you had a better and lasting possession.” Heb. 10:34

Christ’s compassion exists in those who can also suffer with those who suffer. It was fairly common for Christians to be imprisoned for their faith. Joyfully accepting confiscation of property allows one to focus less on material possessions. This better possession is reliance on Jesus.

St. Ignatius’ Letter to the Romans (written 110 A.D.): “Permit me to be an imitator of the passion of my God.”

Ignatius asks the Roman Christians for their understanding (“fellow-feeling”) of his motives for martyrdom.

Conclusion:

Sympathy, sympathetic, compassion

I was surprised how infrequently this term appears in the Old Testament. It doesn’t appear at all! Perhaps, other Greek terms are used to convey this meaning. Instead, this term appears in 4 Macc. In my research, I have developed a greater appreciation for all the Maccabees books (including the non-canonical books). It was interesting to see the more nuanced meanings of this term in both the Old Testament.  God seeing what is best for us. You cannot get more nuanced than that! This also has helped me to get a little more insight on Heb.4:15 on why Jesus put Himself on the Cross for us.

[Greek] σκηνή (skēnē), [Latin] tabernaculum, [Latin] habitare: dwelling, tabernacle, tent, scene, building background for a dramatic performance, habitat, shelter, booth, place; Mt.17:4, Heb.11:9, Act.7:44, Heb. 8:2,5

An existing model of the Tabernacle in Jerusalem

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: Outside the bible, this term can mean dwelling, abode, lodging, and tent. In their travels, soldiers and herdsmen camped in tents. Those who took part in religious feasts and the games also camped in tents. Sometimes shrines were set up among them in portable tents.

The skene is the structure at the back of the stage

Greek stage: The skene was the structure at the back of the theater stage facilities. The skene, behind the stage, was a framework of pillars with movable walls. Painted panels provided the background scenes for the drama. Actors’ costumes were stored in this structure. Serving as a hidden stage, the skene allowed actors to perform and retreat from the stage. The theater of Dionysus is a major amphitheater in Athens. These structures became extremely widespread throughout the Greco-Roman culture.

Old Testament: The earliest sense of this term took on the meaning of a tent. The use of tents was very common during this time. This story begins with the patriarchs in the tents of Abraham. We find the biblical stories of Isaac, Jacob, and Jethro in tents. The wondering nomads and herdsmen lived in tents. In their travels, the army lived in tent encampments. Participants of the Feast of Tabernacles lived in tents. The tabernacle eventually becomes the successor to the tent in hosting religious functions.  The tabernacle has often been called the “tent of meeting” or “place of dwelling.” Tabernacles are generally enlarged tents, booths, or huts with roofs made of thatched leaves or other materials. The tabernacle is seen as the place where God may visit or dwell in the community. Moses was given instructions from God on Mt. Sinai on how to build the tabernacle. This earthly tabernacle is built according to the pattern of the heavenly tabernacle. The purpose of the Tabernacle was to house the Ark of the Covenant, containing the manna, the tablets, and Aaron’s staff.

New Testament: According to Luke, the rise of the Christian community (Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians) fulfills the restoration of David’s hut. The distinction is made between the heavenly tabernacle and the earthly tabernacle built by human hands. From Mt. Sinai, Moses received instruction to build the earthly tabernacle. Jesus, becoming the new tabernacle who will dwell among us, refers to Christology. Revelation points forward to future eschatological salvation.

Scripture:

“By faith Abraham sojourned in the promised land as in a foreign country, dwelling in tents with Isaac and Jacob, heirs of the same promise.” Heb 11:9

Wanderers and travelers resided and rested in these movable tents.

“They worship in a copy and shadow of the heavenly sanctuary, as Moses was warned when he was about to erect the tabernacle. For He says, ‘See that you make everything according to the pattern shown you on the mountain.’” Heb.8:5

The tabernacle that was built was built by Moses was only a shadow of the heavenly sanctuary. Jesus is the true tabernacle.

“Then Peter said to Jesus in reply, ‘Lord, it is good that we are here. If you wish, I will make three tents here, one for you, one for Moses, and one for Elijah.’” Mt.17:4

Tents were set up to celebrate religious events. A tent of meeting is a place where one encounters God. This recalls the feast of Tabernacles.

Conclusion:

Scene, scenic, tabernacle, habitation

It can be said that the tent of meeting or tabernacle provides the scene (setting) for encountering God in the Old Testament. As societies moved away from a nomadic culture, it is understandable that tents would be replaced by temples and synagoges. The Eucharist is stored in the tabernacle of Catholic churches. In addition to Mass, this is where Catholics encounter Jesus in the Eucharist.

The Greco-Roman use of skene should not be minimized. This term  provides a very important contribution to the stage and performing arts throughout history. Now I will take my cue and exit the stage.–[End Scene]–

[Greek] ἀπειθέω (apeitheō), [Latin] incredulus, [Latin] non credere, [latin] infidelibus: to disobey, to be apathetic, to be disobedient, to not believe, to refuse to believe, to refuse to be persuaded, to disregard, to not comply with, to decide against; Rom. 11:30-31, Rom.10:21, Heb.3:18, Heb.11:31, 1Pet.2:8, 1Pet.4:17, Jn.3:36, Act.14:2, Jn.19:9, Rom.2:8, Rom.15:31, 1Pet.3:1

Background Information:

Old Testament: This becomes a significant theological term, identifying the sinful attitude of the people. This essentially means breaking man’s relationship with God. Disobedience applies to Israel, the Jews, the wilderness generation, the generation of the flood, and sinners in general. Isa.65:2 and Prov.1:25: foreshadow this disobedience. Isa.65:2 makes reference to Isaiah’s prophecy of unbelief in the gospel that Jesus is Lord and has been raised from the dead. The Jews have disobedience to God in refusing to believe that salvation includes the Gentiles. In Prov.1:25 God allows man the choice to disregard or disobey Him. When we do not heed God’s advice or will, we often find ourselves in trouble. We expect God to bail us out. Instead, it is often these times that God teaches us a greater lesson.

New Testament: The New Testament continues the Old Testament idea of the sinful attitude of the people. In the book of Romans and Acts, Paul makes references to the disobedience of Jews to Jesus. Paul also points out that Christians can be disobedient in refusing to believe the Christian gospel (kerygma). Faith is obedience to this new order of salvation. Disobedience can be asserted by Jews or Gentiles, regardless of nationality.

Scripture:

“Although the disbelieving Jews stirred up and poisoned the minds of the Gentiles against the brothers.” Act. 14:2

In Iconium Paul spoke to the Jews and Gentiles in the synagogue. The Jews were creating a disturbance against the Gentiles.

“Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life, but whoever disobeys the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God remain upon him.” Jn. 3:36

Disobedience can also apply to the Christian or Gentile. There will be consequences for such unbelief.

“Likewise, you wives should be subordinate to your husbands so that, even if some disobey the word, they may be won over without a word by their wives conduct when they observe your reverent and chaste behavior.” 1Pet.3:1-2

It must be acknowledged that there existed a patriarchal society in the family setting. The Christian wives are called upon to set a good example for their husbands. The husband has a sub-mission (his vocation) to be faithful and supportive of his wife. Likewise, the wife has a sub-mission (her vocation) to allow her husband to be faithful and supportive of her.

Conclusion:

Apathy, apathetic, incredible, infidelity

I was struck by the notion that Jews and Christians (Gentiles) can both be disobedient but in their own unique ways. At first glance, the idea of disobedience seems pretty straightforward. However, there are many nuances concerning disobedience. It can mean refusing to believe, refusing to be persuaded, stubborn, and indifferent. Apathy is another word for indifference, meaning one just doesn’t really care. However, there may be consequences when this concerns faith.  To be honest, this applies to all of us. We certainly cannot be apathetic about this.

[Greek] ἐπισκέπτομαι (episkeptomai), [Latin] visitare, [Latin] considerare, [French] examiner: to go to see, to be concerned, to visit, to look upon, to examine with the eyes, to inspect, to render assistance, to be present, to take care of, to seek out, to help, to look out for, to select carefully; Act.6:3, Mt.25:43, Act7:23, Act.15:36, Mt.25:36, Act.14:14, Heb.2:6, Jas.1:27, Lk.1:68, Lk.7:8, Lk.17:16

The Emperor Diocletian watches over and demands obedience from his subjects

Background Information:

Hellenistic Greek culture: This term is used in several ways in showing concern as authority figures, reflecting on something, and visiting people. A king looks upon and shows concern for his subjects. The gods and deities watch over and protect the people. Reflecting may include examining one’s character or investigating documents. Visiting may include doctors visiting patients or others ministering to friends.

Old Testament: This term is used in the sense of to visit, to look upon, to investigate, to be concerned about, to find out about something, to account for, and to be absent. Visiting the sick and the sheltering of strangers become important Rabbinic values. When God becomes the subject matter, this term takes on a profoundly religious sense. Throughout salvation history, God intervenes into the lives of His people, bestowing His will, blessings, and judgment. In addition, this term takes on the sense of to appoint someone in authority. This idea plays a significant role in the installation of leaders in the early Christian Church.

New Testament:  Jesus highly stresses and values the Rabbinic notion of visiting the sick and caring for the less fortunate. Jesus states that this must be a fundamental attitude. Jesus claims man exists not just for himself, but for others, whom God is present in them. This helps to shed some light on why Jesus had said what is done or not done to the least of His brethren is done or not done to Him. This term also illustrates the sense that Moses and Paul show concern and responsibility for their followers. This is similar to the idea of the good shepherd caring for his flock. The New Testament continues the Old Testament tradition of appointing leaders in an office of authority to lead the Christians. God’s intervention into human affairs comes through in the actions of Jesus. The New Testament shows how this extends to the Jewish Christians and Gentiles.

Scripture:

“Brothers, select from among you seven reputable men, filled with the Spirit and wisdom, whom we shall appoint to this task.” Act.6:3

The Hellenists complained that their widows were being neglected in the daily distribution. Provisions were made to create the office of a deacon to minister to the needs of the widows. This was done through the election of the members of the congregation.

“For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, a stranger and you gave me no welcome, naked and you have me no clothing, ill and in prison, and not minister to your needs?” Mt.25:42-43

This is one of Jesus’ most famous commands to help the less fortunate. Jesus says one must have the attitude of service towards others.

“Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel, for He has visited and brought redemption to His people.” Lk.1:6

This idea continues the Old Testament theme of God intervening into the affairs of man. Jesus continues this role in the New Testament.

“Paul said to Barnabas, ‘Come, let us make a return visit to see how the brothers are getting on in all the cities where we proclaimed the Word of the Lord.” Act.15:36

As leaders of the Church, Paul and Barnabas, are concerned about the welfare of their congregation.  Paul and Barnabas visit them.

Etymology: It was interesting to discover the nuanced meanings of this Latin verbs in reference of this term episkeptomai (to look over). This term pertains to person in authority who watch over others. The Latin verb visitare means to care for someone or to visit the sick. The Latin verb means to examine or to provide for.

Conclusion:

Episcopal, skeptic, skeptical, visit, visitation, consider, consideration, examine, examination

This term has a very important and rich meaning in history. Most of us are already aware that Jesus highly valued the importance of visiting the sick and helping the less unfortunate. It is interesting to note that this single term conveys this important value. I did not realize that this was originally an important Rabbinic ethical value. Instead, we know from scripture of the Jewish prohibitions against touching an unclean or diseased person.

At first glance, the word skeptic doesn’t look like it should be related to this term episkeptomai. However, there is no question that these words are related. The Skeptics were an ancient Greek school that doubted the possibility of real knowledge. Originally a skeptic was one who questions what he sees. This word later takes on the sense of one with a doubting attitude in 1610.

‎[Greek] ἄθλησις (athlēsis), [Latin] passio: contest, conflict, struggle, fight, competition, combat, trial, affliction; Heb.10:32

St. Bruno, born in 1030 A.D, was the founder of the Carthusian Order. He was a close advisor of his former pupil Pope Urban II (who led the Church from 1088-1099).

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means combat, contest, struggle, trial, practice, and training.

Polybius’ Histories 5.64.6: “By private and public exhortations, these officers inspired their men with a zeal and enthusiasm for the struggle which awaited them.”

Olympic Events:

1. The first ancient Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 BC. These games were dedicated to the Olympian gods on the ancient plains of Olympia.
2. They continued for nearly twelve centuries until Emperor Theodosius decreed in 393 A.D. that such pagan cults be banned.
3. All male Greek citizens, regardless of their social status, were entitled to participate in these games. Married women were not allowed to participate or to watch these games.
4. Single women were able to attend the competition.
5. Running, long jump, shot put, javelin, mixed martial boxing and wrestling, boxing, foot race (with armor and shield), and equestrian events.

Old Testament era: 4 Macc. (written between 1st century B.C and and 1st century A.D.)

1. This book is not included in the Septuagint. 4 Macc.17:14 refers to a competition against a tyrant, with the world and the human race as the spectators.
2. This book was a blending of both Jewish faith and Hellenistic philosophical ideas. The author was writing to the Hellenized Jews.
3. This book was written during the time of the Jewish persecution. The Emperor Claudius issued an edict in 49 A.D. ordering the Jews to leave Rome.
4. This book refers to martyrs who endured in their fidelity to God. They received their ultimate victory of salvation in remaining faithful in their reverence to God.
5. This theme continues years later in the persecution of the Jewish Christians in Jerusalem.

New Testament: Following the resurrection of Jesus, the Jewish Christians experienced persecution from the Jews in Jerusalem. Steven and James, the brother of John the disciple, were martyred at the hands of the Jewish leaders. The book of Hebrews, written around 64 A.D., was written to the Jewish Christians.

Athlesis:

1. The meaning of this term changed over time, taking on much more serious undertones during the persecutions of the Jews and Christians.
2. These contests now involved persecution and martyrdom.
3. A strong athlete was one who has experienced great faith struggles.
4. Now this term is predominately used again with sports and competitions.
5. Not surprisingly, an athlete must have discipline and training in order to confidently have his opponents (adversaries).

Scripture:

“Remember the days past when, after you had been enlightened, you endured a great contest suffering.” Heb. 10:32

This enlightenment is an ancient metaphor for baptism. This scripture passage refers back to the earlier persecution of the Jewish Christians in Jerusalem. These Hebrew Christians had once successfully endured a great struggle with suffering. Like good athletes, they were encouraged to endure and to do God’s will. In doing so, they might receive their promise (victory).

Other scriptures:

1 Cor.9:24: “Do you not know that the runners in the stadium all run to win the prize?”

1 Cor.9:25: “Every athlete exercises discipline. They seek to win a perishable crown. We seek to win an imperishable crown.” (faithfulness to Christ or even martyrdom)

2Tim.4:7: “I  [Paul] have competed well. I have finished the race.” (The Christian martyr bones were originally called trophies.)

Ignatius’ Letter to Polycarp (110 A.D.): “Bear the maladies of all as a perfect athlete. Where there is more toil, there is much gain.”

Ignatius, a disciple of the Apostle John, was writing to the younger Polycarp, the bishop of Smyrna. Ignatius was encouraging Polycarp to lead his followers and to remain firm in the face of adversity, persecution, and even martyrdom.

Conclusion:

Athletic, athlete, athletics, passion

Old Testament: It is really not that important that 4 Macc. is not considered part of the Septuagint. However, this book helps to shed some light on how the Jews were being persecuted for their faith.

Fellow Christians: enjoy the Olympics, exercise disciple, limber up, and consume your “spiritual electrolytes”. The competition is strong. It’s going to be a tough race!

[Greek] φαντάζω (phantazō), [Latin] terribilis: to make visible, to become visible, to make manifest, to show, to appear as a sight, to cause to appear; Heb.12:21

Moses, in fear and trembling, kneels in the presence of God

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: This term involves the manifestation of extraordinary, supernatural, and strange phenomena. Phatasma is the related noun, meaning ghost or spirit. The Greco-Roman culture provides a unique perspective and understanding of the manifestation of visible phenomena. Jesus’ walking on water (Mk.6:45-5) perhaps provides a good example how the Greco-Roman/Hellenistic reader would have interpreted these scripture passages. These readers, already familiar with classical literature and ghost stories, would know that ghosts do not hover over water. Water is a boundary and hazard for ghosts. Only gods and divine beings can walk or hover over water. These readers would have been amused that the Jewish disciples thought of Jesus as a ghost. Mark seems to focus on the disciples’ lack of understanding of Jesus.

Old Testament: In a spiritual sense, Wisdom is personified appearing to others. Wisdom. seeking those worthy of her, appears to them with all solicitude (Wis.6:16). Divinations, omens, and dreams are imagined. The mind depicts unreal divinations, omens, and dreams (Sir.34:5). Led astray by strong drink, they see visions (Isa.28:7). There are Jewish traditions that taught spirits of the night bringing disaster. One cannot approach or see God for fear of death. Even Moses is filled with terror and trembling upon approaching God. These situations help provide some insight into the disciples’ reactions to such phenomena.

New Testament: The book of Hebrews is written to the Jews who believe in Jesus. In contrast to the unapproachable God on Mount Sinai, Jesus makes Himself approachable to all. Yet, the Jews still must overcome their fears of what they perceive as manifestations. Jesus often stated to His disciples to not to be afraid and to come to Him. Jesus, as the Son of God, comes into their midst. The only New Testament reference to a “ghost” is in Mk.6:49. The disciples thought they saw a ghost walking on the sea.

Scripture:

“Indeed, so fearful was the spectacle that Moses said, ‘I am terrified and trembling.’” Heb.12:21

The sight (spectacle) would have been terrifying to the disciples.

Conclusion:

Phantasm, phantom, fantasy, fantastic, fancy, terrible

Fancy is a contraction of fantasy. This can be fanciful imagination. Fantasy is a genre set in an imaginary universe, often with the presence of magic and supernatural elements. I myself prefer science fiction. Isaac Asimov once stated that science fiction, grounded in science, is possible, but fantasy, not grounded in reality, is not possible.

It was interesting to learn about the Greco-Roman culture’s attitudes toward about phantasms. It would be understandable that the Greeks would have seen Jesus as a god, rather than as a ghost. I also can see how the Greeks would have been amused by the disciples’ reactions. Yet, given the Hebrews’ (Israelites’) historical apprehension about supernatural phenomena, it is not surprising that the disciples reacted as they did upon seeing Jesus on the water.

[Greek] δονή (hēdonἡē), [Latin] voluptatibus, [Latin] concupiscienta: pleasure, lust, delight, gratification, self-gratification, sensual pleasure; Lk.8:14, Jas.4:3, 2Pet.2:13, Tit.3:3, Jas.4:1

A common depiction of hedonism in Greco-Roman society

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: Hedonism developed an important history with Greek philosophers and Hellenistic Jewish authors. This term is primarily used in pleasure sensations, loftier desires, and baser sexual mores. The sensual pleasure is found in the sense of taste (sweets), sense of eating (feasting), and the sense of hearing (feasting the ears). The loftier desires included pleasing the gods, enjoying the arts, and pursuing recreations. The baser desires included lust, eroticism, and sexual deviancy. These examples of hedonism later provide an antagonistic tension against Judaism and Christianity.

Greek Philosophical Schools: The Greek philosophical schools each viewed hedonism in various ways. At one end of the philosophical spectrum, the Epicureans believed that pleasure was the highest goal/ideal one can attain in life. The Epicurean motto can be summarized as “Enjoy life now.” On the other hand, the Stoics viewed hedonism as meaningless or pointless. The Stoic motto can be summarized as “Difficulties strengthen the mind, as labor does the body.”

Old Testament: The Jewish writers view this term mainly in a non-Greek anthropological sense. This term, rarely found in the Old Testament, takes on a neutral sensual and pleasurable context. This comes in part from a pious mindset obedient to the Torah. Wis.16:20 describes the bread of heaven with a pleasant and delightful taste. Wis.7:2 presents the sexual desire accompanies marriage. In Rabbinic literature there is no exact equivalent to this term. The ideas of evil impulses, desire, pleasure, and sweetness are all linked together.  This is evident and understandable in that all these senses come from this same term.

New Testament: This term, taking on the sense of pleasure, joy, delight, desire, lust for pleasure, worldly joy, and sensual pleasure, illustrates a lifestyle opposed to the Christian way of life. Man is confronted with hedonism (choices) that are opposed to God. Man lives either according to his own desires or to according to God’s will. Hedonism struggles against and sometimes chokes the Word of God in man. Prayer is also affected by the destructive influences of hedonism. Prayer, which is not inspired by God or directed to Him, is in vain. Hedonism can be highly destructive, hostile, and terrible, leading to a form of enslavement. The heathen, the Christian (prior to baptism), and false teachers can be bearers or victims of hedonism.

Scripture:

“As for the seed that fell among thorns, they are the ones who have heard, but as they go along, they are choked by the anxieties and riches and pleasures of life.” Lk.8:14

These pleasures leads to the lifestyle opposed to the New Testament or Christian way of thinking. Like the thorns, these pleasures may choke off the moral nourishment of God.

“Where do the wars and where do the conflicts among you come from? Is it not from your passions that make war within your members?” Jas. 4:1

It is through these passions, that man’s relationship is cut off from God. These desires for the passions are oriented to earthly desires. These earthly desires, not directed to God, relies on one’s own efforts.  These types of prayers or desires are in vain.

“We know that our self was crucified with Him, so that our sinful body might be done away with, that we might no longer be in slavery to sin.” Rom.6:6

Paul already recognized that as we seek pleasures, we can also be addicted to them. These passions may control us and makes us slaves to these passions.

Conclusion:

Hedonism, hedonistic, voluptuous, concupiscence

When one thinks of a time in history associated with an excesses of pleasures, desires, passions, and indulgences, it is not surprising that ancient Rome or ancient Greece come to mind. Can you say emperor Nero? However, it was interesting to learn that there was a wide range of philosophical thought toward hedonism.

I really was surprised by how the Old Testament presented this term in such a neutral or “low key” manner. Perhaps this was attributed to Hebrews’ deeply ingrained acceptance of Mosaic Law. Rabbinic literature focuses more on this aspect.

Then we have the New Testament taking a full on “assault” against hedonism. You are either with God or not. However, I am struck by the fact that this scripture, over 2000 years ago, can speak to the psychological and psychiatric aspects of being a slave to sin (being addicted to some vice). This is remarkable in that this was a time much long before the notion of a psychiatric or psychological profession.

I guess you can say that Paul was well trained in understanding the human mind and spirit.

[Greek] αὐθεντέω (authenteō), [Latin] dominari, [French] regner: to govern, to exercise authority over, to dominate, to usurp authority, to teach, to murder, to act on one’s authority, to claim to be the author; 1Tim.2:12

Temple of Artemis (one of the Seven Wonders of the World) in Ephesus.  The pagan cultural values clash with the patriarchal society values

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term, taking on a negative sense, means to control, to dominate, and to usurp one’s authority. The object of this authority is a person.

Ephesus:

1. Like many cities, patriarchal attitudes, paganism, and Gnostic beliefs permeated the culture.
2. The Temple of Artemis was located in Ephesus. The goddess Artemis was the patroness of fertility, midwives, and women in labor.
3. Artemis was referred to as “Mother of All.” This had possibly contributed to for some to have skewed and heretical beliefs about Eve.
4. These pagan beliefs shaped these women’s beliefs and attitudes. Some women were heavily influenced by the temple practices (temple slaves, prostitutes, and priestesses)
5. Paul responding to the rebellious attitudes of some women. Such examples may include immodesty, displaying control over others, women’s liberation, lack of self-control, elaborate hairstyles, expensive clothing, and atypical behavior of women in general.
6. A prostitutes seduction over a customer (man) can be considered a form of control or domination.
7. Paul may have been responding to specific couple (man and woman)
8. It is instructive to look at scriptures before and after 1Tim.2:12 to provide a clearer context.

New Testament: This term means to authority over someone.

Scripture:

1Tim.2:9: “Women should adorn themselves with proper conduct, with modesty and self-control, not with braided hairstyles, gold ornaments, or expensive clothing.” (Paul may be referring to temple prostitutes and liberated single women, who flouted traditional cultural values.)

1Tim.2:10: “But rather, as befits women who profess reverence for God, with good deeds.” (Paul may be referring to the ideal faithful wife who took a secondary role of prominence in marriage relationship. It has to be acknowledge that this role the wife assumed in a patriarchal society.)

1Tim.2:11: “A woman must receive instruction silently and under complete control.” (The husband was the head of the family in family issues. The women received instruction separately in women -lead groups.) 

1Tim.2:12: “I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man. She must be quiet.” (It must be acknowledged women held a subservient role in their duties and station in life. Societal norms suggested that women were to be fruitful in bearing. Refusal to bear children would be seen as exercising authority over the husband. Prostitutes could exercise seduction (authority) over customers)

1Tim.2:13-14: (Paul had to remind others that Eve followed Adam and eventually transgressed. Paul responding with progressive women who elevated Eve’ status and power. In reality, both Adam and Eve transgressed.)

1Tim2:15: “But she will be saved through motherhood, provided women persevere in faith and love and holiness, with self-control.” (Paul was praising the the tradition role of the wife. Paul also indirectly criticizes liberated women and prostitutes.)

Conclusion:

Authentic, authenticate, dominate, domination, reign

I was very surprised by the very negative and violent sense of this Greek term throughout history. Those who engaged in this controlling behavior were called authentes. Clement of Alexandria wrote a scathing refutation against these authentes who turned love feasts into orgies and who taught women to give “to give to every man that asketh of thee.” In recent times, the Greek term authenteo has taken on a more positive sense in meaning. Now an authority is someone (or something) who is considered an expert in their field.

It can often very useful to examine scripture from the modern day perspective.  However, there are some times we need “to peal away all the many layers  of the onion” to get a complete and authentic picture of Early Christianity.

Update: Paul provides us with a timely reminder for all us [men and women] to adorn ourselves with proper conduct and modesty at liturgical celebrations. Yet, there will continue those decide to act or dress inappropriately, out of ignorance or perhaps defiance.

In this post-Christian secular world, there are many progressive or womens’ right people seek to change or flout the traditional role of women in the Church. These people continue to insist that women deacons remained as a ministry.  They are seeking to revive the notion of women deacons. choosing to selectively interprets Church history concerning women in ministry.

Feeling that women’s rights and power have been hindered, they seek to find greater authority in Church affairs. These advocates unfortunately see this as a rights issue rather than vocations issue. Vocations have been historically defined by mens’ and womens’ role in the Church. There is no historical scriptural support for women deacons.

There continues to be a modern day bias toward the traditional role of the wife in a marriage. The tradition remains essentially a countercultural role in today’s modern way. The financial realities for two incomes often make the idea of a stay at home mom practically impossible.

The husband-wife relationship is liked to the relationship of Jesus to the Church. The husband and wife each have a sub-mission to serve their spouse. The husband is the head of the house as Jesus is head of the Church. The wife also a sub-mission to allow her husband to serve, to protect, and to support her wife and family.

Unfortunately, modern day feminism has helped to undermine the traditional role of the wife in the marriage relationship. The wife is often encouraged by societal pressure or necessity to work. The traditional role of the wife in remaining at home has become countercultural or stigmatized.

On social media, many people have become offended  and triggered by ‘Trad wives’ who support and illustrate their lifestyle remaining at home.

Traditional families who seek to have large families are often criticized by social media and progressives for being irresponsible for this lifestyle. Many of these activists are upset as to how could these families could do this in light of environmental concerns and issues of today.

Many progressive and liberal women believe it is their right to have more power and decision-making authority in the Church. This includes being allowed to become deaconesses and women priests. They believe that they have been disenfranchised by the patriarchal Church structure. This must change.

Unfortunately, not much changed in that we now have a highly sexual and permissive lifestyle with prostitution and hook up culture. Paul also reminds many women to get back to basics in having traditional families.

[Greek] αὐξάνω (auxanō), [Latin] crescere, [Latin] incrementum: to grow, to increase, to wax, to enlarge, to grow up, to become greater; Col.1:10, Act.19:20, 2Cor.9:10, Lk.2:40, Lk.12:27,Col.2:19, Mt.6:28, Jn.3:30, 2Cor.10:15, Col.1:6

The New Testament continues the Old Testament themes of gardening, planting seeds, bearing fruit, and growing, and multiplying.

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: This term is rarely used in reference to the physical growth of persons, crops, or plants. This term is primarily used in reference to political power and influence. The political leaders and prominent patrons readily sought to promote and elevate their family, position, authority, status, and influence. The Roman Empire constantly sought to increase its political authority over its citizens. At first glance, it would seem that power and influence will just be in the political realm. However, the emperor was also perceived as a god. Therefore, the emperor had both political and spiritual power.

Old Testament: In contrast to Greco-Roman culture, this Greek term is used in a variety of ways. God is shown making Ephraim fruitful (Gen.41:52). Isaac’s natural growing up is shown (Gen.21:8). God is shown exalting and making Joshua great (Jos.4:14). God will elevate David as He builds a house for David (1Chr.17:10). Other examples include extending, causing to grow, renewing, multiplying, and succeeding. These themes of gardening, planting, bearing fruit, growing, and multiplying are readily understandable for many people. References to plants, seeds, and fruits will continue in the New Testament.  As part of His divine Providence, God even allowed some of His leaders to wield political power.

New Testament: The New Testament provides numerous examples of growing/increasing through images of seeds, gardening, nourishment, and influence. The Gospel is likened to a seed. God is likened to a gardener. Physical and spiritual nourishment is needed for the new Christians. There also continues the Hellenistic sense of influence.  The Sadducees, Pharisees, scribes, and King Herod also sought to exert political influence against Jesus and His followers.

Scripture:

“Of this you have already heard through the word of truth, the gospel that has come to you. Just as in the whole world it is bearing fruit and growing…to lie in a manner worthy of the Lord, so as to be fully pleasing, in every good work bearing fruit and growing in the knowledge of God.” Col.1:6,10

This scripture harkens back to Gen.1:28, with the idea of being fruitful and multiplying. The Gospel is the seed. Those who spread the gospel bear good fruit and are growing in their faith.

“The one supplies seed to the sower and bread for food will supply and multiply your seed and increase the harvest of your righteousness.” 2Cor.9:10

God is like a gardener who will provide the seed. God is capable of overwhelming generosity. He will provide in abundance.

“Like newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk so that you may grow into salvation.” 1Pet.2:2

The Christians are like infants in need of spiritual nourishment so that they may grow up in their faith.

“We are not boasting beyond measure, in other people’s labors; yet our hope is that, as your faith increases, our influence among you may be greatly enlarged, within our proper limits.” 2Cor.10:15

God provides the impetus for the growth of the Christian community. The faith which grows becomes an active faith.

“He must increase, I must decrease.” Jn.3:30

John is only the messenger. John comes into the picture with some degree of spiritual authority, setting the stage for Jesus. This scripture passage touches upon the Hellenistic notion of authority and influence, but with little concern for the political realm.

Waxing: Waxing means to increase one’s effectiveness or intensity. The moon waxes when it moves from new moon to full moon. Waxing nostalgic means reminiscing more and more on the past and recalling how things were then.

Conclusion:

Wax, auxiliary, crescent, increment

It was interesting to see that Greco-Roman culture’s primary focus was on political influence and power. Politicians and political factions were constantly striving for power and influence. Not much has changed over time regarding this practice. It is interesting to how often power and influence intersected both the political and spiritual realm throughout history. This also continues today. The New Testament continues the Old Testament notion of being planting and growing. These cultural values provide greater insight as to why Jesus used such parables to convey His message to the disciples.

[Greek] βάλλω (ballō): to throw, to cast out, to strike, to thrust, to lie, to be laid, to put; Mt.5:30, Jn.8:7, Rev.6:13, Mt.9:17, Mt18:30, Jas.3:3, Mt.10:34, 1Jn.4:18, Mt.25:27, Rev.14:16, Rev.2:22, Lk.12:49, Jn.13:2

Fisherman throwing out their casting nets

Background Information:

Old Testament: This Greek term is used in an active sense as “to throw” or “to cast”. Uzziah cast large stones (2 Chr.26:15). Lots were casted as a way to discern God’s will (1 Kgs.14:42). The fisherman cast their hooks in the Nile (Isa.19:18). The king of Assyria will not cast up military blockades (Isa.37:33). They cast lots for his garments (Psa.22:19). There is a time to scatter stones (Eccl 3:5).

New Testament: This term is used quite frequently in varied ways. Like in the Old Testament, this term takes on the sense of to throw, to hurl, to pour, and to let go. In addition, the passive use of this term gives the sense of being laid down. This term is also used with various prefixes, taking on still more different meanings. Such prefixes include para-, meta, hyper-, sum-, dia-, and kata-. Some such examples are parable, hyperbole, and diabolical.

Scripture:

Jn.8:7   Throwing a stone at the sinful woman

Rev.6:13   Let the figs drop by gravity

Act.27:14   A storm moves down rapidly

Mt.9:17   Cause liquid to come out of a container

Mt.18:30   Put him in prison

Mt.10:34   Bring about peace

1Jn 4:18   Perfect love drives out fear

Mt.25:27   Deposit money

Rev.2:22   Cast her on a sickbed

Lk.12:49   Cause discord

Jn13:2   Place in her heart

Parable (Para-bole): This is something “thrown alongside” something else. A parable is an illustration thrown along with a truth (teaching) for the purposes of understanding the message. The disciples were often clueless in understanding what Jesus was trying to convey to them.

Hyperbole (Hyper-bole): This is a “throwing beyond.” The primary idea coveys a sense of exaggeration, preeminence, surpassing, abundance, or something over and above. This is also can be used as a figure of speech. Paul acknowledges that he had persecuted the church of God beyond measure.

Diabolical (Dia-ballo): This is one who “throws charges against.” Essentially, this word means slanderous. Not surprisingly, the Greek diabolos means devil, the one who casts through. Satan is the great accuser. Therefore, Satan is the diabolical one.

Symbol (Sym-ballo): This means to “throw together with.” Essentially, this means that something is tied, linked, or represented with something else.

Conclusion

Obviously, all of us aware of many of these words, which include these prefixes. I was surprised about how many prefixes can be used with the term ballo. To be honest, I was not familiar with the passive uses of this term. For example, in Rev.6:13 the stars fall.  In other words, the stars are allowing gravity to act upon them.  So, I just wanted to “throw it out to you” that this term is a foundation for several other words and meanings.

[Greek] πράσσω (prassō), [Latin] exigere, [Latin] agere, [Latin] recipere, [Latin] observare: to practice, to commit, to perform repeatedly, to do, to exact something, to undertake, to work, to exhort, to bring something about, to carry out a political activity; Act. 3:17, Act. 26:26, Lk.3:13, Lk.19:23, Eph.6:21

Background Information:

New Testament: This Greek term, quite frequently found in the New Testament, is used in three basic ways: to do, to receive, and to experience. The sense of doing involves the carrying out of an action for some reason or purpose. This focus is often on actions or reasons involved. These actions can be of a repetitive nature. The sense of receiving involves experience and collecting. Interest is received and taxes are collected. The sense of experience involves being informed and being engaged. Sometimes this involves just being true to yourself.

This is mostly depicted in a negative sense, illustrating man’s sinful and fallen nature. This is illustrated by collecting more taxes than is required or failing to properly invest in monetary resources. In addition, this is shown as acting out of ignorance. The other use involves experience and recognition of an event. The related noun praxis (practice) interestingly also takes on mostly a negative sense. These examples are presented in abstract ways such as one’s way of acting, living according to the Spirit, living according to the flesh, and the old self. This term can also mean function or task. The Greek pragma means thing, matter, or business.

Scripture:

“Now, I know, brothers, that you acted out of ignorance, just as your leaders did.” Act. 3:17

Just as Jesus healed, Peter has just healed a lame man. The people were filled with ignorance and amazement.  Peter claimed that the people also acted out of ignorance in crucifying Jesus.

“He answered them, ‘Stop collecting more than what is prescribed.’” Lk.3:13

The crowds asked the John the Baptist what they must to do seek salvation. John the Baptist claimed that the tax collectors must take only what is prescribed.

“So that you also may have news of me and of what I am doing, Tychius, my beloved brother and minister in the Lord, will tell you everything.” Eph. 6:21

Paul is concluding his letter to the Ephesians. Paul promises Tychius will be informed and engaged with the events of Paul.

“Not done in a corner”:  This is a Greek proverb presented by Luke in Acts 26:26.  Luke was expressing  that he is presenting a story about Jesus and the Church that is already well known. The entire history of Christianity is public knowledge and undeniable. These Christian practices have been in existence for some time. Luke presents his story in this way to provide certainty to his readers. This makes reference to Lk.1:4.

Conclusion:

Pragmatic, practice, practical, exigent, agree, recipient, observe

Here’s the thing (pragma)…. Not every term I look at is going to have a “cool” or “glamorous” backstory. This term seemed like a common and mundane verb. So what? Instead, I discovered various nuanced meanings of doing in the scriptures. I would have never considered that this term also deals with collecting or extorting money. Some of these people “practically” took advantage of others.

In several situations, the characters in the scriptures failed to live up to their potential. They failed to practice these qualities and capabilities. Or sometimes these characters were unwilling to practice such virtues. Let’s be honest. Sometimes, it can be difficult to practice what we preach.

[Greek] μιμέομαι (mimeomai), [Latin] imitari: to imitate, to follow, to mimic, to be obedient; 2Thes.3:7, Heb.13:7, 3Jon.11, 1Cor.4:16

Background Information:

Hellenism: In the Hellenistic cosmological thought, this Greek word mimeomai takes on the sense of to do what is seen to be done by someone else. In the 6th century, this term was commonly used in prose and poetry. Art, drama, painting, sculpture, music, and dancing can be forms of imitating. Yet, Plato thought that poets and painters were not mimics. They give expression of the idea. They copy reality, which is not an imitation of the idea.

Old Testament: This term, rarely found in the Septuagint, is used in the sense of imitating someone. On the whole, the idea of imitation is foreign to the Old Testament. Found in Wisdom 4:2 and 4 Maccabees, this term only applies to man but not to God. In Old Testament culture, there is no thought of man even imitating God. There was just too much difference between God and man.

New Testament: This term also primarily has the sense of to imitate. This can take on imitating man’s actions, whether good or bad. There is no thought of directly imitating Jesus. Instead, This imitation means fellowship with Jesus and following His example. What makes faith special is that it is maintained even in difficult circumstances. With this faith comes obedience. Paul also holds himself as a model for his congregation to follow.

Scripture:

“Beloved, do not imitate evil but imitate good. Whoever does what is good is of God; whoever does what is evil has never seen God.” 3 John 11

The writer provides a comparison between Diotrephes and Demetrius. Diotrephes, who is filled with ambition, does not receive the brothers. Demetrius, receiving a good report from all, is faithful.

“Remember your leaders who spoke the Word of God to you. Consider the outcome of their way of life and imitate their faith.” Heb.13:7

The writer provides an example to follow. People should look to leaders who lead by example in their attitude in faith during the good times and bad times.

“Therefore, I urge you to be imitators of me.” 1Cor.4:16

Paul calls upon the Corinthians to look to show obedience to his instructions. Paul sends Timothy to remind them of his ways. Paul holds himself as a model whom his congregations should imitate.

Early Church:  The early Church experienced both opposition and persecution. Understandably, this term takes on a greater significance than in the New Testament. The two important Church Fathers impacted by this were St. Ignatius and St. Polycarp.  In his writings St. Ignatius makes reference to fellowship, discipleship of suffering, presenting examples of which not to follow, and martyrdom. All of St. Polycarp’s letters make reference to martyrdom.

Conclusion:

Mimic, mimeograph, imitate, imitation

I was surprised that the Hellenistic culture presented a rather philosophical attitude toward the idea of imitation. It was interesting to see the stark differences in how the Old Testament and New Testament cultures viewed the idea of imitation. This is certainly understandable in the Old Testament, when man often perceived God in a fearful and distant way. Instead, imitation concerned itself only with men’s affairs. It probably would have been a insurmountable barrier to overcome in order to have a more intimate relationship with God.

On the other hand, it goes without saying that Jesus is very much more approachable. Jesus calls us to come to Him and to follow His example (to follow Him).

‎[Greek] τρέφω (trephō), [Latin] nutrio: to nourish, to make to grow, to support, to fatten, to bring up, to nurture, to let grow naturally, to rear; Mt.6:26, Mt.25:37, Lk.12:24, Lk.23:29, Act.12;20, Jas.5:5, Rev.12:14,16, Lk.4:16

In 527 A.D. emperor Justinian decreed that children be have the right to be educated and be exempt from slavery

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: At an early period, orphan houses existed both at Athens and Rome. In 527 A.D., the emperor Justinian decreed that orphans, infants and children be exempted from slavery. It was stated that these children were deserving of moral, physical, and intellectual development. The emperor encouraged that the state, Church and wealthy patrons provide the resources for these children. These public facilities were to be provided by the state and charitable organizations. A brephotrophium was a facility for infants. An orphanotrophium was an orphanage. A euphotrophium was facility for poor children. In ancient Greek and Rome, the instructor/teacher was responsible for the whole (moral, physical, and intellectual) development of the child. In this culture there was a connection between feeding and education.

Old Testament/New Testament: Both Old Testament and New Testament cultures shared similar concepts of feeding and nurturing. The Greek term trepho is used for nursing, for nourishing, and for bringing up children. These actions imply a present tense with continual action. However, the New Testament further develops more spiritual and nuanced examples when Jesus and the Father provide and nurture.

Scripture:

“Then the righteous will answer Him and say, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you drink?’” Mt.25:27

Jesus speaks to the need to feed the hungry (help the less fortunate and to serve others).

“Look at the birds in the sky; they do not sow or reap, they gather nothing into barns, yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are not you more important than they?” Mt.6:26

This scripture passage relates to having trust that the Father will provide for us. This involves trusting in God’s providence that He will provide what we need.

“He came to Nazareth, where He had grown up, and went according to His custom into the synagogue on the sabbath day.” Lk.4:16

This scripture passage pertains to where His parents had raised Jesus up in Nazareth.

“You have lived on earth in luxury and pleasure; you have fattened your hearts for the day of slaughter.” Jas.5:5

James speaks to the unjustly rich and indulgent who have used their treasures for temporary uses.  Those who fail to store up lasting treasures will later face judgment.

Conclusion:

Dystrophy, atrophy, nutrient, nutrition

Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases who cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. Atrophy is a wasting away of a part of the body. It was interesting to learn that the historical context of how feeding extends to moral, psychological, and intellectual growth. This  Greco-Roman method of system education becomes a precursor (among others) to the “well-rounded” education in a college or university setting. Also, this practice contributed to the development of public and private philanthropic support for children.

At first glance, I would have not expected to see that emperor Justinian would take a positive view toward the status and development of children. That certainly is “food for thought”. Sorry, couldn’t resist! Also, I guess you can say that the scriptures are right in that parenting does not have an expiration date!  Jesus expands upon this idea in responding to the needs to of all types of less fortunate and vulnerable people.

[Greek] δογματίζω (dogmatizō), [Latin] decernere: to speak dogmatically, to decree, to subject oneself to an ordinance, to submit, to command, to put one under an obligation; Col.2:20

The Jerusalem Council sorting out the issues of circumcision and dietary laws

Background Information:

Greco-Roman culture: The basic meaning of this word is what seems to be right. In philosophical circles, this term can mean opinion, principle, or doctrine. In political circles, this term can mean what is resolved, resolution of an individual or assembly, edict, or decree. It is hardly surprising that decrees often intersect with philosophical principles.

Old Testament: The Torah became a system involving both decrees and teaching. The Torah contains dogmas and other related sacred principles of divine philosophy. Judaism is faith mixed with commandments, regulations, decrees, and rituals. The Hebrews have historically lived in a culture governed by kings. Hebrews were accustomed to being subjected to decrees and edicts of kings. Likewise, decrees often intersect with teachings.

New Testament: The Christians often continued to be subject to the authority of the Jewish leaders and Roman authority. The act of submitting a regulation is given a special emphasis in Colossians. However, a new paradigm shift of authority occurs with the appearance of Jesus. Christ brings an end to the Mosaic Law. Christ speaks of putting aside the older religious ways (dogmas) in order to find salvation.

Scripture:

“If you died with Christ to the elemental powers of the world, why do you submit to regulations as if you were still living in the world?” Col.2:20

Paul was warning the Colossians to avoid the existing pagan rituals involving food, drink, and the principalities (heavenly beings). Paul was warning them to do away with these humanly imposed pagan practices and follow Christ’s ways.

Early Christianity: Like the Hebrews, the Christians incorporated their faith into  sacred beliefs and principles. Unlike the Hebrews, the Christians did not have a written faith source document. The Christians had to rely on oral Tradition to teach and spread the Christian faith. In response to cultural issues between Jews and Gentiles, the Jerusalem council ruled that the Gentiles were not required to undergo circumcision. The Jerusalem council also ruled that Gentiles must avoid foods offered to idol sacrifices.

Didache: The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles was written before 150 A.D. Although not considered a canonical work, the Didache provides an insightful picture of the practices of the early Christian community. Didache 11,3 states “in regard to the apostles and prophets, act according to the doctrine of the gospel.” The Didache is essentially an instruction manual for the early Christians.

St. Ignatius’ Letter to the Magnesians (written 100 A.D.)

“Take care, therefore, to be confirmed in the decrees of the Lord and the Apostles….Be subject to the bishop and to one another, as Jesus Christ was subject to the Father, and the Apostles were subject to Christ and to the Father.”

The Nicaea Council sorting out the issues of Jesus’ nature

Council of Nicaea: This council was convened by the emperor Constantine in 325 A.D. in order to respond to the Arian belief (heresy) that Jesus, as the Son of God, was a created being. The council proclaimed that Jesus was begotten, not made.  Jesus was of the same substance of the Father. This leads to the development of the Trinity, the three Persons of God.

Conclusion:

Dogma, dogmatic, discern

It seems that in order for governments and religions/faiths to be effective, they must have principles, rules and regulations. Otherwise, there would be resistance and chaos. It was only natural that Christianity developed core beliefs and principals, despite not having an original written theological manual. The only written scriptures at the time (of the Apostles) was the Old Testament.

Over history, there have been times when false teachings or heresies occurred. Sometimes, church leaders had to further define and clarify their basic teachings as a means to counter these false teachings. In addition, church leaders often implored their followers to follow the teachings of Jesus and the Apostles. So dogma can be considered the “meat and potatoes” or important principles of the faith.

[Greek] στερέωμα (stereōma), [Latin] firmamentum, [Latin] rigidius, [Latin] validus; support, firmness, steadfastness, strength, stability, bulwark (military fortification), solid front; Col.2:5

 Paul’s exhorts the Colossians’ faith to be a strong defense against the false teachers. In Eph.6:16 Paul calls upon Christians to hold their faith as a shield.

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means solid body, foundation, firmness, and steadfastness.

Homer’s Odyssey 23.103: “But thy heart is ever harder than stone.”

Homer’s Iliad 23.42: “Be he steadfastly denied them, and swore an oath.”

Sophocles’ Antigone 1262: “Ah, the blunders of an unthinking mind, blunders of rigidity, yield death.”

Old Testament: The vault of heaven is depicted as a solid bowl or canopy. God called the dome the sky. God established this vault of heaven in its solidity. Eventually, God becomes associated with constancy and firmness. However, the Hebrew term raquia means “strectched-outness” or “spread-outness”, like a sail. Yet, the translators of the Septuagint seemed to have used the Greek stereoma to focus on the hardness or stability of the firmament. In a sense, the heavens are both stretched out and firm.

Colossian Church: Paul, while in prison, writes to the Colossian church. Paul was concerned about the issues facing the Colossians. Faith becomes more precisely defined by orderliness and firmness. Faith become likened to a miliary division or bulwark (wall or defense built for protection against danger, injury, or annoyance). The community’s steadfastness is belief in Christ. Paul urges the Colossians to be firm and steadfast in their faith.

Warnings against false teachers:

1. The Colossians are warned and admonished to adhere to the gospel as it was first preached to them.
2. They must reject any religious teachings outside the gospel.
3. They are called to not be captivated (enslaved) by empty seductive philosophies, according to human tradition.
4. They are called to not be captivated (enslaved) by the elemental powers of the world, not according to Christ.

Scripture:

Col.2:5: “For even if I am absent in the flesh, yet I am with you in spirit, rejoicing as I observe your good order and the firmness of your faith in Christ.” (Paul encourages the Colossians to stand firm in the faith. Paul admonishes them to remain true to their faith.)

Stereotype: This term comes from the printing trade and was first adopted in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The stereotype is used for printing from the original. The reference of a stereotype as un unchanged image was in 1850. It was not until 1922 that a stereotype was used in a psychological or sociological context.

Stereophonic sound: This is a sound reproduction that creates an illusion of a multiple audio perspective. This is achieved by using two or more independent audio channels. This gives the impression of a sound heard from various directions.

Other related Greek term:

[Greek] ἀνδρίζομαι (andrizomai), [Latin] agitare viriliter: to act in a manly way, to be courageously, to conduct oneself in a courageous way; 1Cor.16:13

1Cor.16:13: “Be on your guard, stand firm in the faith, be courageous, be strong.”

Being on your guard: spiritual watching signifies a diligent abstaining from sin, temptation, worldly values, and false teachers.

Standing firm in the faith: being firm in holding and defending gospel truths

Being courageous: acting like soldiers fighting against the world, the flesh, and the devil (satanic influences).

Conclusion:

Stereo, stereophonic, firmament, firm

It should be no surprise that acting courageously and acting manly go hand in hand. Both seek to stand firm and protect.

Because of its sound wave properties, music in stereo provides a stronger and deeper sound.  So, it should be no surprise that the ideas of soundness and strength are tied together. There is no direct reference to the firmament in the New Testament.  However, in any age in history, there is always a need for sound teaching. In today’s age of thousands of religious organizations and denominations, this can sometimes be a very challenging prospect to have a firm foundation of faith.

‎[Greek] συνεργός (synergos), [Latin] adiutor, [Latin] cooperator: fellow worker, co-worker, partner, collaboration, fellow laborer; Rom.16:3, 1Cor.3:9, 2Cor.1:24, Phil.2:25, Col.4:11, 1Thess.3:2, Mk.16:20

An old Roman mural of Paul’s co-workers Prisca and Aquila

Background Information:

Old Testament: This Greek term synergos is rarely used in the Old Testament. Interestingly, this term does not directly refer to God or the prophets. God is seen as all powerful with no need for co-operation. Instead, this term refers to more mundane matters, such as situations or opportunities which benefit people.

Hellenism: In some situations skilled artisans, who needed resources and tools for their craft, offered their services as co-workers being employed by others. Paul supported his ministry as a tentmaker in his missionary efforts. For the most part, co-workers were given specific tasks or roles in part of a larger project or function. A fellow servant could also be an acolyte involved in a pagan ceremony.

Hellenistic letter: Paul corresponded with various Christian communities using the format of the Hellenistic letter. Paul establishes his primary authority in his letters. However, in his letters, Paul attaches significant importance to the position of his co-workers. By establishing his relationship with his co-workers, Paul brings trustworthiness and reliability to that co-worker in that Christian community. In addition, Paul addresses a community rather than an individual.

New Testament: This term is only used primarily in the plural form in connection with companions and pupils. Without relinquishing authority, Paul honors their service and commitment. Paul and the others are in the service working for the kingdom of God. As such, they can claim the respect and obedience of the community. Paul and his co-workers share in God’s own work with its toil and labor.

Scripture:

“Greet Prisca and Aquila, my co-workers in Christ.” Rom. 16:3

Prisca and Aquila are Jews banished from Rome by Emperor Claudius. Prisca and Aquila accompanied Paul to Ephesus. Christians gather in their home in Rome.

“For we are God’s co-workers; you are God’s field, God’s building.” 1Cor.3:9

Paul and the co-workers share in God’s own work with its toil, labor, and burdens. Hence they are God’s servants.

“But they went forth and preached everywhere, while the Lord worked with them and confirmed the Word through accompanying signs.” Mk.16:20

Signs are working together with faith. This attests that the Word and signs belong together.

“Therefore, we ought to support such persons, so that we may be co-workers in the truth.” 3 Jn. 8

This scripture pertains outside the Pauline sphere of influence. An appeal is made to the community to welcome and receive the Gentile missionaries.

Conclusion:

Synergy, adjust, adjustor, co-operator, cooperate

To be honest, I was not aware of the significant influence that Hellenism plays in Paul’s missionary work. I was also surprised of the vastly different use of “co-workers” between the Old Testament and New Testament. Again, the use of this term has a different meaning today. Synergy, often associated with industry, economics, and psychology, relates to the coordinated action of a system or organs. Synergy also relates to the combined action whose total effect is greater than the sum of its parts. Perhaps, the same can still be said about faith.

[Greek] πολιτεύομαι (politeuomai): to be a citizen, to take part in political life, to conduct oneself with proper references to obligations to others, to administer the state, to be a public servant, to “walk” (conduct oneself in life), to conduct politics; Act.23:1, Phil.1:27

Citizens (politicans) who take part in the political life of Athens

Background Information:

The Polis: The polis (city) was a very important phenomenon in Hellenistic culture. The polis was the center of social, economic, and political life. It was a duty, honor, and privilege for the individual to serve the state in some capacity. Although the state held ultimate authority, citizenship required that one be subject to the state’s laws.

Greco-Roman culture: Individuals were subservient to the state. Citizens and public servants gave their allegiance and support to the city/state. Citizenship included political acts or dealings. Privileges came along with those servants who served the state. It was a willing sense of pride to be a public servant. Citizens and military often would swear loyalty to the emperor. Conversely, the country folk, farmers, and outsiders were looked down upon in a subtle manner.  These people were called “idiotes” because they were not capable of being a government servant.

Old Testament: Instead of meaning citizenship, this Greek term politeuomai has a religious sense of “to walk.” Religion is a law which regulates the life of society and individual conduct. The Jewish life bears a different character in how one “walks” in life, rather than a physical location. Jewish society finds expression in one’s character, conduct, and identity. This is evident in the Diaspora of the Jews, who maintained their Jewish identity in other lands.

New Testament: The Old Testament culture had already developed the notion of the heavenly Jerusalem. However, the New Testament culture further develops this idea in a new and spiritual focus in terms of hope. Jerusalem was recognized as the headquarters for all Christianity. Paul develops the notion of a heavenly city, whose builder and maker is God. This New Jerusalem will descend to a new earth at the consummation of salvation. This is the future city to which the Christians look forward to.

Citizens in the New Jerusalem

Scripture:

“Paul looked intently at the Sanhedrin and said, ‘My brothers, I have conducted myself with a perfectly clear conscience before God to this day.” Act. 23:1

Paul does not speak of his “walk in life” in a religious sense. Paul speaks in a Greek Hellenistic way of being a citizen or public servant in the community of Christ. Paul claims he conducted his life in his obligation to others as a follower of Christ.

“Only, conduct yourselves in a way worthy of the gospel of Christ, so that, whether I come and see you or am absent, I may hear news of you, that you are standing firm in one Spirit, with one mind struggling together for the faith of the gospel.” Phil.1:27

Phillipi, in northeastern Greece, was an important city in the Roman province of Macedonia. Paul was appealing to the Phillipians’ sense of civic and public responsibility. Paul was asking the Christians to be citizens of Christ’s community.

Conclusion:

Polite, political, politics

It is interesting to note that human motivations are often constant throughout history. In today’s world, there is still that desire to serve the public in the political arena. And with that comes the prestige in being a career politician. With this also comes the potential temptation for power and corruption.

[Greek] ἀμύνομαι (amunomai), [Latin] vindicare: to come to the aid of, have tools to defend, to ward off, to put a defense before oneself; Act.7:24

Moses, using a sword, defends and avenges his fellow kinsmen in Egypt (Ex. 2:11-14)

Background Information:

Old Testament: In Exodus chapter 2 Moses witnessed the forced labor of his kinsmen in Egypt. Moses saw one of them treated unjustly and defended and avenged the oppressed man. Moses struck down an Egyptian and buried his body in the sand.  Soon after, Moses must have some sense from God that he was going to be his kinsmen’s deliverer from bondage in Egypt. Moses assumed his kinsmen would have understood that God was offering deliverance through him.

New Testament: This term means to defend. Moses saw one of his kinfolk being unjustly treated. Moses defended the oppressed man by striking down the Egyptian.

Scripture:

“When he saw one of them treated unjustly, he defended and avenged the oppressed man by striking down the Egyptian.” Act.7:24

Stephen relates the story of Moses in Egypt defending and avenging this kinsman. Stephen states how the Old Testament prophets were persecuted and misunderstood by their ancestors. Stephen also states his accusers are stiff-necked people like their kinsmen (ancestors). This further incites the crowd, leading to Stephen’s martyrdom. This stubbornness and misunderstanding also defined the Jews’ hostile relationship with Jesus.

Conclusion:

Ammunition, ammo, vindicate, vindication

This Greek verb amuno provides for the resources needed to protect against or to ward off enemies. These resources can include military provisions, weapons, firearms, and military supplies. Over the years, the letters “la” became attached to munition. The French la munition means provision. Then later the letter “l” went away, leading to the current word ammunition.

‎[Greek]  ξένος (xenos), [Latin] hospes, [Latin] peregrinus, [Latin] pilgerin: a host, a guest, a stranger (immigrant), one who shows hospitality, a strange thing, one receives and entertains, a foreigner, an alien, foreign, strange; Act.17:18, Heb.13:9, 1Pet.4:12, Rom.16:23, Mt.25:35, Act.17:21, Heb.11:13,  3 Jn. 5

Remnant of a hospitium (lodging place) in Pompeii

Background Information:

Dynamic meaning of hospitality:

1. This term means both host and stranger (foreigner), depending on one’s perspective and location.
2. Over time a custom of hospitality evolved to cultivate, stabilize, and strengthen this dynamic relationship.
3. Hospitality and friendship became a better way to “control” this relationship.
4. A social code of conduct emerged in that the host had the duty and obligation to provide hospitality.
5. In state functions, a proxenos essentially functioned as an ambassador providing hospitality to foreign officials.

Greek culture:

1. The Greeks were one of the earliest cultures who championed the idea of protecting and respecting the alien.
2. The Greeks believed that the stranger stood under the protection of the gods.
3. It was believed that strangers could be gods or goddesses in disguise.
4. Large numbers of aliens resided in Athens throughout history. Acts 17:2 provides evidence of this cultural value.
5. Increasing commerce produced increasing numbers of pilgrimages to the temples. Hospices and hostelries were built to provide rest and lodging for these pilgrims.
6. The first hostels (inns) were located in the shadows of the temples. This practice later continued with the building on inns and hospices near synagogues and churches.

Roman culture:

1. Roman culture developed a more nuanced view toward hospitality. Aliens were not viewed in the same way.
2. Aliens were often viewed and treated based on their political, social, and economic status.
3. Prominent or well-to-do aliens received hospitality due to their place in society.
4. Other slaves received certain legal rights and protections in the employment of a patron.
5. Quite often these slaves were employed to provide hospitality to other Roman patrons.

Hebrew/Jewish culture:

1. The Jewish/Hebrew also held a more complicated view toward hospitality.
2. This culture had always great valued the importance of hospitality.
3. The Old Testament is filled with numerous examples of hospitality.
4. Israel viewed alien peoples and resident aliens in a more negative manner.
5. Israel has historically shown a cultural antipathy against Samaritans, Gentiles, and Christians.

Christian culture:

1. Christianity’s view also come form a pre-conceived antipathy against foreign religions.
2. Jesus commands that the Christians show unrestricted and unconditional love for the stranger or alien.
3. Jesus elevates the notion of hospitality to strangers as a supreme commandment.
4. Jesus emphasizes the importance of hospitality in the parables and Beattitudes.
5. Jesus often identifies Himself with the stranger or alien.

Early Christianity:

1. As the Church was growing, hospitality was highly valued.
2. Hospitality created the need for Church organization and Church officials (deacons).
3. This organization was necessary in providing for the widows, sick, and strangers.
4. It was important that hospitality was also provided to other churches in the form of offerings.

New Testament: This term means unknown, strange, foreign, visitor, guest, and host.

Scripture:

Mt.25:35: “For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, a stranger and you welcomed me.” (Jesus points out the importance of helping and serving the helpless and vulnerable. Jesus identifies Himself with the stranger and helpless person. Jesus stresses the importance of hospitality toward others. Christians and Christian missionaries also suffered opposition and persecution)

Mt.25:41: “Depart from Me, you accursed…” (Jesus says that neglect of sufferers is neglect of the Lord. Those who neglect the suffering will suffer serious consequences.)

Mt.27:7: “After consultation, the chief priests they used it [Judas’ returned blood money] to buy a potter’s field as a burial place for foreigners.” (This burial place [Field of Blood] was used for Roman soldiers, Gentiles, proselytes, strangers, and criminals.)

Rom.16:23: “Gaius, who is host to me [Paul] and to the whole church, greats you.” (Gaius loans his house to entertain his guests to have the Church meetings.)

Acts 17:18: “Some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers asked about Paul, “‘What is this scavenger trying to say?’ Others said, ‘he sounds like a promoter of foreign deities, because he was preaching about Jesus and Resurrection.'” (The Greeks welcomed aliens and foreigners in their culture. Paul was called a “seed-picker” and a scrap collector who take other people’s ideas and propagate them as his own.)

Eph.2:19: “You are no longer strangers and sojourners, but you are fellow citizens with the holy ones and God’s household.” (All the religious barriers between Jew and Gentile have been transcended into a single religious community. They have become adopted sons and daughters of God who in this world, but not of this world. Yet, they remain temporary sojourners in this world on their way to heaven.)

Heb.13:9: “Do not be carried away by all kinds of strange teaching.” (Paul warns against receiving false teaching [doctrine] which is detrimental (cannot remove sin and impedes spiritual growth).

1Pet.4:12: “Do not be surprised that a trial by fire is occurring among you, as if something strange were happening to you.” (Following Christ may entail opposition, struggles, persecution, and even martyrdom.)

Conclusion:

Xenophobia, hospitable, hospice, hospital, novelty, novel, peregrine, pilgrim, pilgrimage

I was quite surprised by the rich depth of historical and spiritual meaning that hospitality confers. There is a causal relationship between the host/guest dynamic and hospitality. This also helps to explain why Jesus greatly stressed the importance of hospitality. It also makes sense that a hospice and hospital provide for and care for the sick.

The current political climate has been recently defined by such issues as immigration, terrorism, globalism, nationalism, and xenophobia. As a result, this has created a very difficult and complicated situation in terms of responding to the concerns of hospitality.

Update: We are called to help and serve others. Our faith requires works. We will also be judged by our actions and our inactions (failing to help others).

The United States has always been a nation of immigrants. There is a long history of legal immigration and naturalization, making the United States a melting pot of multiple nationalities. Yet liberal Catholics defend open borders.

Unfortunately, in recent years, there has been a great failure to protect the borders under the Biden administration. The Trump administration is now making a priority of protecting the border and removing illegal aliens.

The pagan Athenians believed Paul was referring to two “gods”: Jesus and Resurrection (Anastasis)

The Modernists and Synodalists seem to be creating a new synodal Church made in the image of man and his lived experiences. Unlike the citizens of God, this synodal Church continues to move with the world’s values and secular culture. Lived experiences are taking on greater importance than the salvation of souls.

In this new synodal Church, synodality (lived experiences) has almost become like an idol. Lived experiences are taking precedence over Jn.8:11-12, Church teachings, doctrine, and sin.

Synodality focuses more on worldly lived experiences, situational moralities, and overlooking, de-stigmatizing, and normalizing sins.

President Trump just pardoned 23 pro-life activists were arrested for opposing abortion. The pro-life activists were imprisoned under the Biden administration. It is perhaps not surprising that they were put in prison.

It is curious that we have heard much public reaction for the US Catholic bishops about the pardon of the pro-life activists? Are they hesitant about saying something positive about Trump?

The US Catholic bishops have not been quiet in criticizing President Trump immigration policies. Are these bishops criticizing because they could lose out on their government funding regarding immigration?

The Trump administration has just paused funding for Catholic Charities. There will inevitably be a further investigation into their activities.

Liberal Catholics often selectively cherry-pick Catholic doctrine to justify illegal immigration. Using “pro-life” language, they seem to gloss over the sinful and evil aspects of illegal criminal activity. Shocker.

As of now, we currently have a catastrophe in the making (on so many levels) at the southern border. Then there is a continual problem of the transport of fentanyl. While being welcoming, we need to still have better control of the border.

Speaker of the House Mike Johnson has publicly revealed 64 actions enacted by the Biden Administration to undermine U.S. border security.

There are Democratic representatives on record not supporting removing illegal aliens from the U.S who have killed Americans.

Does a nation have a right to control its borders?

A country without control over its borders has no borders at all.

What does Pope Francis say about this?

“Can borders be controlled? Yes, each country has a right to control its borders, who enters and who leaves, and countries that are in danger–of terrorism or the like–have more right to control them more…” (Interview with the Spanish newspaper El Pais on Jan. 17, 2017)

What does Pope John Paul II say about a nation?

“The term ‘nation’ designates a community based in a given territory and distinguished by its culture. Catholic social doctrine holds that the family and the nation are both natural societies, not the product of mere invention.” (From John Paul II’s final book Memory and Identity)

What does the Catechism of the Catholic Church say about the common good of a nation?

Political authorities, for the sake of the common good for which they are responsible, may make the exercise of the right to immigrate subject to various juridical conditions,  especially with regard to the immigrants’ duties toward their country of adoption. Immigrants are obliged to respect with gratitude the material and spiritual heritage of the country that receives them, to obeys its laws and assist in carrying civic burdens. (CCC 2241).

What does the Catechism of the Catholic church say about the right of migration?

“The more prosperous nations are obliged, to the extent they are able, to welcome the foreigner in search of the security and means of livelihood which he cannot find in his country of origin.” (CCC 2241)

What does Pope John Paul II say about a country’s obligation to accept immigrants?

“These are the right to have one’s own country; to live freely in one’s own country’ to live together with one family’ to have access to the goods necessary for a dignified life; to preserve and develop one’s ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage; to be recognized and treated in all circumstances according to one’s dignity as a human being. The exercise of such a right [that is, the right to immigrated to a particular country] is to be regulated, because practicing it indiscriminately may do harm and be detrimental to the common good the community that receives the migrant.” (John Paul II’s Message for the 87th World Day of Migration 2001)

What does the Catechism of the Catholic Church say about the immigrants already in the country?

“Public authorities should see to it that the natural right be respected that places a guest under the protection of those who receive him.” (CCC 2241)

What does Pope John Paul II say about these immigration crises?

“The challenge is to combine the welcome due to every human being, especially when in need, with a reckoning for both the local inhabitants and the new arrivals to live a dignified and peaceful life.” (John Paul II’s Message for the World Day of Peace 2001)

Next post: false tolerance and false compassion

[Greek] θεατρίζω (theatrizō), [Latin] spectaculum: to make a spectacle of, to bring up to the stage, to expose publicly, to make an  example of, to make a public spectacle, to make a gazing stock, to expose to contempt; Heb. 10:33, Heb.12:4, 1Cor.4:9, Col.2:15

Background Information:

Greco-Roman stage: The Greek word theatrizo means to bring one up to the stage or publicly expose someone. This person would become a “gazingstock”. In other words, that person would be a spectacle for scorn and contempt. This would occur in a theatron (theater) or other public venue in which that person would be shamed. The crowd in the seats (spectators) would sit on their edge of their seats waiting for any opportunity to ridicule this person. Although this term may have originated as a neutral dramatic invention, this action later took on its negative connotation.

New Testament: The Jewish converts to Christianity experienced reproach and affliction. These Christian converts were to be made an example of for not only converting but also associating with the Gentiles. These new Christians were encouraged to endure in their faith, even to the point of shedding their blood. By their example, the Apostles become a spectacle for others to see.

Scripture:

“At times you were publicly exposed to abuse and affliction; at other times you associated yourselves with those so treated.” Heb.10:33

These Christian converts received insults hurled at them from others. These Christians were also exposed to difficulties and pressures. The writer of Hebrews encouraged these Christians not give up nor lose heart when the devil tries to exert its evil influences.

“In your struggle against sin you have not yet resisted to the point of shedding blood.” Heb. 12:4

The writer of Hebrews already anticipates the struggles and difficulties that the Christians will face. In spite of these difficulties, the writer encourages these Christians to persevere. Perhaps, the writer also foresees spilling of blood and lives of the Christians under the Roman Empire.

“For as I see it, God has exhibited us apostles as the last of all, like people sentenced to death, since we have become a spectacle to the world, to angels and human beings alike.” 1Cor.4:9

God has exposed and set apart the Apostles destined for death. God sheds a light on the example of the Apostles for all to see.

The Romans made a spectacle of killing Christians in the Coliseum

Theater, theatric

It is interesting to note that the scripture passage 1Cor.4:9 actually has a foreshadowing sense. This passage foretells of the martyrdom of the Christians in the arena. The Roman Coliseum was considered as a theater (theatron). This public venue was the location for gladiator contests and various brutal or “artistic” methods to kill Christians. The spectators would often get riled up from this form of Roman “entertainment”.

‎[Greek] σκοπέω (skopeō), [Latin] videre, [Latin] observare, [Latin] contemplare, [Latin] considerare, [French] voir: to view closely, to examine, to fix one’s eyes upon, to observe, to behold, to contemplate, to consider, to mark, to pay attention; Rom.16:17, Phil.3:17, Gal.6:1, Phil.2:4, Lk.11:35, 2Cor.4:18

God appointed Ezekiel to be a watchman for the house of Israel. Ezekiel shall warn them for God.

Background information:

Secular use: This term skopeo is used mainly in the sense of “to look at” and “to look at critically.” This can be seen when a philosopher or historian critically examines a certain subject. This term is also used when an actor or performer inspects the faces in the audience. In addition, this term can be used when a philosopher holds something as a model before one’s eyes.

Old Testament: The Old Testament utilizes this word in a much more narrow sense than in the New Testament. The Greek skopeo is primarily used in the sense of “to have a watchful eye on.” Ex. 33:8 provides a sense of watchfulness. Whenever Moses went out to the tent of meeting, the people would rise and stand at the entrance of their own tents. Ezek.3:17 provides the ultimate existential purpose for the Old Testament prophet. The Lord has appointed Ezekiel as a watchman for the house of Israel. When Ezekiel hears a word from the Lord, Ezekiel shall warn them.

New Testament: The New Testament uses the Greek skopeo in much more varied and nuanced ways rather than in the Old Testament. Seemingly a secular word, the Greek skopeo helps to clearly describe and define some of the issues/problems the New Testament Christians faced as a new group. These Christians needed to be on watch against dissension and false teaching. They needed to be watchful in concern for others. The Christians needed to keep thinking about seeing things clearly.

Scripture:

“Take care, then, that the light in you not become darkness.” Lk.11:35

The lamp of the body is your eye. When your eye is sound, your body is full of light. It is important to be free from the darkness which may cloud our judgment and behavior.

“I urge you, brothers, to watch out for those who create dissensions and obstacles, in opposition to the teaching that you have learned, avoid them.” Rom.16:17

Paul urges the Christians to watch for and avoid enemies, obstacles, and false teaching which obstruct their faith.

“Join with others in being imitators of me, brothers and observe those who thus conduct themselves according to the model you have in us.” Phil.3:17

Paul urges the Phillippians to follow his example in conducting themselves. Paul also tells them to be aware of those who are enemies of the cross and only concerned with earthly things.

“Brothers, even if a person is caught in some transgression, you who are spiritual should correct that one in a gentle spirit, looking to yourself, so that you also may not be tempted.” Gal.6:1

Paul instructs his brothers to be not only observant of those who are caught in transgressions, but also have gentle compassionate compassion for these people.

Foreground:  Hebrew University located on Mount Scopus

Mount Scopus: Mount Scopus, nearly 2800 feet in elevation, is considered a geographical extension of the Mount of Olives. Over history Mount Scopus became a strategic key to controlling and defending Jerusalem. In 70 A.D. Roman legions camped at this location. In 1099, the Crusades took place at this mountain. Currently, Mount Scopus is the home of Hebrew University.

Conclusion:

Scope, telescope, microscope, video, observation, observe, contemplate, contemplation, consider, consideratio, voyer

It is interesting to learn that the Old Testament prophets served as observers at God’s request. The New Testament examples of this Greek word skope helps us to understand the issues the Christians faced.  There was a continual need for an organizational structure to meet the needs of the growing Church. In addition, a leadership structure was needed to respond to issues (heresies) facing the Church. Interestingly, the Greek word for bishop is episkopos. This is one who oversees church affairs and administration. Bishops instructed Christians to strive for clear minded judgment, sound teachings, and compassion for others.

[Greek] ἀπορφανίζω (aporphanizō), [Latin] desolare: to be orphaned, to make someone an orphan, to have someone torn apart, to make parents deprived of children; 1Thess. 2:17

Paul speaks in the public square in Thessalonica.  A disturbance ensues and a mob forces Paul out of the city. (Acts 17:1-14)

Background Information:

New Testament: Paul, from Corinth, wrote his first letter to Thessalonica around 50-54 A.D. Paul spoke in the synagogue and the public square. A disturbance occurred and set the city in turmoil. The Thessalonians were experiencing persecution. Paul, like a concerned parent, was anxious about the new Christians’ welfare and faith. Paul speaks of himself as a bereaved parent unable to see his  spiritual children in Thessalonica. Satan thwarted Paul’s attempts to visit the city. Paul and the Thessalonians faced persecution from Jews and Gentiles alike. Hostilities, conflict, false teachings, and sinful conduct sowed seeds of doubt and fears among the Christian faithful. Satan’s efforts lead to these Christians being orphaned by this separation from Paul. Paul becomes a bereft childless parent.

Scripture:

“Brothers, when we were bereft of you for a short time, in person, not in heart, we were all the more eager in our great desire to see you in person.” 1Thess.2:17

Paul becomes forcibly separated from his spiritual children in Thessalonica.

Conclusion

Orphan, desolate, desolation

Had I not seen this Greek term, I wouldn’t have really understood the true gravity of the meaning of this word. Essentially, Paul has become a spiritual father to many of his followers.  This helps to explain his grief. In today’s world, this brings to mind those unfortunate situations when a child is kidnapped. This also brings to mind when a court of law makes a ruling to take a child away from its parents. It is also curious as to why Paul was thwarted by Satan. Perhaps, God allowed this happen as part of His Providence.

[Greek] ἀλληγορέω (allēgoreō): to speak allegorically, to speak figuratively, to make an allegory, to speak symbolically; Gal.4:24, 1Cor.5:6-8, 1Cor9:8-10, Jn.15:1-17

Israel is the allegorical vine brought by out of Egypt by God

Background Information:

Allegorical Mythology: As many of the Homeric tales of the gods had become offensive and irrelevant, efforts were made to present these stories as allegorical mythologies. This was intended to find to deeper meanings and truths, rather than biographical information. These stories were presented as extended metaphors for persons, events and objects.

Greek Hellenistic Influences on Judaism: This Greek allegorical interpretation influenced how the Jews viewed the Old Testament. The scriptures were initially seen through the lens of literal and historical interpretations. The Jews later viewed scripture in a wider scope through metaphorical, allegorical, philosophical, and cosmological ways. Several books of the Old Testament contain allegorical examples.

Old Testament: There is an allegorical reference in Psa. 80:9-10. Israel is the vine brought out of Egypt and planted by God. The allegory suggests that the history of Israel is the work of God. The book Song of Songs, in poetic form, is an allegory of the covenant love relationship between God and His wife Israel. From the Christian perspective, this book is an allegory of the covenant love relationship between Christ and His bride, the church.

New Testament: The allegory of the Vine and the Branches is depicted in Jn.15:1-17.  This passage resembles a parable involving a vine, vinegrower, and branches. Paul presents and explains scripture as a person who lives in the time of its fulfillment. Paul’s allegories allow him to understand scripture in terms of the centrality of Christ and the cross.

Scripture:

“Rather, their thoughts were rendered dull, for to this present day the same veil remains unlifted when they read the old covenant, because through Christ it is taken away.” 2 Cor.3:14

In Exodus Moses veiled his face to protect the Israelites from God’s reflected glory. This veil also clouded or dull their understanding of God’s glory. When converts to Christianity fully and authentically approach Christ, this impediment to understanding is removed.

“Now this is an allegory. These women represent two covenants. One was from Mount Sinai, bearing children for slavery; this is Hagar. Hagar represents Sinai, a mountain in Arabia; it corresponds to the present Jerusalem, for she is in slavery along with her children. But the Jerusalem above is freeborn, and she is our mother.” Gal.4:24-26

Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and the other by the freeborn woman. The son of the slave woman (Old Testament) was born naturally. The son of the freeborn woman (New Testament) was born through a promise. The women represent different covenants.

Conclusion:

Allegory, allegorical

I never really thought much about how the allegorical literary device was incorporated in scripture. Greek Hellenism makes this contribution of allegory in presenting mysterious and subtle truths. The Jewish writers embraced this idea of allegory. Jesus is the true vine and God the Father is the vine grower (vinedresser). Jesus’ followers are the branches.

[GreeK] ἐνδημέω (endēmeō), [Latin] praesente: to be in one’s own country, to be at home, to be among one’s own people, to be present; 2Cor.5:6,8,9

Background Information:

Physical (bodily) and invisible (spiritual) realms: Paul and Christians, living in the physical realm, are separated by the resurrected and ascended Jesus in the invisible (spiritual) realm. There is a separation, but this separation is not absolute. Christians long to find communion with Christ in the spiritual realm.

New Testament: Faith is a reality in human life which overcomes absolute separation. Faith, in itself, is not the final reality. Faith is directed to what is invisible. Faith is an operation of the Spirit and thus comes from the sphere beyond. Until our ultimate communion with Jesus, this faith is the bridge between both realms. Paul speaks of “treasure in our earthly vessels.” This treasure is Jesus and the light of the gospel message.

Scripture:

“So we are always courageous, although we know that while we are at home in the body we are away from the Lord, for we walk by faith, not by sight.” 2Cor.5:6-7

Paul states we remain in our physical realm separated from the spiritual real of the Lord. It is through faith that we come toward Jesus.

“Yet we are courageous, and would rather leave the body and go home to the Lord.” 2 Cor.5:8

At present we are separated from Jesus. Yet we long for communion with Him in the spiritual realm.

Conclusion:

Endemic, present

A disease that is endemic is found in certain geographical region. Malaria can be considered a disease to parts of Africa. Also the koala is endemic to Australia. Also used as a noun, an endemic is this malaria outbreak. In contrast, an epidemic is a disease that is widespread.

[Greek] βαρέω (bareō), [Latin] gravitas: to weigh down, to be overcome, to be weighted down, to be heavy, to be pressed, to have “heavy” eyes (drowsy), to be sleepy; Lk.21:34, 2Cor.1:8, 2Cor.5:4, 1Tim.5:16, Lk.9:32, Mt.26:43

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means to weigh down, to depress, to be indignant, to be sad, and to be intoxicated. Homer’s Odyssey 3.139 states “Now the two called an assembly all the Aechaeans, recklessly and in no order, at sun set, and they came heavy with wine.” Homer’s Odyssey 19.122 states “I would not that one of thy maidens or thine ownself be vexed with me, and say that I swim in tears because my mind is heavy with wine. Plutarch’s Aemelius Paulus 34 states “He was followed by a company of friends and intimates whose faces were heavy with grief.”

New Testament: This term means to be sleepy, to be weary with struggles (and death), and to be financially burdened. In the garden, Jesus sees that His disciples could not stay awake in watching. The Christians are at times weary with struggles, persecution, and death. Paul reminds that the woman believers must help out widowed relatives.

Scripture:

“Peter and his companions had been overcome by sleep, but becoming fully awake, they saw His glory and the two man standing with Him.” Lk.9:32

Peter had “heavy” eyelids. Peter couldn’t keep eyes open and fell asleep.

“We do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of the affliction that came to us in the province of Asia; we were utterly weighed down beyond our strength, so that we despaired even of life.” 2Cor.1:8

This was a time when Paul could not endure on his own. Paul had to rely on God’s help.

“Beware that your hearts do not become drowsy from carousing and drunkenness and the anxieties of daily life, and that day catch you by surprise.” Lk.21:34

Luke was talking about daily struggles in life. Luke was warning others to be vigilant and to pray for the strength to handle these situations.

Conclusion:

Barometer, barometric, gravity

The modern day use of this word concerns itself only with the science of atmosphere and air pressure. Scripture obviously had no need for this context. The scientific understanding (notion) of pressure was not yet even conceived until many centuries later. Scripture had to deal with more ‘pressing’ issues, such as daily struggles and adversity. Scripture speaks to more of the psychological aspects of experiencing pressure.  However, sometimes physical pressure resulted in persecution.

[Greek] παύω (pauō), [Latin] pausa, [Latin] disinere, [Latin] coercere: to cease, to pause, to quit, to come to an end, to stop, to get release from, to refrain; Lk.5:4, Lk.8:24, Lk.11:1, Act.5:42, Act.6:13, Act.13:10, Act.20:1, Act.21:32,1Cor.13:8, Eph.1:16, Col.1:9, Heb.10:2, 1Pet.4:1, 1Pet.3:10

Jesus rebukes the winds and waves

Background Information:

Pausing uses/contexts:  The related Greek noun anapausis refers to a resting up or refreshing. This term refers to a rest or cessation in Isa. 34:14. This pausing action is involved with cessation of actions, stopping for reflection, and stopping in hesitation.

Greek literary grammatical device: The middle voice in Greek does not have an exact parallel in the English language. The middle voice indicates that the subject (in the sentence) acts on or for itself. (Ex: The boy washes himself.) The action ends by itself.  This action has a finality to itself.

Scripture:

“He awakened, rebuked the wind and the waves, and they subsided and there was a calm.” Lk.8:24

Jesus, in response to the disciples’ fear and insecurity, calmed the winds and waves. Because of the power of Jesus, the winds and waves stopped.

“Love never fails. If there are prophecies, they will be brought to nothing; if tongues, they will cease; if knowledge, it will be brought to nothing.” 1Cor.13:8

Tongues would be cut off as their necessity ceased.  It is important to note that tongues are never mentioned again in the New Testament after this warning.

Those times when we need Jesus to pause the storms in our lives

Conclusion:

Pause, pausing, coerce, desist

It was interesting to discover that the actions by the middle voice provides a sense of finality to it. Anapausis refers to the rest that Jesus speaks of in Mat.11:29. Jesus invites us to take the yoke of obedience to His word. As we face the storms of life, we often need Jesus to hit the pause button for us. If He could pause all our struggles in life…..

‎[Greek] καρδία (kardia), [Latin] cor: heart; Act.21:34, Act.14:17, Lk.24:32, Mk.7:21, Lk.21:14, Mk.12:30, Lk.16:15

Old Testament: the heart is the “seat” of moral and religious conduct

Background Information:

Old Testament: This term is predominantly depicted in the figurative sense. The figurative sense is considered the innermost part of the person involving the emotional, mental, and spiritual faculties. The heart stands firm in bravery and courage. The heart is the seat of rational functions, given by God. Planning, volition, and will comes from the heart. Religious and moral conduct is rooted in the heart, which allows one to serve God. The heart accepts the divine teachings.

Greek culture: The heart, on the other hand, is primarily viewed in the literal or physiological sense. The figurative sense of the heart, although used infrequently in prose, is utilized by poets.  Poets present the heart as the seat of emotions, passions, anger, courage, fear, joy, or sadness. ‎Most of the philosophical schools viewed the heart in a literal sense. However, Stoicism, which held virtue as the highest good, viewed the heart as the seat of reason, feeling, will, and intellectual life.

New Testament: The New Testament also primarily views the heart in a figurative sense, agreeing with the Old Testament. However, the New Testament more strongly views the heart as the main center of spiritual life. The heart is the place in man which God bears witness to Himself.

Scripture:

“Beware that your hearts do not become drowsy from carousing and drunkenness and the anxieties of daily life, and that day catch you by surprise.” Lk. 21:34

This is an example of one of the few times that the heart is referred to in a literal or physiological sense.

“Then they said to each other, ‘Were no your heart burning within us while He spoke to us on the way and opened the scriptures to us?’” Lk.24:32

In the heart dwells feeling, emotions, desires, and passions.

“From within people, from their hearts, come evil thoughts, unchastity, theft, murder, adultery, greed, malice, deceit, licentiousness, envy, blasphemy, arrogance, and folly.” Mk.7:21

The heart is the seat of the will, the source of resolve.

“And He said to them, ‘You justify yourselves in the sight of others, but God knows your hearts; for what is of human esteem is an abomination in the sight of God.’” Lk.16:15

It is in the heart where the religious life is rooted. The heart is where one finds God.

The kneeling lover offers his “heart” to the damsel.  (1250’s)

Heart: a symbol of romantic love:  The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates back to the 1250’s. This is depicted in a miniature plate of a kneeling lover offering his “heart” to a damsel. The pinecone anatomically represented the heart in terms of medieval scientific understanding. The kneeling lover offers the pinecone. The point of the pinecone represents the bottom of the heart. So, the kneeling lover offers his heart to the damsel.

Conclusion:

Cardiac, coronary

It is interesting to see how the Old Testament and Judaism’s views differ from the Greeks. It is also interesting to see how the New Testament has a much greater focus than the Old Testament on the importance of the heart. The Greek word sklerocardia means hard-hearted or unyielding. This speaks more of the attitude of a person. Likewise, the Greek word kardiognostes means knower of hearts. God is the knower of hearts. Essentially, God is the preeminent heart specialist.

The heart has become the seat of emotions. Years later, this develops the notion of the heart as the source of love and romance.

[Greek] ἔκστασις (ekstasis), [Latin] stupore, [Latin] invadare, [Latin] adprehendere: a standing out of one’s self, being aside oneself, amazement, astonishment, trance, lose one’s senses, state of being beyond reason and self-control; Mk.5:42, Mk.16:8, Lk.5:26, Act.3:10, Act.10:10, Act.11:5, Act.22:17

The Oracle (Pythia) appears in an ecstatic state

Background Information:

Definition/Assumptions of an ecstatic event: One must first determine whether this event is divinely inspired, demonically inspired, or a neurotic disturbance. The boundary between ecstasy and illusion may be very tenuous. An ecstasy in the narrow sense involves a beneficial infilling by a higher power. Already there have been attempts to artificially induce ecstasy by narcotics, music, dancing, cries, and self-mutilation.

Hellenism: The Greeks make no distinction between ecstasy and illusion. Ecstasy, in its Dionysiac form, is expressed in the swarms of dancing women. In the Delphic cult, there are dancers with torches at night. The Oracle at Delphi, in delivering her prophesy, appears intoxicated by scents arising from a vent in the earth. Some wild ecstasies are linked with journeys to Hades in the cult of Isis. Ecstasy has also gained a footing in philosophy. Mystical ecstasy has a secure place in Plato. In his famous description of poetic inspiration, Plato said, “The poet is an ethereal, easily moved, sacred being, and not able to compose.” The poet was seen more as a creator, rather than a writer.

Old Testament/Judaism: Prophets are repeatedly described as mad. The Hebrew meaning of this word gives a sense of “to speak with frenzy.” Those gifted with supernatural knowledge were viewed more as a seer than an ecstatic. The prophet Deborah was a true ecstatic (Jgs.4:4). On the whole, there is an unmistakable decline in the ecstatic element. Rather than by artificial means, Yahweh is the source of events. As visions were being perceived as deceptions, prophetic proclamations were made by speech.

New Testament:  Ecstatic events mostly have been seen in a narrow or nuanced sense. John the Baptist, rather than using artificial means, prays and fasts in the desert. Only in a narrow sense, John the Baptist experiences an ecstatic event prior to his proclamations. The New Testament neither ascribes ecstatic events or miracles to him.  This is a mark of its authenticity as a typical prophet of the Word. John the Baptist’s message is full of ethical seriousness with eschatological passion. For the most part, Jesus cannot be considered as an ecstatic. Jesus’ contemporaries may have ignorantly viewed Jesus as being psychically deranged or possessed. Jesus’ relatives think that Jesus was out of his mind. (Mk.3:21). The scribes thought Jesus was possessed (Mk.3:22). Jesus does not fit the classic ecstatic. Jesus does not separate Himself from sinners. Jesus’ unique relationship to God cannot be described in terms of ecstasy.

Scripture:

“The girl, a child of twelve, arose immediately and walked around. They were utterly astounded.” Mk.5:42

They were astounded by Jesus healing the synagogue official’s daughter.

“Then they wen out and fled from the tomb, seized with trembling and bewilderment.” Mk.16:8

The disciples were astounded that Jesus had risen from His tomb.

“Peter was hungry and wished to eat, and while they were making preparations, he fell in a trance.” Acts 10:10

Peter fell into a trance and saw the heavens opening up to reveal a sheet.

Stephen, just before his impending death, sees the heavens open up

Conclusion:

Ecstasy, ecstatic, stupor, invade, invasion, apprehensive

It was interesting to learn how ecstatic events are presented in nuanced ways with the major characters and events in the New Testament. Ecstatic events play a complementary part in relaying the Gospel message. In Medieval times, an ecstatic event meant someone was out of place. This was called alienation. The Latin term for this is alienato mentis (out of mind). The French lien means a tie (connection). An alien is someone without a connection. So insanity and separation have a common origin.

[Greek] ‎συμφωνέω (symphōneō), [Latin] consentire, [Latin[ convenire, [Latin] concordare: to be in harmony, to be in accord, to “sound together”, to agree, to have singleness of mind; Lk.5:6, Act.15:15, Mt. 18:19-20, Act 5:9, Mt.20:2

It was necessary for two or three witnesses to “sound together” (agree) in their testimony to bring charges to the accused.

Background Information:

Greek culture: As with other later cultures, the Greeks utilized this Greek term in several ways. This term can be used to denote the fitting of one piece to the larger total part (the fitting together of stones in a building). This term is also used in the working together to achieve a positive purpose (political treaties and economical contracts). This working together can also be used for an evil or negative purpose (conspiring). This term conveys the sense of agreeing with (championing the views of the prophets, supporting others’ political views). Finally, this term can be used negatively to express the sense of discrepancy.

Old Testament: This Greek term is found in the gathering of conspiring kings (Gen.14:3). The Syrian army gathered together in Ephraim (Isa.7:2). The priests agreed that they would not take funds from the people to repair the temple (2 Kgs.12:9). The Hebrews viewed harmony and agreement as the order of the world as God created it. The Law of God is the standard in which the Hebrews contemplated their world. Hence, the will of God revealed in the Law was a norm of true life and conduct. This was the society shaped by the Law. In Deut.17:6 the Hebrews established the practice of identifying others who transgressed the Covenant. This included doing evil in the sight of the Lord, transgressing the covenant, or worshipping other gods. A thorough investigation and producing witness testimony was necessary to sentence this person to death by stoning. The testimony of two or three witness was required for putting this person to death. No one shall be put to death on the testimony of only one witness. The two or three witnesses must be of the same voice (sound together) in order to put this person to death.

Early Christianity: Ignatius of Antioch (110 A.D) uses the Greek term to portray the unity of the Church. The unity of the Church is already achieved by Christ, but it is to be kept by the members of the community with a common mind. The unity of the Church does not rest on uniformity but on the relationships in the hierarchical Church structure: the members to the bishop, the bishop to Christ, Christ to God.

Scripture:

“He told them a parable. ‘No one tears a piece from a new cloak to patch an old one. Otherwise, he will tear the new and the piece from it will not match the old cloak.”” Lk.5:36

Jesus speaks of the unsuitability of combining the old with the new. There is no harmony.

“The words of the prophets agree with this, as it is written.” Act.15:15

The agreements speaks of supporting tradition and a like-mind belief systems.

“Then Peter said to her, ‘Why did you agree to test the Spirit of the Lord? Listen, the footsteps of those who have buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out.’” Act.5:9

The sin of Ananias and Saphira is in conspiring together in their deception of the community. Their deaths are ascribed to a lie to the Holy Spirit.

“Again, I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything for which they are to pray, it shall be granted to them by My heavenly Father. For where two or three are gathered together in My name, there am I in the midst of them.” Lk. 18:19-20

The speakers may be plural, but the mouth is a singular voice. This speaks of a message or request of unity and blessing. Jesus, becoming in their midst, guarantees the efficacy of prayer.

A wind flute: a possible precursor to the modern day bagpipes

Conclusion:

Symphony, symphonic, consent, convene, concord

A symphony is collection of musical instruments playing a specific part. These sounds, although different, come together in a harmonious arrangement. These musical instruments “sound together” in creating a unified arrangement. A symphony is also a specific type of musical composition. It was interesting to note that there was very little reference to the musical aspects of this Greek term. However, there is a mention of a dulcimer (wind instrument) in Daniel 3:5. This was most likely the precursor to the modern day bagpipes.

Jesus borrows from the idea of bringing of two or more together but in a positive sense.  This unity or “sounding together” indicates that Jesus is in their midst.

[Greek] λαμπρός (lampros), [Latin] alba, [Latin] candida: bright, shiny, brilliant, clear, splendid, magnificent, gorgeous; Lk.23:11, Act.10:30, Jas.2:2, Rev.22:6, Rev.18:14, Rev.15:6, Rev.19:8, Rev.22:16

The candidatus (political candidate) aspires to be in office wearing a bright white toga (candida toga)

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This Greek term, meaning shining, radiant, and bright, is used of objects. These objects refer to the stars, the sun, the moon, the morning star, shiny helmets, water, stones, and clothes. Lightness does not really have a strong connection with gods or deities. Those who seek the oracle wear white clothes. Those who seek an office in a philosophical school often wear white clothes. In a figurative sense, this Greek term means smart, stately, beautiful, generous, respected, and distinguished.

Old Testament: The Old Testament faith is not really considered as a religion of light. Light is not deified. The focus is more on God Himself. There is a connection of light with God in the sense of God as Creator. Yahweh created light. Fire, in various forms, is used to identify God. Nowhere is there a passing of the divine substance of light from God to man. The gulf between God and sinful man is too great.

Judaism: The luminous glory of Yahweh is further developed in Judaism. The Shekinah is represented as radiant light. God has no need of lights. The emphasis is mostly on Israel. God seeks to remind Israel to shine for Him. God gives Israel the opportunity to attain merit by keeping the lamp and by the flames of the seven-branched candelabra. So Israel (Jerusalem) must be the light of the world.

New Testament: This term means fine, resplendent, and dazzling. After mocking Jesus, Herod and his soldiers put Jesus in a resplendent garb to meet. At prayer Cornelius saw a man in dazzling white stating that his prayers were answered. James we must show no partiality as you adhere to your faith. Yet one will recognize a rich man with rings in fine clothes rather than a person in shabby clothing.

Scripture:

“Even Herod and his soldiers treated Him contemptuously and mock Him, and after clothing Him in resplendent garb, he sent Him back to Pilate.” Lk.23:11

The soldiers mostly likely dressed Jesus in a purple garment. The color purple represents kingship. They mocked Jesus as being king of the Jews.

“Cornelius replied, ‘Four days ago at this hour, three o’clock in the afternoon, I was at my prayer house when suddenly a man in dazzling clothes before me.’”  Act.10:30

The dazzling image of the angel represents the glory and majesty of God.

“For if a man with gold rings on his fingers and in fine clothes comes into your assembly.” Jas. 2:2

Fine clothes represents a person’s wealth and stature. Most people will pay attention to the rich man.

Conclusion:

Lamp, albino, candid

This Greek term can refer to both white, bright and vibrant colors. These colors are representative of kings, politician, and public leaders. In Roman times, a toga candida (bright white toga) was worn by politicians. Politicians often did dress to impress others. It is interesting to note that the Latin candidatus is one aspiring to office wearing white robes. This becomes the origin of the current term candidate.

[Greek] γλεῦκος (gleukos),[Latin] mustum: sweet wine, new wine, unfermented wine, fresh grape juice, must; Act.2:13

A stone winepress discovered in Hamei Yo’av  Israel

Background Information:

Old Testament: This Greek term gleukos refers to several related Hebrew terms in the Old Testament. All make references to intoxication. Job 32:19 makes reference to fermenting wine bursting wineskins. Isaiah 49:26 makes reference with drunkenness from grape juice. Gen 9:21 makes reference to Noah drunk with mine.

Winepress:  The winepress was a rock hewn open air system.  Grapes were pressed and stomped on by feet in a treading floor.  The juice would pour through a channel into a vat, where it would ferment. From the vat, the wine would be collected in jars.

Fermentation:  Must is freshly pressed fruit juice (usually grape juice). This unfermented grape juice contains the skins, seeds, and stem of the fruit. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, must is also used as a sweetener. Fermentation occurs when yeast is added. The yeast breaks down the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. It is this carbon dioxide gas which may cause a wineskin to burst. Grape juice also contains small amounts of naturally occurring yeast. Left alone, this grape juice will ferment over time. It is this fermented form of grape juice (wine) which may can cause one to be intoxicated.

Scripture:

“But others said, scoffing, ‘Thy have had too much new wine’”.  Act. 2:13

This new wine was still in the processing of fermentation, leading to its intoxicating effects.

Conclusion:

Must, glucose

Grape juice, consisting of glucose, is sweet. This helps to explain why grape juice, by itself, will ferment into wine over time. This also provides some insight on why no one should pour new wine in old wineskins. Carbon dioxide gas, produced by the new wine, will burst (split the seams) of the old wineskin. On a larger level, this can refer to the parable pouring new wine in an old wineskin in Lk.5:33-35. This relates to Jesus’ teachings which cannot fit in with traditional Judaism. Jesus’ new ways are better.

[Greek] εὐχαριστέω (eucharisteō), [Latin] agere gratiam, [Latin[ participare cum gratiam: to give thanks, to express gratitude, to return thanks, to give thanks before meals, to express thanks, 41 scriptural references

The people show an expression of thanks (eucharistia) for the emperor

Background information:

Greco-Roman culture: When a favor was given, an obligation of thanks was expected.  This practice of giving thanks is found both in a secular and religious sense. This secular and religious thanksgiving can also be found in both public and private spheres. Public secular thanksgiving is found in the bestowing of honors to public leaders and public servants. Private secular thanksgiving is found as a literary device in praising the recipient in letters. Public religious thanksgiving can be found in the public worshipping of the Emperor and other gods. This thanksgiving is given in response to healings, sacrifices, and other petitions offered to the gods. Private religious thanksgiving is found when the writer gives thanks to the gods in the introduction of the letter.

Old Testament/Judaism: In Judaism, there is no Hebrew equivalent to the Greek word eucharisteo.  Religious thanks are expressed in a Toda (thanks offering) and a song of thanksgiving.  Food and drink are objects of thanksgiving. But thanksgiving will never cease.

New Testament: The Jewish practice of giving thanks explains the use of eucharisteo in the accounts of the Last Supper. This corresponds to the Jewish rule that a blessing should be announced on each food. Giving thanks is found when Jesus gives thanks in the multiplication of loaves and at the Last Supper. Thanksgiving is primarily found in others thanking Jesus. Paul gives thanks to others. Paul also uses an introductory literary device thanking God at the beginning of his letters.

Paul: Paul utilizes a literary devices of thanksgiving at the beginning of his letters. After the greeting, Paul gives thanks to God. This serves to usher in the main theme of the letter. This literary practice follows a Hellenistic tradition of thanking a god for one’s safety.

Mass:  The priest gives thanks to God offering up bread and wine.  With the help of the Holy Spirit, the bread and wine becomes the Body and Blood of Jesus in the form of the Eucharist. Under the appearance of bread and wine, Jesus is present.  This process had been called Transubstantiation.

A Letter written by a young person, who enlisted in the Roman army in Alexandria, Egypt, writes to this father and lord Epimachos (written in the 2^nd century):

Many good wishes! First of all I hope you are in good health and that things are going well for you and my sister and her daughter and my brother.  I thank the Lord Serapis [an Egyptian god] for saving me right off when I was in danger at sea.

 Early Christianity: The Didache is probably the oldest patristic document. This document was probably written some years before the end of the 2^nd century. This document was intended for the instruction of the catechumen in liturgy, sacraments, vocations, and canon law.

Catholics celebrate the sacrifice of the Eucharist at Mass

The Didache
Of the Eucharist

9. At the Eucharist, offer the eucharistic prayer in this way. Begin with

the chalice: “We give thanks to thee, our Father, for the holy Vine of thy

servant David, which thou hast made known to us through thy servant Jesus.

Then over the broken bread: “We give thanks to thee, our Father, for the

life and knowledge thou hast made known to us through thy servant Jesus.”

Scripture:

Multiplication of loaves: Jesus gives thanks

Mt.15:36, Mk.8:6, Jn.6:11

The Last Supper: Jesus gives thanks

Mt.26:27, Mk.14:23, Lk.22:17-19, 1Cor.11:24

Bread of Life Discourse: Jesus gives thanks

Jn.6:23

Giving thanks to God (Jesus)

Lk.17:16, Lk.18:11, Jn.11:41, Act.27:35, Act.28:15, Rom.1:21, Rom.7:25, Rom.14:6, Rom.16:4, 1Cor.1:14, 1Cor.10:30, 1Cor.14:17-18, 2Cor.1:11, Eph.5:20, Col.1:12, Col.3:17, 1Thess.2:13, 1Thess.5:18, 2Thess.2:13, Rev.11:17
Paul gives thanks to others

Eph.1:16

Giving thanks to God: Introductory literary device

Rom.1:8, 1Cor.1:4, Phil.1:3, Col.1:3, 1Thess.1:2, 2Thess.1:3, Phlm.1:4

Etymology: The Greek prefix eu- means well. The Greek verb charizomai means to give freely. The Latin verb agere means to conduct, to act, and to deliver something or someone.

Conclusion: Eucharist, Eucharistic, agent, agency, participate

At Mass Catholics believe that the offered bread and wine becomes the Body and Blood of Christ (Eucharist). This Greek term is used in many more ways than just for a Catholic sacrament. It was very interesting to note that this Greek term eucharisteo is found 38 times in the bible! It is interesting to see that this term is used in a secular sense. I was surprised how often this term was used in a secular and religious context in the Greco-Roman culture. This is understandable in such a culture where an emperor is perceived to be a god.

‎[Greek] σμύρνα (smyrna), [Latin] myrrha:  myrrh, aromatic resin; Mt.2:11, Jn.19:39

Background Information:

Greek Hellenism: This term means a resin gum used as an embalming material, incense, salve, and unguent.

Herodotus’ The Histories 2.86: “They take out all the intestines filing the belly with pure ground myrrh and casia and other spices.”

Euripides’ Ion 1175: “For he brought water for washing hands from the pitchers, and burned the myrtle incense.” Aristophanes’ Knights 1332 states “Perfumed with myrrh, he spreads around him not the odor of lawsuits, but that of peace.”

Herodotus’ The Histories 7.181:”The Persian soldiers on the ships took great pains to keep him alive for his valor, tending his wounds with ointments.”

Old Testament: This aromatic resin comes from South Arabia and North Ethiopia. This sap, when hardened, becomes a gum with volatile oil. When heated, this substance gives off a strong scent.

New Testament:  As with the Old Testament, the Jews used myrrh to prepare the deceased body. Embalming was not a Jewish practice. Instead, myrrh was used in a pulverized form. The pulverized form, placed in the deceased’s clothes, was used to protect against rapid body decomposition.

Smyrna: This was an ancient Greek city on the Aegean coast of Turkey. This city’s name most likely derived from its trade of myrrh. Smyrna is one the seven cities addressed to in the Book of Revelations.

Scripture:

Mt.2:11: “Then they opened their treasures and offered Him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.” (Myrrh represents the anointing of a king. In a more practical basis, myrrh can be used in a variety of medical uses. Perhaps, this myrrh could have been used for diaper rash and other skin conditions.)

Jn.19:39: “Nicodemus, the one who had first come to Him at night, also came bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes weighing about 100 pounds.” (Nicodemus was preparing Jesus’ body for burial. A speedy resurrection was not expected or anticipated by the Jews.)

Conclusion:

Myrrh, Smyrna

It was interesting to learn myrrh has multiple medical uses, which could have been immediately very beneficial for the infant Jesus. Also, this Greek term refers both to the resin and the city in Turkey.

Well, there is not much myrrh I can say about this post. ☺☺☺

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